Strategies used by older adults with asthma for adherence to inhaled corticosteroids

Identifying Common Patterns in the Time of Day of Mindfulness Meditation Associated with Long-Term Maintenance

Forming a habit of practicing mindfulness meditation around the same time of day is one strategy that may support long-term maintenance and in turn improve physical and mental health. The purpose of this study was to identify common patterns in the time of day of meditation associated with long-term meditation app use to assess the importance of temporal consistency for maintaining meditation over time. App usage data were collected from a random sample of 15,000 users who had paid for an annual membership to a commercial meditation app in 2017. We constructed three measures of temporal consistency in the time of day of meditation sessions in order to categorize users into one of three behavioral phenotypes: Consistent, Inconsistent, or Indeterminate. Panel data models were used to compare temporal consistency across the three phenotypes. Of the 4205 users (28.0%) in the final analytic sample, 1659 (39.5%) users were Consistent, 2326 (55.3%) were Inconsistent, and 220 users (5.23%) were Indeterminate. Panel models confirmed that temporal consistency had contrasting relationships with meditation maintenance among these three phenotypes (p < 0.01). These findings revealed that temporal consistency was associated with meditation maintenance for less than half of app users, which suggests that other behavioral mechanisms in addition to temporally consistent habits can support meditation app use over time. This has important implications for researchers and policymakers trying to promote the maintenance of meditation and other complex health behaviors, such as increased physical activity and healthier diets.

Adherence Challenges and Strategies in Specific Groups With Asthma: Adolescents, Pregnancy, and Older Adults

Poor adherence to controller therapies is a universal challenge to asthma control. Several high-risk groups, including adolescents, pregnant women, and older adults, have their own unique challenges to adherence. The rates of asthma controller therapy use are low in each of these populations, but secondary to different causes. Adolescents have increased independence and a transition to new self-management responsibilities; pregnant women may be concerned about adverse effects of medications to the fetus; and older adults may have age-related physical and cognitive challenges to effectively taking medication. Only by understanding the nuances of care in these populations can health care professionals develop strategies to address barriers to adherence. Tailored education focused on empowering patients and dispelling misconceptions can serve as tools to improve adherence and ultimately asthma control.

Translation, Cultural Adaptation and Validation of the Medication Adherence Report Scale (MARS-5) in Nepalese Cancer Patients Experiencing Pain

Background

Adherence to pain medication is crucial for cancer patients, since non-adherence can lead to increased suffering, reduced quality of life and increased healthcare costs. Although the five-item Medication Adherence Report Scale (MARS-5) is a validated tool for assessing medication adherence, but it has not been translated and validated into the Nepalese language. This study aimed to translate, culturally adapt and validate the MARS-5 in Nepalese language for Nepalese cancer patients who were experiencing pain.

Materials and Methods

The cross-sectional validation study utilized a convenience sampling method. Initially, a pre-test was conducted with 25 patients. The MARS-5 was then forward and backward translated following the EORTC QLG translation procedure. The final translated version was reviewed by experts and subjected to a second pre-test. Construct validity was assessed through principal component analysis, and internal consistency was measured using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Inter-rater reliability was evaluated using the Intra-Class Correlation coefficient (ICC).

Results

The study included 204 cancer patients (ages 18-86, 55% female). The Nepalese version of the MARS-5 was translated without significant issues and underwent pre-testing with participants. Participants discussed the scale during these pre-tests, providing feedback on its clarity and comprehensibility. While formal assessment tools were not employed, the iterative nature of the pre-testing process allowed for the refinement of the translation based on participant feedback, indicating a robust understanding of the scale among participants. The ICC of test-retest reliability was found to be 0.860. The Kaiser Meyer Olkin's value was 0.690, and Cronbach's alpha was 0.72, indicating good construct validity and high internal consistency. The medication non-adherence rate was 11.3%.

Conclusion

The MARS-5 was successfully translated, culturally adapted, and validated in Nepalese for use among Nepalese cancer patients experiencing pain. The Nepalese version of MARS-5 is a reliable tool for evaluating medication adherence in this population.

The association between the use of Shoseiryuto and reduction in intravenous steroid dose among adult inpatients with asthma exacerbation: A national database study in Japan

BACKGROUND

Shoseiryuto, a Japanese herbal medicine, is used to treat asthma exacerbation; however, the effect of Shoseiryuto in a clinical setting is yet to be elucidated. We aimed to examine the effect of Shoseiryuto for inpatients with asthma exacerbation and the reduction in the total amount of intravenous steroids administered during hospitalization, in-hospital mortality, and length of hospital stay using a national inpatient database in Japan.

METHODS

Using data from the Japanese Diagnosis Procedure Combination database (July 2010-March 2022), we identified patients aged ≥18 years who were admitted due to asthma exacerbation. We performed propensity score overlap weighting analyses to estimate the in-hospital outcomes between patients who received Shoseiryuto within 3 days of admission (Shoseiryuto group) and those who did not (control group). The outcomes measured were the dose of intravenous steroids administered, in-hospital mortality, and length of hospital stay for patients alive at discharge.

RESULTS

Among 51,459 eligible patients, 131 received Shoseiryuto. In the propensity score overlap weighting analyses, the use of Shoseiryuto was significantly associated with reduced amount of intravenous steroid during hospitalization (67 mg versus 149 mg, 95% confidence interval [CI]: -68 to -92), but was not associated with reduced in-hospital mortality (1.9% versus 3.5%, 95% CI: -28 to 25) or length of hospital stay (17.3 days versus 18.3 days, 95% CI: -4.2 to 2.4).

CONCLUSIONS

The use Shoseiryuto in inpatients with asthma exacerbation was significantly associated with reduced steroid use. Our results elucidated the potential role of Shoseiryuto in the treatment of asthma exacerbation.

Barriers and facilitators of habit building for long-term adherence to antihypertensive therapy among people with hypertensive disorders in Los Angeles, California: a qualitative study

OBJECTIVES

The aim of this study was to a) explore barriers and facilitators associated with medication-taking habit formation, and b) elicit feedback on the components of an intervention designed to help form strong habits for long-term medication adherence.

DESIGN

The study design was qualitative; we conducted semistructured interviews between September 2021 and February 2022.

SETTING

The interviews were conducted online, with 27 participants recruited at the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, California.

PARTICIPANTS

A purposive sample of 20 patients who were over 18 years of age, had been diagnosed with hypertensive disorder (or reported high blood pressure; >140/90 mm Hg) and who were prescribed antihypertensive therapy at the time of recruitment, along with seven providers were interviewed.

RESULTS

Contextual factors included frequent changes to prescription for regimen adjustment, and polypharmacy. Forgetfulness, perceived need for medication, and routine disruptions were identified as possible barriers to habit formation. Facilitators of habit formation included identification of stable routines for anchoring, planning, use of external reminders (including visual reminders) and pillboxes for prescription management, and extrinsic motivation for forming habits. Interestingly, experiencing medication side effects was identified as a possible barrier and a possible facilitator of habit formation. Feedback on study components included increasing text size, and visual appeal of the habit leaflet; and imparting variation in text message content and adjusting their frequency to once a day. Patients generally favoured the use of conditional financial incentives to support habit formation.

CONCLUSION

The study sheds light on some key considerations concerning the contextual factors for habit formation among people with hypertension. As such, future studies may evaluate the generalisability of our findings, consider the role of visual reminders in habit formation and sustenance, and explore possible disruptions to habits.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER

NCT04029883.

App-based meditation habits maintain reductions in depression symptoms among autistic adults

LAY ABSTRACT

Existing research has identified an increased risk of depression among autistic adults, which can negatively impact their adaptive functioning abilities and socioeconomic outcomes. Mobile app-based meditation is a feasible, accessible, and effective self-care solution for depression among neurotypical adults, but there is limited evidence for the long-term benefits of app-based meditation among autistic adults. Habits are a key behavioral strategy for maintaining behavior change, and anchoring is one effective habit formation intervention that has yet to be tested among autistic adults. This study demonstrates that it is both feasible and effective to integrate the anchoring habit formation strategy into an app-based meditation intervention for establishing meditation habits among autistic adults. In addition, the study shows that app-based meditation habits were successful at maintaining reductions in depressive symptoms over 6 months. These results demonstrate the power of anchoring-based habit formation interventions for establishing healthy habits among autistic adults, which offers a promising behavioral intervention technique for establishing other healthy habits among autistic adults. The study also shows that app-based meditation habits are an effective long-term self-care solution for managing depressive symptoms among autistic adults that should be used by mental health providers and policymakers. Future research should test this combined anchoring and app-based meditation intervention technique among larger samples of autistic adults and over longer durations to better understand the mechanisms underlying the success of this intervention.

INcentives and ReMINDers to Improve Long-Term Medication Adherence (INMIND): impact of a pilot randomized controlled trial in a large HIV clinic in Uganda

INTRODUCTION

Habits are a common strategy for successfully countering medication non-adherence, yet existing interventions do not support participants during the long habit formation period, resulting in high attrition. We test a novel intervention combining text messages and incentives with anchoring to support antiretroviral therapy (ART) pill-taking habits.

METHODS

In a randomized, parallel controlled trial, a sample of 155 participants 18 years and older who initiated ART within 3 months were recruited at Mildmay Uganda between October 2021 and April 2022. All participants were educated on the anchoring strategy and chose an anchor, that is existing routines, to pair with pill-taking. Participants were randomized to either usual care (C = 49), daily text message reminders to follow their anchoring plan (Messages group; T1 = 49) or messages and incentives conditional on pill-taking in line with their anchor (Incentives group; T2 = 57). Assessments occurred at baseline, month 3 (end of intervention) and month 9 (end of observation period). The primary outcomes are electronically measured mean adherence and pill-taking consistent with participants' anchor time.

RESULTS

The primary outcome of pill-taking in line with the anchoring plan was higher in the Incentives group during the 3-month intervention (12.2 p.p. [95% CI: 2.2 22.2; p = .02]), and remained significantly higher after the incentives were withdrawn (months 4-6 (14.2 p.p. [95% CI 1.1 27.2; p = .03]); months 7-9 (14.1 p.p. [95% CI -0.2 28.5; p = .05])). Mean adherence was higher in both treatment groups relative to the control group during the intervention (T1 vs. C, p = .06; T2 vs. C, p = .06) but not post-intervention.

CONCLUSIONS

The promising approach of using incentives to support habit formation among ART treatment initiators needs to be evaluated in a fully powered study to further our understanding of the habit formation process and to evaluate its cost-effectiveness.

Asthma routinization, family asthma management, caregiver depressive symptoms, and medication adherence in Head Start preschool children

Introduction

Medication adherence is suboptimal in childhood asthma. Children rely on caregivers to manage medication administration. It is important to detect families who are at risk for poor adherence or to identify potential areas that can assist families with better adherence to asthma medications in order to improve asthma outcomes. We investigated the association between asthma routines, family asthma management knowledge and skills, and caregiver depressive symptoms with daily controller medication adherence among Head Start preschool children in Baltimore City.

Methods

Our study included 256 low-income urban preschool children who were prescribed a daily controller medication. Asthma routinization (by the Asthma Routines Questionnaire), family asthma management [by the Family Asthma Management System Scale (FAMSS)], and caregiver depressive symptoms (by the Center for Epidemiological Studies - Depression) were assessed at baseline. The medication possession ratio (MPR) to measure adherence to daily controller medications was calculated at baseline and 12 months from pharmacy fill records. Multiple regression models evaluated the relationship between asthma routinization, the FAMSS, the CES-D, and MPR.

Results

Results indicated that only 7% of families had an MPR above 80% at baseline, and 24% of caregivers had clinically significant depressive symptoms. Higher asthma medication routines were associated with higher MPR at baseline (b = 0.05, p = 0.03). Higher family asthma management was associated with higher MPR at both baseline (b = 0.04, p < 0.01) and 12 months (b = 0.05, p < 0.01).

Discussion

Our findings highlight the importance of family asthma management and maintaining medication routines over time to improve asthma controller medication adherence.

Combining Behavioral Economics-Based Incentives With the Anchoring Strategy: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial

BACKGROUND

Chronic (ie, long-term) elevated stress is associated with a number of mental and physical health conditions. Mindfulness meditation mobile apps are a promising tool for stress self-management that can overcome several barriers associated with in-person interventions; however, to date, poor app-based intervention adherence has limited the efficacy of these mobile health tools. Anchoring, or pairing, a new behavior with an existing routine has been shown to effectively establish habits that are maintained over time, but this strategy typically only works for those with high initial motivation and has yet to be tested for maintaining meditation with a mobile app.

OBJECTIVE

This study will test novel combinations of behavioral economics-based incentives with the anchoring strategy for establishing and maintaining adherence to an effective dose of meditation with a mobile app.

METHODS

This 16-week study will use a 5-arm, parallel, partially blinded (participants only), randomized controlled design. We will implement a fractional factorial study design that varies the use of self-monitoring messages and financial incentives to support participants' use of their personalized anchoring strategy for maintaining adherence to a ≥10 minute-per-day meditation prescription during an 8-week intervention period, followed by an 8-week postintervention observation period. Specifically, we will vary the use of self-monitoring messages of either the target behavior (ie, meditation tracking) or the outcome associated with the target behavior (ie, mood symptom tracking). We will also vary the use of financial incentives conditional on either meditation at any time of day or meditation performed at approximately the same time of day as participants' personalized anchors.

RESULTS

Continuous meditation app use data will be used to measure weekly meditation adherence over the 16-week study period as a binary variable equal to 1 if participants complete ≥10 minutes of meditation for ≥4 days per week and 0 otherwise. We will measure weekly anchoring plan adherence as a binary variable equal to 1 if participants complete ≥10 minutes of meditation within +1 or -1 hour of the timing of their chosen anchor on ≥4 days per week and 0 otherwise. In addition to these primary measures of meditation and anchoring plan adherence, we will also assess the secondary measures of stress, anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder, sleep disturbance, and meditation app habit strength at baseline, week 8, and week 16.

CONCLUSIONS

This study will fill an important gap in the mobile health literature by testing novel intervention approaches for establishing and maintaining adherence to app-based mindfulness meditation. If successful, this study will identify an accessible and scalable stress self-management intervention that can help combat stress in the United States.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05217602; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05217602.

INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID)

DERR1-10.2196/39930.

Behavioural Economics to Improve Antihypertensive Therapy Adherence (BETA): protocol for a pilot randomised controlled trial in Los Angeles

INTRODUCTION

Non-adherence to antihypertensive therapy is one of the major barriers to reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease. Several interventions have targeted higher medication adherence, yet most do not result in sustained adherence. Routinisation has emerged as a potential method for mitigating this problem, but requires high motivation during the relatively long habit formation phase. This pilot randomised controlled trial aims to test the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy of behavioural economics-based incentives and text messages to support the routinisation of the medication-taking behaviour for promoting long-term medication adherence.

METHODS AND ANALYSIS

This study will recruit and randomly assign 60 adult patients seeking care for hypertension at the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles to one of the three groups, Control (n=20), Messages (n=20) and Incentives (n=20) in a 1:1:1 ratio. All participants will receive information about the importance of routinisation and will select an existing behavioural routine ('anchor') to which they will tie their pill-taking to, and the corresponding time. Additionally, participants in the Messages group will receive daily text messages reminding them of the importance of routines, while those in the Incentives group will receive daily text messages and conditional prize drawings. The interventions will be delivered over three months. Participants will be followed for six months post-intervention to measure behavioural persistence. Surveys will be administered at baseline, month-3 and month-9 visits. Primary outcomes include: (1) electronically measured mean medication adherence during the intervention period and (2) post-intervention period; and (3) mean timely medication adherence based around the time of the participants' anchor during the intervention period, and (4) post-intervention period.

ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION

The study was approved by the Cedars-Sinai Institutional Review Board (Study ID: Pro00057764). Findings will be published in scientific peer-reviewed journals.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER

NCT04029883.

Asthma Care in the Elderly: Practical Guidance and Challenges for Clinical Management - A Framework of 5 "Ps"

Uncontrolled asthma in the elderly is a public health issue recognized in developed countries such as the United States and among the European Union, both from patient safety and economic perspectives. Variations in the cutoff, which defines elderly age, contribute to epidemiological study difficulties. Nonetheless, the relevance of elderly asthma from a socioeconomic perspective is inarguable. The projected growth of the enlarging geriatric population in the United States portends an impending national health burden that may or may not be preventable with pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic treatments. Asthma in the elderly might be a consequence of uncontrolled disease that is carried throughout a lifetime. Or elderly asthmatics could suffer from uncontrolled asthma, which overlaps with other ailments common with advancing ages that merit consideration, eg, COPD, heart disease, OSA, diabetes mellitus, and other comorbidities. Because of the heterogeneity of asthma phenotypes and other conditions that could mimic the symptoms of elderly asthma, further cohort studies are needed to elucidate the elderly asthmatic pathophysiology and management. More studies to characterize elderly asthma can help address these patients' unmet need for evidence-based guidelines. We introduce the 5 "Ps" (phenotypes, partnership, pharmacology, practice in acute exacerbations, and problems or barriers for the elderly asthmatics) that establish a framework approach for clinical practice.

Medication Adherence in People with Asthma: A Qualitative Systematic Review of Patient and Health Professional Perspectives

Background

Increased medication adherence leads to better asthma control and health outcomes. However, many studies have found that patient adherence to maintenance medication is poor.

Aim

We undertook a meta-synthesis of qualitative studies, to investigate asthma patient and healthcare professionals' perspectives of medication adherence.

Methods

This systematic review was reported by following the PRISMA guidelines. The Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) meta-aggregative approach was used for the qualitative synthesis. The protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42022346831).

Results

In total, 12 articles were included in the review. These articles reported findings from 433 participants in total, which included 315 patients and 118 healthcare professionals. Four synthesised findings with sub-themes were identified from the reviewed studies. These synthesised findings were described as: 1) The role of relationship and communication with/between Healthcare Professionals in medication adherence; 2) Insufficient information from Healthcare Professionals acting as a barrier for adherence; 3) How patient's attitude/beliefs effect their adherence to medication; and 4) Patients' personal behaviour and other relevant barriers.

Conclusion

The synthesized findings provide a strong evidence-base of patient and health professionals' perspectives and behaviours toward medication adherence, which helps to identify and address non-adherence. Healthcare providers can use these findings to support patients' adherence to asthma medications. The findings suggest that empowering people to make informed decisions around medication adherence rather than "adherence controlling" by health professionals is very important. Effective dialogue and appropriate education are critical approaches to increase medication adherence.

Barriers and facilitators of antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence habit formation in Sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence from a qualitative study in Kampala, Uganda

RATIONALE

In 2020, nearly 40 million people lived with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) worldwide, of whom 70% were receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART). Two-thirds of PLWHA reside in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), where rates of viral load suppression are often suboptimal and frequently attributed to low ART adherence. Strong pill-taking habits are often reported as a key strategy among those who successfully maintain medication adherence, yet not enough is known about the barriers and facilitators in SSA to pill-taking in response to the same contextual cue, which is a necessary step in the habit formation process.

OBJECTIVE

To address this knowledge gap and to inform a subsequent intervention to promote context-dependent repetition, called anchoring, we used a formative qualitative approach to collect in-depth narratives about barriers and facilitators of the anchoring intervention for establishing ART pill-taking habits at the Mildmay Hospital in Kampala, Uganda.

METHODS

We conducted interviews with 25 randomly selected patients starting ART, 5 expert patients, and 10 providers at Mildmay, and performed a rapid analysis to inform the intervention in a timely manner.

RESULTS

We found that pill taking in response to the same contextual cue, or anchor, was threatened by stigma and food insecurity and that the COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated these barriers. We also determined that important linguistic changes were needed to the instructional materials and reminder messages in the subsequent intervention to avoid words and phrases with negative connotations for this target population.

CONCLUSIONS

Several important barriers and facilitators to context-dependent pill taking in Uganda were identified through our formative research that helped to inform important revisions to our subsequent intervention. These findings underscore the importance of understanding local barriers and facilitators when designing and planning interventions, particularly when implementing theory-based intervention approaches that have yet to be tested in a new setting.

A Systematic Review of Compensation and Technology-Mediated Strategies to Maintain Older Adults' Medication Adherence

Elderly medication adherence is a challenge in health care. The elderly are often at higher risk for non-adherence, and more likely to be on multiple prescription medications for many comorbidities. This systematic review aimed to explore the current strategies for maintaining older adults' medication adherence with compensation and technology-mediated strategies. We conducted a systematic review to examine related articles published in the PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases, as well as Google Scholar for additional reference sources by cross-reference review. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were used to guide this review. A total of 217 articles were screened, and 27 studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Older adults applied a variety of methods to maintain or enhance their medication adherence. Three studies indicated compensation strategies, 19 studies reported technological assistance, two studies used other strategies (community-offered help or caregivers help), and three studies used a combination of compensation with another strategy or technology. Studies identified various compensation- and technology-based strategies carried out by older adults to help remind them to take medication. This review identified potential benefits of technology and compensation strategy implementation in older adults to increase medication adherence. Although we are conscious of the heterogeneity of the included studies, it remains challenging to determine which elements underpin the most effective approaches.

Using mobile meditation app data to predict future app engagement: an observational study

OBJECTIVE

Meditation with mobile apps has been shown to improve mental and physical health. However, regular, long-term meditation app use is needed to maintain these health benefits, and many people have a difficult time maintaining engagement with meditation apps over time. Our goal was to determine the length of the timeframe over which usage data must be collected before future app abandonment can be predicted accurately in order to better target additional behavioral support to those who are most likely to stop using the app.

METHODS

Data were collected from a randomly drawn sample of 2600 new subscribers to a 1-year membership of the mobile app Calm, who started using the app between July and November of 2018. App usage data contained the duration and start time of all meditation sessions with the app over 365 days. We used these data to construct the following predictive model features: total daily sessions, total daily duration, and a measure of temporal similarity between consecutive days based on the dynamic time warping (DTW) distance measure. We then fit random forest models using increasingly longer periods of data after users subscribed to Calm to predict whether they performed any meditation sessions over 2-week intervals in the future. Model fit was assessed using the area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUC), and an exponential growth model was used to determine the minimal amount of data needed to reach an accurate prediction (95% of max AUC) of future engagement.

RESULTS

After first subscribing to Calm, 83.1% of the sample used the Calm app on at least 1 more day. However, by day 350 after subscribing, 58.0% of users abandoned their use of the app. For the persistent users, the average number of daily sessions was 0.33 (SD = 0.02), the average daily duration of meditating was 3.93 minutes (SD = 0.25), and the average DTW distance to the previous day was 1.50 (SD = 0.17). The exponential growth models revealed that an average of 64 days of observations after subscribing to Calm are needed to reach an accurate prediction of future app engagement.

DISCUSSION

Our results are consistent with existing estimates of the time required to develop a new habit. Additionally, this research demonstrates how to use app usage data to quickly and accurately predict the likelihood of users' future app abandonment. This research allows future researchers to better target just-in-time interventions towards users at risk of abandonment.

Incentives and Reminders to Improve Long-term Medication Adherence (INMIND): Protocol for a Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial

BACKGROUND

Nonadherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) among people living with HIV is a crucial barrier to attaining viral suppression globally. Existing behavioral interventions have successfully increased ART adherence, but typically show only short-term impact that dissipates after the interventions are withdrawn.

OBJECTIVE

This study aims to test the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy of a novel intervention that uses SMS text messages and conditional incentives to support ART initiators in establishing pill-taking habits.

METHODS

A sample of 150 participants aged ≥18 years who have initiated ART in the preceding 3 months will be recruited from Mildmay Uganda in Kampala, Uganda. All (150/150, 100%) participants will be educated on the anchoring strategy and will choose an existing routine to pair with their daily ART adherence from a set of 3 suggested routines: getting dressed in the morning, eating breakfast, or eating dinner. Then, participants will be randomized to receive either usual care (control group: 50/150, 33.3%) or 1 of the 2 interventions delivered over 3 months: daily SMS text message reminders to follow their chosen anchoring plan (messages group; treatment group 1: 50/150, 33.3%) or daily SMS text messages and incentives conditional on taking their ART medication around the time of their chosen anchor (incentives group; treatment group 2: 50/150, 33.3%). Long-term ART adherence will be evaluated for 6 months after the intervention, and survey assessments will be conducted at baseline, 3 months, and 9 months. Outcomes include feasibility and acceptability measures and intervention efficacy outcomes defined by electronically measured mean medication adherence during the intervention and during the 6 months after the intervention, along with a measure of routine ART adherence based on taking medications around the time of participants' anchor during the intervention and during the 6 months after intervention.

RESULTS

As of February 18, 2022, recruitment was completed. A total of 150 participants were recruited, and data collection is expected to end in December of 2022. Final results are expected to be submitted for publication by April 2023.

CONCLUSIONS

This study is the first to use behavioral economics-based interventions in combination with the anchoring strategy to improve long-term ART adherence among treatment initiators. We hypothesize that the combination of SMS text message reminders and incentives will increase participants' use of their anchoring strategy, and thus medication adherence will be better maintained after the intervention ends in our intervention groups relative to the control group that uses only the anchoring strategy. Results of this pilot study will help to refine this combined intervention approach for testing at scale and broaden our understanding of the habit formation process.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05131165; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05131165.

INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID)

DERR1-10.2196/42216.

Asthma Management Using the Mobile Asthma Evaluation and Management System in China

PURPOSE

As stated in the Global Initiative for Asthma, there are still some asthmatic patients who have not achieved asthma control. Mobile is a useful tool for asthma management. We aimed to compare the advantages of mobile management with traditional management in improving adherence and control of asthma.

METHODS

In this prospective, multicentre, randomized, controlled and parallel-group study, we enrolled patients with poor adherence and uncontrolled asthma at 32 hospitals in 28 provinces in China. Patients were randomly assigned to the mobile management or traditional management groups for 12 months. The primary endpoint was the proportion of patients with good adherence (Medication Adherence Report Scale for Asthma [MARS-A] score ≥ 45) for 6 months. This study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02917174).

RESULTS

Between April 2017 and April 2018, 923 patients were eligible for randomization (mobile group, n = 461; traditional group, n = 462). Dropout was 84 (18.2%) in the mobile management group and 113 (24.4%) patients in the traditional management group. The proportion of patients with good adherence was significantly higher in the mobile management group than in the traditional management group (66.0% vs. 58.99%, P = 0.048). The mobile management group showed higher mean MARS-A score (at 1, 6, 9, and 12 months) and asthma control test scores (at 6 and 9 months), and lower total lost rate to follow-up within 12 months than the traditional management group.

CONCLUSIONS

Mobile asthma management can improve adherence and asthma control compared to traditional management.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02917174.

Adherence to Inhaled Corticosteroid Therapy and Its Clinical Impact on Asthma Control in Adults Living with Asthma in Northwestern Ethiopian Hospitals

BACKGROUND

Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) are the backbone of and primary choice for long-term asthma control therapy; however, the level of adherence to this regimen has not yet been investigated, particularly in the study area of Northwest Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the level of adherence to ICS treatment and its impact on adults living with asthma in Northwestern Ethiopian hospitals.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A multicenter institution-based survey was conducted in asthma patients treated with ICS-based regimens in public hospitals in Northwest Ethiopia. Adherence to ICS was measured with the Medication Adherence Report Scale for Asthma. Descriptive statistics were used to present respondents' characteristics, and logistic regression was used to test associations between predictors and outcome variables. A level of p<0.05 was used as a cut-off point for a significant association.

RESULTS

Of a total of 422 approached subjects, 96.7% completed the survey. The mean (±SD) age of the participants was 49.82 (±16.1) years. The majority of participants (86.1%) had a low level of adherence to ICS treatment. A significant proportion (42%) of the respondents reported that they utilized ICS only before performing exercises that made them breathless. Around two-fifths of the participants used ICS either when they needed it or when they felt breathless. Furthermore, one-third of the study subjects reported that they either avoided or forgot to take ICS. Participants who had access to free healthcare services had better adherence to ICS (p=0.01), and non-adherence to ICS therapy was significantly associated with poor levels of asthma control (p≤0.001).

CONCLUSION

This study found that adult patients with asthma had low levels of adherence to ICS therapy. Future prospective research in a larger population, focusing on identifying the obstacles to ICS adherence in patients living with asthma and creating successful intervention options, is recommended.

Identifying App-Based Meditation Habits and the Associated Mental Health Benefits: Longitudinal Observational Study

Background

Behavioral habits are often initiated by contextual cues that occur at approximately the same time each day; so, it may be possible to identify a reflexive habit based on the temporal similarity of repeated daily behavior. Mobile health tools provide the detailed, longitudinal data necessary for constructing such an indicator of reflexive habits, which can improve our understanding of habit formation and help design more effective mobile health interventions for promoting healthier habits.

Objective

This study aims to use behavioral data from a commercial mindfulness meditation mobile phone app to construct an indicator of reflexive meditation habits based on temporal similarity and estimate the association between temporal similarity and meditation app users’ perceived health benefits.

Methods

App-use data from June 2019 to June 2020 were analyzed for 2771 paying subscribers of a meditation mobile phone app, of whom 86.06% (2359/2771) were female, 72.61% (2012/2771) were college educated, 86.29% (2391/2771) were White, and 60.71% (1664/2771) were employed full-time. Participants volunteered to complete a survey assessing their perceived changes in physical and mental health from using the app. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used to evaluate the ability of the temporal similarity measure to predict future behavior, and variable importance statistics from random forest models were used to corroborate these findings. Logistic regression was used to estimate the association between temporal similarity and self-reported physical and mental health benefits.

Results

The temporal similarity of users’ daily app use before completing the survey, as measured by the dynamic time warping (DTW) distance between app use on consecutive days, significantly predicted app use at 28 days and at 6 months after the survey, even after controlling for users’ demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, total app sessions, duration of app use, and number of days with any app use. In addition, the temporal similarity measure significantly increased in the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) for models predicting any future app use in 28 days (AUC=0.868 with DTW and 0.850 without DTW; P<.001) and for models predicting any app use in 6 months (AUC=0.821 with DTW and 0.802 without DTW; P<.001). Finally, a 1% increase in the temporal similarity of users’ daily meditation practice with the app over 6 weeks before the survey was associated with increased odds of reporting mental health improvements, with an odds ratio of 2.94 (95% CI 1.832-6.369).

Conclusions

The temporal similarity of the meditation app use was a significant predictor of future behavior, which suggests that this measure can identify reflexive meditation habits. In addition, temporal similarity was associated with greater perceived mental health benefits, which demonstrates that additional mental health benefits may be derived from forming reflexive meditation habits.

Creating Exercise Habits Using Incentives: The Tradeoff between Flexibility and Routinization

Habits involve regular, cue-triggered routines. In a field experiment, we tested whether incentivizing exercise routines-paying participants each time they visit the gym within a planned, daily two-hour window-leads to more persistent exercise than offering flexible incentives-paying participants each day they visit the gym, regardless of timing. Routine incentives generated fewer gym visits than flexible incentives, both during our intervention and after incentives were removed. Even among sub-groups that were experimentally induced to exercise at similar rates during our intervention, recipients of routine incentives exhibited a larger decrease in exercise after the intervention than recipients of flexible incentives.

A Scoping Review of International Barriers to Asthma Medication Adherence Mapped to the Theoretical Domains Framework

BACKGROUND

Internationally, adult asthma medication adherence rates are low. Studies characterizing variations in barriers by country are lacking.

OBJECTIVE

To conduct a scoping review to characterize international variations in barriers to asthma medication adherence among adults.

METHODS

MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science (WOS), and CINAHL were searched from inception to February 2017. English-language studies employing qualitative methods (eg, focus groups, interviews) were selected to assess adult patient- and/or caregiver-reported barriers to asthma medication adherence. Two investigators independently identified, extracted data, and collected study characteristics, methodologic approach, and barriers. Barriers were mapped using the Theoretical Domains Framework and findings categorized according to participants' country of residence, countries' gross national income, and the presence of universal health care (World Health Organization definitions).

RESULTS

Among 2942 unique abstracts, we reviewed 809 full texts. Among these, we identified 47 studies, conducted in 12 countries, meeting eligibility. Studies included a total of 2614 subjects, predominately female (67%), with the mean age of 19.1 to 70 years. Most commonly reported barriers were beliefs about consequences (eg, medications not needed for asthma control, N = 29, 61.7%) and knowledge (eg, not knowing when to take medication, N = 27, 57.4%); least common was goals (eg, asthma not a priority, N = 1, 2.1%). In 27 studies conducted in countries classified as high income (HIC) with universal health care (UHC), the most reported barrier was participants' beliefs about consequences (N = 17, 63.3%). However, environmental context and resources (N = 12, 66.7%) were more common in HIC without UHC.

CONCLUSION

International adherence barriers are diverse and may vary with a country's sociopolitical context. Future adherence interventions should account for trends.

Time-of-Day Differences in Treatment-Related Habit Strength and Adherence

Background

Many of our daily behaviors are habitual, occurring automatically in response to learned contextual cues, and with minimal need for cognitive and self-regulatory resources. Behavioral habit strength predicts adherence to actions, including to medications. The time of day (morning vs. evening) may influence adherence and habit strength to the degree that stability of contexts/routines varies throughout the day.

Purpose

The current study evaluates whether patients are more adherent to morning versus evening doses of medication and if morning doses show evidence of greater habit strength than evening doses.

Methods

Objective adherence data (exact timing of pill dosing) were collected in an observational study by electronic monitoring pill bottles in a sample of patients on twice-daily pills for Type 2 diabetes (N = 51) over the course of 1 month.

Results

Data supported the hypothesis that patients would miss fewer morning than evening pills. However, counter to the hypothesis, variability in dose timing (an indicator of habit strength) was not significantly different for morning versus evening pills.

Conclusions

Findings suggest that medication adherence may be greater in the morning than in the evening. However, more research is needed to evaluate the role of habitual action in this greater adherence. Furthermore, future research should evaluate the validity of behavioral timing consistency as an indicator of habit strength.

The Association Between Beliefs and Adherence to Inhaled Controller Medication Among Older Adults with Asthma: A Cross-Sectional Study in Primary Care

BACKGROUND

While illness perceptions and medication beliefs have been shown to be associated with inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) adherence in younger adults with asthma, their impact on older adults is less understood. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of ICS adherence among older Asian adults and to assess the association between ICS adherence, illness perceptions and medication beliefs.

METHODS

A questionnaire survey on older multi-ethnic Asian patients, aged ≥60 years, with physician-diagnosed asthma, was conducted in two Singapore public primary care clinics. The scores of the Medication Adherence Report Scale for asthma (MARS) were computed to determine the adherence to ICS alone or in combination with LABA. Illness perceptions and medication beliefs were assessed by the scores from the Brief-Illness Perception Questionnaire (B-IPQ) and Beliefs about Medications Questionnaire (BMQ), respectively. Logistic regression analyses were used to identify factors associated with ICS adherence.

RESULTS

Analyses of 323 participants (57% males; Chinese 73.7%, Malay 12.7%, Indian 12.4%; mean age 71.5 years) showed that 40.9% of them had good adherence to ICS (mean MARS score≥4.5). Good adherence to ICS was associated with perception of asthma as a chronic illness (OR=1.22; 95% CI=1.10-1.35; p<0.001), belief of ICS as an essential medication (2.67; 1.76-4.06; p<0.001) and fewer concerns about its use (0.39; 0.26-0.60; p<0.001). Patients on combined ICS-LABA therapy had higher adherence (2.50; 1.41-4.44; p=0.02) than those on ICS monotherapy.

CONCLUSION

Four in ten older patients with asthma were adherent to ICS. Perception of medication necessity, chronicity of illness, concerns and use of ICS-LABA medication were associated with adherence.

Assessing Adherence to Inhaled Corticosteroids Among Adults with Asthma in Kuwait Using the Medication Adherence Report Scale for Asthma

PURPOSE

Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) are the mainstay maintenance therapy for asthma management. Non-adherence to ICS, which can lead to exacerbations and poor asthma control, is commonly reported among adult patients with asthma. The level of adherence to ICS among adult patients with asthma in Kuwait has not been previously published. The aim of this study was to assess adherence to ICS among adults with asthma in Kuwait.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

A cross-sectional study was conducted among adult patients with asthma using ICS therapy at ambulatory asthma clinics in Kuwait. Adherence to ICS was assessed using the Medication Adherence Report Scale for Asthma (MARS-A). Descriptive and logistic regression analyses were conducted using SPSS version 23.

RESULTS

One hundred and forty-nine patients with a mean age of 41.42 (12.75) years participated in the study. The majority of the participants (82.6%) reported low adherence to ICS. Approximately, three-quarters of the participants reported that they used ICS either when needed or when they felt breathless. Furthermore, about half of them admitted that they tried to avoid using ICS (46.3%), or forgot to take ICS (51%), or only used ICS before performing an exercise that made them breathless (54%). In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, independent predictors (age, education, and smoking status) were not found to significantly influence the overall adherence to ICS therapy.

CONCLUSION

Adherence to ICS among adult patients with asthma was found to be low in ambulatory care settings in Kuwait. Future studies should aim to determine the barriers to ICS adherence among patients with asthma, with a focus on developing effective intervention strategies.

Daily Medication Management and Adherence in the Polymedicated Elderly: A Cross-Sectional Study in Portugal

The presence of age-related comorbidities prone elderly patients to the phenomenon of polypharmacy and consequently to a higher risk of nonadherence. Thus, this paper aims to characterize the medication consumption profile and explore the relationship of beliefs and daily medication management on medication adherence by home-dwelling polymedicated elderly people. A questionnaire on adherence, managing, and beliefs of medicines was applied to polymedicated patients with ≥65 years old, in primary care centers of the central region of Portugal. Of the 1089 participants, 47.7% were considered nonadherent. Forgetfulness (38.8%), difficulties in managing medication (14.3%), concerns with side effects (10.7%), and the price of medication (9.2%) were pointed as relevant medication nonadherence-related factors. It was observed that patients who had difficulties managing medicines, common forgetfulness, concerns with side effects, doubting the need for the medication, considered prices expensive, and had a lack of trust for some medicines had a higher risk of being nonadherent. This study provides relevant information concerning the daily routine and management of medicines that can be useful to the development of educational strategies to promote health literacy and improve medication adherence in polymedicated home-dwelling elderly.

Daily Routine: Associations With Health Status and Urgent Health Care Utilization Among Older Adults

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

Chronically ill older adults must integrate self-care behaviors into their daily routine to promote health and reduce urgent health care utilization. Individuals of lower socioeconomic position (SEP) experience a disproportionate burden of stressors that challenge the formation of regular routines. We examined associations between the presence of a daily routine and older adults' health status and urgent health care utilization, to determine whether higher levels of daily routine mediates associations between SEP and health outcomes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We used data from a cohort of older adult primary care patients in Chicago. Daily routine was measured using a brief, validated scale. A single factor score of SEP was created with measures of education, income, homeownership, and insurance status. Health status was assessed by Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information Service physical function, depression, and anxiety. Urgent health care utilization was patient reported. Multivariable models were used to assess the effect of routine and SEP on health status and urgent health care utilization.

RESULTS

Individuals reporting low levels of daily routine reported worse physical function (β = -2.34; 95% CI -4.18, -0.50), more anxiety (β = 2.73; 95% CI 0.68, 4.78) and depressive symptoms (β = 2.83; 95% CI 0.94, 4.74) than those with greater daily routine. No differences in urgent health care utilization were observed by daily routine. Daily routine varied by SEP (p < .001); routine partially mediated the relationship between SEP and physical function and anxiety symptoms (ps < .05).

DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS

A daily routine may be an under recognized modifiable factor that could promote health outcomes among older adults.

Diagnosis of severe asthma

Patients with asthma that is uncontrolled despite high intensity medication can present in both primary and specialist care. An increasing number of novel (and expensive) treatments are available for patients who fail conventional asthma therapy, but these may not be appropriate for all such patients. It is essential that a rigorous evaluation process be undertaken for these patients to identify those with biologically severe asthma who will require novel therapies, and those who may improve with control of contributory factors. In this article, we describe three key steps in the diagnostic evaluation process for severe asthma. The first step is confirmation of asthma diagnosis with objective evidence of variable airflow obstruction. The second involves management of contributory factors such as non-adherence, poor inhaler technique, ongoing asthma triggers, and comorbidities. The third step involves phenotyping and endotyping of patients with severe asthma. We provide a practical approach to implementing these measures in both primary and secondary care.

Translation and initial validation of the Medication Adherence Report Scale (MARS) in Italian patients with Crohn's Disease

The MARS-5 (Medication Adherence Report Scale) was developed in English. The aim of this project was to analyse the MARS-5I (© Prof Rob Horne) psychometric properties and to identify whether its Italian translation is suitable for assessing medication adherence in Crohn Disease (CD) Italian patients. The MARS was translated and linguistically validated in Italian. The MARS-5I was used for evaluating medication adherence in the SOLE study, conducted in Italy on 552 subjects with CD. In order to un-bias the questionnaire results from the effects of treatment change and/or effectiveness, the analyses were performed on the 277 patients whose disease activity remained stable, selected among the 371 patients who maintained the same treatment between two consecutive visits. Internal consistency was high (Cronbach's alpha of 0.86). Pearson's correlation coefficient was 0.50 (p<0.001) and 0.86 (p<0.001- outliers removed), indicating satisfactory test-retest. MARS 5I scores were not correlated with Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire for Medication but a small and statistically significant correlation was shown with physician-evaluated medication adherence, indicating convergent validity. MARS-5I, the Italian translation of the English MARS, showed satisfactory internal consistency and test-retest, and a low but statistically significant convergent validity. We confirmed the utility of this tool in patients with CD.

Pulmonary drug delivery to older people

Pulmonary diseases, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), are common in older people. Treatment principles are well established in this group of patients; however, inadequate training and improper inhaler techniques often results in poor treatment outcomes. Healthcare professionals often do not have the required knowledge about the most common inhaler devices. Age-related conditions like cognitive ability and physical strength would also impact on the inhaler usage. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics may be affected by physiological changes, like impaired renal and hepatic functions and reduced lung functions. Adjusting and optimizing the inhaler device to the patient preferences, improvement of the drug formulation and inhalers, and using different adherence strategies might improve the treatment outcomes in elderly patients.

Automatic processes and self-regulation of illness

Research on the Commonsense Self-Regulation Model has emphasised reflective/conscious perceptual processes regarding illness threat (beliefs about symptoms, consequences, timeline, and curability) in predicting and changing coping behaviours. Understanding of illness self-regulation and avenues for intervention might be enriched by consideration of automatic processes that influence the recognition and identification of illness, response to illness, and ongoing management. This article adopts an integrative approach to (1) outline the theoretical importance of implicit processes in patients' self-regulation of illness and methods to study them; (2) review research evidence for these processes, including interventions tested to modify them; and (3) outline avenues for future research. A substantial body of research on implicit processes (cognitive bias and interpretational bias) in illness maintenance in chronic illness has recently been extended to detection and interpretation of acute illness and new perspectives relating to the self-system. There is encouraging evidence that cognitive accessibility of coping and implicit attitudes may impact upon coping behaviours. Procedures that strategically automatise coping responses and create habits have considerable promise. We outline an agenda for future research in which health psychology accepts the challenge posed by the interplay of the reflective and associative systems in promoting effective self-regulation of illness.

The Common-Sense Model of Self-Regulation (CSM): a dynamic framework for understanding illness self-management

The Common-Sense Model of Self-Regulation (the "Common-Sense Model", CSM) is a widely used theoretical framework that explicates the processes by which patients become aware of a health threat, navigate affective responses to the threat, formulate perceptions of the threat and potential treatment actions, create action plans for addressing the threat, and integrate continuous feedback on action plan efficacy and threat-progression. A description of key aspects of the CSM's history-over 50 years of research and theoretical development-makes clear the model's dynamic underpinnings, characteristics, and assumptions. The current article provides this historical narrative and uses that narrative to highlight dynamic aspects of the model that are often not evaluated or utilized in contemporary CSM-based research. We provide suggestions for research advances that can more fully utilize these dynamic aspects of the CSM and have the potential to further advance the CSM's contribution to medical practice and patients' self-management of illness.

Parameters affecting inhalation therapy adherence in elderly patients with chronic obstructive lung disease and asthma

AIM

One of the most significant problems in the treatment of elderly patients is incorrect use of inhaler devices. The purpose of the present study was to assess the parameters affecting treatment adherence among elderly patients.

METHODS

Spirometry, the Mini-Mental State Examination for cognitive impairment and the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale-4 were carried out in 121 (88 chronic obstructive lung disease patients according to the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease, 33 asthma patients according to The Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) criteria) participants aged over 65 years.

RESULTS

The patients with cognitive impairment, low socioeconomic status, a high number of admissions to an emergency service in past year and the presence of dyspnea or sputum had significantly lower inhalation device use scores (P = 0.017, 0.03, 0.025, 0.03 and 0.02). The patients with high Mini-Mental State Examination scores and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (as liter and percentage) were found to be more successful in using inhaler devices (P = 0.005, 0.007 and 0.022). There was a negative correlation between number of hospitalizations and inhalation device score (P = 0.021).The participants without education/training by a doctor about the inhaler device had a significantly poorer treatment adherence (P < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Older chronic obstructive lung disease and asthmatic patients have more difficulty with the correct use of inhaler devices. Cognitive impairment might be an important parameter that can affect inhalation device technique. Socioeconomic status, smoking, pulmonary symptoms and admissions to hospital were also thought to have effects on the adherence to inhalation therapy. The type of chronic respiratory disease (chronic obstructive lung disease/asthma) is not a major factor influencing therapy adherence. Assessment of cognitive functions, choosing suitable inhalation devices and educational programs for inhaler use could improve the success of inhaler technique in elderly patients. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 17: 999-1005.

Assessing the association of obesity and asthma morbidity in older adults

BACKGROUND

Obesity is a robust predictor of poor asthma control in younger adults. Given the high prevalence of asthma and obesity in older Americans, weight reduction could benefit asthma management in this population.

OBJECTIVE

To assess the association between obesity and asthma outcomes among older adults.

METHODS

We recruited from urban primary care clinics a prospective cohort of nonsmoking individuals with asthma who were 60 years or older without a history of other respiratory diseases. At baseline, body mass index (BMI) measurements were classified as normal (BMI, 18-25), overweight (BMI, 25-30), or obese (BMI, >30). Measures of asthma morbidity (Asthma Control Questionnaire [ACQ], and Mini Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire [Mini-AQLQ]) and asthma-related resource utilization (inpatient or outpatient) were taken at baseline and at 3- and 12-month interviews. We used generalized estimating equation models to assess associations between obesity and asthma outcomes after controlling for potential confounders.

RESULTS

Of the 437 older adults with asthma in the study, 17% had a normal BMI, 32% were overweight, and 51% were obese. Unadjusted analyses revealed that obesity was associated with lower ACQ scores (odds ratio [OR], 1.19; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.09-1.31) and poorer Mini-AQLQ scores (OR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.11-1.33). Adjusted analyses revealed no significant association between obesity and ACQ (OR, 1.05; 95% CI, 0.96-1.15) and Mini-AQLQ (OR, 1.08; 95% CI, 0.99-1.19).

CONCLUSION

Our study suggests that obesity is not independently associated with worse asthma outcomes in older adults, reflecting potential differences in the mechanisms that link obesity with asthma control in older vs younger populations.

Self-management of chronic illness: the role of 'habit' versus reflective factors in exercise and medication adherence

Non-adherence to health behaviors required for chronic illness self-management is pervasive. Advancing health-behavior theory to include behavioral initiation and maintenance factors, including reflective (e.g., belief- and feedback-based) and automatic (e.g., habit-based) mechanisms of adherence to different treatment-related behaviors could improve non-adherence prediction and intervention efforts. To test behavioral initiation and maintenance factors from an extended common sense self-regulation theoretical framework for predicting medication adherence and physical activity among patients with Type 2 diabetes. Patients (n = 133) in an in-person (n = 80) or online (n = 53) version of the study reported treatment-related (1) barriers, (2) beliefs and experiential feedback (reflective mechanisms of treatment-initiation and short-term repetition), and (3) habit strength (automatic mechanism of treatment-maintenance) for taking medication and engaging in regular physical activity at baseline. Behaviors were assessed via self-reports (n = 133) and objectively (electronic monitoring pill bottles, accelerometers; n = 80) in the subsequent month. Treatment-specific barriers and habit strength predicted self-reported and objective adherence for both behaviors. Beliefs were inconsistently related to behavior, even when habits were "weak". Experiential feedback from behavior was not related to adherence. Among patients with Type 2 diabetes diagnosis, medication and physical activity adherence were better predicted by their degree of automatic behavioral repetition than their beliefs/experiences with the treatment-actions. Habit strength should be an intervention target for chronic illness self-management; assessing it in practice settings may effectively detect non-adherence to existing treatment-regimens. However, future research and further refining of CS-SRM theory regarding the processes required for such habit development are needed.

Successful self-management among non-insulin-treated adults with Type 2 diabetes: a self-regulation perspective

AIMS

To clarify the role of self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) in the self-management of Type 2 diabetes from the patient's perspective, using in-depth interviews with non-insulin-treated adults to investigate how they learned to manage their diabetes effectively and whether SMBG played a significant role in this process.

METHODS

Individual interviews were conducted with 14 non-insulin-treated adults with Type 2 diabetes who had significantly improved their glycaemic control [64% women; 50% black; 21% Hispanic; mean age 60 years; mean HbA(1c) concentration 43 mmol/mol (6.1%)]. Interviews were transcribed and analysed by a coding team, applying the concept of illness coherence from the Common Sense Model of Self-Regulation.

RESULTS

The majority of participants relied on SMBG to evaluate their self-management efforts. Key themes included: adopting an experimental approach; experiencing 'a-ha' moments; provider-assisted problem-solving; using SMBG and other feedback to evaluate when their efforts were working; and normalizing diabetes-specific behaviour changes as being healthy for everyone.

CONCLUSIONS

Our qualitative data are consistent with the argument that SMBG, if implemented appropriately with enough education and provider access, can be a powerful tool for non-insulin-treated adults with Type 2 diabetes to monitor their self-management. Establishing sufficient conditions for illness coherence to develop while individuals are learning to use SMBG could increase their sense of personal control in managing a complex and demanding illness.

Adherence to asthma treatments: 'we know, we intend, we advocate'

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

To highlight the state of the art and the current outlook on the adherence to treatment in asthma, starting from the 'Manifesto on Adherence to asthma treatment in respiratory allergy' endorsed by the World Allergy Organization, Allergic Rhinitis and Its Impact on Asthma and Global Allergy, Asthma European Network, and Interasma.

RECENT FINDINGS

Adherence to the pharmacological treatments of asthma is known to be low: about 50% of those who had been prescribed long-term treatment are nonadherent, at least part of the time. Nonadherence is associated with lack of asthma control, poor health outcomes, and increased costs. The reasons for suboptimal adherence are multifaceted and may be related to the patients, the treatment and asthma features, the physician-patient relationship, and the healthcare resources and facilities.

SUMMARY

Taking into account the multidimensional nature of adherence, no single intervention or strategy is per se able to enhance it, but all players involved in the process (government authorities, patient organizations, scientific societies, stakeholders, and others) are called to work together to develop a combined action plan based on the patient's complexity.