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Liu Y, Han X, Chen Z, Yan Y, Chen Z. Selectively superior production of docosahexaenoic acid in Schizochytrium sp. through engineering the fatty acid biosynthetic pathways. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2024; 17:75. [PMID: 38831337 PMCID: PMC11145866 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-024-02524-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizochytrium sp. is commercially used for production of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Schizochytrium sp. utilizes the polyketide synthase complex (PKS) and a single type I fatty acid synthase (FAS) to synthesize polyunsaturated fatty acids and saturated fatty acids, respectively. The acyl carrier protein (ACP) domains of FAS or PKS are used to load acyl groups during fatty acids biosynthesis. Phosphopantetheinyl transferase (PPTase) transfers the pantetheine moiety from Coenzyme A to the conserved serine residue of an inactive ACP domain to produce its active form. RESULTS In this study, in order to improve production and content of DHA, we decreased the expression of fas, strengthened the expression of the PKS pathway, and enhanced the supply of active ACP in Schizochytrium sp. ATCC20888. Weakening the expression of fas or disruption of orfA both led to growth defect and reduction of lipid yields in the resulting strains WFAS and DPKSA, indicating that both FAS and PKS were indispensable for growth and lipid accumulation. Although WFAS had a higher DHA content in total fatty acids than the wild-type strain (WT), its growth defect and low DHA yield hinders its use for DHA production. Overexpression of the orfAB, orfC, orfC-DH (truncated orfC), or ppt promoted DHA and lipid production, respectively. The yields and contents of DHA were further increased by combined overexpression of these genes. Highest values of DHA yield (7.2 g/L) and DHA content (40.6%) were achieved in a recombinant OPKSABC-PPT, ⁓56.5% and 15.3% higher than the WT values, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that genetic engineering of the fatty acid biosynthetic pathways provides a new strategy to enhance DHA production in Schizochytrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yana Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zongcheng Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Yihan Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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2
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Song Y, Yang X, Li S, Luo Y, Chang JS, Hu Z. Thraustochytrids as a promising source of fatty acids, carotenoids, and sterols: bioactive compound biosynthesis, and modern biotechnology. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2024; 44:618-640. [PMID: 37158096 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2023.2196373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Thraustochytrids are eukaryotes and obligate marine protists. They are increasingly considered to be a promising feed additive because of their superior and sustainable application in the production of health-benefiting bioactive compounds, such as fatty acids, carotenoids, and sterols. Moreover, the increasing demand makes it critical to rationally design the targeted products by engineering industrial strains. In this review, bioactive compounds accumulated in thraustochytrids were comprehensively evaluated according to their chemical structure, properties, and physiological function. Metabolic networks and biosynthetic pathways of fatty acids, carotenoids, and sterols were methodically summarized. Further, stress-based strategies used in thraustochytrids were reviewed to explore the potential methodologies for enhancing specific product yields. There are internal relationships between the biosynthesis of fatty acids, carotenoids, and sterols in thraustochytrids since they share some branches of the synthetic routes with some intermediate substrates in common. Although there are classic synthesis pathways presented in the previous research, the metabolic flow of how these compounds are being synthesized in thraustochytrids still remains uncovered. Further, combined with omics technologies to deeply understand the mechanism and effects of different stresses is necessary, which could provide guidance for genetic engineering. While gene-editing technology has allowed targeted gene knock-in and knock-outs in thraustochytrids, efficient gene editing is still required. This critical review will provide comprehensive information to benefit boosting the commercial productivity of specific bioactive substances by thraustochytrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Song
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Epigenetics, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Ecology Environment, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Xuewei Yang
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Epigenetics, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Ecology Environment, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Shuangfei Li
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Epigenetics, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Ecology Environment, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Yanqing Luo
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Epigenetics, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Ecology Environment, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Jo-Shu Chang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Research Center for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Zhangli Hu
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Epigenetics, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Ecology Environment, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
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3
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Liu PY, Wu JJ, Li G, Lin CB, Jiang S, Liu S, Wan X. The Biosynthesis of Astaxanthin Esters in Schizochytrium sp. is Mediated by a Bifunctional Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:3584-3595. [PMID: 38344823 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c09086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Astaxanthin esters are a major form of astaxanthin found in nature. However, the exact mechanisms of the biosynthesis and storage of astaxanthin esters were previously unknown. We found that Schizochytrium sp. synthesized both astaxanthin and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-enriched lipids. The major type of astaxanthin produced was free astaxanthin along with astaxanthin-DHA monoester and other esterified forms. DHA accounted for 41.0% of the total fatty acids from astaxanthin monoesters. These compounds were deposited mainly in lipid droplets. The biosynthesis of the astaxanthin esters was mainly carried out by a novel diacylglycerol acyltransferase ScDGAT2-1, while ScDGAT2-2 was involved only in the production of triacylglycerol. We also identified astaxanthin ester synthases from the astaxanthin-producing algae Haematococcus pluvialis and Chromochloris zofingiensis, as well as a thraustochytrid Hondaea fermentalgiana with an unknown carotenoid profile. This investigation enlightens the application of thraustochytrids for the production of both DHA and astaxanthin and provides enzyme resources for the biosynthesis of astaxanthin esters in the engineered microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Yang Liu
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Jun-Jie Wu
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Gang Li
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Chu-Bin Lin
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China
- Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430048, China
| | - Shan Jiang
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China
- Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430048, China
| | - Xia Wan
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China
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4
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Liu Y, Han X, Dai Y, Chen Z. bZIP transcription factor FabR: Redox-dependent mechanism controlling docosahexaenoic acid biosynthesis and H 2O 2 stress response in Schizochytrium sp. Free Radic Biol Med 2024; 210:246-257. [PMID: 38042223 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
Schizochytrium sp. is an important industrial strain for commercial production of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which plays essential physiological roles in infant development and human health. The regulatory network for DHA biosynthesis and lipid accumulation in Schizochytrium remains poorly understood. FabR (fatty acid biosynthesis repressor), a basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factor, was transcriptionally downregulated under low-nitrogen condition. Deletion of fabR gene (mutant ΔfabR) increased production of total lipids and DHA by 30.1% and 46.5%, respectively. ΔfabR displayed H2O2 stress resistance higher than that of parental strain or complementation strain CfabR. FabR bound specifically to 7-bp pseudo-palindromic sequence 5'-ATTSAAT-3' in upstream regions and repressed transcription of fatty acid biosynthesis genes (acl, fas, pfa) and antioxidant defense genes (cat, sod1, sod2, gpx). DNA binding activity of FabR was regulated in a redox-dependent manner. Under oxidative condition, FabR forms intermolecular disulfide bonds between two Cys46 residues of dimers; its DNA binding activity is thereby lost, and the transcription of its target genes is enhanced through derepression. Our findings clarify the redox-dependent mechanism that modulates FabR activity governing lipid and DHA biosynthesis and H2O2 stress response in Schizochytrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yana Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yujie Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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5
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Prabhakaran P, Nazir MYM, Thananusak R, Hamid AA, Vongsangnak W, Song Y. Uncovering global lipid accumulation routes towards docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) production in Aurantiochytrium sp. SW1 using integrative proteomic analysis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2023; 1868:159381. [PMID: 37625782 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2023.159381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Aurantiochytrium sp., a marine thraustochytrid possesses a remarkable ability to produce lipid rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Although gene regulation underlying lipid biosynthesis has been previously reported, proteomic analysis is still limited. In this study, high DHA accumulating strain Aurantiochytrium sp. SW1 has been used as a study model to elucidate the alteration in proteome profile under different cultivation phases i.e. growth, nitrogen-limitation and lipid accumulation. Of the total of 5146 identified proteins, 852 proteins were differentially expressed proteins (DEPs). The largest number of DEPs (488 proteins) was found to be uniquely expressed between lipid accumulating phase and growth phase. Interestingly, there were up-regulated proteins involved in glycolysis, glycerolipid, carotenoid and glutathione metabolism which were preferable metabolic routes towards lipid accumulation and DHA production as well as cellular oxidative defence. Integrated proteomic and transcriptomic data were also conducted to comprehend the gene and protein regulation underlying the lipid and DHA biosynthesis. A significant up-regulation of acetyl-CoA synthetase was observed which suggests alternative route of acetate metabolism for acetyl-CoA producer. This study presents the holistic routes underlying lipid accumulation and DHA production in Aurantiochytrium sp. SW1 and other relevant thraustochytrid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranesha Prabhakaran
- Colin Ratledge Centre for Microbial Lipids, School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China; Interdisciplinary Graduate Programs in Bioscience, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Mohamed Yusuf Mohamed Nazir
- Colin Ratledge Centre for Microbial Lipids, School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China; Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Roypim Thananusak
- Duckweed Holobiont Resource & Research Center (DHbRC), Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand; Omics Center for Agriculture, Bioresources, Food, and Health, Kasetsart University (OmiKU), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Aidil Abdul Hamid
- Department of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, National University of Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia.
| | - Wanwipa Vongsangnak
- Omics Center for Agriculture, Bioresources, Food, and Health, Kasetsart University (OmiKU), Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Yuanda Song
- Colin Ratledge Centre for Microbial Lipids, School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China.
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6
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Olsen PM, Kósa G, Klüver M, Kohler A, Shapaval V, Horn SJ. Production of docosahexaenoic acid from spruce sugars using Aurantiochytrium limacinum. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 376:128827. [PMID: 36878374 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.128827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this study lignocellulosic sugars from Norway spruce were used for production of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) by the marine thraustochytrid Aurantiochytrium limacinum SR21. Enzymatically prepared spruce hydrolysate was combined with a complex nitrogen source and different amounts of salts. Shake flask batch cultivations revealed that addition of extra salts was not needed for optimal growth. Upscaling to fed-batch bioreactors yielded up to 55 g/L cell dry mass and a total fatty acid content of 44% (w/w) out of which 1/3 was DHA. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was successfully applied as a rapid method for monitoring lipid accumulation in A. limacinum SR21. Thus, this proof-of-principle study clearly demonstrates that crude spruce hydrolysates can be directly used as a novel and sustainable resource for production of DHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pernille Margrethe Olsen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Gergely Kósa
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Marianne Klüver
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Achim Kohler
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Volha Shapaval
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Svein Jarle Horn
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway.
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7
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Rau EM, Aasen IM, Bartosova Z, Bruheim P, Ertesvåg H. Utilizing lipidomics and fatty acid synthase inhibitors to explore lipid accumulation in two thraustochytrid species. ALGAL RES 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2023.103091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
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Liu L, Zhu X, Ye H, Wen Y, Sen B, Wang G. Low dissolved oxygen supply functions as a global regulator of the growth and metabolism of Aurantiochytrium sp. PKU#Mn16 in the early stages of docosahexaenoic acid fermentation. Microb Cell Fact 2023; 22:52. [PMID: 36918882 PMCID: PMC10015696 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02054-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thraustochytrids accumulate lipids with a high content of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Although their growth and DHA content are significantly affected by the dissolved oxygen (DO) supply, the role of DO on the transcriptional regulation of metabolism and accumulation of intracellular metabolites remains poorly understood. Here we investigate the effects of three different DO supply conditions (10%, 30%, and 50%) on the fed-batch culture of the Aurantiochytrium PKU#Mn16 strain to mainly reveal the differential gene expressions and metabolite profiles. RESULTS While the supply of 10% DO significantly reduced the rates of biomass and DHA production in the early stages of fermentation, it achieved the highest amounts of biomass (56.7 g/L) and DHA (6.0 g/L) on prolonged fermentation. The transcriptome analyses of the early stage (24 h) of fermentation revealed several genes involved in the central carbon, amino acid, and fatty acid metabolism, which were significantly downregulated at a 10% DO level. The comparative metabolomics results revealed the accumulation of several long-chain fatty acids, amino acids, and other metabolites, supporting the transcriptional regulation under the influence of a low oxygen supply condition. In addition, certain genes involved in antioxidative systems were downregulated under 10% DO level, suggesting a lesser generation of reactive oxygen species that lead to oxidative damage and fatty acid oxidation. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study suggest that despite the slow growth and metabolism in the early stage of fermentation of Aurantiochytrium sp. PKU#Mn16, a constant supply of low dissolved oxygen can yield biomass and DHA content better than that with high oxygen supply conditions. The critical information gained in this study will help to further improve DHA production through bioprocess engineering strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Xingyu Zhu
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Huike Ye
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yingying Wen
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Biswarup Sen
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Guangyi Wang
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China. .,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China. .,Center for Biosafety Research and Strategy, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
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9
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Costa DFA, Castro-Montoya JM, Harper K, Trevaskis L, Jackson EL, Quigley S. Algae as Feedstuff for Ruminants: A Focus on Single-Cell Species, Opportunistic Use of Algal By-Products and On-Site Production. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10122313. [PMID: 36557566 PMCID: PMC9786096 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10122313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a wide range of algae species originating from a variety of freshwater and saltwater habitats. These organisms form nutritional organic products via photosynthesis from simple inorganic substances such as carbon dioxide. Ruminants can utilize the non-protein nitrogen (N) and the cell walls in algae, along with other constituents such as minerals and vitamins. Over recent decades, awareness around climate change has generated new interest into the potential of algae to suppress enteric methane emissions when consumed by ruminants and their potential to sequester atmospheric carbon dioxide. Despite the clear potential benefits, large-scale algae-livestock feedstuff value chains have not been established due to the high cost of production, processing and transport logistics, shelf-life and stability of bioactive compounds and inconsistent responses by animals under controlled experiments. It is unlikely that algal species will become viable ingredients in extensive grazing systems unless the cost of production and practical systems for the processing, transport and feeding are developed. The algae for use in ruminant nutrition may not necessarily require the same rigorous control during the production and processing as would for human consumption and they could be grown in remote areas or in marine environments, minimizing competition with cropping, whilst still generating high value biomass and capturing important amounts of atmospheric carbon. This review will focus on single-cell algal species and the opportunistic use of algal by-products and on-site production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Fleury Azevedo Costa
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Science, Institute for Future Farming Systems, CQUniversity, Rockhampton, QLD 4701, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-409445454
| | | | - Karen Harper
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
| | - Leigh Trevaskis
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Science, Institute for Future Farming Systems, CQUniversity, Rockhampton, QLD 4701, Australia
| | - Emma L. Jackson
- Coastal Marine Ecosystems Research Centre, School of Health, Medical and Applied Science, CQUniversity, Gladstone, QLD 4680, Australia
| | - Simon Quigley
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Science, Institute for Future Farming Systems, CQUniversity, Rockhampton, QLD 4701, Australia
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10
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Guo P, Dong L, Wang F, Chen L, Zhang W. Deciphering and engineering the polyunsaturated fatty acid synthase pathway from eukaryotic microorganisms. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1052785. [DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1052785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are important nutrients that play important roles in human health. In eukaryotes, PUFAs can be de novo synthesized through two independent biosynthetic pathways: the desaturase/elongase pathway and the PUFA synthase pathway. Among them, PUFAs synthesized through the PUFA synthase pathway typically have few byproducts and require fewer reduction equivalents. In the past 2 decades, numerous studies have been carried out to identify, analyze and engineer PUFA synthases from eukaryotes. These studies showed both similarities and differences between the eukaryotic PUFA synthase pathways and those well studied in prokaryotes. For example, eukaryotic PUFA synthases contain the same domain types as those in prokaryotic PUFA synthases, but the number and arrangement of several domains are different; the basic functions of same-type domains are similar, but the properties and catalytic activities of these domains are somewhat different. To further utilize the PUFA synthase pathway in microbial cell factories and improve the productivity of PUFAs, many challenges still need to be addressed, such as incompletely elucidated PUFA synthesis mechanisms and the difficult genetic manipulation of eukaryotic hosts. In this review, we provide an updated introduction to the eukaryotic PUFA synthase pathway, summarize the functions of domains and propose the possible mechanisms of the PUFA synthesis process, and then provide future research directions to further elucidate and engineer the eukaryotic PUFA synthase pathway for the maximal benefits of humans.
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Prabhakaran P, Raethong N, Nazir Y, Halim H, Yang W, Vongsangnak W, Abdul Hamid A, Song Y. Whole Genome Analysis and Elucidation of Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) Biosynthetic Pathway in Aurantiochytrium sp. SW1. Gene 2022; 846:146850. [PMID: 36044942 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Aurantiochytrium sp., a fungoid marine protist that belongs to Stramenophila has proven its potential in the production of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), especially docosahexaenoic acids (DHA). In this study, genomic characterisation of a potential producer for commercial production of DHA, Aurantiochytrium sp. SW1 has been carried out via whole genome sequencing analysis. The genome size of this strain is 60.89 Mb, with a total of 11,588 protein-coding genes. Among these, 9,127 genes could be functionally annotated into a total of 7,248 (62.5%) from UniProt, 6,554 (56.6%) from KEGG and 8,643 (74.6%) genes from eggNOG protein database. The highest proportion of genes belongs to the protein family of metabolism were further assigned into 11 metabolic categories. The highest number of genes belonging to lipid metabolism (321 genes) followed by carbohydrate metabolism (290 genes), metabolism of cofactors and vitamins (197 genes) and amino acid metabolism (188 genes). Further analysis into the biosynthetic pathway for DHA showed evidence of all genes involved in PKS (polyketide synthase)-like PUFA synthase pathway and incomplete fatty acid synthase-elongase/desaturase pathway. Analysis of PUFA synthase showed the presence of up to ten tandem acyl carrier protein (ACP) domains which might have contributed to high DHA production in this organism. In addition, a hybrid system incorporating elements of FAS, Type I PKS and Type II PKS systems were found to be involved in the biosynthetic pathways of fatty acids in Aurantiochytrium sp. SW1. This study delivers an important reference for future research to enhance the lipid, especially DHA production in Aurantiochytrium sp, SW1 and establishment of this strain as an oleaginous thraustochytrid model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranesha Prabhakaran
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China; Interdisciplinary Graduate Programs in Bioscience, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Nachon Raethong
- Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Yusuf Nazir
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China; Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi 43600, Malaysia
| | - Hafiy Halim
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Wu Yang
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Wanwipa Vongsangnak
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand; Omics Center for Agriculture, Bioresources, Food, and Health, Kasetsart University (OmiKU), Bangkok 10900
| | - Aidil Abdul Hamid
- Department of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, National University of Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia.
| | - Yuanda Song
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China.
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12
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Nyunoya H, Ishibashi Y, Ito M, Okino N. Significance of mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation for the survivability of Aurantiochytrium limacinum ATCC MYA-1381 during sugar starvation. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2022; 86:1524-1535. [PMID: 35998312 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbac141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Thraustochytrids are marine protists that accumulate large amounts of palmitic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in lipid droplets. Random insertional mutagenesis was adopted for Aurantiochytrium limacinum ATCC MYA-1381 to search for genes that regulate lipid metabolism in thraustochytrids. A mutant strain, M17, was selected because of its significant decrease in myristic acid, palmitic acid, and triacylglycerol contents and cell growth defect. Genome analysis revealed that the gene encoding for mitochondrial electron-transfer flavoprotein ubiquinone oxidoreductase (ETFQO) was lacking in the M17 strain. This mutant strain exhibited a growth defect at the stationary phase, possibly due to stagnation of mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation and branched-chain amino acid degradation, both of which were caused by lack of ETFQO. This study shows the usability of random insertional mutagenesis to obtain mutants of lipid metabolism in A. limacinum and clarifies that ETFQO is integral for survival under sugar starvation in A. limacinum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayato Nyunoya
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yohei Ishibashi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Makoto Ito
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Nozomu Okino
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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13
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Bao Z, Zhu Y, Zhang K, Feng Y, Zhang M, Li R, Yu L. New insights into phenotypic heterogeneity for the distinct lipid accumulation of Schizochytrium sp. H016. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2022; 15:33. [PMID: 35337369 PMCID: PMC8957170 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-022-02126-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizochytrium sp. is a marine heterotrophic protist and an important sustainable resource for high value-added docosahexaenoic acid in the future. The production of different phenotypes during the continuous subculture of Schizochytrium sp. results in a serious reduction in lipid yield and complicates the used of this strain in scientific research and industrial production. Hence, obtaining an improved understanding of the phenotypic differences and molecular mechanisms underlying the cell-to-cell heterogeneity of Schizochytrium sp. is necessary. RESULTS After continuous culture passage, Schizochytrium sp. H016 differentiated into two subpopulations with different morphologies and showed decreased capacity for lipid production. The presence of cell subpopulations with degraded lipid droplets led to a substantial decrease in overall lipid yield. Here, a rapid screening strategy based on fluorescence-activated cell sorting was proposed to classify and isolate subpopulations quickly in accordance with their lipid-producing capability. The final biomass and lipid yield of the subpopulation with high cell lipid content (i.e., H016-H) were 38.83 and 17.22 g/L, respectively, which were 2.07- and 5.38-fold higher than those of the subpopulation with low lipid content (i.e., H016-L), respectively. Subsequently, time‑resolved transcriptome analysis was performed to elucidate the mechanism of phenotypic heterogeneity in different subpopulations. Results showed that the expression of genes related to the cell cycle and lipid degradation was significantly upregulated in H016-L, whereas the metabolic pathways related to fatty acid synthesis and glyceride accumulation were remarkably upregulated in H016-H. CONCLUSION This study innovatively used flow cytometry combined with transcriptome technology to provide new insights into the phenotypic heterogeneity of different cell subpopulations of Schizochytrium sp. Furthermore, these results lay a strong foundation for guiding the breeding of oleaginous microorganisms with high lipid contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhendong Bao
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430074, China.,Hubei Engineering Research Center for Both Edible and Medicinal Resources, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yuanmin Zhu
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430074, China.,Hubei Engineering Research Center for Both Edible and Medicinal Resources, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430074, China.,Hubei Engineering Research Center for Both Edible and Medicinal Resources, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yumei Feng
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430074, China.,Hubei Engineering Research Center for Both Edible and Medicinal Resources, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430074, China.,Hubei Engineering Research Center for Both Edible and Medicinal Resources, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Ruili Li
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Longjiang Yu
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, China. .,Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430074, China. .,Hubei Engineering Research Center for Both Edible and Medicinal Resources, Wuhan, 430074, China.
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14
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Zhang H, Zhao X, Zhao C, Zhang J, Liu Y, Yao M, Liu J. Effects of glycerol and glucose on docosahexaenoic acid synthesis in Aurantiochyrium limacinum SFD-1502 by transcriptome analysis. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 53:81-92. [PMID: 35289738 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2022.2042820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) has numerous functions in adjusting the organic health and pragmatic value in medicine and food field. In this study, we compared glycerol and glucose as the only carbon source for DHA production by Aurantiochytrium. When the glycerol concentration was 120 g/L, the maximum DHA yield was 11.08 g/L, and the DHA yield increased significantly, reaching 47.67% of the total lipid content. When the cells grew in glucose, the DHA proportion was 37.39%. Transcriptome data showed that the glycolysis pathway and tricarboxylic acid cycle in Aurantiochytrium were significantly inhibited during glycerol culture, which promoted the tricarboxylic acid transport system and was conducive to the synthesis of fatty acids by acetyl coenzyme A; glucose as substrate activated fatty acid synthesis (FAS)pathway and produced more saturated fatty acids, while glycerol as substrate activated polyketide synthase (PKS)pathway and produced more long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. This laid a foundation for fermentation metabolism regulation and molecular transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaqiu Zhang
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangying Zhao
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, People's Republic of China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food and Fermentation Engineering, Shandong Food Ferment Industry Research & Design Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, People's Republic of China.,School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food and Fermentation Engineering, Shandong Food Ferment Industry Research & Design Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaxiang Zhang
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, People's Republic of China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food and Fermentation Engineering, Shandong Food Ferment Industry Research & Design Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, People's Republic of China.,School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food and Fermentation Engineering, Shandong Food Ferment Industry Research & Design Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingjing Yao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food and Fermentation Engineering, Shandong Food Ferment Industry Research & Design Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianjun Liu
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, People's Republic of China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food and Fermentation Engineering, Shandong Food Ferment Industry Research & Design Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, People's Republic of China.,School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, People's Republic of China
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15
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Recent trends in the field of lipid engineering. J Biosci Bioeng 2022; 133:405-413. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2022.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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16
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Zinc finger protein LipR represses docosahexaenoic acid and lipid biosynthesis in Schizochytrium sp. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0206321. [PMID: 35108079 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02063-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The heterotrophic marine microalgae Schizochytrium sp. is an important industrial producer of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Increased production of DHA and lipids in Schizochytrium sp. have been achieved by standard fermentation optimization and metabolic engineering methods; however, regulatory mechanisms for DHA and lipid biosynthesis remain unknown. In this study, the C2H2 zinc finger protein LipR was identified in Schizochytrium sp. ATCC20888 by transcriptional analysis. Deletion of the lipR gene significantly (p< 0.001) increased production of total lipids and DHA by (respectively) 33% and 48%. LipR repressed DHA and lipid production by directly inhibiting transcription of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and fatty acid synthase (FAS) genes (pfa1, pfa2, pfa3, fas). Specific binding of LipR to 9-bp recognition sequence 5'-(C/A)(A/G)CCATCTT-3' in upstream regions of target genes was demonstrated by electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) and DNase I footprinting assays. Expression of several key genes (acc, acl, ampD, fabD, mae, zwf, dga1) related to levels of precursors and NADPH, and to triacylglycerol storage rate, were also directly repressed by LipR. Our findings, taken together, indicate that the evolutionarily unique regulator LipR is an essential repressor of DHA and saturated fatty acid biosynthesis in Schizochytrium sp. Importance Regulatory mechanisms for DHA and saturated fatty acid biosynthesis in the heterotrophic marine microalgae Schizochytrium sp. are unclear. We demonstrate here that deletion of the gene (lipR) encoding the C2H2 zinc finger protein LipR promotes DHA and saturated fatty acid production in this genus. LipR acts as a key repressor of such production by binding to 9-bp consensus sequence 5'-(C/A)(A/G)CCATCTT-3' in the upstream regions of polyunsaturated fatty acid and fatty acid synthase genes (pfa1, pfa2, pfa3, fas), and genes related to levels of precursors and NADPH (acc, acl, ampD, fabD, mae, zwf), and to triacylglycerol storage rate (dga1). This is the first demonstration that a regulator inhibits synthesis of DHA and lipids in Schizochytrium sp. by directly controlling transcription of PUFA synthase and fas genes. Manipulation of the lipR gene provides a potential strategy for enhancing accumulation of polyunsaturated fatty acids and lipids in thraustochytrids.
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17
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Effects of fatty acid synthase-inhibitors on polyunsaturated fatty acid production in marine diatom Fistulifera solaris JPCC DA0580. J Biosci Bioeng 2022; 133:340-346. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2021.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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18
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Chi G, Xu Y, Cao X, Li Z, Cao M, Chisti Y, He N. Production of polyunsaturated fatty acids by Schizochytrium (Aurantiochytrium) spp. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 55:107897. [PMID: 34974158 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Diverse health benefits are associated with dietary consumption of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 LC-PUFA), particularly docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Traditionally, these fatty acids have been obtained from fish oil, but limited supply, variably quality, and an inability to sustainably increase production for a rapidly growing market, are driving the quest for alternative sources. DHA derived from certain marine protists (heterotrophic thraustochytrids) already has an established history of commercial production for high-value dietary use, but is too expensive for use in aquaculture feeds, a much larger potential market for ω-3 LC-PUFA. Sustainable expansion of aquaculture is prevented by its current dependence on wild-caught fish oil as the source of ω-3 LC-PUFA nutrients required in the diet of aquacultured animals. Although several thraustochytrids have been shown to produce DHA and EPA, there is a particular interest in Schizochytrium spp. (now Aurantiochytrium spp.), as some of the better producers. The need for larger scale production has resulted in development of many strategies for improving productivity and production economics of ω-3 PUFA in Schizochytrium spp. Developments in fermentation technology and metabolic engineering for enhancing LC-PUFA production in Schizochytrium spp. are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxiang Chi
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; The Key Laboratory for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yiyuan Xu
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; The Key Laboratory for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Xingyu Cao
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; The Key Laboratory for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhipeng Li
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361000, China
| | - Mingfeng Cao
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; The Key Laboratory for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Yusuf Chisti
- School of Engineering, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | - Ning He
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; The Key Laboratory for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
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19
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Remize M, Planchon F, Garnier M, Loh AN, Le Grand F, Bideau A, Lambert C, Corvaisier R, Volety A, Soudant P. A 13CO 2 Enrichment Experiment to Study the Synthesis Pathways of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids of the Haptophyte Tisochrysis lutea. Mar Drugs 2021; 20:md20010022. [PMID: 35049877 PMCID: PMC8779623 DOI: 10.3390/md20010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in Tisochrysis lutea was studied using the gradual incorporation of a 13C-enriched isotopic marker, 13CO2, for 24 h during the exponential growth of the algae. The 13C enrichment of eleven fatty acids was followed to understand the synthetic pathways the most likely to form the essential polyunsaturated fatty acids 20:5n-3 (EPA) and 22:6n-3 (DHA) in T. lutea. The fatty acids 16:0, 18:1n-9 + 18:3n-3, 18:2n-6, and 22:5n-6 were the most enriched in 13C. On the contrary, 18:4n-3 and 18:5n-3 were the least enriched in 13C after long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids such as 20:5n-3 or 22:5n-3. The algae appeared to use different routes in parallel to form its polyunsaturated fatty acids. The use of the PKS pathway was hypothesized for polyunsaturated fatty acids with n-6 configuration (such as 22:5n-6) but might also exist for n-3 PUFA (especially 20:5n-3). With regard to the conventional n-3 PUFA pathway, Δ6 desaturation of 18:3n-3 appeared to be the most limiting step for T. lutea, “stopping” at the synthesis of 18:4n-3 and 18:5n-3. These two fatty acids were hypothesized to not undergo any further reaction of elongation and desaturation after being formed and were therefore considered “end-products”. To circumvent this limiting synthetic route, Tisochrysis lutea seemed to have developed an alternative route via Δ8 desaturation to produce longer chain fatty acids such as 20:5n-3 and 22:5n-3. 22:6n-3 presented a lower enrichment and appeared to be produced by a combination of different pathways: the conventional n-3 PUFA pathway by desaturation of 22:5n-3, the alternative route of ω-3 desaturase using 22:5n-6 as precursor, and possibly the PKS pathway. In this study, PKS synthesis looked particularly effective for producing long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. The rate of enrichment of these compounds hypothetically synthesized by PKS is remarkably fast, making undetectable the 13C incorporation into their precursors. Finally, we identified a protein cluster gathering PKS sequences of proteins that are hypothesized allowing n-3 PUFA synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Remize
- UMR 6539 LEMAR, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, University of Brest, 29280 Plouzane, France; (F.P.); (F.L.G.); (A.B.); (C.L.); (R.C.)
- GREENSEA, Promenade du Sergeant Navarro, 34140 Meze, France
- Correspondence: (M.R.); (P.S.)
| | - Frédéric Planchon
- UMR 6539 LEMAR, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, University of Brest, 29280 Plouzane, France; (F.P.); (F.L.G.); (A.B.); (C.L.); (R.C.)
| | - Matthieu Garnier
- PBA, Ifremer, Rue de l’Ile d’Yeu, BP 21105, CEDEX 03, 44311 Nantes, France;
| | - Ai Ning Loh
- Center for Marine Science, Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of North Carolina Wilmington, 5600 Marvin K. Moss Ln, Wilmington, NC 28403, USA;
| | - Fabienne Le Grand
- UMR 6539 LEMAR, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, University of Brest, 29280 Plouzane, France; (F.P.); (F.L.G.); (A.B.); (C.L.); (R.C.)
| | - Antoine Bideau
- UMR 6539 LEMAR, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, University of Brest, 29280 Plouzane, France; (F.P.); (F.L.G.); (A.B.); (C.L.); (R.C.)
| | - Christophe Lambert
- UMR 6539 LEMAR, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, University of Brest, 29280 Plouzane, France; (F.P.); (F.L.G.); (A.B.); (C.L.); (R.C.)
| | - Rudolph Corvaisier
- UMR 6539 LEMAR, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, University of Brest, 29280 Plouzane, France; (F.P.); (F.L.G.); (A.B.); (C.L.); (R.C.)
| | - Aswani Volety
- 50 Campus Drive, Elon University, Elon, NC 27244, USA;
| | - Philippe Soudant
- UMR 6539 LEMAR, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, University of Brest, 29280 Plouzane, France; (F.P.); (F.L.G.); (A.B.); (C.L.); (R.C.)
- Correspondence: (M.R.); (P.S.)
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20
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Ishibashi Y, Goda H, Hamaguchi R, Sakaguchi K, Sekiguchi T, Ishiwata Y, Okita Y, Mochinaga S, Ikeuchi S, Mizobuchi T, Takao Y, Mori K, Tashiro K, Okino N, Honda D, Hayashi M, Ito M. PUFA synthase-independent DHA synthesis pathway in Parietichytrium sp. and its modification to produce EPA and n-3DPA. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1378. [PMID: 34887503 PMCID: PMC8660808 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02857-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The demand for n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3LC-PUFAs), such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), will exceed their supply in the near future, and a sustainable source of n-3LC-PUFAs is needed. Thraustochytrids are marine protists characterized by anaerobic biosynthesis of DHA via polyunsaturated fatty acid synthase (PUFA-S). Analysis of a homemade draft genome database suggested that Parietichytrium sp. lacks PUFA-S but possesses all fatty acid elongase (ELO) and desaturase (DES) genes required for DHA synthesis. The reverse genetic approach and a tracing experiment using stable isotope-labeled fatty acids revealed that the ELO/DES pathway is the only DHA synthesis pathway in Parietichytrium sp. Disruption of the C20 fatty acid ELO (C20ELO) and ∆4 fatty acid DES (∆4DES) genes with expression of ω3 fatty acid DES in this thraustochytrid allowed the production of EPA and n-3docosapentaenoic acid (n-3DPA), respectively, at the highest level among known microbial sources using fed-batch culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Ishibashi
- grid.177174.30000 0001 2242 4849Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395 Japan
| | - Hatsumi Goda
- grid.177174.30000 0001 2242 4849Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395 Japan
| | - Rie Hamaguchi
- grid.177174.30000 0001 2242 4849Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395 Japan
| | - Keishi Sakaguchi
- grid.177174.30000 0001 2242 4849Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395 Japan
| | - Takayoshi Sekiguchi
- grid.509816.30000 0001 2161 8131Central Research Laboratory, Nippon Suisan Kaisha, Ltd., Tokyo, 192-0991 Japan
| | - Yuko Ishiwata
- grid.509816.30000 0001 2161 8131Central Research Laboratory, Nippon Suisan Kaisha, Ltd., Tokyo, 192-0991 Japan
| | - Yuji Okita
- grid.509816.30000 0001 2161 8131Central Research Laboratory, Nippon Suisan Kaisha, Ltd., Tokyo, 192-0991 Japan
| | - Seiya Mochinaga
- grid.177174.30000 0001 2242 4849Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395 Japan
| | - Shingo Ikeuchi
- grid.177174.30000 0001 2242 4849Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395 Japan
| | - Takahiro Mizobuchi
- grid.177174.30000 0001 2242 4849Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395 Japan
| | - Yoshitake Takao
- Department of Marine Science and Technology, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, Fukui Prefecture University, Fukui, 917-0003 Japan
| | - Kazuki Mori
- grid.177174.30000 0001 2242 4849Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395 Japan
| | - Kosuke Tashiro
- grid.177174.30000 0001 2242 4849Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395 Japan
| | - Nozomu Okino
- grid.177174.30000 0001 2242 4849Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395 Japan
| | - Daiske Honda
- grid.258669.60000 0000 8565 5938Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Konan University, Hyogo, 658-8501 Japan ,grid.258669.60000 0000 8565 5938Institute for Integrative Neurobiology, Konan University, Hyogo, 658-8501 Japan
| | - Masahiro Hayashi
- grid.410849.00000 0001 0657 3887Department of Marine Biology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-2192 Japan
| | - Makoto Ito
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan. .,Innovative Bio-architecture Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
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Deragon E, Schuler M, Aiese Cigliano R, Dellero Y, Si Larbi G, Falconet D, Jouhet J, Maréchal E, Michaud M, Amato A, Rébeillé F. An Oil Hyper-Accumulator Mutant Highlights Peroxisomal ATP Import as a Regulatory Step for Fatty Acid Metabolism in Aurantiochytrium limacinum. Cells 2021; 10:2680. [PMID: 34685660 PMCID: PMC8534400 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Thraustochytrids are marine protists that naturally accumulate triacylglycerol with long chains of polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as ω3-docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). They represent a sustainable response to the increasing demand for these "essential" fatty acids (FAs). Following an attempt to transform a strain of Aurantiochytrium limacinum, we serendipitously isolated a clone that did not incorporate any recombinant DNA but contained two to three times more DHA than the original strain. Metabolic analyses indicated a deficit in FA catabolism. However, whole transcriptome analysis did not show down-regulation of genes involved in FA catabolism. Genome sequencing revealed extensive DNA deletion in one allele encoding a putative peroxisomal adenylate transporter. Phylogenetic analyses and yeast complementation experiments confirmed the gene as a peroxisomal adenylate nucleotide transporter (AlANT1), homologous to yeast ScANT1 and plant peroxisomal adenylate nucleotide carrier AtPNC genes. In yeast and plants, a deletion of the peroxisomal adenylate transporter inhibits FA breakdown and induces FA accumulation, a phenotype similar to that described here. In response to this metabolic event, several compensatory mechanisms were observed. In particular, genes involved in FA biosynthesis were upregulated, also contributing to the high FA accumulation. These results support AlANT1 as a promising target for enhancing DHA production in Thraustochytrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Deragon
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, CEDEX 9, 38054 Grenoble, France; (E.D.); (M.S.); (Y.D.); (G.S.L.); (D.F.); (J.J.); (E.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Martin Schuler
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, CEDEX 9, 38054 Grenoble, France; (E.D.); (M.S.); (Y.D.); (G.S.L.); (D.F.); (J.J.); (E.M.); (M.M.)
| | | | - Younès Dellero
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, CEDEX 9, 38054 Grenoble, France; (E.D.); (M.S.); (Y.D.); (G.S.L.); (D.F.); (J.J.); (E.M.); (M.M.)
- Institute of Genetic, Environment and Plant Protection, UMR 1349 IGEPP INRA, Agrocampus Ouest Rennes, Université Rennes 1, Domaine de la Motte BP35327, CEDEX, 35653 Le Rheu, France
| | - Gregory Si Larbi
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, CEDEX 9, 38054 Grenoble, France; (E.D.); (M.S.); (Y.D.); (G.S.L.); (D.F.); (J.J.); (E.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Denis Falconet
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, CEDEX 9, 38054 Grenoble, France; (E.D.); (M.S.); (Y.D.); (G.S.L.); (D.F.); (J.J.); (E.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Juliette Jouhet
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, CEDEX 9, 38054 Grenoble, France; (E.D.); (M.S.); (Y.D.); (G.S.L.); (D.F.); (J.J.); (E.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Eric Maréchal
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, CEDEX 9, 38054 Grenoble, France; (E.D.); (M.S.); (Y.D.); (G.S.L.); (D.F.); (J.J.); (E.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Morgane Michaud
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, CEDEX 9, 38054 Grenoble, France; (E.D.); (M.S.); (Y.D.); (G.S.L.); (D.F.); (J.J.); (E.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Alberto Amato
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, CEDEX 9, 38054 Grenoble, France; (E.D.); (M.S.); (Y.D.); (G.S.L.); (D.F.); (J.J.); (E.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Fabrice Rébeillé
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, CEDEX 9, 38054 Grenoble, France; (E.D.); (M.S.); (Y.D.); (G.S.L.); (D.F.); (J.J.); (E.M.); (M.M.)
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22
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Man Y, Zhang Y, Jiang J, Zhao Q, Ren L. Identification dehydratase domains from Schizochytrium sp. and Shewanella sp. and distinct functions in biosynthesis of fatty acids. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2021; 45:107-115. [PMID: 34601618 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-021-02644-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) synthase is a special and effective enzyme for PUFA synthesis, and dehydratase (DH) domain played a crucial role in it. In this work, we compared four different DH domains from different strains (Schizochytrium sp. HX-308 and Shewanella sp. BR-2) and different gene clusters. First bioinformatics analysis showed that DH1, 2 and DH3 were similar to FabA and PKS-DH, respectively, and all of them got a hot-dog structure. Second, four DH domains were expressed in Escherichia coli that increased biomass. Especially, Schi-DH1,2 presented the highest dry cell weight of 2.3 g/L which was 1.62 times of that of control. Fatty acids profile analysis showed that DH1,2 could enhance the percentage of unsaturated fatty acids, especially DH1,2 from Schizochytrium sp., while DH3 benefited for the saturated fatty acid biosynthesis. Furthermore, five kinds of fatty acids were added to the medium to study the substrate preferences. Results revealed that DH1,2 domain preferred to acting on C16:0, while DH3 domain trended acting on C14:0 and C15:0, which illustrated DH from different clusters do have specific substrate preference. Besides, DH expression could save the cell growth inhibition by mid-chain fatty acids. This study provided more information about the catalysis mechanism of polyunsaturated fatty acid synthase and might promote the modification study based on this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Man
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuting Zhang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiayi Jiang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Quanyu Zhao
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Lujing Ren
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China. .,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China.
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23
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Rau EM, Ertesvåg H. Method Development Progress in Genetic Engineering of Thraustochytrids. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:515. [PMID: 34564177 PMCID: PMC8467673 DOI: 10.3390/md19090515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Thraustochytrids are unicellular, heterotrophic marine eukaryotes. Some species are known to store surplus carbon as intracellular lipids, and these also contain the long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Most vertebrates are unable to synthesize sufficient amounts of DHA, and this fatty acid is essential for, e.g., marine fish, domesticated animals, and humans. Thraustochytrids may also produce other commercially valuable fatty acids and isoprenoids. Due to the great potential of thraustochytrids as producers of DHA and other lipid-related molecules, a need for more knowledge on this group of organisms is needed. This necessitates the ability to do genetic manipulation of the different strains. Thus far, this has been obtained for a few strains, while it has failed for other strains. Here, we systematically review the genetic transformation methods used for different thraustochytrid strains, with the aim of aiding studies on strains not yet successfully transformed. The designs of transformation cassettes are also described and compared. Moreover, the potential problems when trying to establish transformation protocols in new thraustochytrid species/strains are discussed, along with suggestions utilized in other organisms to overcome similar challenges. The approaches discussed in this review could be a starting point when designing protocols for other non-model organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Helga Ertesvåg
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N7491 Trondheim, Norway;
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Wayne LL, Gachotte DJ, Graupner PR, Adelfinskaya Y, McCaskill DG, Metz JG, Zirkle R, Walsh TA. Plant and algal lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferases increase docosahexaenoic acid accumulation at the sn-2 position of triacylglycerol in transgenic Arabidopsis seed oil. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256625. [PMID: 34432852 PMCID: PMC8386867 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), an important dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), is at present primarily sourced from marine fish, bioengineered crops producing DHA may offer a more sustainable and cost-effective source. DHA has been produced in transgenic oilseed crops, however, DHA in seed oil primarily occupies the sn-1/3 positions of triacylglycerol (TAG) with relatively low amounts of DHA in the sn-2 position. To increase the amount of DHA in the sn-2 position of TAG and in seed oil, putative lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferases (LPAATs) were identified and characterized from the DHA-producing alga Schizochytrium sp. and from soybean (Glycine max). The affinity-purified proteins were confirmed to have LPAAT activity. Expression of the Schizochytrium or soybean LPAATs in DHA-producing Arabidopsis expressing the Schizochytrium PUFA synthase system significantly increased the total amount of DHA in seed oil. A novel sensitive band-selective heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC) NMR method was developed to quantify DHA at the sn-2 position of glycerolipids. More than two-fold increases in sn-2 DHA were observed for Arabidopsis lines expressing Schizochytrium or soybean LPAATs, with one Schizochytrium LPAAT driving DHA accumulation in the sn-2 position to 61% of the total DHA. Furthermore, expression of a soybean LPAAT led to a redistribution of DHA-containing TAG species, with two new TAG species identified. Our results demonstrate that transgenic expression of Schizochytrium or soybean LPAATs can increase the proportion of DHA at the sn-2 position of TAG and the total amount of DHA in the seed oil of a DHA-accumulating oilseed plant. Additionally, the band-selective HSQC NMR method that we developed provides a sensitive and robust method for determining the regiochemistry of DHA in glycerolipids. These findings will benefit the advancement of sustainable sources of DHA via transgenic crops such as canola and soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura L. Wayne
- Corteva Agriscience, Johnston, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Paul R. Graupner
- Corteva Agriscience, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | | | | | - James G. Metz
- DSM Nutritional Products, Columbia, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ross Zirkle
- DSM Nutritional Products, Columbia, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Terence A. Walsh
- Corteva Agriscience, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
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25
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Shi Y, Chen Z, Li Y, Cao X, Yang L, Xu Y, Li Z, He N. Function of ORFC of the polyketide synthase gene cluster on fatty acid accumulation in Schizochytrium limacinum SR21. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:163. [PMID: 34301326 PMCID: PMC8305795 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-02014-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a potential source of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), Schizochytrium sp. has been widely used in industry for PUFA production. Polyketide synthase (PKS) cluster is supposed to be the primary way of PUFA synthesis in Schizochytrium sp. As one of three open reading frames (ORF) in the PKS cluster, ORFC plays an essential role in fatty acid biosynthesis. However, the function of domains in ORFC in the fatty acid synthesis of Schizochytrium sp. remained unclear. RESULTS In this study, heterologous expression and overexpression were carried out to study the role of ORFC and its domains in fatty acid accumulation. Firstly, ORFC was heterologously expressed in yeast which increased the PUFA content significantly. Then, the dehydratase (DH) and enoyl reductase (ER) domains located on ORFC were overexpressed in Schizochytrium limacinum SR21, respectively. Fatty acids profile analysis showed that the contents of PUFA and saturated fatty acid were increased in the DH and ER overexpression strains, respectively. This indicated that the DH and ER domains played distinct roles in lipid accumulation. Metabolic and transcriptomic analysis revealed that the pentose phosphate pathway and triacylglycerol biosynthesis were enhanced, while the tricarboxylic acid cycle and fatty acids oxidation were weakened in DH-overexpression strain. However, the opposite effect was found in the ER-overexpression strain. CONCLUSION Therefore, ORFC was required for the biosynthesis of fatty acid. The DH domain played a crucial role in PUFA synthesis, whereas the ER domain might be related to saturated fatty acids (SFA) synthesis in Schizochytrium limacinum SR21. This research explored the role of ORFC in the PKS gene cluster in Schizochytrium limacinum and provided potential genetic modification strategies for improving lipid production and regulating PUFA and SFA content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Shi
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Zhen Chen
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000, China
| | - Yixin Li
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Xingyu Cao
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Lijie Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Yiyuan Xu
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Zhipeng Li
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Ning He
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China.
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26
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Rau EM, Aasen IM, Ertesvåg H. A non-canonical Δ9-desaturase synthesizing palmitoleic acid identified in the thraustochytrid Aurantiochytrium sp. T66. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:5931-5941. [PMID: 34292356 PMCID: PMC8390409 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11425-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Thraustochytrids are oleaginous marine eukaryotic microbes currently used to produce the essential omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6 n-3). To improve the production of this essential fatty acid by strain engineering, it is important to deeply understand how thraustochytrids synthesize fatty acids. While DHA is synthesized by a dedicated enzyme complex, other fatty acids are probably synthesized by the fatty acid synthase, followed by desaturases and elongases. Which unsaturated fatty acids are produced differs between different thraustochytrid genera and species; for example, Aurantiochytrium sp. T66, but not Aurantiochytrium limacinum SR21, synthesizes palmitoleic acid (C16:1 n-7) and vaccenic acid (C18:1 n-7). How strain T66 can produce these fatty acids has not been known, because BLAST analyses suggest that strain T66 does not encode any Δ9-desaturase-like enzyme. However, it does encode one Δ12-desaturase-like enzyme. In this study, the latter enzyme was expressed in A. limacinum SR21, and both C16:1 n-7 and C18:1 n-7 could be detected in the transgenic cells. Our results show that this desaturase, annotated T66Des9, is a Δ9-desaturase accepting C16:0 as a substrate. Phylogenetic studies indicate that the corresponding gene probably has evolved from a Δ12-desaturase-encoding gene. This possibility has not been reported earlier and is important to consider when one tries to deduce the potential a given organism has for producing unsaturated fatty acids based on its genome sequence alone. Key points • In thraustochytrids, automatic gene annotation does not always explain the fatty acids produced. • T66Des9 is shown to synthesize palmitoleic acid (C16:1 n-7). • T66des9 has probably evolved from Δ12-desaturase-encoding genes. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00253-021-11425-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- E-Ming Rau
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Inga Marie Aasen
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF Industry, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Helga Ertesvåg
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
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27
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Du F, Wang YZ, Xu YS, Shi TQ, Liu WZ, Sun XM, Huang H. Biotechnological production of lipid and terpenoid from thraustochytrids. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 48:107725. [PMID: 33727145 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
As fungus-like protists, thraustochytrids have been increasingly studied for their faster growth rates and high lipid content. In the 1990s, thraustochytrids were used as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) producers for the first time. Thraustochytrids genera, such as Thraustochytrium, Schizochytrium, and Aurantiochytrium have been developed and patented as industrial strains for DHA production. The high DHA yield is attributed to its unique and efficient polyketide-like synthase (PKS) pathway. Moreover, thraustochytrids possess a completed mevalonate (MVA) pathway, so it can be used as host for terpenoid production. In order to improve strain performance, the metabolic engineering strategies have been applied to promote or disrupt intracellular metabolic pathways, such as genetic engineering and addition of chemical activators. However, it is difficult to realize industrialization only by improving strain performance. Various operation strategies were developed to enlarge the production quantities from the laboratory-scale, including two-stage cultivation strategies, scale-up technologies and bioreactor design. Moreover, an economical and effective downstream process is also an important consideration for the industrial application of thraustochytrids. Downstream costs accounts for 20-60% of the overall process costs, which represents an attractive target for increasing the cost-competitiveness of thraustochytrids, including how to improve the efficiency of lipid extraction and the further application of biomass residues. This review aims to overview the whole lipid biotechnology of thraustochytrids to provide the background information for researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Du
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Zhou Wang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Shuang Xu
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian-Qiong Shi
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Zheng Liu
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Man Sun
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
| | - He Huang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, People's Republic of China; College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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28
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Bartosova Z, Ertesvåg H, Nyfløt EL, Kämpe K, Aasen IM, Bruheim P. Combined Metabolome and Lipidome Analyses for In-Depth Characterization of Lipid Accumulation in the DHA Producing Aurantiochytrium sp. T66. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11030135. [PMID: 33669117 PMCID: PMC7996494 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11030135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Thraustochytrids are marine heterotrophic microorganisms known for their potential to accumulate docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-enriched lipids. There have been many attempts to improve thraustochytrid DHA bioprocesses, especially through traditional optimization of cultivation and media conditions. Nevertheless, thraustochytrid-based bioprocesses are still not commercially competitive for high volume-low cost production of DHA. Thus, it is realized that genetic and metabolic engineering strategies are needed for the development of commercially competitive thraustochytrid DHA cell factories. Here, we present an analytical workflow for high resolution phenotyping at metabolite and lipid levels to generate deeper insight into the thraustochytrid physiology, with particular focus on central carbon and redox metabolism. We use time-series sampling during unlimited growth and nitrogen depleted triggering of DHA synthesis and lipid accumulation (LA) to show-case our methodology. The mass spectrometric absolute quantitative metabolite profiling covered glycolytic, pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) and tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) metabolites, amino acids, complete (deoxy)nucleoside phosphate pools, CoA and NAD metabolites, while semiquantitative high-resolution supercritical fluid chromatography MS/MS was applied for the lipid profiling. Interestingly, trace amounts of a triacylglycerols (TG) with DHA incorporated in all three acyl positions was detected, while TGs 16:0_16:0_22:6 and 16:0_22:6_22:6 were among the dominant lipid species. The metabolite profiling data indicated that lipid accumulation is not limited by availability of the acyl chain carbon precursor acetyl-CoA nor reducing power (NADPH) but rather points to the TG head group precursor glycerol-3-phosphate as the potential cause at the metabolite level for the gradual decline in lipid production throughout the cultivation. This high-resolution phenotyping provides new knowledge of changes in the central metabolism during growth and LA in thraustochytrids and will guide target selection for metabolic engineering needed for further improvements of this DHA cell factory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdenka Bartosova
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway; (Z.B.); (H.E.); (E.L.N.); (K.K.)
| | - Helga Ertesvåg
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway; (Z.B.); (H.E.); (E.L.N.); (K.K.)
| | - Eirin Lishaugen Nyfløt
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway; (Z.B.); (H.E.); (E.L.N.); (K.K.)
| | - Kristoffer Kämpe
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway; (Z.B.); (H.E.); (E.L.N.); (K.K.)
| | - Inga Marie Aasen
- Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF Industry, 4730 Trondheim, Norway;
| | - Per Bruheim
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway; (Z.B.); (H.E.); (E.L.N.); (K.K.)
- Correspondence:
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29
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Remize M, Brunel Y, Silva JL, Berthon JY, Filaire E. Microalgae n-3 PUFAs Production and Use in Food and Feed Industries. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:113. [PMID: 33670628 PMCID: PMC7922858 DOI: 10.3390/md19020113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), and especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are essential compounds for human health. They have been proven to act positively on a panel of diseases and have interesting anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory or anti-cancer properties. For these reasons, they are receiving more and more attention in recent years, especially future food or feed development. EPA and DHA come mainly from marine sources like fish or seaweed. Unfortunately, due to global warming, these compounds are becoming scarce for humans because of overfishing and stock reduction. Although increasing in recent years, aquaculture appears insufficient to meet the increasing requirements of these healthy molecules for humans. One alternative resides in the cultivation of microalgae, the initial producers of EPA and DHA. They are also rich in biochemicals with interesting properties. After defining macro and microalgae, this review synthesizes the current knowledge on n-3 PUFAs regarding health benefits and the challenges surrounding their supply within the environmental context. Microalgae n-3 PUFA production is examined and its synthesis pathways are discussed. Finally, the use of EPA and DHA in food and feed is investigated. This work aims to define better the issues surrounding n-3 PUFA production and supply and the potential of microalgae as a sustainable source of compounds to enhance the food and feed of the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Remize
- GREENSEA, 3 Promenade du Sergent Jean-Louis Navarro, 34140 MÈZE, France; (M.R.); (Y.B.)
| | - Yves Brunel
- GREENSEA, 3 Promenade du Sergent Jean-Louis Navarro, 34140 MÈZE, France; (M.R.); (Y.B.)
| | - Joana L. Silva
- ALLMICROALGAE–Natural Products, Avenida 25 Abril, 2445-413 Pataias, Portugal;
| | | | - Edith Filaire
- GREENTECH, Biopôle Clermont-Limagne, 63360 SAINT BEAUZIRE, France;
- ECREIN Team, UMR 1019 INRA-UcA, UNH (Human Nutrition Unity), University Clermont Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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30
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Pawar PR, Velani S, Kumari S, Lali AM, Prakash G. Isolation and optimization of a novel thraustochytrid strain for DHA rich and astaxanthin comprising biomass as aquafeed supplement. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:71. [PMID: 33489688 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02616-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A marine organism, belonging to the Thraustochytrids family was isolated from mangroves of Mumbai, India. The isolated strain was identified as Aurantiochytrium limacinum by internal transcribed spacer sequence analysis. Optimization of process parameters yielded 14.47 g/L dry cell weight containing 55-58% oil in 3.5 days' cultivation on glucose, yeast extract, and peptone in the bioreactor. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was found to be the dominant long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid, accounting for 32-35% of total fatty acid content. The process parameter was tweaked to simultaneously synthesize astaxanthin along with DHA. The concurrent synthesis of DHA and astaxanthin-containing biomass establishes the isolated strain as a perfect choice for aquafeed. Accession number: NCBI accession number MN046792.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik R Pawar
- DBT-ICT Centre for Energy Biosciences, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India
| | - Sneha Velani
- DBT-ICT Centre for Energy Biosciences, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India
| | - Sujata Kumari
- DBT-ICT Centre for Energy Biosciences, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India
| | - Arvind M Lali
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India
| | - Gunjan Prakash
- DBT-ICT Centre for Energy Biosciences, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India
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31
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Chen X, He Y, Ye H, Xie Y, Sen B, Jiao N, Wang G. Different carbon and nitrogen sources regulated docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) production of Thraustochytriidae sp. PKU#SW8 through a fully functional polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) synthase gene (pfaB). BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 318:124273. [PMID: 33099103 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6) production in thraustochytrids is known to be mediated independently through polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) synthase and fatty acid synthase systems. This study elucidates the unresolved effects of different carbon and nitrogen sources on the functionality of PUFA synthase subunit B (pfaB) and corresponding DHA production in Thraustochytriidae sp. PKU#SW8. Carbon and nitrogen sources showed significant effect on the pfaB gene expression and DHA production patterns, but these patterns did not correspond with each other, suggesting the strong role of substrates in differential induction of the two synthase systems. Nitrogen starvation increased DHA yield in parallel with upregulated gene expression, showing strong indication of PUFA synthase activity in N-deficient culture. The fully functional catalytic activity of PfaB subunit from strain PKU#SW8 in a heterologous host was also demonstrated. This study provides the direct evidence of pfaB gene actively for DHA biosynthesis in Thraustochytriidae sp. PKU#SW8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Chen
- Center of Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yaodong He
- Center of Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Huike Ye
- Center of Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yunxuan Xie
- Center of Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Biswarup Sen
- Center of Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Nanzhi Jiao
- Center of Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361101, China
| | - Guangyi Wang
- Center of Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Qingdao Institute for Ocean Technology of Tianjin University, Qingdao 266237, China.
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32
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Hu F, Clevenger AL, Zheng P, Huang Q, Wang Z. Low-temperature effects on docosahexaenoic acid biosynthesis in Schizochytrium sp. TIO01 and its proposed underlying mechanism. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2020; 13:172. [PMID: 33088342 PMCID: PMC7565746 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-020-01811-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizochytrium species are known for their abundant production of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Low temperatures can promote the biosynthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in many species. This study investigates low-temperature effects on DHA biosynthesis in Schizochytrium sp. TIO01 and its underlying mechanism. RESULTS The Schizochytrium fatty acid biosynthesis pathway was evaluated based on de novo genome assembly (contig N50 = 2.86 Mb) and iTRAQ-based protein identification. Our findings revealed that desaturases, involved in DHA synthesis via the fatty acid synthase (FAS) pathway, were completely absent. The polyketide synthase (PKS) pathway and the FAS pathway are, respectively, responsible for DHA and saturated fatty acid synthesis in Schizochytrium. Analysis of fatty acid composition profiles indicates that low temperature has a significant impact on the production of DHA in Schizochytrium, increasing the DHA content from 43 to 65% of total fatty acids. However, the expression levels of PKS pathway genes were not significantly regulated as the DHA content increased. Further, gene expression analysis showed that pathways related to the production of substrates (acetyl-CoA and NADPH) for fatty acid synthesis (the branched-chain amino acid degradation pathway and the pentose phosphate pathway) and genes related to saturated fatty acid biosynthesis (the FAS pathway genes and malic enzyme) were, respectively, upregulated and downregulated. These results indicate that low temperatures increase the DHA content by likely promoting the entry of relatively large amounts of substrates into the PKS pathway. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we provide genomic, proteomic, and transcriptomic evidence for the fatty acid synthesis pathway in Schizochytrium and propose a mechanism by which low temperatures promote the accumulation of DHA in Schizochytrium. The high-quality and nearly complete genome sequence of Schizochytrium provides a valuable reference for investigating the regulation of polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis and the evolutionary characteristics of Thraustochytriidae species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Hu
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, 361005 China
| | - April L. Clevenger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK USA
| | - Peng Zheng
- College of Life Science and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065 China
| | - Qiongye Huang
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, 361005 China
| | - Zhaokai Wang
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, 361005 China
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DHA from microalgae Schizochytrium spp. (Thraustochytriaceae) modifies the inflammatory response and gonadal lipid profile in domestic cats. Br J Nutr 2020; 126:172-182. [PMID: 33054887 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114520004067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the inflammatory response, oxidative status and fatty acid deposition in reproductive tissues of cats supplemented with the dried microalgae Schizochytrium spp. (Thraustochytriaceae) as a DHA source. Thirty-seven cats (males, n 21; females, n 16; 11·5 (sd 0·5) months of age) were divided by sex into five groups. Treatment diets contained algae biomass at 4·0, 8·0, 12·0 or 16·0 g/kg replacing poultry fat (n-6 source). Cats were fed the respective diet for 62 d and neutered on day 58. Blood samples were collected at the beginning of the experiment (day 1), before neutering (day 58) and 4 d after surgery (day 62) for analysis of inflammation and oxidative markers. Acute-phase protein levels were altered (P < 0·01) in the postoperative period, without any treatment effect (P > 0·05). PGE2 concentrations after surgery were reduced linearly (R2 0·8706; P = 0·002) with microalgal inclusion. Blood platelet count was reduced (P = 0·001) after the surgery regardless treatment, but it was higher in the DHA group compared with control (P < 0·001). The DHA deposition (testicles, R2 0·846; ovaries, R2 0·869) and the n-6:n-3 ratio (testicles, R2 0·859; ovaries, R2 0·955) in gonads had a pattern which fitted a quadratic model. DHA from Schizochytrium spp. modifies PGE2 response after the surgery in cats. The physiological roles of the DHA in the reproduction of cats were not investigated, but its gonadal deposition after supplementation was observed.
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Wang S, Lan C, Wang Z, Wan W, Cui Q, Song X. PUFA-synthase-specific PPTase enhanced the polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis via the polyketide synthase pathway in Aurantiochytrium. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2020; 13:152. [PMID: 32874202 PMCID: PMC7457351 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-020-01793-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phosphopantetheinyl transferase (PPTase) can change the acyl-carrier protein (ACP) from an inactive apo-ACP to an active holo-ACP that plays a key role in fatty acids biosynthesis. Currently, the PPTase has been proved to be involved in the biosynthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) via a polyketide synthase (PKS) pathway in Thraustochytrids, while its characteristics are not clarified. RESULTS Here, the heterologous PPTase gene (pfaE) from bacteria was first co-expressed with the PKS system (orfA-orfC) from Thraustochytrid Aurantiochytrium. Then, a new endogenous PPTase (ppt_a) in Aurantiochytrium was identified by homologous alignment and its function was verified in E. coli. Moreover, the endogenous ppt_a was then overexpressed in Aurantiochytrium, and results showed that the production and proportion of PUFAs, especially docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), in the transformant SD116::PPT_A were increased by 35.5% and 17.6%, respectively. Finally, higher DHA and PUFA proportion (53.9% and 64.5% of TFA, respectively) were obtained in SD116::PPT_A using a cerulenin feeding strategy. CONCLUSIONS This study has illustrated a PUFAs-synthase-specific PPTase in PKS system and provided a new strategy to improve the PUFA production in Thraustochytrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Single Cell Oil, Qingdao Engineering Laboratory of Single Cell Oil, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.189 Songling Road, Laoshan District, Qingdao, 266101 Shandong China
| | - Chuanzeng Lan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Single Cell Oil, Qingdao Engineering Laboratory of Single Cell Oil, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.189 Songling Road, Laoshan District, Qingdao, 266101 Shandong China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Zhuojun Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Single Cell Oil, Qingdao Engineering Laboratory of Single Cell Oil, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.189 Songling Road, Laoshan District, Qingdao, 266101 Shandong China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Weijian Wan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Single Cell Oil, Qingdao Engineering Laboratory of Single Cell Oil, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.189 Songling Road, Laoshan District, Qingdao, 266101 Shandong China
| | - Qiu Cui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Single Cell Oil, Qingdao Engineering Laboratory of Single Cell Oil, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.189 Songling Road, Laoshan District, Qingdao, 266101 Shandong China
| | - Xiaojin Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Single Cell Oil, Qingdao Engineering Laboratory of Single Cell Oil, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.189 Songling Road, Laoshan District, Qingdao, 266101 Shandong China
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Dai K, Zhao J, Cheng Y, Tian C, Zhang C, Chen M. Inulin as a Promising Alternative Feedstock for Docosahexaenoic Acid Production by
Schizochytrium
sp. ATCC 20888. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.202000079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Dai
- School of Biological Engineering Dalian Polytechnic University Dalian 116034 China
| | - Jing Zhao
- College of Life Science Dalian Minzu University Dalian 116600 China
| | - Yan Cheng
- School of Biological Engineering Dalian Polytechnic University Dalian 116034 China
| | - Chang Tian
- School of Biological Engineering Dalian Polytechnic University Dalian 116034 China
| | - Chunzhi Zhang
- School of Biological Engineering Dalian Polytechnic University Dalian 116034 China
| | - Ming Chen
- School of Biological Engineering Dalian Polytechnic University Dalian 116034 China
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36
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Xie X, Sun K, Meesapyodsuk D, Miao Y, Qiu X. Distinct functions of two FabA-like dehydratase domains of polyunsaturated fatty acid synthase in the biosynthesis of very long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Environ Microbiol 2020; 22:3772-3783. [PMID: 32618113 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Thraustochytrium is a unicellular marine protist for the commercial production of very long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (VLCPUFAs). Biosynthesis of these VLCPUFAs in the protist is catalysed by a PUFA synthase comprising three subunits, each with multiple catalytic domains. Among these domains, two tandem FabA-like dehydratase domains (DH1 and DH2) in subunit-C together are responsible for introducing double bonds in VLCPUFAs. Domain swapping analysis in yeast showed that the defective phenotype of a Scfas1 mutant could be complemented by expressing an engineered ScFAS1 gene in which the DH domain was replaced by a single DH1 or mutated DH2 of the two. Heterologous expression of the PUFA synthase in E. coli showed that the mutation of DH1 of the two or deletion of DH1 or substitution of DH1 with DH2 resulted in the complete loss of activity in the biosynthesis of VLCPUFAs. Mutation of DH2 of the two or deletion of the DH2 domain produced a small amount of DPA, but not docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). These results indicate that each of the two FabA-like domains of the PUFA synthase possesses distinct function. DH1 domain is essential for the biosynthesis of VLCPUFAs, but DH2 domain is required for the biosynthesis of DHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Xie
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5A8, Canada.,College of Light Industry and Food, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510225, China
| | - Kaiwen Sun
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Dauenpen Meesapyodsuk
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5A8, Canada.,National Research Council of Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Yu Miao
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Xiao Qiu
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5A8, Canada
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37
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Guo DS, Tong LL, Ji XJ, Ren LJ, Ding QQ. Development of a Strategy to Improve the Stability of Culture Environment for Docosahexaenoic Acid Fermentation by Schizochytrium sp. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2020; 192:881-894. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-020-03298-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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38
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Molecular mechanisms for biosynthesis and assembly of nutritionally important very long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in microorganisms. Prog Lipid Res 2020; 79:101047. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2020.101047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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39
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Yang J, Song X, Wang L, Cui Q. Comprehensive analysis of metabolic alterations in Schizochytrium sp. strains with different DHA content. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1160:122193. [PMID: 32949924 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Along with the daily growth of the market requirements for docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) algae oil, a large DHA ingredients are needed to ensure worldwide supply. Undoubtedly a high-productive strain would be the prerequisite for high quality and yield. A comprehensive understanding of the processes of DHA synthesis from glycolysis to the lipid accumulation would be benefit to achieve the final optimization of DHA production. In this study, we comprehensively characterized the metabolic profiles of a Schizochytrium sp. strain, which has higher DHA content and different biomass amino acid composition compared with the wild type to explore the affected pathways and underlying mechanism. Combined with the multivariate statistical analysis, twenty-two differential metabolites were screened as relevant to the discrepancy between two strains. The results showed relatively downregulated glycolysis and saturated fatty acids (SFA) synthesis, and upregulated TCA cycle, amino acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) synthesis in DHA high yield strain. The current study provide a terminal picture of gene regulation from downstream metabolism and demonstrate the advantage of metabolomics in characterizing metabolic status which in turn could provide effective information for the metabolic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- Weihai Baihe Biology Technological CO., Ltd., Weihai, Shandong 264300, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Engineering Laboratory of Single Cell Oil, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
| | - Xiaojin Song
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Engineering Laboratory of Single Cell Oil, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
| | - Lina Wang
- Weihai Baihe Biology Technological CO., Ltd., Weihai, Shandong 264300, China.
| | - Qiu Cui
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Engineering Laboratory of Single Cell Oil, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China.
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40
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Study of Synthesis Pathways of the Essential Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid 20:5n-3 in the Diatom Chaetoceros Muelleri Using 13C-Isotope Labeling. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10050797. [PMID: 32455747 PMCID: PMC7277837 DOI: 10.3390/biom10050797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study sought to characterize the synthesis pathways producing the essential polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) 20:5n-3 (EPA). For this, the incorporation of 13C was experimentally monitored into 10 fatty acids (FA) during the growth of the diatom Chaetoceros muelleri for 24 h. Chaetoceros muelleri preferentially and quickly incorporated 13C into C18 PUFAs such as 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-6 as well as 16:0 and 16:1n-7, which were thus highly 13C-enriched. During the experiment, 20:5n-3 and 16:3n-4 were among the least-enriched fatty acids. The calculation of the enrichment percentage ratio of a fatty acid B over its suspected precursor A allowed us to suggest that the diatom produced 20:5n-3 (EPA) by a combination between the n-3 (via 18:4n-3) and n-6 (via 18:3n-6 and 20:4n-6) synthesis pathways as well as the alternative ω-3 desaturase pathway (via 20:4n-6). In addition, as FA from polar lipids were generally more enriched in 13C than FA from neutral lipids, particularly for 18:1n-9, 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-6, the existence of acyl-editing mechanisms and connectivity between polar and neutral lipid fatty acid pools were also hypothesized. Because 16:3n-4 and 20:5n-3 presented the same concentration and enrichment dynamics, a structural and metabolic link was proposed between these two PUFAs in C. muelleri.
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41
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Recent advances in functional analysis of polyunsaturated fatty acid synthases. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2020; 59:30-36. [PMID: 32442859 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2020.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) such as docosahexaenoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and arachidonic acid are essential fatty acids for humans. PUFAs are biosynthesized by either desaturases/elongases from oleic acid or PUFA synthases from acetyl units. PUFA synthases are composed of three or four subunits, and each creates a specific PUFA even though the multiple catalytic domains in each subunit are very similar. We recently dissected these PUFA synthases by in vivo and in vitro experiments and elucidated how the enzymes control PUFA profiles. Moreover, for the first time, we converted a practical microalgal docosahexaenoic acid synthase into an eicosapentaenoic acid synthase based on the results.
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42
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Functions of Enyolreductase ( ER) Domains of PKS Cluster in Lipid Synthesis and Enhancement of PUFAs Accumulation in Schizochytrium limacinum SR21 Using Triclosan as a Regulator of ER. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8020300. [PMID: 32098234 PMCID: PMC7074904 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8020300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The polyketide synthase (PKS) cluster genes are supposed to synthesize polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in S. limacinum. In this study, two enyolreductase (ER) genes located on PKS cluster were knocked out through homologous recombination to explore their functions. The knock-out of OrfB-ER (located on OrfB subunit) decreased lipid content and had obvious decrease on PUFAs content, indicating OrfB-ER domain played a vital role on PUFAs synthesis; the knock-out of OrfC-ER (located on OrfC subunit) decreased SFAs content and increased total lipid content, indicating OrfC-ER domain was likely to be related with SFAs synthesis, and lipid production could be improved by down-regulating OrfC-ER domain expression. Therefore, the addition of triclosan as a reported regulator of ER domain induced the increase of PUFAs production by 51.74% and lipids yield by 47.63%. Metabolic analysis indicated triclosan played its role through inhibiting the expression of OrfC-ER to reduce the feedback inhibition of SFAs and further to enhance NADPH synthesis for lipid production, and by weakening mevalonate pathway and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle to shift precursors for lipid and PUFAs synthesis. This research illuminates functions of two ER domains in S. limacinum and provides a potential targets for improving lipid production.
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43
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Patel A, Liefeldt S, Rova U, Christakopoulos P, Matsakas L. Co-production of DHA and squalene by thraustochytrid from forest biomass. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1992. [PMID: 32029800 PMCID: PMC7005032 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58728-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Omega-3 fatty acids, and specifically docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are important and essential nutrients for human health. Thraustochytrids are recognised as commercial strains for nutraceuticals production, they are group of marine oleaginous microorganisms capable of co-synthesis of DHA and other valuable carotenoids in their cellular compartment. The present study sought to optimize DHA and squalene production by the thraustochytrid Schizochytrium limacinum SR21. The highest biomass yield (0.46 g/gsubstrate) and lipid productivity (0.239 g/gsubstrate) were observed with 60 g/L of glucose, following cultivation in a bioreactor, with the DHA content to be 67.76% w/wtotal lipids. To reduce costs, cheaper feedstocks and simultaneous production of various value-added products for pharmaceutical or energy use should be attempted. To this end, we replaced pure glucose with organosolv-pretreated spruce hydrolysate and assessed the simultaneous production of DHA and squalene from S. limacinum SR21. After the 72 h of cultivation period in bioreactor, the maximum DHA content was observed to 66.72% w/wtotal lipids that was corresponded to 10.15 g/L of DHA concentration. While the highest DHA productivity was 3.38 ± 0.27 g/L/d and squalene reached a total of 933.72 ± 6.53 mg/L (16.34 ± 1.81 mg/gCDW). In summary, we show that the co-production of DHA and squalene makes S. limacinum SR21 appropriate strain for commercial-scale production of nutraceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Patel
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental, and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Stephan Liefeldt
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental, and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Rova
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental, and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Paul Christakopoulos
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental, and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Leonidas Matsakas
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental, and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87, Luleå, Sweden.
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Ye H, He Y, Xie Y, Sen B, Wang G. Fed-batch fermentation of mixed carbon source significantly enhances the production of docosahexaenoic acid in Thraustochytriidae sp. PKU#Mn16 by differentially regulating fatty acids biosynthetic pathways. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 297:122402. [PMID: 31761627 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study reports comparative evaluation of the growth and DHA productivity of the thraustochytrid strain Thraustochytriidae PKU#Mn16 fermented with seven different substrate feeding strategies. Of these strategies, fed-batch fermentation of the mixed substrate (glucose & glycerol) yielded the maximum growth (52.2 ± 1.5 g/L), DHA yield (Yp/s: 8.65) and productivity (100.7 ± 2.9 mg/L-h), comparable with those of previously reported Aurantiochytrium strains. Transcriptomics analyses revealed that glucose upregulated some genes of the fatty acid synthase pathway whereas glycerol upregulated a few genes of the polyketide synthase pathway. Co-fermentation of the mixed substrate differentially regulated genes of these two pathways and significantly enhanced the DHA productivity. Furthermore, some genes involved in DNA replication, phagosome, carbon metabolism, and β-oxidation were also found to alter significantly during the mixed-substrate fermentation. Overall, this study provides a unique strategy for enhancing growth and DHA productivity of the strain PKU#Mn16 and the first insight into the mechanisms underlying mixed-substrate fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huike Ye
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Qingdao Institute Ocean Engineering of Tianjin University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yaodong He
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Qingdao Institute Ocean Engineering of Tianjin University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yunxuan Xie
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Qingdao Institute Ocean Engineering of Tianjin University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Biswarup Sen
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Guangyi Wang
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Qingdao Institute Ocean Engineering of Tianjin University, Qingdao 266237, China.
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Lipid and DHA-production in Aurantiochytrium sp. - Responses to nitrogen starvation and oxygen limitation revealed by analyses of production kinetics and global transcriptomes. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19470. [PMID: 31857635 PMCID: PMC6923395 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55902-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Thraustochytrids of the genera Schizochytrium and Aurantiochytrium accumulate oils rich in the essential, marine n3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). DHA production in Aurantiochytrium sp T66 was studied with the aim to provide more knowledge about factors that affect the DHA-productivities and the contributions of the two enzyme systems used for fatty acid synthesis in thraustochytrids, fatty acid synthetase (FAS) and PUFA-synthase. Fermentations with nitrogen starvation, which is well-known to initiate lipid accumulation in oleaginous organisms, were compared to fermentations with nitrogen in excess, obtained by oxygen limitation. The specific productivities of fatty acids originating from FAS were considerably higher under nitrogen starvation than with nitrogen in excess, while the specific productivities of DHA were the same at both conditions. Global transcriptome analysis showed significant up-regulation of FAS under N-deficient conditions, while the PUFA-synthase genes were only marginally upregulated. Neither of them was upregulated under O2-limitation where nitrogen was in excess, suggesting that N-starvation mainly affects the FAS and may be less important for the PUFA-synthase. The transcriptome analysis also revealed responses likely to be related to the generation of reducing power (NADPH) for fatty acid synthesis.
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46
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Boosting productivity of heterotrophic microalgae by efficient control of the oxygen transfer coefficient using a microbubble sparger. ALGAL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2019.101474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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47
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Sun XM, Ren LJ, Zhao QY, Ji XJ, Huang H. Enhancement of lipid accumulation in microalgae by metabolic engineering. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2019; 1864:552-566. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Li-Beisson Y, Thelen JJ, Fedosejevs E, Harwood JL. The lipid biochemistry of eukaryotic algae. Prog Lipid Res 2019; 74:31-68. [PMID: 30703388 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Algal lipid metabolism fascinates both scientists and entrepreneurs due to the large diversity of fatty acyl structures that algae produce. Algae have therefore long been studied as sources of genes for novel fatty acids; and, due to their superior biomass productivity, algae are also considered a potential feedstock for biofuels. However, a major issue in a commercially viable "algal oil-to-biofuel" industry is the high production cost, because most algal species only produce large amounts of oils after being exposed to stress conditions. Recent studies have therefore focused on the identification of factors involved in TAG metabolism, on the subcellular organization of lipid pathways, and on interactions between organelles. This has been accompanied by the development of genetic/genomic and synthetic biological tools not only for the reference green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii but also for Nannochloropsis spp. and Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Advances in our understanding of enzymes and regulatory proteins of acyl lipid biosynthesis and turnover are described herein with a focus on carbon and energetic aspects. We also summarize how changes in environmental factors can impact lipid metabolism and describe present and potential industrial uses of algal lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghua Li-Beisson
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, UMR7265, CEA Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez Durance F-13108, France.
| | - Jay J Thelen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, Columbia, MO 65211, United States.
| | - Eric Fedosejevs
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, Columbia, MO 65211, United States.
| | - John L Harwood
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK.
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49
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Ye J, Liu M, He M, Ye Y, Huang J. Illustrating and Enhancing the Biosynthesis of Astaxanthin and Docosahexaenoic Acid in Aurantiochytrium sp. SK4. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17010045. [PMID: 30634667 PMCID: PMC6357005 DOI: 10.3390/md17010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The marine thraustochytrids are a promising source of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and the ketocarotenoid astaxanthin. In this study, the biosynthetic pathways of these two important metabolites in Aurantiochytrium sp. SK4 was illustrated by the analyses of the genome, transcriptome, key enzymes, and pathway products. Two sets of genes were involved in two pathways for the biosynthesis of fatty acids. The absence of Δ-15 desaturase genes and the presence of docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), up to 12% of total fatty acids suggest that Aurantiochytrium sp. SK4 may synthesize DHA mainly via a polyketide synthase (PKS) pathway. Three enzymes, namely geranyl diphosphate synthase (GPPS), farnysyl diphosphate synthase (FPPS), and geranylgeranyle diphosphate synthase (GGPPS) were found to be involved in the formation of GGPP that was subsequently catalyzed to β-carotene by a trifunctional CrtIBY enzyme. β-Carotene might be ketolated and then hydroxylated into astaxanthin based on the carotenoid profiles. The formation of GGPP was proposed to be the limiting steps for carotenoid production. Overexpression of the Archaeoglobus GPS together with the Escherichia coli isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase, and Vitreoscilla hemoglobin resulted in not only 1.85- and 5.02-fold increases of total carotenoids and astaxanthin, but also 2.40- and 2.74-fold increases of total fatty acids and DHA. This study provides insights into the biosynthesis of carotenoids and fatty acids in Aurantiochytrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingrun Ye
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Mengmeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Mingxia He
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China.
| | - Ying Ye
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Junchao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China.
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50
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Wayne LL, Gachotte DJ, Walsh TA. Transgenic and Genome Editing Approaches for Modifying Plant Oils. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1864:367-394. [PMID: 30415347 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8778-8_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Vegetable oils are important for human and animal nutrition and as renewable resources for chemical feedstocks. We provide an overview of transgenic and genome editing approaches for modifying plant oils, describing useful model and crop systems and different strategies for transgenic modifications. We also describe new genome editing approaches that are beginning to be applied to oilseed plants and crops. These approaches are illustrated with examples for modifying the nutritional quality of vegetable oils by altering fatty acid desaturation, producing non-native fatty acids in oilseeds, and enhancing the overall accumulation of oil in seeds and leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura L Wayne
- Corteva Agriscience™, Agriculture Division of DowDuPont™, Johnston, IA, USA.
| | - Daniel J Gachotte
- Corteva Agriscience™, Agriculture Division of DowDuPont™, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Terence A Walsh
- Corteva Agriscience™, Agriculture Division of DowDuPont™, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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