Antihypertensive medications, bone mineral density, and fractures: a review of old cardiac drugs that provides new insights into osteoporosis

Early Implant Failure in Patients Using Antihypertensive Medications: A Retrospective Cohort Study

INTRODUCTION AND AIMS

Antihypertensive medications increase osteoblasts differentiation and bone mineral formation. Osseointegration of dental implants depends on new bone formation and remodelling. Consequently, improved osseointegration may be speculated in patients receiving antihypertensive drugs. Aim - Asses the effect of antihypertensive medications on osseointegration of dental implants.

METHODS

Retrospective cohort study. All individuals (792) who received at least one dental implant during a 6-year period at a single medical centre. The cohort was divided into three groups: normotensive (74.8% - 593) patients (NT group), hypertensive (23.4% - 185) patients using antihypertensive medications (HTN +med group), and hypertensive patients not using (1.8% - 14) antihypertensive medications (HTN -med group). Interventions-Installation of dental implants by experienced oral and maxillofacial surgeons with or without bone augmentation. Main measures - Early implant failure (EIF) (≤12 months from loading) reflects lack of new bone formation or excessive bone turnover during osseointegration.

RESULTS

The study included 792 individuals, 14 in the HTN-med group, 185 in the HTN +med group and 593 in the NT group. At the patient level, the HTN -med group were most likely (P = .041) to experience EIF 28.60% (4/14 patients). Due to the small sample of the HTN -med group, an additional analysis was carried out excluding this group. EIF of 9.70% (18/185 patients) in the HTN +med group was significantly (P = .047) lower than the NT group 14.50% (86/593 patients). 2971 implants were inserted in all study groups, 71.4% (2123) in the NT group, 26.4% (784) in the HTN +med group and 2.2% (64) in the HTN -med group. Collectively, EIF was recorded for 114 (3.84%) implants. In the HTN -med group, EIF of 6.25% (4 implants), was significantly (P < .001) higher than the two other groups. The EIF rate of the HTN +med group was 2.29% (18 implants) which was significantly less than that of the NT group 4.33% (92 implants). Controlling modifying parameters, using antihypertensive medication yielded lower EIF with marginal significance (P = .059) and OR = 0.618.

CONCLUSION

Based on statistically significant lower EIF rate found in the HTN +med group, antihypertensive medications may decrease the EIF rate of dental implants.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

Clinicians should be encouraged to treat hypertensive patients with implant-supported prostheses, provided patient compliance regarding medications intake is good.

Systemic Factors Affecting Prognosis of Dental Implants

Clinicians who place and restore implants are always concerned about the success and longevity of the same. There are several local and systemic factors that affect osseointegration and the health of the peri-implant tissues. In this study, we review the systemic factors that can affect implant survival, osseointegration, and long-term success. The study highlights the importance of delineating, and taking into consideration these systemic factors from the planning phase to the restorative phase of dental implants. A thorough medical history, including prescription and over-the-counter medications, is vital, as there may be numerous factors that could directly or indirectly influence the prognosis of dental implants.

Systemic Factors Affecting Prognosis in Periodontics: Part II

This study gives an insight into certain systemic conditions and factors such as nutrition, age, hematological disorders, hypertension, smoking, obesity, and metabolic syndrome that have a notable effect on the periodontium. The review highlights the importance of taking these factors into consideration in periodontal therapy and their impact on the prognosis of periodontal therapies. The other systemic factors are discussed in detail elsewhere in the special issue.

Association Between Antihypertensive Medications and Fracture Risk in Elderly Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background The use of antihypertensive medications is common among older adults to manage hypertension and prevent cardiovascular events. However, the potential impact of these medications on bone health and the risk of fractures remains a concern. This study investigates the association between antihypertensive medication use and fracture risk in elderly individuals. Materials and methods A cross-sectional study was conducted from February 2023 to July 2024, including 299 elderly patients (aged ≥65) diagnosed with hypertension and currently using antihypertensive medications. Data were collected from medical records, focusing on demographics, fracture incidence, comorbid conditions, and medication use. Logistic regression models were used to analyze the association between antihypertensive use and fracture risk, adjusting for confounders. Results Among the participants, 110 reported falls, and 88 (29.43%) sustained fractures. Fractures were more prevalent among females (63.6%) and those aged 75-84 years (45.5%). A history of falls, mobility difficulties, osteoporosis, and urinary incontinence were significantly associated with fractures. While most antihypertensive classes did not show a significant association with fracture risk, diuretics were associated with a 2.3-fold increased risk of fractures (OR 2.30, p=0.037). Conclusions This study highlights the need for careful consideration of fracture risk in elderly patients using antihypertensive medications, particularly diuretics. Healthcare providers should balance the benefits of blood pressure control with the potential risk of fractures in this population.

A Cluster Analysis of Oral and Cognitive Health Indicators in the CLSA: An Exploratory Study on Cholinergic Activity as the Link

INTRODUCTION

Poor oral health has been suggested as a risk factor for cognitive decline. Yet, biologically plausible mechanisms explaining this relationship remain unknown.

OBJECTIVES

We aimed (1) to identify oral and cognitive health clustering patterns among middle-aged to elderly Canadians and (2) to investigate the extent to which these patterns could be explained by bone mineral density (BMD), a proxy measure of the cholinergic neurons' activity.

METHODS

This cross-sectional study used baseline data from the Comprehensive cohort of the Canadian Longitudinal Study of Aging (CLSA). Oral health was assessed by a self-report questionnaire, and 7 task-based instruments measured cognitive health. We identified oral and cognitive health clusters, our outcome variables, using latent class analysis. Two sets of multivariate logistic regression and 95% confidence intervals were used to investigate whether BMD explains the odds of membership in a certain oral and cognitive health group. The final models were adjusted for socioeconomic, health, and lifestyle factors.

RESULTS

Our study sample (N = 25,444: 13,035 males, 12,409 females) was grouped into 5 and 4 clusters based on the oral health status and performance on the cognitive tasks, respectively. After adjusting for all potential covariates, increase in BMD was not associated with higher odds of membership in classes with better oral health (odds ratio [OR] = 1.58 [95% confidence interval {CI}: 0.85-2.92]) and cognitive health (OR = 1.61 [95% CI: 1-2.6]) compared with the groups with the least favorable oral and cognitive health status, respectively.

CONCLUSION

Middle-aged and elderly Canadians show different oral and cognitive health profiles, based on their denture-wearing status and performance on cognitive tests. No evidence could be found to support BMD in place of cholinergic neurons' activity as the common explanatory factor behind the association between oral health and cognitive health.

KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER STATEMENT

This study is probably the first of its kind to shed light on the cholinergic system as a potential pathway influencing oral and cognitive health. Our findings may support the notion that any potential association between poor oral health and cognitive health might be explained by common contributors, helping clinicians to find the common risk factors for both conditions.

Do antihypertensive medications have an effect on dental implants? A systematic review

PURPOSE

The purpose of this systematic review was to compare the clinical outcomes of dental implants in users of antihypertensive medication with those of nonusers.

METHODS

This systematic review followed the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses and was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews under the number CRD42022319336. The electronic databases Medline (PubMed) and Central Cochrane were searched for relevant scientific literature published in English through May 2022. The focused question was, "Do patients taking antihypertensive medications have a similar impact on the clinical outcome and survival of dental implants compared with nonusers?".

RESULTS

A total of 49 articles were found, of which 3 articles were finally selected for a qualitative synthesis. The three studies included 959 patients. In all three studies, the commonly used medication was renin-angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitors. Two studies mentioned implant survival rate, which was 99.4% in antihypertensive medication users and 96.1% in the nonusers. One study found a higher implant stability quotient (ISQ) in patients taking antihypertensive medication (75.7 ± 5.9) compared with patients not taking antihypertensive medication (73.7 ± 8.1).

CONCLUSIONS

The limited available evidence showed that patient taking antihypertensive medications had comparable success rate and implant stability to patients not taking medications. The studies included patients taking different antihypertensive medications, so a drug-specific conclusion regarding the clinical outcome of dental implants is not possible. Further studies are needed, including patients taking certain antihypertensive medications, to determine their effects on dental implants.

Menopause modified the association of blood pressure with osteoporosis among gender: a large-scale cross-sectional study

Purpose

This study aimed to assess the potential association between blood pressure and osteoporosis in a rural population with limited resources. Existing evidence on this association is limited, particularly in such settings.

Methods

Data from 7,689 participants in the Henan Rural Cohort study were analyzed. Four blood pressure indicators [systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and pulse pressure (PP)] were measured. The logistic regression model and restricted cubic spline plots were used to assess the relationship between blood pressure indicators and osteoporosis prevalence.

Results

Positive trends were noted between blood pressure indicators and osteoporosis prevalence in the entire group and women (P trend < 0.05 for SBP, MAP, and PP). Women with higher SBP and PP exhibited elevated odds of osteoporosis compared with those with the lowest SBP and PP (ORs ranging from 1.15 to 1.5 for SBP and 1.06 to 1.83 for PP). No such associations were found in men. These relationships were only evident in postmenopausal women. Dose-response analysis confirmed these findings. Excluding participants taking hypertension medication did not alter the results.

Conclusion

In resource-limited settings, higher SBP and PP are associated with the increased prevalence of osteoporosis in women, potentially influenced by menopause-related factors. This indicates that potential gender-based differences and social inequalities may affect bone health.

Clinical trial registration

The Henan Rural Cohort Study has been registered at the Chinese Clinical Trial Register (Registration number: ChiCTR-OOC-15006699) http://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=11375.

The Effect of Antihypertensive Therapy on Skeletal Muscle Mass and Bone Mineral Density in Patients With End-Stage Kidney Disease

OBJECTIVE

Sarcopenia and osteoporosis substantially influence health and lifespan. However, the variables affecting skeletal muscle mass (SMM) or bone mineral density (BMD) remain unknown.

DESIGN AND METHODS

From August 1, 2018 to July 31, 2019, we conducted a single-center, observational cohort study with 291 Japanese adult patients on maintenance hemodialysis due to end-stage kidney disease, who had their femoral neck BMD measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. After 1-year follow-up, we measured annual changes of BMD (ΔBMD) and SMM (ΔSMM), which were calculated through a modified creatinine index (mg/kg/day) using age, sex, serum creatinine, and single-pooled Kt/V for urea. The factors associated with ΔSMM/ΔBMD or progressive loss of SMM/BMD, defined as ΔSMM/ΔBMD < 0 per year, respectively, were analyzed with multivariable, linear regression or logistic regression models.

RESULTS

The median age of the patients was 66 years and 33% were female. Dialysis vintage and β-blocker-use were inversely correlated to ΔSMM. In comparison to nonusers, β-blockers users had 2.5-fold higher SMM loss odd ratios [95% confidence interval, 1.3-4.8]. The risk for SMM loss caused by β-blockers was not increased in users of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors. The ΔBMD was negatively correlated to the usage of calcium channel blockers. The risk of developing osteosarcopenia, which was defined as annual loss of both SMM and BMD, increased in calcium channel blockers users.

CONCLUSIONS

The use of β-blockers is associated with an elevated risk of developing sarcopenia, whereas renin-angiotensin system inhibitors may minimize this effect in patients with end-stage kidney disease. Use of calcium channel blocker therapy was associated with a faster decline of BMD.

The association between serum adipokines levels with senile osteoporosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Objective

The clinical correlation between adipokines levels in the blood and the incidence of senile osteoporosis (SOP) has not been clearly studied. We conducted this meta-analysis to elucidate the relationship between three common adipokines levels (leptin, adiponectin, and chemerin) and the incidence of SOP.

Methods

We searched databases such as CNKI, CBM, VIP, Wanfang, PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and the Cochrane Library to collect articles published since the establishment of the database until July 30, 2022.

Results

In total, 11 studies met the selection criteria. Our meta-analysis showed that serum leptin levels were significantly lower (mean difference [MD], -2.53, 95% CI: -3.96 to -1.10, I2 = 96%), chemerin levels were significantly higher (MD, 30.06, 95% CI: 16.71 to 43.40, I2 = 94%), and adiponectin levels were not significantly different (MD, -0.55, 95% CI: -2.26 to 1.17, P = 0.53, I2 = 98%) in SOP patients compared with healthy older individuals with normal bone mineral density (BMD). In addition, correlation analysis showed that leptin levels were positively correlated with lumbar bone mineral density (LBMD) (r = 0.36) and femoral bone mineral density (FBMD) (r = 0.38), chemerin levels were negatively correlated with LBMD (r = -0.55) and FBMD (r = -0.48), and there were significant positive correlations between leptin and adiponectin levels and body mass index (BMI) (r = 0.91 and 0.97).

Conclusions

The likelihood of having SOP was higher in older individuals with low levels of leptin and higher levels of chemerin. In addition, BMI was somewhat lower with low levels of leptin and adiponectin.

Systematic review registration

https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier CRD42022356469.

Hyponatremia and aging-related diseases: key player or innocent bystander? A systematic review

BACKGROUND

Hyponatremia is frequent in older age; whether it is a key player, a surrogate marker, or an innocent bystander in age-related diseases is still unclear.

OBJECTIVE

To understand the role of hyponatremia in falls, osteoporosis, fractures, and cognitive impairment in old patients.

METHOD

Eligibility criteria for study inclusions were: written in English, peer-reviewed observational and intervention studies, clinical trial, prospective and retrospective controlled cohort studies, and case-controlled studies without limitations regarding the date of publication.

INFORMATION SOURCES

Protocol available on the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO, CRD42021218389). MEDLINE, Embase, and PsycINFO were searched. Final search done on August 8, 2021. Risk-of-bias assessment: Risk-of-Bias Assessment tool for Non-randomized Studies (RoBANS) and the Bradford Hill's criteria for causality.

RESULTS

Includes studies: One-hundred thirty-five articles retained for the revision. Synthesis of results - Falls: Eleven studies were included. Strong association between hyponatremia and falls in all the studies was found. Osteoporosis and fractures: nineteen articles were included. The association between hyponatremia and osteoporosis is unclear. Cognitive impairment: Five articles were included. No association between hyponatremia and cognitive impairment was found.

DISCUSSION

Interpretation: Falls, osteoporosis, and fractures are multifactorial. Hyponatremia is not temporally related with the outcomes; we suggest that hyponatremia may be regarded as a marker of unhealthy aging and a confounder instead of a causal factor or an innocent bystander for falls and fractures. Concerning cognitive impairment, there are no evidence supporting a real role of hyponatremia to be regarded as an innocent bystander in neurodegeneration.

Association of antihypertensive drugs with fracture and bone mineral density: A comprehensive drug-target Mendelian randomization study

Background

Observational studies have investigated the associations between antihypertensive drugs and fracture risk as well as bone mineral density (BMD), but yielding controversial results.

Methods

In this study, a comprehensive drug-target Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was conducted to systematically examine the associations between genetic proxies for eight common antihypertensive drugs and three bone health-related traits (fracture, total body BMD [TB-BMD], and estimated heel BMD [eBMD]). The main analysis used the inverse-variance weighted (IVW) method to estimate the causal effect. Multiple MR methods were also employed to test the robustness of the results.

Results

The genetic proxies for angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) were associated with a reduced risk of fracture (odds ratio [OR] = 0.67, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.54 to 0.84; P = 4.42 × 10-4; P-adjusted = 0.004), higher TB-BMD (β = 0.36, 95% CI: 0.11 to 0.61; P = 0.005; P-adjusted = 0.022), and higher eBMD (β = 0.30, 95% CI: 0.21 to 0.38; P = 3.59 × 10-12; P-adjusted = 6.55 × 10-11). Meanwhile, genetic proxies for calcium channel blockers (CCBs) were associated with an increased risk of fracture (OR = 1.07, 95% CI: 1.03 to 1.12; P = 0.002; P-adjusted = 0.013). Genetic proxies for potassium sparing diuretics (PSDs) showed negative associations with TB-BMD (β = -0.61, 95% CI: -0.88 to -0.33; P = 1.55 × 10-5; P-adjusted = 1.86 × 10-4). Genetic proxies for thiazide diuretics had positive associations with eBMD (β = 0.11, 95% CI: 0.03 to 0.18; P = 0.006; P-adjusted = 0.022). No significant heterogeneity or pleiotropy was identified. The results were consistent across different MR methods.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that genetic proxies for ARBs and thiazide diuretics may have a protective effect on bone health, while genetic proxies for CCBs and PSDs may have a negative effect.

Micro-scale assessment of bone quality changes in adult cadaveric men with congestive hepatopathy

Congestive hepatopathy (CH) is a chronic liver disease (CLD) caused by impaired hepatic venous blood outflow, most frequently resulting from congestive heart failure. Although it is known that heart failure and CLDs contribute to increased risk for age-related fractures, an assessment of CH-induced skeletal alterations has not been made to date. The aim of our study was to characterize changes in bone quality in adult male cadavers with pathohistologically confirmed CH compared with controls without liver disease. The anterior mid-transverse part of the fifth lumbar vertebral body was collected from 33 adult male cadavers (age range 43-89 years), divided into the CH group (n = 15) and the control group (n = 18). We evaluated trabecular and cortical micro-architecture and bone mineral content (using micro-computed tomography), bone mechanical competence (using Vickers micro-hardness tester), vertebral cellular indices (osteocyte lacunar network and bone marrow adiposity), and osteocytic sclerostin and connexin 43 expression levels (using immunohistochemistry staining and analysis). Deterioration in trabecular micro-architecture, reduced trabecular and cortical mineral content, and decreased Vickers microhardness were noted in the CH group (p < 0.05). Reduced total number of osteocytes and declined connexin 43 expression levels (p < 0.05) implied that harmed mechanotransduction throughout the osteocyte network might be present in CH. Moreover, elevated expression levels of sclerostin by osteocytes could indicate the role of sclerostin in mediating low bone formation in individuals with CH. Taken together, these micro-scale bone alterations suggest that vertebral strength could be compromised in men with CH, implying that vertebral fracture risk assessment and subsequent therapy may need to be considered in these patients. However, further research is required to confirm the clinical relevance of our findings.

Do antihypertensive medications effect the mandibular cortical bone thickness? A study using cone beam computed tomography images

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to measure the association between antihypertensive medication use and mandibular cortical thickness.

STUDY DESIGN

This retrospective cross-sectional study was comprised of a study sample of 169 patients aged 40 to 69. Cone beam computed tomography scans were examined. The buccal cortical thickness of the mandibular ramus was measured. Participants were separated into the control or study group based on use of antihypertensive medications. The predictor variable was the use of antihypertensive medications. The primary outcome variable was cortical thickness of the mandible. Age was identified as a covariate affecting the outcome variable. The data was analyzed with a one-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) to remove the effect of age on the outcome variable. The groups were subdivided based on the sex of the patient.

RESULTS

The study sample was composed of 169 patients with a mean age of 52.1, and 54% were female. There were 67 patients in the antihypertensive group (39.6%). A mean difference of 0.21 mm was found (P = .0010, 95% CI 0.09, 0.34 mm). The difference persisted after adjusting for age with one-way ANCOVA testing (P < .001).

CONCLUSIONS

This study suggests that there may be an association between antihypertensive use and mandibular cortical thickness. Age may be an effect modifier with the effect increasing in older patients.

Fracture Risk and Use of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors or Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers

Medications used to treat hypertension may affect fracture risk. This study investigated fracture risk for users of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) or angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARB). Participants (899 men, median age 70.3 yr (59.9-79.1), range 50.0-96.6 yr; 574 women, median age 65.5 yr (58.1-75.4), range 50.1-94.6 yr) were from the Geelong Osteoporosis Study. Medication use was self-reported and incident fractures were ascertained using radiological reports. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured at the femoral neck. Participants were divided into four groups: (1) non-users without hypertension, (2) non-users with hypertension, (3) ACEI users and (4) ARB users. Dosage was calculated using the defined daily dose (DDD) criteria. Participants were followed from date of visit to first fracture, death or 31 December 2016, whichever occurred first. Cox proportional hazards models were used for analyses. At least one incident fracture was sustained by 156 men and 135 women over a median(IQR) of 11.5(6.2-13.2) and 10.9(6.3-11.6) years of follow-up, respectively. In unadjusted analyses, compared to non-users without hypertension, men in all three other groups had a higher risk of fracture (Hazard Ratio (HR, 95%CI) 1.54, 1.00-2.37; 1.90, 1.18-3.05; 2.15, 1.26-3.66), for non-users with hypertension, ACEI and ARB users, respectively). Following adjustment for age, prior fracture and BMD, these associations became non-significant. A dose effect for ARB use was observed; men using lower doses had a higher risk of fracture than non-users without hypertension, in both unadjusted (2.66, 1.34-5.29) and adjusted (2.03, 1.01-4.08) analyses, but this association was not observed at higher doses. For women, unadjusted analyses showed a higher risk for ACEI users compared to non-users without hypertension (1.74, 1.07-2.83). This was explained after adjustment for age, alcohol consumption, prior fracture and BMD (1.28, 0.74-2.22). No other differences were observed. In men, lower dose (0 < DDD ≤ 1) ARB use was associated with an increased risk of fracture. ACEI or ARB use was not associated with increased risk of incident fracture in women. These findings may be important for antihypertensive treatment decisions in individuals with a high risk of fracture.

Antihypertensive Drugs and Risk of Bone Fractures

Antihypertensive drugs are among the most documented regimens worldwide with an overall survival and cardioprotective benefit. However, there is evidence that they cause symptoms of orthostatic hypotension (i.e., dizziness and syncope) placing patients at risk for falls and fall-related injuries such as bone fractures. Moreover, it seems that they might impact bone metabolism and architecture impairing bone health. The aim of this review was to summarize the accumulative literature exploring any potential association between several antihypertensive medications including diuretics, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors, beta-blockers and calcium channel blockers and the risk of fractures.

Elevated blood pressure, antihypertensive medications and bone health in the population: revisiting old hypotheses and exploring future research directions

Blood pressure and bone metabolism appear to share commonalities in their physiologic regulation. Specific antihypertensive drug classes may also influence bone mineral density. However, current evidence from existing observational studies and randomised trials is insufficient to establish causal associations for blood pressure and use of blood pressure-lowering drugs with bone health outcomes, particularly with the risks of osteoporosis and fractures. The availability and access to relevant large-scale biomedical data sources as well as developments in study designs and analytical approaches provide opportunities to examine the nature of the association between blood pressure and bone health more reliably and in greater detail than has ever been possible. It is unlikely that a single source of data or study design can provide a definitive answer. However, with appropriate considerations of the strengths and limitations of the different data sources and analytical techniques, we should be able to advance our understanding of the role of raised blood pressure and its drug treatment on the risks of low bone mineral density and fractures. As elevated blood pressure is highly prevalent and blood pressure-lowering drugs are widely prescribed, even small effects of these exposures on bone health outcomes could be important at a population level.

Melatonin Accelerates Osteoporotic Bone Defect Repair by Promoting Osteogenesis-Angiogenesis Coupling

Previous studies have revealed that melatonin could play a role in anti-osteoporosis and promoting osteogenesis. However, the effects of melatonin treatment on osteoporotic bone defect and the mechanism underlying the effects of melatonin on angiogenesis are still unclear. Our study was aimed to investigate the potential effects of melatonin on angiogenesis and osteoporotic bone defect. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) were isolated from the femur and tibia of rats. The BMSC osteogenic ability was assessed using alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining, alizarin red S staining, qRT-PCR, western blot, and immunofluorescence. BMSC-mediated angiogenic potentials were determined using qRT-PCR, western blot, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunofluorescence, scratch wound assay, transwell migration assay, and tube formation assay. Ovariectomized (OVX) rats with tibia defect were used to establish an osteoporotic bone defect model and then treated with melatonin. The effects of melatonin treatment on osteoporotic bone defect in OVX rats were analyzed using micro-CT, histology, sequential fluorescent labeling, and biomechanical test. Our study showed that melatonin promoted both osteogenesis and angiogenesis in vitro. BMSCs treated with melatonin indicated higher expression levels of osteogenesis-related markers [ALP, osteocalcin (OCN), runt-related transcription factor 2, and osterix] and angiogenesis-related markers [vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), angiopoietin-2, and angiopoietin-4] compared to the untreated group. Significantly, melatonin was not able to facilitate human umbilical vein endothelial cell angiogenesis directly, but it possessed the ability to promote BMSC-mediated angiogenesis by upregulating the VEGF levels. In addition, we further found that melatonin treatment increased bone mineralization and formation around the tibia defect in OVX rats compared with the control group. Immunohistochemical staining indicated higher expression levels of osteogenesis-related marker (OCN) and angiogenesis-related markers (VEGF and CD31) in the melatonin-treated OVX rats. Then, it showed that melatonin treatment also increased the bone strength of tibia defect in OVX rats, with increased ultimate load and stiffness, as performed by three-point bending test. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that melatonin could promote BMSC-mediated angiogenesis and promote osteogenesis-angiogenesis coupling. We further found that melatonin could accelerate osteoporotic bone repair by promoting osteogenesis and angiogenesis in OVX rats. These findings may provide evidence for the potential application of melatonin in osteoporotic bone defect.

Effects of strawberries on bone biomarkers in pre- and stage 1-hypertensive postmenopausal women: a secondary analysis

Postmenopausal women experience an increase in bone remodeling with the rate of bone resorption superseding the rate of bone formation. This results in a net bone loss with a subsequent increased risk for osteoporosis and fractures. High blood pressure (BP) has been associated with loss of bone mineral density and increased propensity to fractures. Strawberries are rich in polyphenols, which have been shown to have anti-hypertensive and bone-protective properties. Thus, we examined whether daily intake of strawberries would positively affect biomarkers of bone metabolism in postmenopausal women with pre- and stage 1-hypertension. Participants (age: 59 ± 6 years; body mass index: 31.5 ± 4.1 kg m^-2; systolic BP: 140 ± 13 mmHg) were randomly assigned to consume (1) 50 g of freeze-dried strawberry powder (FDSP), (2) 25 g FDSP + 25 g of placebo powder, or (3) 50 g placebo powder for eight weeks. Results indicate a significant time-by-treatment interaction (P = 0.04) for serum insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1, a hormone that plays a major role in bone formation. Serum concentrations of bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, a marker of bone formation, and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-5b, a specific marker of bone resorption, were not affected by FDSP compared to placebo. Although not statistically significant, after eight weeks, osteocalcin increased in the 50 g FDSP group with a large effect size (d = 0.6) when compared to the placebo-control group. Adiponectin increased by 5% and 6% in the 25 g and 50 g FDSP groups, respectively, while it declined in the placebo-control group by 25% (P = 0.03 for time-by-treatment interaction). Our findings suggest that consumption of 25 g FDSP increases IGF-1 in postmenopausal women with pre- and stage 1-hypertension. However, further studies are needed to assert the effectiveness of a strawberry intervention for bone health.

The Effects of Osteoporotic and Non-osteoporotic Medications on Fracture Risk and Bone Mineral Density

Osteoporosis is a highly prevalent bone disease affecting more than 37.5 million individuals in the European Union (EU) and the  United States of America (USA). It is characterized by low bone mineral density (BMD), impaired bone quality, and loss of structural and biomechanical properties, resulting in reduced bone strength. An increase in morbidity and mortality is seen in patients with osteoporosis, caused by the approximately 3.5 million new osteoporotic fractures occurring every year in the EU. Currently, different medications are available for the treatment of osteoporosis, including anti-resorptive and osteoanabolic medications. Bisphosphonates, which belong to the anti-resorptive medications, are the standard treatment for osteoporosis based on their positive effects on bone, long-term experience, and low costs. However, not only medications used for the treatment of osteoporosis can affect bone: several other medications are suggested to have an effect on bone as well, especially on fracture risk and BMD. Knowledge about the positive and negative effects of different medications on both fracture risk and BMD is important, as it can contribute to an improvement in osteoporosis prevention and treatment in general, and, even more importantly, to the individual's health. In this review, we therefore discuss the effects of both osteoporotic and non-osteoporotic medications on fracture risk and BMD. In addition, we discuss the underlying mechanisms of action.

Regulation of bone metabolism mediated by β-adrenergic receptor and its clinical application

Recent studies have confirmed that β-adrenergic receptors (β-ARs) are expressed on the surface of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, and that the sympathetic nervous system can regulate bone metabolism by activating them. β-AR blockers (BBs) are commonly used in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases in the elderly. It is important to investigate whether BBs have a beneficial effect on bone metabolism in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, so as to expand their clinical application. This article reviews the effects of BB on bone metabolism and the progress of clinical research.

Sex differences in the antihypertensive treatment and risk of uncontrolled hypertension in 5308 hypertensive patients in the United Arab Emirates

BACKGROUND

Sex differences in the antihypertensive medications used to control blood pressure and risk factor control in hypertensive patients is poorly understood.

METHODS

We conducted a retrospective review of the patients newly diagnosed with hypertension registered for treatment in 52 outpatient settings across Abu Dhabi province between 1 January and 31 December 2017. We explored sex differences in risk factors and treatment management over 6 months of the follow-up period of each patient. Multiple logistic regression models were used to identify factors associated with poor BP control.

RESULTS

A total of 5308 patients (2559 men and 2849 women) were identified. We observed an increase in SBP and DBP levels in men (1.72/1.13 mmHg) and only SBP in women (0.87/-0.021 mmHg) with increased incidence of comorbidities overtime. The overall BP control was suboptimal (65%) (<140/90 mmHg) with no significant difference between women (65.3%) and men (64.2%). In men with dyslipidemia, use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker with diuretics and in women, only calcium channel blockers showed higher for BP control. Factors significantly associated with poor BP control in men are being overweight and obese, and dyslipidemia in men. After the age of 50, women in contrast to men, with dyslipidemia and heart rate >80 beats per minute are less likely to maintain hypertension control.

CONCLUSION

Sex-specific analysis indicated that BP control among United Arab Emirates men and women was suboptimal (65%). Interventions aiming to achieve better control of BP in hypertensive patients with metabolic syndrome should be emphasized.

Association between bone measures and use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor use in women was associated with lower femoral neck and lumbar spine bone mineral density as well as trabecular bone score compared to non-users. No differences were identified for men or for those who used ARB medications.

PURPOSE

Many individuals at high fracture risk use medications such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) or angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARB) that could affect bone; thus, this study aimed to investigate whether there are any differences in bone mineral density (BMD) and trabecular bone score (TBS) between ACEI users, ARB users, and non-users.

METHODS

Participants (685 men, 573 women) were from the Geelong Osteoporosis Study. Current medication use was self-reported. BMD at the femoral neck (FNBMD) and lumbar spine (LSBMD) were measured using DXA. TBS was calculated using TBS iNsight software. Linear regression models were used to investigate associations between ACEI or ARB use and bone measures, adjusting for other potential confounders. Due to interaction terms, data were stratified by age.

RESULTS

There were 88 (12.8%) men and 41 (7.2%) women taking an ACEI medication, and 71 (10.4%) men and 76 (13.3%) women taking an ARB medication. Compared to non-users, ACEI use was associated with lower FNBMD (- 7.2%), LSBMD (- 12.2%), and TBS (- 9.0%) for women aged < 65 years. Lower TBS was also observed for women aged ≥ 65 years (- 17.3%). No differences were identified for ARB use.

CONCLUSIONS

Women who used an ACEI medication had lower values for FNBMD, LSBMD and TBS compared to non-users. No differences were identified for men or for those who used ARB medications.

The association between blood pressure variability and hip or vertebral fracture risk: A population-based study

BACKGROUND

The present study evaluated the association between blood pressure variability and the risk of hip/vertebral fractures in middle aged and elderly patients.

METHODS

This was a retrospective observational study of patients attending family medicine outpatient clinics, recruited from 1st January 2000 to 31st December 2003 and were followed up until 31st December 2019. Standard deviation (SD), root mean square (RMS), coefficient of variation (CV) and a variability score (defined as the number of changes in blood pressure (diastolic and systolic) of 5 mm Hg or more) were used as measures of blood pressure variability. The primary outcome was a composite of new onset hip or vertebral fractures.

RESULTS

A total of 57,810 patients were included. Over a median follow-up of 5894 days (interquartile range: 3505-6487), 3285 patients (5.68%) developed new onset hip/vertebral fractures. The crude incidence rates were 4.95%, 5.31%, and 7.2% for diastolic blood pressure-CV and 5.0%, 5.28%, and 7.08% for systolic blood pressure-CV in the first, second, and third tertiles, respectively. Survival analysis demonstrated differences in hip/vertebral fracture amongst the tertiles of systolic and diastolic blood pressure variability (P < 0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS

Measures of blood pressure variability were significantly associated with incident hip/vertebral fractures. They can be incorporated into existing clinical scores to improve risk stratification.

Osteogenic effects of antihypertensive drug benidipine on mouse MC3T3-E1 cells in vitro

Hypertension is a prevalent systemic disease in the elderly, who can suffer from several pathological skeletal conditions simultaneously, including osteoporosis. Benidipine (BD), which is widely used to treat hypertension, has been proved to have a beneficial effect on bone metabolism. In order to confirm the osteogenic effects of BD, we investigated its osteogenic function using mouse MC3T3-E1 preosteoblast cells in vitro. The proliferative ability of MC3T3-E1 cells was significantly associated with the concentration of BD, as measured by methylthiazolyldiphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and cell cycle assay. With BD treatment, the osteogenic differentiation and maturation of MC3T3-E1 cells were increased, as established by the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity test, matrix mineralized nodules formation, osteogenic genetic test, and protein expression analyses. Moreover, our data showed that the BMP2/Smad pathway could be the partial mechanism for the promotion of osteogenesis by BD, while BD might suppress the possible function of osteoclasts through the OPG/RANKL/RANK (receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)) pathway. The hypothesis that BD bears a considerable potential in further research on its dual therapeutic effect on hypertensive patients with poor skeletal conditions was proved within the limitations of the present study.

Antihypertensive agents: a long way to safe drug prescribing in children

Recently updated clinical guidelines have highlighted the gaps in our understanding and management of pediatric hypertension. With increased recognition and diagnosis of pediatric hypertension, the use of antihypertensive agents is also likely to increase. Drug selection to treat hypertension in the pediatric patient population remains challenging. This is primarily due to a lack of large, well-designed pediatric safety and efficacy trials, limited understanding of pharmacokinetics in children, and unknown risk of prolonged exposure to antihypertensive therapies. With newer legislation providing financial incentives for conducting clinical trials in children, along with publication of pediatric-focused guidelines, literature available for antihypertensive agents in pediatrics has increased over the last 20 years. The objective of this article is to review the literature for safety and efficacy of commonly prescribed antihypertensive agents in pediatrics. Thus far, the most data to support use in children was found for angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-I), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB), and calcium channel blockers (CCB). Several gaps were noted in the literature, particularly for beta blockers, vasodilators, and the long-term safety profile of antihypertensive agents in children. Further clinical trials are needed to guide safe and effective prescribing in the pediatric population.

Helicobacter pylori Related Diseases and Osteoporotic Fractures (Narrative Review)

Osteoporosis (OP) and osteoporotic fractures (OFs) are common multifactorial and heterogenic disorders of increasing incidence. Helicobacter pylori (H.p.) colonizes the stomach approximately in half of the world's population, causes gastroduodenal diseases and is prevalent in numerous extra-digestive diseases known to be associated with OP/OF. The studies regarding relationship between H.p. infection (HPI) and OP/OFs are inconsistent. The current review summarizes the relevant literature on the potential role of HPI in OP, falls and OFs and highlights the reasons for controversies in the publications. In the first section, after a brief overview of HPI biological features, we analyze the studies evaluating the association of HPI and bone status. The second part includes data on the prevalence of OP/OFs in HPI-induced gastroduodenal diseases (peptic ulcer, chronic/atrophic gastritis and cancer) and the effects of acid-suppressive drugs. In the next section, we discuss the possible contribution of HPI-associated extra-digestive diseases and medications to OP/OF, focusing on conditions affecting both bone homeostasis and predisposing to falls. In the last section, we describe clinical implications of accumulated data on HPI as a co-factor of OP/OF and present a feasible five-step algorithm for OP/OF risk assessment and management in regard to HPI, emphasizing the importance of an integrative (but differentiated) holistic approach. Increased awareness about the consequences of HPI linked to OP/OF can aid early detection and management. Further research on the HPI-OP/OF relationship is needed to close current knowledge gaps and improve clinical management of both OP/OF and HPI-related disorders.

The effect of vitamin D treatment on clinical and biochemical outcomes of primary aldosteronism

INTRODUCTION

Primary aldosteronism (PA) contributed to the cardiovascular disease and metabolic alterations independent of the blood pressure level. Evidence exists that aldosterone excess also affects calcium and mineral homeostasis. PA subjects have been shown to have greater prevalence of vitamin D deficiency. However, the impact of vitamin D treatment in this population has never been assessed.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of vitamin D treatment on clinical and biochemical outcomes of PA patients.

METHODS

Two hundred forty hypertensive subjects were screened, 31 had positive ARR, and 17 patients with newly confirmed PA following positive confirmatory test that has not been subjected for definitive treatment were enrolled. Clinical parameter (blood pressure) and biochemical parameters (renal profile, plasma aldosterone concentration, plasma renin activity, serum calcium, vitamin D, intact parathyroid hormone, 24-hour urinary calcium) were measured at baseline and 3 months of treatment with Bio-D3 capsule. Primary outcomes were the changes in the blood pressure and biochemical parameters.

RESULTS

About 70% of our PA subjects have low vitamin D levels at baseline. Three months following treatment, there were significant: (a) improvement in 25(OH)D levels; (b) reduction in systolic blood pressure and plasma aldosterone concentration; and (c) improvement in the eGFR. The vitamin D deficient subgroup has the greatest magnitude of the systolic blood pressure reduction following treatment.

CONCLUSIONS

This study demonstrated significant proportion of PA patients has vitamin D insufficiency. Vitamin D treatment improves these interrelated parameters possibly suggesting interplay between vitamin D, aldosterone, renal function and the blood pressure.

Untreated adult GH deficiency is not associated with the development of metabolic risk factors: a long-term observational study

PURPOSE

Uncertainties exist about the predictors of the severity of the clinical picture of GH deficiency (GHD) syndrome. Aim of the study was to evaluate, in adult patients with GHD, the predictors of the development of hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and osteoporosis.

METHODS

We retrospectively studied 327 adult patients (age 47.1 ± 17.1 years) with untreated severe GHD (mean follow-up 110.9 ± 56.8 months). GHD was defined by GHRH + arginine test using BMI cut-offs. The possible development of hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and osteoporosis was investigated by Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. For each clinical outcome, either a univariate or multivariate analysis according to the Cox proportional-hazards model was performed to identify those factors that were associated with the development of the event.

RESULTS

GH secretion parameters were not associated with the outcomes. Hypercholesterolemia was positively and negatively predicted by a BMI ≥ 30 kg/m² (HR 2.50, p 0.00) and the dose of l-thyroxine possibly in place (HR 0.98, p 0.02), respectively. Hypertension was positively predicted by a BMI ≥ 30 kg/m² (HR 2.64, p 0.00) and IGF-I SDS values (HR 2.26, p 0.00). Diabetes mellitus was positively predicted by hypertension (HR 11.76, p 0.01). Osteoporosis was positively and negatively predicted by hypercholesterolemia (HR 3.25, p 0.01) and hypertension (HR 0.21, p 0.00), respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

The severity of the impairment of GH secretion does not predict the development of the clinical picture of GHD syndrome: untreated adult GHD does not increase the development of metabolic risk factors in hypopituitaric patients.

Urolithiasis increases the risk of subsequent onset of osteoporosis

Urolithiasis and osteoporosis are two different pathological entities, but are both important public health issues in older patients. Moreover, the two diseases may share some similar pathogenesis pathway. Currently, few studies focus on the relationship between urolithiasis and osteoporosis. Furthermore, whether the common mobilities influence the long-term osteoporosis rate in urolithiasis patients has never been studied. In the present study, we used the Taiwan National Health Insurance Database (LHID 2000) compiled by the NHI from 1996 to 2013 to determine whether urolithiasis influenced long-term osteoporosis; controls were matched for age, sex, and other comorbidities (including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, liver disease, and cardiovascular disease). We included a total of 91,254 patients, including 22,575 patients with urolithiasis and 68,679 control patients. There was a significant difference between the incidence of osteoporosis between the urolithiasis and control groups (adjusted hazard ratio 1.34, 95% CI 1.19-1.79, p < 0.001) during the follow up. The incidence rate of osteoporosis during the follow-up period was 8.87 per 1000 person-years in the urolithiasis group and 6.37 per 1000 person-years in the control group. Based on our results, it is evident that urolithiasis significantly increases the subsequent osteoporosis rate. Though the clinical mechanisms are not fully understood, patients who have a history of urolithiasis may need regular follow-up assessment of bone marrow density.

Increased Serum Leptin Level Predicts Bone Mineral Density in Hemodialysis Patients

BACKGROUND

Leptin acts through the adipose-bone axis to regulate bone mineral density (BMD). This study evaluated the relationship between BMD and serum leptin levels in patients on hemodialysis.

METHODS

In this cross-sectional study including 98 hemodialysis patients, BMD was measured using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry of the lumbar vertebrae (L2-L4), and serum leptin levels were determined using an enzyme immunoassay.

RESULTS

There were 25 (25.5%), 13 (13.3%), and 60 (61.2%) patients with osteopenia, osteoporosis, and normal BMD, respectively. Advanced age (P=0.017); decreased body mass index (BMI, P < 0.001); body height (P < 0.001); prehemodialysis body weight (BW, P < 0.001); post-hemodialysis BW (P < 0.001); waist circumference (P < 0.001); and triglyceride (P=0.015), albumin (P=0.004), and leptin levels (P=0.017) were associated with lower lumbar T scores, whereas increased urea reduction rate (URR, P=0.004) and fractional clearance index for urea (Kt/V, P=0.004) were associated with lower lumbar T scores. The multivariable forward stepwise linear regression analysis with adjustment for sex; age; body height; prehemodialysis BW; BMI; waist circumference; logarithmically transformed triglycerides (log-triglycerides), albumin, creatinine, and leptin (log-leptin) levels; URR; and Kt/V indicated that high serum level of log-leptin (R ² change = 0.184; P < 0.001), increased prehemodialysis BW (R ² change = 0.325; P=0.008), male sex (R ² change = 0.048; P=0.001), young age (R ² change = 0.044; P=0.012), and increased serum albumin level (R ² change = 0.017; P=0.044) were significantly and independently associated with lumbar BMD.

CONCLUSIONS

Advanced age and female sex were associated with poor BMD, whereas increased BW, serum albumin, and leptin levels were positively associated with BMD in patients on hemodialysis.

Association of Receiving Multiple, Concurrent Fracture-Associated Drugs With Hip Fracture Risk

IMPORTANCE

Many prescription drugs increase fracture risk, which raises concern for patients receiving 2 or more such drugs concurrently. Logic suggests that risk will increase with each additional drug, but the risk of taking multiple fracture-associated drugs (FADs) is unknown.

OBJECTIVE

To estimate hip fracture risk associated with concurrent exposure to multiple FADs.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS

This cohort study used a 20% random sample of Medicare fee-for-service administrative data for age-eligible Medicare beneficiaries from 2004 to 2014. Sex-stratified Cox regression models estimated hip fracture risk associated with current receipt of 1, 2, or 3 or more of 21 FADs and, separately, risk associated with each FAD and 2-way FAD combination vs no FADs. Models included sociodemographic characteristics, comorbidities, and use of non-FAD medications. Analyses began in November 2018 and were completed April 2019.

EXPOSURE

Receipt of prescription FADs.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES

Hip fracture hospitalization.

RESULTS

A total of 11.3 million person-years were observed, reflecting 2 646 255 individuals (mean [SD] age, 77.2 [7.3] years, 1 615 613 [61.1%] women, 2 136 585 [80.7%] white, and 219 579 [8.3%] black). Overall, 2 827 284 person-years (25.1%) involved receipt of 1 FAD; 1 322 296 (11.7%), 2 FADs; and 954 506 (8.5%), 3 or more FADs. In fully adjusted, sex-stratified models, an increase in hip fracture risk among women was associated with the receipt of 1, 2, or 3 or more FADs (1 FAD: hazard ratio [HR], 2.04; 95% CI, 1.99-2.11; P < .001; 2 FADs: HR, 2.86; 95% CI, 2.77-2.95; P < .001; ≥3 FADs: HR, 4.50; 95% CI, 4.36-4.65; P < .001). Relative risks for men were slightly higher (1 FAD: HR, 2.23; 95% CI, 2.11-2.36; P < .001; 2 FADs: HR, 3.40; 95% CI, 3.20-3.61; P < .001; ≥3 FADs: HR, 5.18; 95% CI, 4.87-5.52; P < .001). Among women, 2 individual FADs were associated with HRs greater than 3.00; 80 pairs of FADs exceeded this threshold. Common, risky pairs among women included sedative hypnotics plus opioids (HR, 4.90; 95% CI, 3.98-6.02; P < .001), serotonin reuptake inhibitors plus benzodiazepines (HR, 4.50; 95% CI, 3.76-5.38; P < .001), and proton pump inhibitors plus opioids (HR, 4.00; 95% CI, 3.56-4.49; P < .001). Receipt of 1, 2, or 3 or more non-FADs was associated with a small, significant reduction in fracture risk compared with receipt of no non-FADs among women (1 non-FAD: HR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.90-0.96; P < .001; 2 non-FADs: HR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.81-0.87; P < .001; ≥3 non-FADs: HR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.72-0.77; P < .001).

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE

Among older adults, FADs are commonly used and commonly combined. In this cohort study, the addition of a second and third FAD was associated with a steep increase in fracture risk. Many risky pairs of FADs included potentially avoidable drugs (eg, sedatives and opioids). If confirmed, these findings suggest that fracture risk could be reduced through tighter adherence to long-established prescribing guidelines and recommendations.

[Antihypertensive therapy in men and women in real clinical practice according to the National register]

Hypertension is one of the most important risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in the world, including Russia. Current Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension do not include different theatment strategies for men and women. Gender and age analysis of antihypertensive treatmen in men and women could reveal unreasonable and non - optimal treatment in each group. The purpose of this study was to identify the gender features of antihypertensive therapy used by primary care physicians in patients with hypertension. Materials and methods. The study is based on the Arterial Hypertension Registry established in 2012. The methodology of it has been described previously [1]. Medical data from outpatient cards were entered by doctors of 53 city primary care medical centers and 5 cardiology clinics from 22 regions of the Russian Federation. The study included the data of 33 564 patients from 18 years and older with diagnosis of arterial hypertension. Gender, age, height, body weight, smoking status, office blood pressure (BP), laboratory and instrumental examination methods, diagnosed cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and comorbidities in accordance with the International Classification of Diseases of the 10th revision [ICD-10], as well as the treatment (antihypertensive and lipid - lowering therapy) were listed. Results and conclusion. Gender differences in the prescription antihypertensive therapy (AHT) in men and women with hypertension were revealed. Apparently, one of the reasons for these differences is the earlier and more frequent development of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular complications of hypertension in men than in women. Beta - blockers (BB) and angiotensin - converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) are more often prescribed to men with hypertension and with coronary artery disease (CAD), myocardial infarction (MI) and chronic heart failure (CHF). Women with hypertension are more often prescribed angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB), thiazide and thiazide - like diuretics. The study also showed non - optimal treatment of patients with hypertension. Insufficient prescription of medication which could improve the prognosis of the disease (ACE inhibitors /ARB, BB, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist) have been identified in patients with hypertension and CAD, MI, CHF. It is noteworthy that in the some outpatient cards of patients with AH there is no record of AHT prescription: at a young age - in 9.6%, at old age in 15.1% of cards. Despite the fact of high and very high cardiovascular risk of the majority of patients, lipid - lowering therapy (statins) was prescribed insufficiently. The most statin administration was observed in hypertensive patients with coronary artery disease (50.1%) and myocardial infarction (62.7%).

Blockade of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor increases bone mineral density and left ventricular contractility in a mouse model of juvenile Paget disease

Juvenile Paget disease (JPD1), an autosomal-recessive disorder, is characterized by extremely rapid bone turnover due to osteoprotegerin deficiency. Its extra-skeletal manifestations, such as hypertension and heart failure, suggest a pathogenesis with shared skeletal and cardiovascular system components. In spite of this, the effects of anti-hypertensive drugs on bone morphometry remain unknown. We administered an angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker, olmesartan (5 mg/kg/day) to 8-week-old male mice lacking the osteoprotegerin gene, with and without 1 μg/kg/min of angiotensin II infusion for 14 days. Olmesartan treatment decreased systolic blood pressure, and echocardiography showed increased left ventricular systolic contractility. Three-dimensional micro-computed tomography scans demonstrated that olmesartan treatment increased trabecular bone volume (sham, +176%; angiotensin II infusion, +335%), mineral density (sham, +150%; angiotensin II infusion, +313%), and trabecular number (sham, +407%; angiotensin II infusion, +622%) in the tibia. Olmesartan increased cortical mineral density (sham, +19%; angiotensin II infusion, +24%), decreased the cortical bone section area (sham, -16%; angiotensin II infusion, -18%), decreased thickness (sham, -18%; angiotensin II infusion, -31%), and decreased the lacunar area (sham, -41%; angiotensin II infusion, -27%) in the tibia. Similar trend was observed in the femur. Moreover, olmesartan decreased angiotensin II-induced increases in tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase concentrations in plasma, but it affected neither type I procollagen N-terminal propeptides, nor the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand. Our data suggest that blockade of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor improves bone vulnerability, and helps to maintain the heart's structural integrity in osteoprotegerin-deficient mice.

A retrospective cohort analysis of the effects of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors on spinal fusion in ACDF patients

BACKGROUND CONTEXT

Recently, preclinical and clinical studies suggest an association between renin-angiotensin system (RAS) blockers and bone healing, particularly in the context of osteoporotic bone fractures.

PURPOSE

To determine the correlation between the use of RAS inhibitors and fusion outcomes and neurologic status in anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) surgery.

STUDY DESIGN

Retrospective observational study.

PATIENT SAMPLE

Patients who underwent ACDF for degenerative disorders.

OUTCOME MEASURES

Spinal fusion status and neurologic function (modified Japanese Orthopedic Association [mJOA] and Nurick grading scales).

METHODS

A retrospective chart review was performed, including 200 patients who underwent ACDF for degenerative disorders with 1-year minimum follow-up. Demographic data, comorbidities, antihypertensive medication, neurologic examination, and fusion status were collected. Spinal fusion was assessed via plain cervical x-ray, resorting to dynamic radiographs and/or computer tomography (CT) in cases of uncertainty. Preoperative mJOA and Nurick scores and recovery rates were calculated to determine neurologic status.

RESULTS

Of the 200 patients (42.5% females, 57.5% males, median age of 53.7 years), 82 hypertensive patients were identified. Seventy-seven (93.9%) were taking antihypertensive medication as follows: 36.4% angiotensin-II receptor blockers (ARBs), 35.1% angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), and the remaining patients were taking other medication. In the analysis of fusion rates, patients treated with ARBs exhibited a higher fusion rate, while those treated with ACEIs displayed a lower fusion rate compared to untreated nonhypertensive patients (p = .04 and .02, respectively). The difference in fusion rates between ARBs and ACEIs was also significant, with the former displaying higher rates (p < .001). Smoking exhibited a negative correlation with spinal fusion (p < .001). In the multivariate analysis, ARBs remained an independent factor for successful fusion (p = .02), while smoking remained a risk factor for failed fusion (p = .002). In the neurologic examination, ACEIs, hypertension status, and older age correlated with lower modified Japanese Orthopedic Association (mJOA) recovery rates (p = .001, <.001, and <.001, respectively) in the univariate analysis.

CONCLUSIONS

In ACDF patients, we observed that ARBs were associated with higher fusion rates. Conversely, ACEIs and smoking were related to failed fusion. Prospective case-control studies are needed to confirm these RAS inhibitors effects on spinal fusion.

Estimation of Prevalence of Osteoporosis Using OSTA and Its Correlation with Sociodemographic Factors, Disability and Comorbidities

Osteoporosis is a growing concern for an aging society. The study aimed to estimate the prevalence of older adults who were at risk of osteoporosis and explore factors associated with osteoporosis. The relationship between the risk of osteoporosis, chronic conditions and disability was also explored. We hypothesized that respondents with high risk index of osteoporosis would be associated with greater disability. Participants aged 60 years and above (N = 2565) who were representative of Singapore’s multiethnic population were recruited. The Osteoporosis Self-Assessment Tool for Asians (OSTA) was used to classify the risk of osteoporosis. Information on sociodemographic details and chronic diseases were collected, while severity of disability was measured using the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0. The overall prevalence of the respondents who were at risk of osteoporosis was 52%. Those belonging to an older age, Chinese, female, never married or widowed, lower education and retired were associated with a higher risk of osteoporosis. A diagnosis of diabetes or hypertension was a protective factor against the risk of osteoporosis. High risk of osteoporosis was not associated with disability. Our findings highlighted specific factors associated with the risk of osteoporosis that could be useful for the prevention of osteoporosis and fractures.

Proteinuria Is Associated With Increased Risk of Fragility Fracture in Men With or at Risk of HIV Infection

BACKGROUND

Proteinuria has been associated with bone loss and fractures in general population, but data in HIV-infected population are lacking.

SETTING

Prospective, multicenter cohort study of men with or at risk of HIV infection.

METHODS

Between 2006 and 2015, urine protein measurements and bone fracture histories were ascertained semiannually in 947 HIV-infected (HIV+) and 969 HIV-uninfected (HIV-) men aged 40 years or older. Proteinuria was defined as protein-to-creatinine ratio ≥200 mg/g at ≥2 consecutive visits. Outcome measures (1) all fractures (excluding fractures of skull, face, and digits) and (2) fragility fractures (fractures of vertebral column, femur, wrist, and humerus). Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models assessed the association between proteinuria and fracture after adjusting for additional risk factors.

RESULTS

The overall period prevalence of proteinuria was higher among HIV+ than HIV- (29% vs 6%, P < 0.001). Men with proteinuria had a significantly higher risk of fragility fracture compared with men without proteinuria [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) = 2.29 (1.12-4.66)] and did not differ by HIV serostatus (p-interaction = 0.83). The risk of all fractures was not statistically different between men with or without proteinuria [aHR = 1.31 (0.84-2.05)]. Among HIV+ men, the association between confirmed proteinuria and fragility fracture was attenuated [aHR = 2.12 (0.95-4.73)] after additional adjustment for CD4 T-cell count/mm, history of AIDS, the presence of detectable plasma HIV-1 RNA, and cumulative exposure to tenofovir disoproxil fumarate.

CONCLUSIONS

Proteinuria was more common in HIV+ than in HIV- men and was a strong independent risk factor for fragility fracture regardless of HIV serostatus. Proteinuria should prompt consideration of a thorough evaluation for bone disease among HIV+ persons.

The skeletal renin-angiotensin system: A potential therapeutic target for the treatment of osteoarticular diseases

The classical renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is known to be a key regulator of blood pressure as well as fluid and electrolyte homeostasis. Additionally, it is now evident that components of the RAS are produced and act locally in many tissues, including liver, kidney, heart, lung, eye, bone, reproductive organ, adipose, and adrenal tissue, and these components are collectively known as tissue RAS. Recently, several studies have shown that local bone RAS is directly involved in bone metabolism, and activation of skeletal RAS plays an important role in bone diseases, such as osteoporosis, arthritis, and deterioration as well as in fracture healing. Based on the identification of RAS components in bone, we examined a new therapeutic approach to attenuate bone diseases through RAS inhibitors: renin inhibitor, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and angiotensin II receptor blockers. In this paper, we provide a systematic review of the skeletal RAS in the pathophysiology of bone diseases and the beneficial effect of RAS inhibitors on bone tissue.

Protective effects of 2,3,5,4-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-o-β-D-glucoside against osteoporosis: Current knowledge and proposed mechanisms

AIM

The aim of this study was to explore the mechanism underlying the protective effects of 2,3,5,4-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-o-β-D-glucoside (TSG) against osteoporosis.

METHOD

MC3T3-E1 mouse osteoblast precursor cells were used to analyze the protective effects of TSG on osteoblast apoptosis and differential inhibition induced by oxidative stress to determine the gene expression of forkhead transcription factor FKHRL1 (FoxO3a), T cell factors (TCFs), and downstream genes. A mouse model was used to assess the protective effects of TSG on ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis as well as on Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK) gene expression, including that of FoxO3a. The mechanism underlying the protective effects of TSG against osteoporosis was further explored using high-throughput sequencing data.

RESULTS

A CCK-8 assay in MC3T3-E1 cells and hematoxylin and eosin staining in mouse tissue indicated that cell viability and bone tissue development were inhibited by oxidative stress and ovariectomy and that TSG neutralized or attenuated this effect. The expression levels of FoxO3a, TCF, and downstream genes and the indices of oxidative stress were the same in MC3T3-E1 cells and the bone tissues of the mouse model. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that the cardiac muscle contraction and chemokine signaling pathway were disturbed in MC3T3-E1 cells treated with hydrogen peroxide. Gene ontology-biological process analysis revealed the influence of TSG treatment.

CONCLUSION

Osteoporosis and cardiac diseases appear to share a common mechanism. In addition to Wnt/FoxO3a signaling, the immune system and the chemokine signaling pathway may contribute to the protective mechanism of TSG.

Tanshinone‑IIA attenuates the deleterious effects of oxidative stress in osteoporosis through the NF‑κB signaling pathway

Osteoclasts are responsible for bone resorption caused by bone microstructural damage and bone-related disorders. Evidence shows that tanshinone IIA (Tan‑IIA), a traditional Chinese medicine, is used clinically as a drug for the treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. However, the efficacy and mechanism underlying the effect of Tan‑IIA on the viability of osteoclasts remain to be fully elucidated. The present study investigated the therapeutic effects of Tan‑IIA on osteoblast differentiation and oxidative stress in vitro and in vivo. Cell viability was analyzed and oxidative stress was examined in the osteoblasts. Wnt1sw/sw mice were used to investigate the therapeutic effects of Tan‑IIA on spontaneous tibia fractures and severe osteopenia. The bone strength, collagen and mineral were examined in the tibia. Osteoblast activity was also analyzed in the experimental mice. The Tan‑IIA‑induced differentiation of osteoclasts and the mechanism of action were investigated in osteocytes. The data showed that Tan‑IIA treatment improved cell viability. The data also demonstrated that Tan‑IIA decreased the levels of H2O2, accumulation of reactive oxygen species and apoptosis of osteoblasts. Tan‑IIA inhibited the deleterious outcomes triggered by oxidative stress. In addition, Tan‑IIA inhibited the activation of nuclear factor (NF)‑κB and its target genes, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‑α, inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase 2, and increased the levels of TNF receptor‑associated factor 1 and inhibitor of apoptosis protein‑1/2 in the osteocytes. Furthermore, it was shown that Tan‑IIA reduced the propensity to fractures and severe osteopenia in mice with osteoporosis. Tan‑IIA also exhibited improved bone strength, mineral and collagen in the bone matrix of the experimental mice. It was found that the Tan‑IIA‑mediated benefits on osteoblast activity and function were through the NF‑κB signaling pathway. Taken together, the data obtained in the present study suggested that Tan‑IIA had protective effects against oxidative stress in osteoblastic differentiation in mice with osteoporosis by regulating the NF‑κB signaling pathway.

Risk of osteoporosis and pathologic fractures in cancer patients who underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a nationwide retrospective cohort study

Background

Long-term data on post-hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) osteoporosis and fracture are limited. This study evaluated the long-term risk of osteoporosis and fracture in cancer patients who underwent HSCT.

Results

The incidence density rate of osteoporosis was 12.5 per 1000 person-years in the HSCT group, which was significantly higher than that in the non-HSCT group (5.65 per 1000 person-years) after adjustment for associated factors and consideration of competing risk factors (adjusted subhazard ratio, 1.48; 95% confidence interval, 1.06–2.07). The incidence density rate of fracture was 4.89 per 1000 person-years in the HSCT group, and the risk of fracture was 1.40 times higher in the HSCT group than in the non-HSCT group (95% confidence interval, 0.83–2.40). The vertebra was the most common site of fracture after HSCT (68.4%). The risk of osteoporosis and fracture significantly increased in post-HSCT patients with both hematological malignancies and solid tumors. Both autologous and allogeneic HSCTs increased the risk of osteoporosis, whereas only autologous HSCT recipients had an increased risk of fracture.

Materials and Methods

This nationwide retrospective cohort study analyzed data from Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database. We identified an HSCT group comprising 1040 cancer patients who underwent HSCT during 2000–2008 and a non-HSCT group comprising 4160 propensity score-matched cancer patients who did not undergo HSCT. All patients were followed up until the occurrence of osteoporosis; fracture; December 31, 2011; or withdrawal from the insurance program.

Conclusions

HSCT recipients have an increased risk of osteoporosis.

Inhibition on angiotensin-converting enzyme exerts beneficial effects on trabecular bone in orchidectomized mice

BACKGROUND

This study aimed to study the osteo-preservative effects of captopril, an inhibitor on angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), on bone mass, micro-architecture and histomorphology as well as the modulation of captopril on skeletal renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and regulators for bone metabolism in mice with bilateral orchidectomy.

METHODS

The orchidectomized (ORX) mice were orally administered with vehicle or captopril at low dose (10mg/kg) and high dose (50mg/kg) for six weeks. The distal femoral end, the proximal tibial head and the lumbar vertebra (LV) were stained by hematoxylin and eosin, Safranin O/Fast Green and masson-trichrome. Micro-computed tomography was performed to measure bone mineral density (BMD).

RESULTS

Treatment with captopril increased trabecular bone area at distal metaphysis of femur, proximal metaphysis of tibia and LV-4, moreover, high dose of captopril significantly elevated trabecular BMD of LV-2 and LV-5. The mRNA expressions of renin receptor, angiotensinogen, carbonic anhydrase II, matrix metalloproteinase-9, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha were significantly decreased in tibia of ORX mice following treatment with captopril. The administration with captopril enhanced the ratio of OPG/RANKL mRNA expression, the mRNA expression of transforming growth factor-beta and the protein expression of bradykinin receptor-1.

CONCLUSIONS

The inhibition on ACE by captopril exerts beneficial effects on trabecular bone of ORX mice. The therapeutic efficacy may be attributed to the regulation of captopril on local RAS and cytokines in bone.

Two-year cortical and trabecular bone loss in CKD-5D: biochemical and clinical predictors

This prospective two-year study of patients on chronic dialysis measured changes in bone mineral density (BMD). Patients with higher baseline BMD and shorter dialysis vintage lost more bone. Treatment with anti-hypertensives acting on the central nervous system was protective against bone loss. Baseline serum levels of sclerostin and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase predicted bone loss.

INTRODUCTION

This prospective 2-year study of chronic kidney disease on dialysis (CKD-5D) patients assessed trabecular and cortical bone loss at the hip and spine and examined potential demographic, clinical, and serum biochemical predictors of bone loss.

METHODS

Eighty-nine CKD-5D patients had baseline, year 1, and year 2 bone mineral density (BMD) measurements using dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and quantitative computed tomography (QCT); concurrent blood samples were drawn and clinical variables recorded. No study treatments occurred.

RESULTS

The 2-year total hip BMD change was - 5.9% by QCT and - 3.1% by DXA (p < 0.001). Spinal BMD was unchanged. QCT total hip cortical mass and volume decreased (- 7.3 and - 10.0%); trabecular volume increased by 5.9% (ps < 0.001). BMD changes did not vary with age, BMI, race, diabetes, smoking, or exercise. Patients with higher baseline BMD and shorter dialysis vintage lost more bone (p < 0.05). Vitamin D analogs and phosphate binders were not protective against bone loss; cinacalcet was protective by univariate but not by multivariable analysis. CNS-affecting antihypertensives were protective against loss of BMD, cortical mass, cortical volume (ps < 0.05) and trabecular mass (p = 0.007). These effects remained after adjustment. BSAP correlated with changes in BMD, cortical mass, and volume (p < 0.01) as did sclerostin (inversely).

CONCLUSIONS

There was severe cortical bone loss at the hip best recognized by QCT. Patients with shorter dialysis vintage and less pre-existing bone loss lost more bone, while treatment with CNS-acting antihypertensives was protective. BSAP and sclerostin were useful markers of bone loss.

Adrenomedullin inhibits osteoclast differentiation through the suppression of receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand-induced nuclear factor-κB activation in glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis

The current study aimed to improve the understanding on the association between adrenomedullin and osteoporosis in mice with glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Bone resorption and osteoporosis-associated indexes, including maximum load, stiffness, energy to failure, ultimate strength, elastic modulus, post-yield displacement and post-yield displacement, in mice with osteoporosis were analyzed in order to evaluate the effect of adrenomedullin. The receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast differentiation was investigated subsequent to treatment with adrenomedullin in vitro. The results demonstrated that adrenomedullin significantly improved bone mass loss, density, bone strength and osteoporosis disease in the mice with glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. In addition, adrenomedullin markedly improved the osteoporosis-associated NFATc1, TRAP, OSCAR and c-Fos expression levels. Furthermore, the current findings indicated that RANKL-mediated osteoclast differentiation was suppressed in vitro and in vivo. Notably, the data revealed that adrenomedullin significantly improved the osteoporotic symptoms through inhibition of RANKL-induced NF-κB activation in glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. In conclusion, adrenomedullin serves an essential role in the progression of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis, regulating the bone mass loss, density and strength through the NF-κB signaling pathway.

Initiation of antihypertensive monotherapy and incident fractures among Medicare beneficiaries

BACKGROUND

Research suggests antihypertensive medications are associated with fractures in older adults, however results are inconsistent and few have examined how the association varies over time. We sought to examine the association between antihypertensive class and incident non-vertebral fractures among older adults initiating monotherapy according to time since initiation.

METHODS

We used a new-user cohort design to identify Medicare beneficiaries (≥ 65 years of age) initiating antihypertensive monotherapy during 2008-2011 using a 20% random sample of Fee-For-Service Medicare beneficiaries enrolled in parts A (inpatient services), B (outpatient services), and D (prescription medication) coverage. Starting the day after the initial antihypertensive prescription, we followed beneficiaries for incident non-vertebral fractures. We used multinomial logistic regression models to estimate propensity scores for initiating each antihypertensive drug class. Using these propensity scores, we weighted beneficiaries to achieve the same baseline covariate distribution as beneficiaries initiating with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Lastly, we used weighted Cox proportional hazard models to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) of having an incident fractures according to antihypertensive class and time since initiation.

RESULTS

During 2008-2011, 122,629 Medicare beneficiaries initiated antihypertensive monotherapy (mean age 75, 61% women, 86% White). Fracture rates varied according to days since initiation and antihypertensive class. Beneficiaries initiating with thiazides had the highest fracture rate in the first 14 days following initiation (438 per 10,000 person-years, 95% confidence interval (CI): 294-628; HR: 1.40, 0.78-2.52). However, beneficiaries initiating with calcium channel blockers had the highest fracture rate during the 15-365 days after initiation (435 per 10,000 person-years, 95% CI: 404-468; HR: 1.11, 1.00-1.24). Beneficiaries initiating with angiotensin-receptor blockers had the lowest fracture rates during the initial 14 days (333 per 10,000 person-years, 190-546, HR: 0.92, 0.49-1.75) and during 15-365 days after initiation (321 per 10,000 person-years, 287-358, HR: 0.96, 0.84-1.09).

CONCLUSION

The association between antihypertensives and fractures varied according to class and time since initiation. Results suggest that when deciding upon antihypertensive therapy, clinicians may want to consider possible fracture risks when choosing between antihypertensive drug classes.