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Poliakova T, Wellington CL. Roles of peripheral lipoproteins and cholesteryl ester transfer protein in the vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia. Mol Neurodegener 2023; 18:86. [PMID: 37974180 PMCID: PMC10652636 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-023-00671-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
This narrative review focuses on the role of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) and peripheral lipoproteins in the vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID). Humans have a peripheral lipoprotein profile where low-density lipoproteins (LDL) represent the dominant lipoprotein fraction and high-density lipoproteins (HDL) represent a minor lipoprotein fraction. Elevated LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels are well-established to cause cardiovascular disease and several LDL-C-lowering therapies are clinically available to manage this vascular risk factor. The efficacy of LDL-C-lowering therapies to reduce risk of all-cause dementia and AD is now important to address as recent studies demonstrate a role for LDL in Alzheimer's Disease (AD) as well as in all-cause dementia. The LDL:HDL ratio in humans is set mainly by CETP activity, which exchanges cholesteryl esters for triglycerides across lipoprotein fractions to raise LDL and lower HDL as CETP activity increases. Genetic and pharmacological studies support the hypothesis that CETP inhibition reduces cardiovascular risk by lowering LDL, which, by extension, may also lower VCID. Unlike humans, wild-type mice do not express catalytically active CETP and have HDL as their major lipoprotein fraction. As HDL has potent beneficial effects on endothelial cells, the naturally high HDL levels in mice protect them from vascular disorders, likely including VCID. Genetic restoration of CETP expression in mice to generate a more human-like lipid profile may increase the relevance of murine models for VCID studies. The therapeutic potential of existing and emerging LDL-lowering therapies for VCID will be discussed. Figure Legend. Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein in Alzheimer's Disease. CETP is mainly produced by the liver, and exchanges cholesteryl esters for triglycerides across lipoprotein fractions to raise circulating LDL and lower HDL as CETP activity increases. Low CETP activity is associated with better cardiovascular health, due to decreased LDL and increased HDL, which may also improve brain health. Although most peripheral lipoproteins cannot enter the brain parenchyma due to the BBB, it is increasingly appreciated that direct access to the vascular endothelium may enable peripheral lipoproteins to have indirect effects on brain health. Thus, lipoproteins may affect the cerebrovasculature from both sides of the BBB. Recent studies show an association between elevated plasma LDL, a well-known cardiovascular risk factor, and a higher risk of AD, and considerable evidence suggests that high HDL levels are associated with reduced CAA and lower neuroinflammation. Considering the potential detrimental role of LDL in AD and the importance of HDL's beneficial effects on endothelial cells, high CETP activity may lead to compromised BBB integrity, increased CAA deposits and greater neuroinflammation. Abbreviations: CETP - cholesteryl transfer ester protein; LDL - low-density lipoproteins; HDL - high-density lipoproteins; BBB - blood-brain barrier; CAA - cerebral amyloid angiopathy, SMC - smooth muscle cells, PVM - perivascular macrophages, RBC - red blood cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetiana Poliakova
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Djavad Mowafagian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Cheryl L Wellington
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
- Djavad Mowafagian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
- International Collaboration On Repair Discoveries, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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2
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Mehta N, Dangas K, Ditmarsch M, Rensen PCN, Dicklin MR, Kastelein JJP. The evolving role of cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibition beyond cardiovascular disease. Pharmacol Res 2023; 197:106972. [PMID: 37898443 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
The main role of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) is the transfer of cholesteryl esters and triglycerides between high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles and triglyceride-rich lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles. There is a long history of investigations regarding the inhibition of CETP as a target for reducing major adverse cardiovascular events. Initially, the potential effect on cardiovascular events of CETP inhibitors was hypothesized to be mediated by their ability to increase HDL cholesterol, but, based on evidence from anacetrapib and the newest CETP inhibitor, obicetrapib, it is now understood to be primarily due to reducing LDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein B. Nevertheless, evidence is also mounting that other roles of HDL, including its promotion of cholesterol efflux, as well as its apolipoprotein composition and anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and anti-diabetic properties, may play important roles in several diseases beyond cardiovascular disease, including, but not limited to, Alzheimer's disease, diabetes, and sepsis. Furthermore, although Mendelian randomization analyses suggested that higher HDL cholesterol is associated with increased risk of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), excess risk of AMD was absent in all CETP inhibitor randomized controlled trial data comprising over 70,000 patients. In fact, certain HDL subclasses may, in contrast, be beneficial for treating the retinal cholesterol accumulation that occurs with AMD. This review describes the latest biological evidence regarding the relationship between HDL and CETP inhibition for Alzheimer's disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, sepsis, and AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nehal Mehta
- Mobius Scientific, Inc., JLABS @ Washington, DC, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - John J P Kastelein
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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3
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The Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein (CETP) raises Cholesterol Levels in the Brain. J Lipid Res 2022; 63:100260. [PMID: 35921880 PMCID: PMC9464954 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2022.100260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) is a lipid transfer protein responsible for the exchange of cholesteryl esters and triglycerides between lipoproteins. Decreased CETP activity is associated with longevity, cardiovascular health, and maintenance of good cognitive performance. Interestingly, mice lack the CETP-encoding gene and have very low levels of LDL particles compared with humans. Currently, the molecular mechanisms induced because of CETP activity are not clear. To understand how CETP activity affects the brain, we utilized CETP transgenic (CETPtg) mice that show elevated LDL levels upon induction of CETP expression through a high-cholesterol diet. CETPtg mice on a high-cholesterol diet showed up to 22% higher cholesterol levels in the brain. Using a microarray on mostly astrocyte-derived mRNA, we found that this cholesterol increase is likely not because of elevated de novo synthesis of cholesterol. However, cholesterol efflux is decreased in CETPtg mice along with an upregulation of the complement factor C1Q, which plays a role in neuronal cholesterol clearance. Our data suggest that CETP activity affects brain health through modulating cholesterol distribution and clearance. Therefore, we propose that CETPtg mice constitute a valuable research tool to investigate the impact of cholesterol metabolism on brain function.
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4
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Emerging role of HDL in brain cholesterol metabolism and neurodegenerative disorders. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2022; 1867:159123. [PMID: 35151900 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2022.159123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
High-density lipoproteins (HDLs play a key role in cholesterol homeostasis maintenance in the central nervous system (CNS), by carrying newly synthesized cholesterol from astrocytes to neurons, to support their lipid-related physiological functions. As occurs for plasma HDLs, brain lipoproteins are assembled through the activity of membrane cholesterol transporters, undergo remodeling mediated by specific enzymes and transport proteins, and finally deliver cholesterol to neurons by a receptor-mediated internalization process. A growing number of evidences indicates a strong association between alterations of CNS cholesterol homeostasis and neurodegenerative disorders, in particular Alzheimer's disease (AD), and a possible role in this relationship may be played by defects in brain HDL metabolism. In the present review, we summarize and critically examine the current state of knowledge on major modifications of HDL and HDL-mediated brain cholesterol transport in AD, by taking into consideration the individual steps of this process. We also describe potential and encouraging HDL-based therapies that could represent new therapeutic strategies for AD treatment. Finally, we revise the main plasma and brain HDL modifications in other neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), and frontotemporal dementia (FTD).
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5
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Gamache I, Legault MA, Grenier JC, Sanchez R, Rhéaume E, Asgari S, Barhdadi A, Zada YF, Trochet H, Luo Y, Lecca L, Murray M, Raychaudhuri S, Tardif JC, Dubé MP, Hussin J. A sex-specific evolutionary interaction between ADCY9 and CETP. eLife 2021; 10:69198. [PMID: 34609279 PMCID: PMC8594919 DOI: 10.7554/elife.69198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacogenomic studies have revealed associations between rs1967309 in the adenylyl cyclase type 9 (ADCY9) gene and clinical responses to the cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) modulator dalcetrapib, however, the mechanism behind this interaction is still unknown. Here, we characterized selective signals at the locus associated with the pharmacogenomic response in human populations and we show that rs1967309 region exhibits signatures of positive selection in several human populations. Furthermore, we identified a variant in CETP, rs158477, which is in long-range linkage disequilibrium with rs1967309 in the Peruvian population. The signal is mainly seen in males, a sex-specific result that is replicated in the LIMAA cohort of over 3400 Peruvians. Analyses of RNA-seq data further suggest an epistatic interaction on CETP expression levels between the two SNPs in multiple tissues, which also differs between males and females. We also detected interaction effects of the two SNPs with sex on cardiovascular phenotypes in the UK Biobank, in line with the sex-specific genotype associations found in Peruvians at these loci. We propose that ADCY9 and CETP coevolved during recent human evolution due to sex-specific selection, which points toward a biological link between dalcetrapib’s pharmacogene ADCY9 and its therapeutic target CETP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Gamache
- Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada.,Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Canada
| | - Marc-André Legault
- Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada.,Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Canada.,Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Centre, Montréal, Canada
| | | | | | - Eric Rhéaume
- Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada.,Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Canada
| | - Samira Asgari
- Center for Data Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, United States
| | - Amina Barhdadi
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Canada.,Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Centre, Montréal, Canada
| | - Yassamin Feroz Zada
- Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Centre, Montréal, Canada
| | - Holly Trochet
- Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada.,Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Canada
| | - Yang Luo
- Center for Data Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, United States
| | - Leonid Lecca
- Socios En Salud, Lima, Peru.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Megan Murray
- Center for Data Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Soumya Raychaudhuri
- Center for Data Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, United States.,Centre for Genetics and Genomics Versus Arthritis, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Jean-Claude Tardif
- Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada.,Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Canada
| | - Marie-Pierre Dubé
- Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada.,Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Canada.,Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Centre, Montréal, Canada
| | - Julie Hussin
- Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada.,Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Canada
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6
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Pyun JM, Park YH, Lee KJ, Kim S, Saykin AJ, Nho K. Predictability of polygenic risk score for progression to dementia and its interaction with APOE ε4 in mild cognitive impairment. Transl Neurodegener 2021; 10:32. [PMID: 34465370 PMCID: PMC8406896 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-021-00259-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The combinatorial effect of multiple genetic factors calculated as a polygenic risk score (PRS) has been studied to predict disease progression to Alzheimer's disease (AD) from mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Previous studies have investigated the performance of PRS in the prediction of disease progression to AD by including and excluding single nucleotide polymorphisms within the region surrounding the APOE gene. These studies may have missed the APOE genotype-specific predictability of PRS for disease progression to AD. METHODS We analyzed 732 MCI from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative cohort, including those who progressed to AD within 5 years post-baseline (n = 270) and remained stable as MCI (n = 462). The predictability of PRS including and excluding the APOE region (PRS+APOE and PRS-APOE) on the conversion to AD and its interaction with the APOE ε4 carrier status were assessed using Cox regression analyses. RESULTS PRS+APOE (hazard ratio [HR] 1.468, 95% CI 1.335-1.615) and PRS-APOE (HR 1.293, 95% CI 1.157-1.445) were both associated with a significantly increased risk of MCI progression to dementia. The interaction between PRS+APOE and APOE ε4 carrier status was significant with a P-value of 0.0378. The association of PRSs with the progression risk was stronger in APOE ε4 non-carriers (PRS+APOE: HR 1.710, 95% CI 1.244-2.351; PRS-APOE: HR 1.429, 95% CI 1.182-1.728) than in APOE ε4 carriers (PRS+APOE: HR 1.167, 95% CI 1.005-1.355; PRS-APOE: HR 1.172, 95% CI 1.020-1.346). CONCLUSIONS PRS could predict the conversion of MCI to dementia with a stronger association in APOE ε4 non-carriers than APOE ε4 carriers. This indicates PRS as a potential genetic predictor particularly for MCI with no APOE ε4 alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Min Pyun
- Department of Neurology, Uijeongbu Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University, Uijeongbu, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ho Park
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital and Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea.
| | - Keon-Joo Lee
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital and Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - SangYun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital and Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Andrew J Saykin
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, and the Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Kwangsik Nho
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, and the Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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7
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Macedo A, Gómez C, Rebelo MÂ, Poza J, Gomes I, Martins S, Maturana-Candelas A, Pablo VGD, Durães L, Sousa P, Figueruelo M, Rodríguez M, Pita C, Arenas M, Álvarez L, Hornero R, Lopes AM, Pinto N. Risk Variants in Three Alzheimer's Disease Genes Show Association with EEG Endophenotypes. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 80:209-223. [PMID: 33522999 PMCID: PMC8075394 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background: Dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder, which much of heritability remains unexplained. At the clinical level, one of the most common physiological alterations is the slowing of oscillatory brain activity, measurable by electroencephalography (EEG). Relative power (RP) at the conventional frequency bands (i.e., delta, theta, alpha, beta-1, and beta-2) can be considered as AD endophenotypes. Objective: The aim of this work is to analyze the association between sixteen genes previously related with AD: APOE, PICALM, CLU, BCHE, CETP, CR1, SLC6A3, GRIN2
β, SORL1, TOMM40, GSK3
β, UNC5C, OPRD1, NAV2, HOMER2, and IL1RAP, and the slowing of the brain activity, assessed by means of RP at the aforementioned frequency bands. Methods: An Iberian cohort of 45 elderly controls, 45 individuals with mild cognitive impairment, and 109 AD patients in the three stages of the disease was considered. Genomic information and brain activity of each subject were analyzed. Results: The slowing of brain activity was observed in carriers of risk alleles in IL1RAP (rs10212109, rs9823517, rs4687150), UNC5C (rs17024131), and NAV2 (rs1425227, rs862785) genes, regardless of the disease status and situation towards the strongest risk factors: age, sex, and APOE ɛ4 presence. Conclusion: Endophenotypes reduce the complexity of the general phenotype and genetic variants with a major effect on those specific traits may be then identified. The found associations in this work are novel and may contribute to the comprehension of AD pathogenesis, each with a different biological role, and influencing multiple factors involved in brain physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Macedo
- IPATIMUP - Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,JTA: The Data Scientists, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carlos Gómez
- Grupo de Ingeniería Biomédica, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Spain
| | - Miguel Ângelo Rebelo
- IPATIMUP - Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Jesús Poza
- Grupo de Ingeniería Biomédica, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Spain.,Instituto de Investigación en Matemáticas (IMUVA), Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Iva Gomes
- IPATIMUP - Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sandra Martins
- IPATIMUP - Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | | | - Luis Durães
- Associação Portuguesa de Familiares e Amigos de Doentes de Alzheimer, Lavra, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Sousa
- Associação Portuguesa de Familiares e Amigos de Doentes de Alzheimer, Lavra, Portugal
| | - Manuel Figueruelo
- Asociación de Familiares y Amigos de Enfermos de Alzheimer y otras demencias de Zamora, Zamora, Spain
| | - María Rodríguez
- Asociación de Familiares y Amigos de Enfermos de Alzheimer y otras demencias de Zamora, Zamora, Spain
| | - Carmen Pita
- Asociación de Familiares y Amigos de Enfermos de Alzheimer y otras demencias de Zamora, Zamora, Spain
| | - Miguel Arenas
- IPATIMUP - Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,CINBIO (Biomedical Research Center), University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Immunology, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Luis Álvarez
- IPATIMUP - Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Adeneas, Valencia, Spain
| | - Roberto Hornero
- Grupo de Ingeniería Biomédica, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Spain.,Instituto de Investigación en Matemáticas (IMUVA), Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Alexandra M Lopes
- IPATIMUP - Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Nádia Pinto
- IPATIMUP - Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Centro de Matemática da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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8
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Pedrini S, Chatterjee P, Hone E, Martins RN. High‐density lipoprotein‐related cholesterol metabolism in Alzheimer’s disease. J Neurochem 2020; 159:343-377. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steve Pedrini
- Sarich Neurosciences Research InstituteEdith Cowan University Nedlands WA Australia
| | - Pratishtha Chatterjee
- Sarich Neurosciences Research InstituteEdith Cowan University Nedlands WA Australia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences Macquarie University Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Eugene Hone
- Sarich Neurosciences Research InstituteEdith Cowan University Nedlands WA Australia
| | - Ralph N. Martins
- Sarich Neurosciences Research InstituteEdith Cowan University Nedlands WA Australia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences Macquarie University Sydney NSW Australia
- School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences University of Western Australia Nedlands WA Australia
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9
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Panayides AS, Pattichis MS, Leandrou S, Pitris C, Constantinidou A, Pattichis CS. Radiogenomics for Precision Medicine With a Big Data Analytics Perspective. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform 2018; 23:2063-2079. [PMID: 30596591 DOI: 10.1109/jbhi.2018.2879381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Precision medicine promises better healthcare delivery by improving clinical practice. Using evidence-based substratification of patients, the objective is to achieve better prognosis, diagnosis, and treatment that will transform existing clinical pathways toward optimizing care for the specific needs of each patient. The wealth of today's healthcare data, often characterized as big data, provides invaluable resources toward new knowledge discovery that has the potential to advance precision medicine. The latter requires interdisciplinary efforts that will capitalize the information, know-how, and medical data of newly formed groups fusing different backgrounds and expertise. The objective of this paper is to provide insights with respect to the state-of-the-art research in precision medicine. More specifically, our goal is to highlight the fundamental challenges in emerging fields of radiomics and radiogenomics by reviewing the case studies of Cancer and Alzheimer's disease, describe the computational challenges from a big data analytics perspective, and discuss standardization and open data initiatives that will facilitate the adoption of precision medicine methods and practices.
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10
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Oliveira FFD, Chen ES, Smith MC, Bertolucci PH. Associations of cerebrovascular metabolism genotypes with neuropsychiatric symptoms and age at onset of Alzheimer's disease dementia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 39:95-103. [PMID: 28099631 PMCID: PMC7111454 DOI: 10.1590/1516-4446-2016-1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To study associations of cerebrovascular metabolism genotypes and haplotypes with age at Alzheimer’s disease dementia (AD) onset and with neuropsychiatric symptoms according to each dementia stage. Methods: Consecutive outpatients with late-onset AD were assessed for age at dementia onset and Neuropsychiatric Inventory scores according to Clinical Dementia Rating scores, apolipoprotein E gene (APOE) haplotypes, angiotensin-converting enzyme gene (ACE) variants rs1800764 and rs4291, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol receptor gene (LDLR) variants rs11669576 and rs5930, cholesteryl ester transfer protein gene (CETP) variants I422V and TaqIB, and liver X receptor beta gene (NR1H2) polymorphism rs2695121. Results: Considering 201 patients, only APOE-ɛ4 carriers had earlier dementia onset in multiple correlations, as well as less apathy, more delusions, and more aberrant motor behavior. Both ACE polymorphisms were associated with less intense frontally mediated behaviors. Regarding LDLR variants, carriers of the A allele of rs11669576 had less anxiety and more aberrant motor behavior, whereas carriers of the A allele of rs5930 had less delusions, less anxiety, more apathy, and more irritability. CETP variants that included G alleles of I422V and TaqIB were mostly associated with less intense frontally mediated behaviors, while severely impaired carriers of the T allele of rs2695121 had more anxiety and more aberrant motor behavior. Conclusion: Though only APOE haplotypes affected AD onset, cerebrovascular metabolism genotypes were associated with differences in several neuropsychiatric manifestations of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabricio F de Oliveira
- Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth S Chen
- Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, EPM, UNIFESP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marilia C Smith
- Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, EPM, UNIFESP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo H Bertolucci
- Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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11
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Sundermann EE, Wang C, Katz M, Zimmerman ME, Derby CA, Hall CB, Ozelius LJ, Lipton RB. Cholesteryl ester transfer protein genotype modifies the effect of apolipoprotein ε4 on memory decline in older adults. Neurobiol Aging 2016; 41:200.e7-200.e12. [PMID: 27033407 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein ε4 (ApoE4) is a strong genetic risk factor for sporadic Alzheimer's disease and memory decline in older adults. A single-nucleotide polymorphism in the cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) gene (isoleucine to valine; V405) is associated with slower memory decline and a lower risk of Alzheimer's disease. As both genes regulate cholesterol, we hypothesized that the favorable CETPV405 allele may buffer the effect of ApoE4 on memory decline in older adults. Using linear regression, we examined the interactive effect of ApoE4 by CETPV405 on memory decline among 909 community-dwelling, nondemented, older adults (≥70 years) from the Einstein Aging Study. Episodic memory was measured using the picture version of the Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test with immediate recall (pFCSRT+IR). There was a significant ApoE × CETP interaction on decline in pFCSRT+IR scores (p = 0.01). ApoE4 carriers experienced faster decline than noncarriers among CETPI405I homozygotes (p = 0.007) and in CETPI405V heterozygotes (p = 0.015) but not in CETPV405V homozygotes (p = 0.614). Results suggest that the CETPV405 allele buffers ApoE4-associated memory decline in a gene dose-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Elizabeth Sundermann
- Einstein Aging Study and the Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
| | - Cuiling Wang
- Einstein Aging Study and the Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Mindy Katz
- Einstein Aging Study and the Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Molly E Zimmerman
- Einstein Aging Study and the Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Psychology, Fordham University, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Carol A Derby
- Einstein Aging Study and the Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Charles B Hall
- Einstein Aging Study and the Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Laurie J Ozelius
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Richard B Lipton
- Einstein Aging Study and the Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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12
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Salminen LE, Schofield PR, Pierce KD, Luo X, Zhao Y, Laidlaw DH, Cabeen RP, Conturo TE, Lane EM, Heaps JM, Bolzenius JD, Baker LM, Cooley SA, Scott S, Cagle LM, Paul RH. Genetic markers of cholesterol transport and gray matter diffusion: a preliminary study of the CETP I405V polymorphism. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2015; 122:1581-92. [PMID: 26253899 PMCID: PMC4618053 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-015-1434-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Variations of the cholesteryl ester transfer protein polymorphism (CETP I405V/rs5882) have been associated with an increased risk for neurodegeneration, particularly when examined in conjunction with the epsilon 4 isoform of apolipoprotein E (ApoE4). Despite these identified relationships, the impact of I405V on gray matter microstructure remains unknown. The present study examined the impact of the CETP I405V polymorphism on gray matter integrity among 52 healthy adults between ages 51 and 85. Gray matter was measured bilaterally using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) metrics of fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), axial diffusivity (AD), and radial diffusivity (RD). Participants were grouped according to a dominant statistical model (II genotype vs. IV/VV genotypes) and secondary analyses were completed to examine the interactive effects of CETP and ApoE4 on DTI metrics. Compared to individuals with the IV/VV genotypes, II homozygotes demonstrated significantly higher MD in bilateral temporal, parietal, and occipital gray matter. Secondary analyses revealed higher FA and AD in the left temporal lobe of IV/VV genotypes with an ApoE4 allele. Our results provide preliminary evidence that CETP II homozygosity is a predisposing risk factor for gray matter abnormalities in posterior brain regions in healthy older adults, independent of an ApoE4 allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Salminen
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri-St. Louis, 1 University Blvd., Stadler Hall 442A, St. Louis, MO, 63121, USA.
| | - Peter R Schofield
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Barker Street Randwick, Sydney, NSW, 2031, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Kerrie D Pierce
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Barker Street Randwick, Sydney, NSW, 2031, Australia
| | - Xi Luo
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Yi Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - David H Laidlaw
- Computer Science Department, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Ryan P Cabeen
- Computer Science Department, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Thomas E Conturo
- Washington University School of Medicine, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, 510 S. Kingshighway, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Lane
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1211 Medical Center Drive, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Jodi M Heaps
- Missouri Institute of Mental Health, 4633 World Parkway Circle, Berkeley, MO, 63134-3115, USA
| | - Jacob D Bolzenius
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri-St. Louis, 1 University Blvd., Stadler Hall 442A, St. Louis, MO, 63121, USA
| | - Laurie M Baker
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri-St. Louis, 1 University Blvd., Stadler Hall 442A, St. Louis, MO, 63121, USA
| | - Sarah A Cooley
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri-St. Louis, 1 University Blvd., Stadler Hall 442A, St. Louis, MO, 63121, USA
| | - Staci Scott
- Missouri Institute of Mental Health, 4633 World Parkway Circle, Berkeley, MO, 63134-3115, USA
| | - Lee M Cagle
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri-St. Louis, 1 University Blvd., Stadler Hall 442A, St. Louis, MO, 63121, USA
| | - Robert H Paul
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri-St. Louis, 1 University Blvd., Stadler Hall 442A, St. Louis, MO, 63121, USA
- Missouri Institute of Mental Health, 4633 World Parkway Circle, Berkeley, MO, 63134-3115, USA
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13
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Gautier T, Masson D, Lagrost L. The potential of cholesteryl ester transfer protein as a therapeutic target. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2015. [PMID: 26212254 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2015.1073713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Over recent decades, attempts to ascertain the pro-atherogenic nature of plasma cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) and to establish the relevance of its pharmacological blockade as a promising high density lipoproteins-raising and anti-atherogenic therapy have been disappointing. AREAS COVERED The current review focuses on CETP as a multifaceted protein, on genetic variations at the CETP gene and on their possible consequences for cardiovascular risk in human populations. Specific attention is given to physiological modulation of endogenous CETP activity by the apoC1 inhibitor. Finally, the rationale behind the need for selection of patients to treat is discussed in the light of recent studies. EXPERT OPINION At this stage one can only speculate on the clinical outcome of pharmacological CETP inhibitors in high-risk populations, but recent advances give cause to adjust the expectations from now on. The CETP effect is probably largely influenced by the overall metabolic state, and whether CETP blockade may be relevant or not in promoting cholesterol disposal is still questioned. The possible need for a careful stratification of patients to treat with CETP inhibitors is outlined. Finally, manipulation of CETP activity should be considered with caution in the context of sepsis and infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gautier
- a 1 INSERM, LNC UMR866 , F-21000 Dijon, France.,b 2 University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté , F-21000 Dijon, France.,c 3 LipSTIC LabEx, Fondation de Coopération Scientifique Bourgogne-Franche Comté , F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - David Masson
- a 1 INSERM, LNC UMR866 , F-21000 Dijon, France.,b 2 University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté , F-21000 Dijon, France.,c 3 LipSTIC LabEx, Fondation de Coopération Scientifique Bourgogne-Franche Comté , F-21000 Dijon, France.,d 4 University Hospital of Dijon , F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Laurent Lagrost
- a 1 INSERM, LNC UMR866 , F-21000 Dijon, France.,b 2 University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté , F-21000 Dijon, France.,c 3 LipSTIC LabEx, Fondation de Coopération Scientifique Bourgogne-Franche Comté , F-21000 Dijon, France.,d 4 University Hospital of Dijon , F-21000 Dijon, France.,e 5 UMR866, UFR Sciences de Santé, 7 boulevard Jeanne d'Arc , F-21000 Dijon, France
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14
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Weiner MW, Veitch DP, Aisen PS, Beckett LA, Cairns NJ, Cedarbaum J, Green RC, Harvey D, Jack CR, Jagust W, Luthman J, Morris JC, Petersen RC, Saykin AJ, Shaw L, Shen L, Schwarz A, Toga AW, Trojanowski JQ. 2014 Update of the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative: A review of papers published since its inception. Alzheimers Dement 2015; 11:e1-120. [PMID: 26073027 PMCID: PMC5469297 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) is an ongoing, longitudinal, multicenter study designed to develop clinical, imaging, genetic, and biochemical biomarkers for the early detection and tracking of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The initial study, ADNI-1, enrolled 400 subjects with early mild cognitive impairment (MCI), 200 with early AD, and 200 cognitively normal elderly controls. ADNI-1 was extended by a 2-year Grand Opportunities grant in 2009 and by a competitive renewal, ADNI-2, which enrolled an additional 550 participants and will run until 2015. This article reviews all papers published since the inception of the initiative and summarizes the results to the end of 2013. The major accomplishments of ADNI have been as follows: (1) the development of standardized methods for clinical tests, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers in a multicenter setting; (2) elucidation of the patterns and rates of change of imaging and CSF biomarker measurements in control subjects, MCI patients, and AD patients. CSF biomarkers are largely consistent with disease trajectories predicted by β-amyloid cascade (Hardy, J Alzheimer's Dis 2006;9(Suppl 3):151-3) and tau-mediated neurodegeneration hypotheses for AD, whereas brain atrophy and hypometabolism levels show predicted patterns but exhibit differing rates of change depending on region and disease severity; (3) the assessment of alternative methods of diagnostic categorization. Currently, the best classifiers select and combine optimum features from multiple modalities, including MRI, [(18)F]-fluorodeoxyglucose-PET, amyloid PET, CSF biomarkers, and clinical tests; (4) the development of blood biomarkers for AD as potentially noninvasive and low-cost alternatives to CSF biomarkers for AD diagnosis and the assessment of α-syn as an additional biomarker; (5) the development of methods for the early detection of AD. CSF biomarkers, β-amyloid 42 and tau, as well as amyloid PET may reflect the earliest steps in AD pathology in mildly symptomatic or even nonsymptomatic subjects and are leading candidates for the detection of AD in its preclinical stages; (6) the improvement of clinical trial efficiency through the identification of subjects most likely to undergo imminent future clinical decline and the use of more sensitive outcome measures to reduce sample sizes. Multimodal methods incorporating APOE status and longitudinal MRI proved most highly predictive of future decline. Refinements of clinical tests used as outcome measures such as clinical dementia rating-sum of boxes further reduced sample sizes; (7) the pioneering of genome-wide association studies that leverage quantitative imaging and biomarker phenotypes, including longitudinal data, to confirm recently identified loci, CR1, CLU, and PICALM and to identify novel AD risk loci; (8) worldwide impact through the establishment of ADNI-like programs in Japan, Australia, Argentina, Taiwan, China, Korea, Europe, and Italy; (9) understanding the biology and pathobiology of normal aging, MCI, and AD through integration of ADNI biomarker and clinical data to stimulate research that will resolve controversies about competing hypotheses on the etiopathogenesis of AD, thereby advancing efforts to find disease-modifying drugs for AD; and (10) the establishment of infrastructure to allow sharing of all raw and processed data without embargo to interested scientific investigators throughout the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Weiner
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Dallas P Veitch
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Paul S Aisen
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Laurel A Beckett
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Nigel J Cairns
- Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA; Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jesse Cedarbaum
- Neurology Early Clinical Development, Biogen Idec, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Robert C Green
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Danielle Harvey
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - William Jagust
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Johan Luthman
- Neuroscience Clinical Development, Neuroscience & General Medicine Product Creation Unit, Eisai Inc., Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John C Morris
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Andrew J Saykin
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Leslie Shaw
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Li Shen
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Adam Schwarz
- Tailored Therapeutics, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Arthur W Toga
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, Institute of Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - John Q Trojanowski
- Institute on Aging, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Alzheimer's Disease Core Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Udall Parkinson's Research Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Neurodegenerative Research, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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15
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Chen JJ, Li YM, Zou WY, Fu JL. Relationships Between CETP Genetic Polymorphisms and Alzheimer's Disease Risk: A Meta-Analysis. DNA Cell Biol 2014; 33:807-15. [PMID: 25105518 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2013.2265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jiong Chen
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Mei Li
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Ying Zou
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Liang Fu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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16
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Lythgoe C, Perkes A, Peterson M, Schmutz C, Leary M, Ebbert MTW, Ridge PG, Norton MC, Tschanz JT, Munger RG, Corcoran CD, Kauwe JSK. Population-based analysis of cholesteryl ester transfer protein identifies association between I405V and cognitive decline: the Cache County Study. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 36:547.e1-3. [PMID: 25260850 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol has been implicated in the pathogenesis of late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) and the cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) is critical to cholesterol regulation within the cell, making CETP an Alzheimer's disease candidate gene. Several studies have suggested that CETP I405V (rs5882) is associated with cognitive function and LOAD risk, but findings vary and most studies have been conducted using relatively small numbers of samples. To test whether this variant is involved in cognitive function and LOAD progression, we genotyped 4486 subjects with up to 12 years of longitudinal cognitive assessment. Analyses revealed an average 0.6-point decrease per year in the rate of cognitive decline for each additional valine (p < 0.011). We failed to detect the association between CETP I405V and LOAD status (p < 0.28). We conclude that CETP I405V is associated with preserved cognition over time but is not associated with LOAD status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Lythgoe
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Ammon Perkes
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | | | - Cameron Schmutz
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Maegan Leary
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Mark T W Ebbert
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA; ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Perry G Ridge
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Maria C Norton
- Department of Family Consumer and Human Development, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA; Center for Epidemiologic Studies, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - JoAnn T Tschanz
- Center for Epidemiologic Studies, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA; Department of Psychology, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Ronald G Munger
- Center for Epidemiologic Studies, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA; Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Christopher D Corcoran
- Center for Epidemiologic Studies, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA; Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - John S K Kauwe
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA.
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17
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Serum cholesterol and variant in cholesterol-related gene CETP predict white matter microstructure. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 35:2504-2513. [PMID: 24997672 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Several common genetic variants influence cholesterol levels, which play a key role in overall health. Myelin synthesis and maintenance are highly sensitive to cholesterol concentrations, and abnormal cholesterol levels increase the risk for various brain diseases, including Alzheimer's disease. We report significant associations between higher serum cholesterol (CHOL) and high-density lipoprotein levels and higher fractional anisotropy in 403 young adults (23.8 ± 2.4 years) scanned with diffusion imaging and anatomic magnetic resonance imaging at 4 Tesla. By fitting a multi-locus genetic model within white matter areas associated with CHOL, we found that a set of 18 cholesterol-related, single-nucleotide polymorphisms implicated in Alzheimer's disease risk predicted fractional anisotropy. We focused on the single-nucleotide polymorphism with the largest individual effects, CETP (rs5882), and found that increased G-allele dosage was associated with higher fractional anisotropy and lower radial and mean diffusivities in voxel-wise analyses of the whole brain. A follow-up analysis detected white matter associations with rs5882 in the opposite direction in 78 older individuals (74.3 ± 7.3 years). Cholesterol levels may influence white matter integrity, and cholesterol-related genes may exert age-dependent effects on the brain.
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18
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Li Q, Huang P, He QC, Lin QZ, Wu J, Yin RX. Association between the CETP polymorphisms and the risk of Alzheimer's disease, carotid atherosclerosis, longevity, and the efficacy of statin therapy. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 35:1513.e13-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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19
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Shen L, Thompson PM, Potkin SG, Bertram L, Farrer LA, Foroud TM, Green RC, Hu X, Huentelman MJ, Kim S, Kauwe JSK, Li Q, Liu E, Macciardi F, Moore JH, Munsie L, Nho K, Ramanan VK, Risacher SL, Stone DJ, Swaminathan S, Toga AW, Weiner MW, Saykin AJ. Genetic analysis of quantitative phenotypes in AD and MCI: imaging, cognition and biomarkers. Brain Imaging Behav 2014; 8:183-207. [PMID: 24092460 PMCID: PMC3976843 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-013-9262-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The Genetics Core of the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI), formally established in 2009, aims to provide resources and facilitate research related to genetic predictors of multidimensional Alzheimer's disease (AD)-related phenotypes. Here, we provide a systematic review of genetic studies published between 2009 and 2012 where either ADNI APOE genotype or genome-wide association study (GWAS) data were used. We review and synthesize ADNI genetic associations with disease status or quantitative disease endophenotypes including structural and functional neuroimaging, fluid biomarker assays, and cognitive performance. We also discuss the diverse analytical strategies used in these studies, including univariate and multivariate analysis, meta-analysis, pathway analysis, and interaction and network analysis. Finally, we perform pathway and network enrichment analyses of these ADNI genetic associations to highlight key mechanisms that may drive disease onset and trajectory. Major ADNI findings included all the top 10 AD genes and several of these (e.g., APOE, BIN1, CLU, CR1, and PICALM) were corroborated by ADNI imaging, fluid and cognitive phenotypes. ADNI imaging genetics studies discovered novel findings (e.g., FRMD6) that were later replicated on different data sets. Several other genes (e.g., APOC1, FTO, GRIN2B, MAGI2, and TOMM40) were associated with multiple ADNI phenotypes, warranting further investigation on other data sets. The broad availability and wide scope of ADNI genetic and phenotypic data has advanced our understanding of the genetic basis of AD and has nominated novel targets for future studies employing next-generation sequencing and convergent multi-omics approaches, and for clinical drug and biomarker development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Shen
- Center for Neuroimaging and Indiana Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, 355 W 16th Street, Suite 4100, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Paul M. Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Department of Neurology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Steven G. Potkin
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617 USA
| | - Lars Bertram
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Group, Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lindsay A. Farrer
- Biomedical Genetics L320, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord Street, Boston, MA 02118 USA
| | - Tatiana M. Foroud
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Robert C. Green
- Division of Genetics and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Xiaolan Hu
- Clinical Genetics, Exploratory Clinical & Translational Research, Bristol-Myers Squibbs, Pennington, NJ 08534 USA
| | - Matthew J. Huentelman
- Neurogenomics Division, The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85004 USA
| | - Sungeun Kim
- Center for Neuroimaging and Indiana Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, 355 W 16th Street, Suite 4100, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - John S. K. Kauwe
- Departments of Biology, Neuroscience, Brigham Young University, 675 WIDB, Provo, UT 84602 USA
| | - Qingqin Li
- Department of Neuroscience Biomarkers, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Raritan, NJ 08869 USA
| | - Enchi Liu
- Biomarker Discovery, Janssen Alzheimer Immunotherapy Research and Development, LLC, South San Francisco, CA 94080 USA
| | - Fabio Macciardi
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617 USA
- Department of Sciences and Biomedical Technologies, University of Milan, Segrate, MI Italy
| | - Jason H. Moore
- Department of Genetics, Computational Genetics Laboratory, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH 03756 USA
| | - Leanne Munsie
- Tailored Therapeutics, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285 USA
| | - Kwangsik Nho
- Center for Neuroimaging and Indiana Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, 355 W 16th Street, Suite 4100, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Vijay K. Ramanan
- Center for Neuroimaging and Indiana Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, 355 W 16th Street, Suite 4100, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Shannon L. Risacher
- Center for Neuroimaging and Indiana Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, 355 W 16th Street, Suite 4100, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - David J. Stone
- Merck Research Laboratories, 770 Sumneytown Pike, WP53B-120, West Point, PA 19486 USA
| | - Shanker Swaminathan
- Center for Neuroimaging and Indiana Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, 355 W 16th Street, Suite 4100, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Arthur W. Toga
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Department of Neurology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Michael W. Weiner
- Departments of Radiology, Medicine and Psychiatry, UC San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
| | - Andrew J. Saykin
- Center for Neuroimaging and Indiana Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, 355 W 16th Street, Suite 4100, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - for the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
- Center for Neuroimaging and Indiana Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, 355 W 16th Street, Suite 4100, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
- Imaging Genetics Center, Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Department of Neurology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617 USA
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Group, Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
- Biomedical Genetics L320, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord Street, Boston, MA 02118 USA
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
- Division of Genetics and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
- Clinical Genetics, Exploratory Clinical & Translational Research, Bristol-Myers Squibbs, Pennington, NJ 08534 USA
- Neurogenomics Division, The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85004 USA
- Departments of Biology, Neuroscience, Brigham Young University, 675 WIDB, Provo, UT 84602 USA
- Department of Neuroscience Biomarkers, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Raritan, NJ 08869 USA
- Biomarker Discovery, Janssen Alzheimer Immunotherapy Research and Development, LLC, South San Francisco, CA 94080 USA
- Department of Sciences and Biomedical Technologies, University of Milan, Segrate, MI Italy
- Department of Genetics, Computational Genetics Laboratory, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH 03756 USA
- Tailored Therapeutics, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285 USA
- Merck Research Laboratories, 770 Sumneytown Pike, WP53B-120, West Point, PA 19486 USA
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Department of Neurology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Departments of Radiology, Medicine and Psychiatry, UC San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
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Weiner MW, Veitch DP, Aisen PS, Beckett LA, Cairns NJ, Green RC, Harvey D, Jack CR, Jagust W, Liu E, Morris JC, Petersen RC, Saykin AJ, Schmidt ME, Shaw L, Shen L, Siuciak JA, Soares H, Toga AW, Trojanowski JQ. The Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative: a review of papers published since its inception. Alzheimers Dement 2013; 9:e111-94. [PMID: 23932184 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2013.05.1769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) is an ongoing, longitudinal, multicenter study designed to develop clinical, imaging, genetic, and biochemical biomarkers for the early detection and tracking of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The study aimed to enroll 400 subjects with early mild cognitive impairment (MCI), 200 subjects with early AD, and 200 normal control subjects; $67 million funding was provided by both the public and private sectors, including the National Institute on Aging, 13 pharmaceutical companies, and 2 foundations that provided support through the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health. This article reviews all papers published since the inception of the initiative and summarizes the results as of February 2011. The major accomplishments of ADNI have been as follows: (1) the development of standardized methods for clinical tests, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers in a multicenter setting; (2) elucidation of the patterns and rates of change of imaging and CSF biomarker measurements in control subjects, MCI patients, and AD patients. CSF biomarkers are consistent with disease trajectories predicted by β-amyloid cascade (Hardy, J Alzheimers Dis 2006;9(Suppl 3):151-3) and tau-mediated neurodegeneration hypotheses for AD, whereas brain atrophy and hypometabolism levels show predicted patterns but exhibit differing rates of change depending on region and disease severity; (3) the assessment of alternative methods of diagnostic categorization. Currently, the best classifiers combine optimum features from multiple modalities, including MRI, [(18)F]-fluorodeoxyglucose-PET, CSF biomarkers, and clinical tests; (4) the development of methods for the early detection of AD. CSF biomarkers, β-amyloid 42 and tau, as well as amyloid PET may reflect the earliest steps in AD pathology in mildly symptomatic or even nonsymptomatic subjects, and are leading candidates for the detection of AD in its preclinical stages; (5) the improvement of clinical trial efficiency through the identification of subjects most likely to undergo imminent future clinical decline and the use of more sensitive outcome measures to reduce sample sizes. Baseline cognitive and/or MRI measures generally predicted future decline better than other modalities, whereas MRI measures of change were shown to be the most efficient outcome measures; (6) the confirmation of the AD risk loci CLU, CR1, and PICALM and the identification of novel candidate risk loci; (7) worldwide impact through the establishment of ADNI-like programs in Europe, Asia, and Australia; (8) understanding the biology and pathobiology of normal aging, MCI, and AD through integration of ADNI biomarker data with clinical data from ADNI to stimulate research that will resolve controversies about competing hypotheses on the etiopathogenesis of AD, thereby advancing efforts to find disease-modifying drugs for AD; and (9) the establishment of infrastructure to allow sharing of all raw and processed data without embargo to interested scientific investigators throughout the world. The ADNI study was extended by a 2-year Grand Opportunities grant in 2009 and a renewal of ADNI (ADNI-2) in October 2010 through to 2016, with enrollment of an additional 550 participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Weiner
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Cosentino S, Schupf N, Christensen K, Andersen SL, Newman A, Mayeux R. Reduced prevalence of cognitive impairment in families with exceptional longevity. JAMA Neurol 2013; 70:867-74. [PMID: 23649824 PMCID: PMC4151346 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2013.1959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Family studies of centenarians and long-lived persons have found substantial familial aggregation of survival to extreme ages; however, the extent to which such familial longevity is characterized by cognitively intact survival is not established. OBJECTIVE To determine whether families with exceptional longevity are protected against cognitive impairment consistent with Alzheimer disease. DESIGN Cross-sectional analysis. SETTING Multisite study in New York, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Denmark. PARTICIPANTS A total of 1870 individuals (1510 family members and 360 spouse controls) recruited through the Long Life Family Study. MAIN OUTCOME AND MEASURE Prevalence of cognitive impairment based on a diagnostic algorithm validated using the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center data set. RESULTS The cognitive algorithm classified 546 individuals (38.5%) as having cognitive impairment consistent with Alzheimer disease. Long Life Family Study probands had a slightly but not statistically significant reduced risk of cognitive impairment compared with spouse controls (121 of 232 for probands vs 45 of 103 for spouse controls; odds ratio = 0.7; 95% CI, 0.4-1.4), whereas Long Life Family Study sons and daughters had a clearly reduced risk of cognitive impairment (11 of 213 for sons and daughters vs 28 of 216 for spouse controls; odds ratio = 0.4; 95% CI, 0.2-0.9). Restriction to nieces and nephews in the offspring generation attenuated this effect (37 of 328 for nieces and nephews vs 28 of 216 for spouse controls; odds ratio = 0.8; 95% CI, 0.4-1.4). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Rates of cognitive impairment characteristic of Alzheimer disease were relatively high. In the proband generation, rates were comparable across family members and spouse controls, whereas sons and daughters of probands had significantly lower rates than spouse controls. Results suggest a delayed onset of cognitive impairment in families with exceptional longevity, but assessment of age-specific incidence rates is required to confirm this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Cosentino
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, NY
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Nicole Schupf
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, NY
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Kaare Christensen
- The Danish Aging Research Center, University of Southern Denmark and the Department of Clinical Genetics, and Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Stacy L. Andersen
- Geriatrics Section, School of Medicine, Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Anne Newman
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Richard Mayeux
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, NY
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY
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Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein (CETP) genotype and cognitive function in persons aged 35 years or older. Neurobiol Aging 2012; 33:1851.e7-16. [PMID: 22464147 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2012.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Revised: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Common polymorphisms of the Cholestryl Ester Transfer Protein (CETP) gene may predict lower risk of cognitive decline. We investigated the association of cognitive function with CETP genotype in a population-based cohort of 4135 persons aged 35-82 years. Cognitive function was measured with the Ruff Figural Fluency Test (RFFT; worst score, 0 points; best score, 175 points) and CETP I405V and Taq1B genotypes were determined by polymerase chain reaction. RFFT score was not associated with I405V genotype in persons aged 35-64 years. Remarkably, beyond age 65, homozygous valine carriers had higher RFFT scores than heterozygous carriers and noncarriers: RFFT (SD), 52 (21), 49 (18), and 47 (17) points, respectively (p = 0.005). There also was a statistically significant interaction between I405V genotype and age. Beyond age 65, the difference between homozygous valine carriers and noncarriers increased by 0.11 point per year (p = 0.005). RFFT score was not associated with Taq1B genotype. In conclusion, CETP I405V valine homozygosity was associated with better cognitive function in persons aged 65 years or older.
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