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Withana M, Castorina A. Potential Crosstalk between the PACAP/VIP Neuropeptide System and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Relevance to Multiple Sclerosis Pathophysiology. Cells 2023; 12:2633. [PMID: 37998368 PMCID: PMC10670126 DOI: 10.3390/cells12222633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated disorder characterized by focal demyelination and chronic inflammation of the central nervous system (CNS). Although the exact etiology is unclear, mounting evidence indicates that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress represents a key event in disease pathogenesis. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) are two structurally related neuropeptides that are abundant in the CNS and are known to exert neuroprotective and immune modulatory roles. Activation of this endogenous neuropeptide system may interfere with ER stress processes to promote glial cell survival and myelin self-repair. However, the potential crosstalk between the PACAP/VIP system and ER stress remains elusive. In this review, we aim to discuss how these peptides ameliorate ER stress in the CNS, with a focus on MS pathology. Our goal is to emphasize the importance of this potential interaction to aid in the identification of novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of MS and other demyelinating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessandro Castorina
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience (LCMN), School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia;
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2
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Cherait A, Banks WA, Vaudry D. The Potential of the Nose-to-Brain Delivery of PACAP for the Treatment of Neuronal Disease. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2032. [PMID: 37631246 PMCID: PMC10459484 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15082032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Research on the neuroprotective effect of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and its use as a therapeutic agent has grown over the past 30 years. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments have shown that PACAP exerts a strong neuroprotective effect in many central and peripheral neuronal diseases. Various delivery routes have been employed from intravenous (IV) injections to intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration, leading either to systemic or topical delivery of the peptide. Over the last decade, a growing interest in the use of intranasal (IN) administration of PACAP and other therapeutic agents has emerged as an alternative delivery route to target the brain. The aim of this review is to summarize the findings on the neuroprotective effect of PACAP and to discuss how the IN administration of PACAP could contribute to target the effects of this pleiotropic peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Cherait
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Inserm U1245, Medical Faculty, Normandie Univ, F-76000 Rouen, France;
- Department of Second Cycle, Higher School of Agronomy Mostaganem, Mostaganem 27000, Algeria
- Laboratory of Cellular Toxicology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Badji Mokhtar Annaba, B.P. 12, Annaba 23000, Algeria
| | - William A. Banks
- Geriatric Research Educational and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - David Vaudry
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Inserm U1245, Medical Faculty, Normandie Univ, F-76000 Rouen, France;
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Inserm US51, Regional Cell Imaging Platform of Normandy (PRIMACEN), Sciences and Technologies Faculty, Normandie Univ, F-76000 Rouen, France
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3
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Karpiesiuk A, Całka J, Palus K. Acrylamide-Induced Changes in the Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide (PACAP) Immunoreactivity in Small Intestinal Intramural Neurons in Pigs. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3272. [PMID: 36833970 PMCID: PMC9963040 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A particularly pressing problem is determining consumer-safe doses of potentially health- and life-threatening substances, such as acrylamide. The aim of the study was to determine how acrylamide affects the pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP)-immunoreactive intramural neurons in the small intestine of sexually immature gilts. METHODS The study was conducted on 15 sexually immature Danish gilts receiving for 28 days empty gelatin capsules or acrylamide in low (0.5 µg/kg of body weight (b.w.)/day) and high (5 µg/kg b.w./day) doses. After euthanasia, intestinal sections were stained using the double immunofluorescence staining procedure. RESULTS Studies have shown that oral administration of acrylamide in both doses induced a response of intramural neurons expressed as an increase in the population of PACAP-immunoreactive neurons in the small intestine. In the duodenum, only in the myenteric plexus (MP) was an increase in the number of PACAP-immunoreactive (IR) neurons observed in both experimental groups, while in the outer submucous plexus (OSP) and inner submucous plexus (ISP), an increase was noted only in the high-dose group. In the jejunum, both doses of acrylamide led to an increase in the population of PACAP-IR neurons in each enteric plexus (MP, OSP, ISP), while in the ileum, only supplementation with the higher dose of acrylamide increased the number of PACAP-IR enteric neurons in the MP, OSP, and ISP. CONCLUSIONS The obtained results suggest the participation of PACAP in acrylamide-induced plasticity of enteric neurons, which may be an important line of defence from the harmful action of acrylamide on the small intestines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Karpiesiuk
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego Str. 13, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland
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Lu J, Piper SJ, Zhao P, Miller LJ, Wootten D, Sexton PM. Targeting VIP and PACAP Receptor Signaling: New Insights into Designing Drugs for the PACAP Subfamily of Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:8069. [PMID: 35897648 PMCID: PMC9331257 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Peptide (PACAP) and Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) are neuropeptides involved in a diverse array of physiological and pathological processes through activating the PACAP subfamily of class B1 G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs): VIP receptor 1 (VPAC1R), VIP receptor 2 (VPAC2R), and PACAP type I receptor (PAC1R). VIP and PACAP share nearly 70% amino acid sequence identity, while their receptors PAC1R, VPAC1R, and VPAC2R share 60% homology in the transmembrane regions of the receptor. PACAP binds with high affinity to all three receptors, while VIP binds with high affinity to VPAC1R and VPAC2R, and has a thousand-fold lower affinity for PAC1R compared to PACAP. Due to the wide distribution of VIP and PACAP receptors in the body, potential therapeutic applications of drugs targeting these receptors, as well as expected undesired side effects, are numerous. Designing selective therapeutics targeting these receptors remains challenging due to their structural similarities. This review discusses recent discoveries on the molecular mechanisms involved in the selectivity and signaling of the PACAP subfamily of receptors, and future considerations for therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Lu
- Drug Discovery Biology, Australian Research Council Centre for Cryo-Electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Sarah J Piper
- Drug Discovery Biology, Australian Research Council Centre for Cryo-Electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Peishen Zhao
- Drug Discovery Biology, Australian Research Council Centre for Cryo-Electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Laurence J Miller
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
| | - Denise Wootten
- Drug Discovery Biology, Australian Research Council Centre for Cryo-Electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Patrick M Sexton
- Drug Discovery Biology, Australian Research Council Centre for Cryo-Electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
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Examination of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide in Parkinson’s disease focusing on correlations with motor symptoms. GeroScience 2022; 44:785-803. [PMID: 35220508 PMCID: PMC9135934 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-022-00530-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuroprotective effects of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) have been shown in numerous in vitro and in vivo models of Parkinson’s disease (PD) supporting the theory that PACAP could have an important role in the pathomechanism of the disorder affecting mostly older patients. Earlier studies found changes in PACAP levels in neurological disorders; therefore, the aim of our study was to examine PACAP in plasma samples of PD patients. Peptide levels were measured with ELISA and correlated with clinical parameters, age, stage of the disorder based on the Hoehn and Yahr (HY) scale, subtype of the disease, treatment, and specific scores measuring motor and non-motor symptoms, such as movement disorder society-unified Parkinson’s disease rating scale (MDS-UPDRS), Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS), Parkinson’s disease sleep scale (PDSS-2), and Beck depression inventory (BDI). Our results showed significantly decreased PACAP levels in PD patients without deep brain stimulation (DBS) therapy and in akinetic-rigid subtype; additionally we also observed a further decrease in the HY stage 3 and 4. Elevated PACAP levels were found in patients with DBS. There were no significant correlations between PACAP level with MDS-UPDRS, type of pharmacological treatment, PDSS-2 sleepiness, or depression (BDI) scales, but we found increased PACAP level in patients with more severe sleepiness problems based on the ESS scale. Based on these results, we suggest that following the alterations of PACAP with other frequently used clinical biomarkers in PD patients might improve strategic planning of further therapeutic interventions and help to provide a clearer prognosis regarding the future perspective of the disease.
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Shili I, Hamdi Y, Marouani A, Ben Lasfar Z, Ghrairi T, Lefranc B, Leprince J, Vaudry D, Olfa MK. Long-term protective effect of PACAP in a fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) model. Peptides 2021; 146:170630. [PMID: 34481915 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal ethanol exposure provokes teratogenic effects, due to oxidative stress and massive neuronal apoptosis in the developing brain that result in lifelong behavioral abnormalities. PACAP exerts anti-oxidative and neuroprotective activities on neuronal cells, and prevents ethanol neurotoxicity. The present study focused on the ability of PACAP to protect the brain of 30-day-old mice (P30) from prenatal alcohol exposure induced oxidative damage and toxicity. Pregnant mice were divided randomly into 4 groups, i.e. control group, ethanol group (1.5 g/kg ip daily injection), PACAP group (5 μg intrauterine daily injection) and an ethanol plus PACAP group. Offspring prenatally exposed to ethanol had decreased body weight and reduced cell survival. Moreover, production of ROS was sharply enhanced in the brain of prenatal ethanol-exposed animals, associated with an elevation in the activity of the antioxidant enzymes, and an increase of oxidative damages as shown by the accumulation of the lipid oxidation marker malondialdehyde and of protein carbonyl compounds. Intrauterine administration of PACAP during the gestational period restored the endogenous antioxidant system, prevented ROS overproduction and promoted the survival of dissociated cells from animals prenatally exposed to ethanol. Behavioral tests revealed that P30 animals exposed to ethanol during the prenatal period exhibited reduced motor activity, altered exploratory interest and increased anxiety. However, PACAP treatment significantly attenuated these behavioral impairments. This study demonstrates that PACAP exerts a potent neuroprotective effect against alcohol toxicity during brain development, and indicates that PACAP and/or PACAP analogs might be a useful tool for treatment of alcohol intoxication during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilhem Shili
- University Tunis El Manar, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, LR18ES03, Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Cellular Physiopathology and Biomelcules Valorisation, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia; Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Communication and Differentiation, Neuropeptides, Neuronal Death and Cell Plasticity Team, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Yosra Hamdi
- University Tunis El Manar, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, LR18ES03, Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Cellular Physiopathology and Biomelcules Valorisation, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ammar Marouani
- Institut Pasteur Tunisia, Laboratory of Venins and Toxines, B.P. 74, 1002 Tunis-Belvédère, Tunisia
| | - Zakaria Ben Lasfar
- Institut Pasteur Tunisia, Laboratory of Venins and Toxines, B.P. 74, 1002 Tunis-Belvédère, Tunisia
| | - Taoufik Ghrairi
- University Tunis El Manar, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, LR18ES03, Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Cellular Physiopathology and Biomelcules Valorisation, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Benjamin Lefranc
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Communication and Differentiation, Neuropeptides, Neuronal Death and Cell Plasticity Team, 76000 Rouen, France; Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Regional Cell Imaging Platform of Normandy (PRIMACEN), 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Jérôme Leprince
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Communication and Differentiation, Neuropeptides, Neuronal Death and Cell Plasticity Team, 76000 Rouen, France; Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Regional Cell Imaging Platform of Normandy (PRIMACEN), 76000 Rouen, France
| | - David Vaudry
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Communication and Differentiation, Neuropeptides, Neuronal Death and Cell Plasticity Team, 76000 Rouen, France; Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Regional Cell Imaging Platform of Normandy (PRIMACEN), 76000 Rouen, France.
| | - Masmoudi-Kouki Olfa
- University Tunis El Manar, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, LR18ES03, Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Cellular Physiopathology and Biomelcules Valorisation, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia.
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Protective Effects of PACAP in a Rat Model of Diabetic Neuropathy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910691. [PMID: 34639032 PMCID: PMC8509403 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide with a widespread occurrence and diverse effects. PACAP has well-documented neuro- and cytoprotective effects, proven in numerous studies. Among others, PACAP is protective in models of diabetes-associated diseases, such as diabetic nephropathy and retinopathy. As the neuropeptide has strong neurotrophic and neuroprotective actions, we aimed at investigating the effects of PACAP in a rat model of streptozotocin-induced diabetic neuropathy, another common complication of diabetes. Rats were treated with PACAP1-38 every second day for 8 weeks starting simultaneously with the streptozotocin injection. Nerve fiber morphology was examined with electron microscopy, chronic neuronal activation in pain processing centers was studied with FosB immunohistochemistry, and functionality was assessed by determining the mechanical nociceptive threshold. PACAP treatment did not alter body weight or blood glucose levels during the 8-week observation period. However, PACAP attenuated the mechanical hyperalgesia, compared to vehicle-treated diabetic animals, and it markedly reduced the morphological signs characteristic for neuropathy: axon–myelin separation, mitochondrial fission, unmyelinated fiber atrophy, and basement membrane thickening of endoneurial vessels. Furthermore, PACAP attenuated the increase in FosB immunoreactivity in the dorsal spinal horn and periaqueductal grey matter. Our results show that PACAP is a promising therapeutic agent in diabetes-associated complications, including diabetic neuropathy.
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Kvarik T, Reglodi D, Werling D, Vaczy A, Kovari P, Szabo E, Kovacs K, Hashimoto H, Ertl T, Gyarmati J, Atlasz T. The Protective Effects of Endogenous PACAP in Oxygen-Induced Retinopathy. J Mol Neurosci 2021; 71:2546-2557. [PMID: 33895966 PMCID: PMC8602170 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-021-01846-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase–activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide having trophic and protective functions in neural tissues, including the retina. Previously, we have shown that intravitreal PACAP administration can maintain retinal structure in the animal model of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). The purpose of this study is to examine the development of ROP in PACAP-deficient and wild-type mice to reveal the function of endogenous PACAP. Wild-type and PACAP-knockout (KO) mouse pups at postnatal day (PD) 7 were maintained at 75% oxygen for 5 consecutive days then returned to room air on PD12 to develop oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR). On PD15, animals underwent electroretinography (ERG) to assess visual function. On PD16, eyes were harvested for either immunohistochemistry to determine the percentage of the central avascular retinal area or molecular analysis to assess angiogenesis proteins by array kit and anti-apoptotic protein kinase B (Akt) change by western blot. Retinas of PACAP-deficient OIR mice showed a greater central avascular area than that of the wild types. ERG revealed significantly decreased b-wave amplitude in PACAP KO compared to their controls. Several angiogenic proteins were upregulated due to OIR, and 11 different proteins markedly increased in PACAP-deficient mice, whereas western blot analysis revealed a reduction in Akt phosphorylation, suggesting an advanced cell death in the lack of PACAP. This is the first study to examine the endogenous effect of PACAP in the OIR model. Previously, we have shown the beneficial effect of exogenous local PACAP treatment in the rat OIR model. Together with the present findings, we suggest that PACAP could be a novel retinoprotective agent in ROP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timea Kvarik
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Dora Reglodi
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Dora Werling
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Alexandra Vaczy
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Petra Kovari
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Edina Szabo
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Kovacs
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Hitoshi Hashimoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tibor Ertl
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Judit Gyarmati
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Tamas Atlasz
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary. .,Department of Sportbiology, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary.
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La Russa D, Montesano D, Pellegrino D, Frisina M, Bagetta G, Fallarino F, Amantea D. Systemic administration of sunflower oil exerts neuroprotection in a mouse model of transient focal cerebral ischaemia. J Pharm Pharmacol 2021; 74:1776-1783. [PMID: 33749789 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgab007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Natural products are valuable sources of nutraceuticals for the prevention or treatment of ischemic stroke, a major cause of death and severe disability worldwide. Among the mechanisms implicated in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion damage, oxidative stress exerts a pivotal role in disease progression. Given the high antioxidant potential of most components of sunflower oil, we have explored its effects on ischemic brain injury produced in the mouse by transient occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCAo). KEY FINDINGS Intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of sunflower oil at doses of 3 ml/kg (48 h, 24 h and 1 h before MCAo) significantly reduced brain infarct volume and oedema assessed 24 h after the insult. This neuroprotective treatment schedule also prevented the elevation of brain lipid peroxidation produced by MCAo-reperfusion injury. By contrast, doses of 0.03 ml/kg of sunflower oil resulted ineffective on both cerebral damage and lipid peroxidation. Although sunflower oil did not affect serum levels of Diacron-reactive oxygen metabolites (d-ROMs), both 0.03 and 3 ml/kg dosing regimens resulted in the preservation of serum biological antioxidant potential (BAP) that was otherwise dramatically reduced 24 h after MCAo. CONCLUSIONS Sunflower oil represents a promising source of neuroprotective extracts/compounds that can be exploited for the prevention and/or treatment of cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele La Russa
- Section of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Domenico Montesano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Section of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Daniela Pellegrino
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Marialaura Frisina
- Section of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Giacinto Bagetta
- Section of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | | | - Diana Amantea
- Section of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Cosenza, Italy
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Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide: A Potent Therapeutic Agent in Oxidative Stress. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10030354. [PMID: 33653014 PMCID: PMC7996859 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10030354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a life-threatening condition that is characterized by secondary cell death processes that occur after the initial disruption of blood flow to the brain. The inability of endogenous repair mechanisms to sufficiently support functional recovery in stroke patients and the inadequate treatment options available are cause for concern. The pathology behind oxidative stress in stroke is of particular interest due to its detrimental effects on the brain. The oxidative stress caused by ischemic stroke overwhelms the neutralization capacity of the body's endogenous antioxidant system, which leads to an overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) and eventually results in cell death. The overproduction of ROS compromises the functional and structural integrity of brain tissue. Therefore, it is essential to investigate the mechanisms involved in oxidative stress to help obtain adequate treatment options for stroke. Here, we focus on the latest preclinical research that details the mechanisms behind secondary cell death processes that cause many central nervous system (CNS) disorders, as well as research that relates to how the neuroprotective molecular mechanisms of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptides (PACAPs) could make these molecules an ideal candidate for the treatment of stroke.
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11
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Alzheimer's Disease Mouse as a Model of Testis Degeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165726. [PMID: 32785075 PMCID: PMC7460847 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide with protective functions in the central nervous system and various peripheral organs. PACAP has the highest expression level in the testes, among the peripheral organs, and has a positive regulative role in spermatogenesis and in sperm motility. In the present study, we explored testicular degenerative alterations in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) (B6C3-Tg(APPswe,PSEN1dE9)85Dbo/J) and demonstrated changes in PACAP-regulated signaling pathways. In addition, the effects of increased physical activity of AD (trained AD (TAD)) mice on testis were also followed. Reduced cell number and decreased thickness of basement membrane were detected in AD samples. These changes were compensated by physical activity. Expression of PACAP receptors and canonical signaling elements such as PKA, P-PKA, PP2A significantly decreased in AD mice, and altered Sox transcription factor expression was also detected. Via this signaling mechanism, physical activity compensated the negative effects of AD on the expression of type IV collagen. Our findings suggest that the testes of AD mice can be a good model of testis degeneration. Moreover, it can be an appropriate organ to follow the effects of various interventions such as physical activity on tissue regeneration and signaling alterations.
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Fulop DB, Humli V, Szepesy J, Ott V, Reglodi D, Gaszner B, Nemeth A, Szirmai A, Tamas L, Hashimoto H, Zelles T, Tamas A. Hearing impairment and associated morphological changes in pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP)-deficient mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14598. [PMID: 31601840 PMCID: PMC6787024 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50775-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a regulatory and cytoprotective neuropeptide, its deficiency implies accelerated aging in mice. It is present in the auditory system having antiapoptotic effects. Expression of Ca2+-binding proteins and its PAC1 receptor differs in the inner ear of PACAP-deficient (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice. Our aim was to elucidate the functional role of PACAP in the auditory system. Auditory brainstem response (ABR) tests found higher hearing thresholds in KO mice at click and low frequency burst stimuli. Hearing impairment at higher frequencies showed as reduced ABR wave amplitudes and latencies in KO animals. Increase in neuronal activity, demonstrated by c-Fos immunolabeling, was lower in KO mice after noise exposure in the ventral and dorsal cochlear nuclei. Noise induced neuronal activation was similar in further relay nuclei of the auditory pathway of WT and KO mice. Based on the similar inflammatory and angiogenic protein profile data from cochlear duct lysates, neither inflammation nor disturbed angiogenesis, as potential pathological components in sensorineural hearing losses, seem to be involved in the pathomechanism of the presented functional and morphological changes in PACAP KO mice. The hearing impairment is probably concomitant with the markedly accelerated aging processes in these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Balazs Fulop
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pecs Medical School, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Viktoria Humli
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Judit Szepesy
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Virag Ott
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pecs Medical School, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Dora Reglodi
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pecs Medical School, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Balazs Gaszner
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pecs Medical School, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Adrienn Nemeth
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pecs Medical School, Pecs, Hungary.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pecs Medical School, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Agnes Szirmai
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Laszlo Tamas
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Hitoshi Hashimoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Molecular Research Center for Children's Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University and University of Fukui, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Division of Bioscience, Institute for Datability Science, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tibor Zelles
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary. .,Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Andrea Tamas
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pecs Medical School, Pecs, Hungary.
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13
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The Neuropeptide Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide (PACAP) is Protective in Inflammation and Oxidative Stress-Induced Damage in the Kidney. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194944. [PMID: 31591326 PMCID: PMC6801442 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a pleiotropic neuropeptide with a widespread distribution throughout the entire body including the urinary system. PACAP exerts protective actions in different injury models related to several organ systems. Its protective effect is mainly based on its antiapoptotic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. The present review aims to summarize the effects of PACAP in pathologies associated with inflammation and oxidative stress-induced damage in the kidney. Both in vitro and in vivo data are available proving its protective actions against oxidative stress, hypoxia, renal ischemia/reperfusion, diabetic nephropathy, myeloma kidney injury, amyloidosis and different types of drug-induced nephropathies. Data showing the nephroprotection by PACAP emphasize the potential of PACAP’s therapeutic use in various renal pathologies.
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14
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Abstract
Dysregulation of neuropeptides may play an important role in aging-induced impairments. In the long list of neuropeptides, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) represents a highly effective cytoprotective peptide that provides an endogenous control against a variety of tissue-damaging stimuli. PACAP has neuro- and general cytoprotective effects due to anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant actions. As PACAP is also a part of the endogenous protective machinery, it can be hypothesized that the decreased protective effects in lack of endogenous PACAP would accelerate age-related degeneration and PACAP knockout mice would display age-related degenerative signs earlier. Recent results support this hypothesis showing that PACAP deficiency mimics aspects of age-related pathophysiological changes including increased neuronal vulnerability and systemic degeneration accompanied by increased apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Decrease in PACAP expression has been shown in different species from invertebrates to humans. PACAP-deficient mice display numerous pathological alterations mimicking early aging, such as retinal changes, corneal keratinization and blurring, and systemic amyloidosis. In the present review, we summarize these findings and propose that PACAP deficiency could be a good model of premature aging.
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15
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Ladjimi MH, Barbouche R, Ben Barka Z, Vaudry D, Lefranc B, Leprince J, Troadec JD, Ben Rhouma K, Sakly M, Tebourbi O, Save E. Comparison of the effects of PACAP-38 and its analog, acetyl-[Ala 15, Ala 20] PACAP-38-propylamide, on spatial memory, post-learning BDNF expression and oxidative stress in rat. Behav Brain Res 2018; 359:247-257. [PMID: 30343054 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We compared the effects of single intraveinous injection of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide-38 (P38) to those of its analog, acetyl-[Ala15, Ala20]PACAP-38-propylamide (P38-alg) on spatial memory in the Morris water maze (MWM) using a weak massed-learning procedure, post-training brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and post-training oxidative stress biomarker assays in male Wistar rats. Acquisition of the MWM task following P38 (30 μg/kg) and P38-alg (30 μg/kg) treatments was similar to control group (Saline: 0.9% NaCl) and there was no interaction between treatments and performance. However, in the probe test, P38-treated group showed a specific interest for the target quadrant whereas the two other groups exhibited less focused place searching behavior. Moreover, P38 had an anxiogenic effect as measured by the distribution of swimming at the periphery of the pool. The swimming test resulted in a decrease in BDNF contents in the hippocampus. P38 but not P38-alg treatment restored BDNF expression. In terms of oxidative stress, both P38 and P38-alg treatments had antioxidative effects. The activity of antioxidative enzymes in the neocortex was increased. However only P38 reduced the levels of carbonylated proteins (CP). These data show that P38 and P38-alg have different behavioral and neurobiological effects. Thus, P38-alg and other analogs with specific functional profiles, inducing beneficial central effects (e.g. neuroprotection) while minimizing undesired peripheral effects may be useful for potential therapeutical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed H Ladjimi
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LNC, Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience UMR 7291, Marseille, France; Laboratory of Integrated Physiology LR11S33, Faculty of Science of Bizerte, University of Carthage, 7021 Jarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Rym Barbouche
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LNC, Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience UMR 7291, Marseille, France
| | - Zaineb Ben Barka
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology LR11S33, Faculty of Science of Bizerte, University of Carthage, 7021 Jarzouna, Tunisia
| | - David Vaudry
- Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, INSERM U1239, Normandy University, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Benjamin Lefranc
- Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, INSERM U1239, Normandy University, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Jérôme Leprince
- Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, INSERM U1239, Normandy University, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Jean-Denis Troadec
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LNC, Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience UMR 7291, Marseille, France
| | - Khemais Ben Rhouma
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology LR11S33, Faculty of Science of Bizerte, University of Carthage, 7021 Jarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Mohsen Sakly
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology LR11S33, Faculty of Science of Bizerte, University of Carthage, 7021 Jarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Olfa Tebourbi
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology LR11S33, Faculty of Science of Bizerte, University of Carthage, 7021 Jarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Etienne Save
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LNC, Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience UMR 7291, Marseille, France.
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16
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AMPK Activation of PGC-1α/NRF-1-Dependent SELENOT Gene Transcription Promotes PACAP-Induced Neuroendocrine Cell Differentiation Through Tolerance to Oxidative Stress. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:4086-4101. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1352-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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17
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Hirabayashi T, Yamashita M, Wada N, Takenoya F, Ikeda H, Kamei J, Ryushi T, Yamamoto N, Shioda S. Analgesic effect of mineral cream containing natural spa minerals for use on the skin. Biomed Res 2018; 39:215-222. [PMID: 30101841 DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.39.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that dissolved substances in some natural hot springs have analgesic/anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory actions. However, the mechanisms underlying how such dissolved substances exert these actions are not fully understood. In the present study on mice, we examined the analgesic/anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties of a mineral cream containing natural hot spring ingredients. The anti-nociceptive effects of the mineral cream were assessed by using the von Frey test. Application of the mineral cream to the hind paw of mice produced a significant anti-nociceptive effect compared to control. The anti-nociceptive effects of the mineral cream were also assessed following the injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) into the hind paws of mice after pre-treatment for one or four weeks with the mineral cream. Histological experiments with light microscopy showed that the mineral cream did not reduce inflammation caused by the CFA treatment. In addition, the mineral cream did not inhibit oxidative stress as evidenced by increased levels of oxidative metabolites (d-ROMs) and biological anti-oxidant potential (BAP). These results suggest that the mineral cream does not exert a protective effect against inflammation, and that the constituents of the mineral cream may produce their anti-nociceptive effects transdermally via different mechanisms including the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michio Yamashita
- Global Research Center for Innovative Life Science, Hoshi University.,Department of Exercise and Sports Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University
| | - Nobuhiro Wada
- Global Research Center for Innovative Life Science, Hoshi University
| | - Fumiko Takenoya
- Department of Exercise and Sports Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University
| | - Hiroko Ikeda
- Department of Pathophysiology and Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University
| | - Junzo Kamei
- Department of Pathophysiology and Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University
| | - Tomoo Ryushi
- Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Department of Sports Science, Daito Bunka University
| | - Noriyuki Yamamoto
- Department of Health Sciences, Japanese Red Cross Hokkaido College of Nursing
| | - Seiji Shioda
- Global Research Center for Innovative Life Science, Hoshi University
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18
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Reglodi D, Jungling A, Longuespée R, Kriegsmann J, Casadonte R, Kriegsmann M, Juhasz T, Bardosi S, Tamas A, Fulop BD, Kovacs K, Nagy Z, Sparks J, Miseta A, Mazzucchelli G, Hashimoto H, Bardosi A. Accelerated pre-senile systemic amyloidosis in PACAP knockout mice - a protective role of PACAP in age-related degenerative processes. J Pathol 2018; 245:478-490. [PMID: 29774542 PMCID: PMC6055756 DOI: 10.1002/path.5100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of neuropeptides may play an important role in aging‐induced impairments. Among them, pituitary adenylate cyclase‐activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a potent cytoprotective peptide that provides an endogenous control against a variety of tissue‐damaging stimuli. We hypothesized that the progressive decline of PACAP throughout life and the well‐known general cytoprotective effects of PACAP lead to age‐related pathophysiological changes in PACAP deficiency, supported by the increased vulnerability to various stressors of animals partially or totally lacking PACAP. Using young and aging CD1 PACAP knockout (KO) and wild type (WT) mice, we demonstrated pre‐senile amyloidosis in young PACAP KO animals and showed that senile amyloidosis appeared accelerated, more generalized, more severe, and affected more individuals. Histopathology showed age‐related systemic amyloidosis with mainly kidney, spleen, liver, skin, thyroid, intestinal, tracheal, and esophageal involvement. Mass spectrometry‐based proteomic analysis, reconfirmed with immunohistochemistry, revealed that apolipoprotein‐AIV was the main amyloid protein in the deposits together with several accompanying proteins. Although the local amyloidogenic protein expression was disturbed in KO animals, no difference was found in laboratory lipid parameters, suggesting a complex pathway leading to increased age‐related degeneration with amyloid deposits in the absence of PACAP. In spite of no marked inflammatory histological changes or blood test parameters, we detected a disturbed cytokine profile that possibly creates a pro‐inflammatory milieu favoring amyloid deposition. In summary, here we describe accelerated systemic senile amyloidosis in PACAP gene‐deficient mice, which might indicate an early aging phenomenon in this mouse strain. Thus, PACAP KO mice could serve as a model of accelerated aging with human relevance. © 2018 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Reglodi
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Group, University of Pecs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Adel Jungling
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Group, University of Pecs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Rémi Longuespée
- Institute of Pathology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joerg Kriegsmann
- Center for Histology, Cytology and Molecular Diagnostics, Trier, Germany.,Proteopath GmbH, Trier, Germany
| | | | - Mark Kriegsmann
- Institute of Pathology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tamas Juhasz
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Sebastian Bardosi
- Center for Histology, Cytology and Molecular Diagnostics, Trier, Germany
| | - Andrea Tamas
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Group, University of Pecs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Balazs Daniel Fulop
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Group, University of Pecs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Kovacs
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, University of Pecs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Nagy
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pecs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Jason Sparks
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Group, University of Pecs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Attila Miseta
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pecs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Gabriel Mazzucchelli
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry (LSM) - MolSys, Department of Chemistry, University of Liège, Belgium
| | - Hitoshi Hashimoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Japan
| | - Attila Bardosi
- Center for Histology, Cytology and Molecular Diagnostics, Trier, Germany
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19
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Solymar M, Ivic I, Balasko M, Fulop BD, Toth G, Tamas A, Reman G, Koller A, Reglodi D. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide ameliorates vascular dysfunction induced by hyperglycaemia. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2018; 15:277-285. [PMID: 29466879 DOI: 10.1177/1479164118757922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Short-lasting hyperglycaemia occurs frequently in prediabetes and poorly controlled diabetes mellitus leading to vascular damage. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) has been shown to play a protective role in vascular complications of diabetes; moreover, antioxidant effects of PACAP were also described. Therefore, we hypothesized that PACAP exerts protective effects in short-term hyperglycaemia-induced vascular dysfunctions. METHODS After short-term hyperglycaemia, acetylcholine-induced and sodium nitroprusside-induced vascular relaxation of mouse carotid arteries were tested with a myograph with or without the presence of PACAP or superoxide dismutase. Potential direct antioxidant superoxide-scavenging action of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide was tested with pyrogallol autoxidation assay; furthermore, the effect of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide or superoxide dismutase was investigated on hyperglycaemia-associated vascular markers. RESULTS PACAP administration resulted in reduced endothelial dysfunction after a 1-h hyperglycaemic episode. PACAP was able to restore acetylcholine-induced relaxation of the vessels and improved sodium nitroprusside-induced relaxation. This effect was comparable to the protective effect of superoxide dismutase, but PACAP was unable to directly scavenge superoxide produced by autoxidation of pyrogallol. Endothelial dysfunction was associated with elevated levels of fibroblast growth factor basic, matrix metalloproteinase 9 and nephroblastoma overexpressed gene proteins. Their release was reduced by PACAP administration. CONCLUSION These results suggest a strong protective role of PACAP in the vascular complications of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margit Solymar
- 1 Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ivan Ivic
- 2 Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Marta Balasko
- 1 Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Balazs D Fulop
- 2 Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Gabor Toth
- 3 Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Andrea Tamas
- 2 Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Gyongyver Reman
- 2 Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Akos Koller
- 4 Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
- 5 Department of Neurosurgery, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- 6 Institute of Natural Sciences, University of Physical Education, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dora Reglodi
- 2 Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
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20
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Kasica-Jarosz N, Podlasz P, Kaleczyc J. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP-38) plays an inhibitory role against inflammation induced by chemical damage to zebrafish hair cells. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198180. [PMID: 29856797 PMCID: PMC5983416 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP-38) is a common neuropeptide exerting a wide spectrum of functions in many fields, including immunology. In the present study, 5-day post-fertilization (dpf) zebrafish larvae of three diverse genetic lines [transgenic lines Tg(MPX:GFP) with GFP-labelled neutrophils and Tg(pou4f3:GAP-GFP) with GFP-labelled hair cells and the wild-type Tuebingen] were used to investigate an inhibitory role of PACAP-38 in inflammation associated with damaged hair cells of the lateral line. Individuals of each genetic line were assigned to four groups: (1) control, and those consisting of larvae exposed to (2) 10 µM CuSO4, (3) 10 µM CuSO4+100 nM PACAP-38 and (4) 100 nM PACAP-38, respectively. Forty-minute exposure to CuSO4 solution was applied to evoke necrosis of hair cells and consequent inflammation. The inhibitory role of PACAP-38 was investigated in vivo under a confocal microscope by counting neutrophils migrating towards damaged hair cells in Tg(MPX:GFP) larvae. In CuSO4-treated individuals, the number of neutrophils associated with hair cells was dramatically increased, while PACAP-38 co-treatment resulted in its over 2-fold decrease. However, co-treatment with PACAP-38 did not prevent hair cells from extensive necrosis, which was found in Tg(pou4f3:GAP-GFP) individuals. Real-Time PCR analysis performed in wild-type larvae demonstrated differential expression pattern of stress and inflammation inducible markers. The most significant findings showed that CuSO4 exposure up-regulated the expression of IL-8, IL-1β, IL-6 and ATF3, while after PACAP-38 co-treatment expression levels of these genes were significantly decreased. The presence of transcripts for all PACAP receptors in neutrophils was also revealed. Adcyap1r1a and vipr1b appeared to be predominant forms. The present results suggest that PACAP-38 should be considered as a factor playing an important regulatory role in inflammatory response associated with pathological processes affecting zebrafish hair cells and it cannot be excluded that this interesting property has more universal significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Kasica-Jarosz
- Department of Animal Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
- * E-mail: (NK); (PP)
| | - Piotr Podlasz
- Department of Pathophysiology, Forensic Veterinary and Administration, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
- * E-mail: (NK); (PP)
| | - Jerzy Kaleczyc
- Department of Animal Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
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21
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Protective effects of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide against neurotoxic agents. Neurotoxicology 2018; 66:185-194. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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22
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IL-6 knockout mice are protected from cocaine-induced kindling behaviors; possible involvement of JAK2/STAT3 and PACAP signalings. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 116:249-263. [PMID: 29673861 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
IL-6 has been recognized as an anticonvulsant against certain neuroexcitotoxicities. We aimed to investigate on the interactive role between IL-6 and PACAP in cocaine-induced kindling behaviors. Although we found that cocaine (45 mg/kg, i.p./day x 5) significantly increased IL-6 and TNF-α expression, it resulted in a decrease in IFN-γ expression. We observed that the cocaine-induced increase in IL-6 expression was more pronounced than that in TNF-α expression. Genetic depletion of IL-6 significantly activated cocaine kindling behaviors. This phenomenon was also consistently observed in WT mice that received a neutralizing IL-6 receptor antibody. Cocaine-treated IL-6 knockout mice exhibited significantly decreased PACAP and PACAP receptor (PAC1R) mRNA levels and significantly increased TNF-α gene expression. TNF-α knockout mice were protected from cocaine kindling via an up-regulation of IL-6, phospho-JAK2/STAT3, PACAP, and PAC1R levels, which produced anti-apoptotic effects. Recombinant IL-6 protein (rIL-6, 2 μg, i.v./mouse/day x 5) also up-regulated phospho-JAK2/STAT3, PACAP, and PAC1R mRNA levels, leading to anti-apoptotic effects in IL-6 knockout mice. Consistently, AG490, a JAK2/STAT3 inhibitor, and PACAP 6-38, a PAC1 receptor antagonist, counteracted rIL-6-mediated protection. Combined, our results suggest that IL-6 gene requires up-regulation of phospho-JAK2/STAT3, PACAP, and PAC1R and down-regulation of the TNF-α gene to modulate its anticonvulsive/neuroprotective potential.
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23
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Novel tactics for neuroprotection in Parkinson's disease: Role of antibiotics, polyphenols and neuropeptides. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 155:120-148. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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24
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Kasica N, Podlasz P, Sundvik M, Tamas A, Reglodi D, Kaleczyc J. Protective Effects of Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide (PACAP) Against Oxidative Stress in Zebrafish Hair Cells. Neurotox Res 2016; 30:633-647. [PMID: 27557978 PMCID: PMC5047952 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-016-9659-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a pleiotropic neuropeptide, with known antiapoptotic functions. Our previous in vitro study has demonstrated the ameliorative role of PACAP-38 in chicken hair cells under oxidative stress conditions, but its effects on living hair cells is now yet known. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate in vivo the protective role of PACAP-38 in hair cells found in zebrafish (Danio rerio) sense organs-neuromasts. To induce oxidative stress the 5-day postfertilization (dpf) zebrafish larvae were exposed to 1.5 mM H2O2 for 15 min or 1 h. This resulted in an increase in caspase-3 and p-38 MAPK level in the hair cells as well as in an impairment of the larvae basic behavior. To investigate the ameliorative role of PACAP-38, the larvae were incubated with a mixture of 1.5 mM H2O2 and 100 nM PACAP-38 following 1 h preincubation with 100 nM PACAP-38 only. PACAP-38 abilities to prevent hair cells from apoptosis were investigated. Whole-mount immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy analyses revealed that PACAP-38 treatment decreased the cleaved caspase-3 level in the hair cells, but had no influence on p-38 MAPK. The analyses of basic locomotor activity supported the protective role of PACAP-38 by demonstrating the improvement of the fish behavior after PACAP-38 treatment. In summary, our in vivo findings demonstrate that PACAP-38 protects zebrafish hair cells from oxidative stress by attenuating oxidative stress-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Kasica
- Department of Animal Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 13, box 105J, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Piotr Podlasz
- Department of Pathophysiology, Forensic Veterinary and Administration, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Maria Sundvik
- Department of Anatomy, Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8 (Biomedicum Helsinki), 00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andrea Tamas
- Department of Anatomy, University of Pecs, Szigeti 12, 7624, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Dora Reglodi
- Department of Anatomy, University of Pecs, Szigeti 12, 7624, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Jerzy Kaleczyc
- Department of Animal Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 13, box 105J, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland
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25
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Morara S, Colangelo AM, Provini L. Microglia-Induced Maladaptive Plasticity Can Be Modulated by Neuropeptides In Vivo. Neural Plast 2015; 2015:135342. [PMID: 26273481 PMCID: PMC4529944 DOI: 10.1155/2015/135342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia-induced maladaptive plasticity is being recognized as a major cause of deleterious self-sustaining pathological processes that occur in neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases. Microglia, the primary homeostatic guardian of the central nervous system, exert critical functions both during development, in neural circuit reshaping, and during adult life, in the brain physiological and pathological surveillance. This delicate critical role can be disrupted by neural, but also peripheral, noxious stimuli that can prime microglia to become overreactive to a second noxious stimulus or worsen underlying pathological processes. Among regulators of microglia, neuropeptides can play a major role. Their receptors are widely expressed in microglial cells and neuropeptide challenge can potently influence microglial activity in vitro. More relevantly, this regulator activity has been assessed also in vivo, in experimental models of brain diseases. Neuropeptide action in the central nervous system has been associated with beneficial effects in neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory pathological experimental models. This review describes some of the mechanisms of the microglia maladaptive plasticity in vivo and how neuropeptide activity can represent a useful therapeutical target in a variety of human brain pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Morara
- Neuroscience Institute (CNR), Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy
- Department of BIOMETRA, University of Milano, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Colangelo
- Laboratory of Neuroscience “R. Levi-Montalcini”, Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
- SYSBIO Centre of Systems Biology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
- NeuroMI Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Luciano Provini
- Department of BIOMETRA, University of Milano, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy
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Figueiredo-Pereira ME, Rockwell P, Schmidt-Glenewinkel T, Serrano P. Neuroinflammation and J2 prostaglandins: linking impairment of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and mitochondria to neurodegeneration. Front Mol Neurosci 2015; 7:104. [PMID: 25628533 PMCID: PMC4292445 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2014.00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune response of the CNS is a defense mechanism activated upon injury to initiate repair mechanisms while chronic over-activation of the CNS immune system (termed neuroinflammation) may exacerbate injury. The latter is implicated in a variety of neurological and neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, traumatic brain injury, HIV dementia, and prion diseases. Cyclooxygenases (COX-1 and COX-2), which are key enzymes in the conversion of arachidonic acid into bioactive prostanoids, play a central role in the inflammatory cascade. J2 prostaglandins are endogenous toxic products of cyclooxygenases, and because their levels are significantly increased upon brain injury, they are actively involved in neuronal dysfunction induced by pro-inflammatory stimuli. In this review, we highlight the mechanisms by which J2 prostaglandins (1) exert their actions, (2) potentially contribute to the transition from acute to chronic inflammation and to the spreading of neuropathology, (3) disturb the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and mitochondrial function, and (4) contribute to neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, as well as stroke, traumatic brain injury (TBI), and demyelination in Krabbe disease. We conclude by discussing the therapeutic potential of targeting the J2 prostaglandin pathway to prevent/delay neurodegeneration associated with neuroinflammation. In this context, we suggest a shift from the traditional view that cyclooxygenases are the most appropriate targets to treat neuroinflammation, to the notion that J2 prostaglandin pathways and other neurotoxic prostaglandins downstream from cyclooxygenases, would offer significant benefits as more effective therapeutic targets to treat chronic neurodegenerative diseases, while minimizing adverse side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Figueiredo-Pereira
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, The Graduate School and University Center, City University of New York New York, NY, USA
| | - Patricia Rockwell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, The Graduate School and University Center, City University of New York New York, NY, USA
| | - Thomas Schmidt-Glenewinkel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, The Graduate School and University Center, City University of New York New York, NY, USA
| | - Peter Serrano
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College, The Graduate School and University Center, City University of New York New York, NY, USA
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Banki E, Sosnowska D, Tucsek Z, Gautam T, Toth P, Tarantini S, Tamas A, Helyes Z, Reglodi D, Sonntag WE, Csiszar A, Ungvari Z. Age-related decline of autocrine pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide impairs angiogenic capacity of rat cerebromicrovascular endothelial cells. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2014; 70:665-74. [PMID: 25136000 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glu116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging impairs angiogenic capacity of cerebromicrovascular endothelial cells (CMVECs) promoting microvascular rarefaction, but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. PACAP is an evolutionarily conserved neuropeptide secreted by endothelial cells and neurons, which confers important antiaging effects. To test the hypothesis that age-related changes in autocrine PACAP signaling contributes to dysregulation of endothelial angiogenic capacity, primary CMVECs were isolated from 3-month-old (young) and 24-month-old (aged) Fischer 344 x Brown Norway rats. In aged CMVECs, expression of PACAP was decreased, which was associated with impaired capacity to form capillary-like structures, impaired adhesiveness to collagen (assessed using electric cell-substrate impedance sensing [ECIS] technology), and increased apoptosis (caspase3 activity) when compared with young cells. Overexpression of PACAP in aged CMVECs resulted in increased formation of capillary-like structures, whereas it did not affect cell adhesion. Treatment with recombinant PACAP also significantly increased endothelial tube formation and inhibited apoptosis in aged CMVECs. In young CMVECs shRNA knockdown of autocrine PACAP expression significantly impaired tube formation capacity, mimicking the aging phenotype. Cellular and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production (dihydroethidium and MitoSox fluorescence, respectively) were increased in aged CMVECs and were unaffected by PACAP. Collectively, PACAP exerts proangiogenic effects and age-related dysregulation of autocrine PACAP signaling may contribute to impaired angiogenic capacity of CMVECs in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Banki
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center. Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Lendulet Research Team
| | - Danuta Sosnowska
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center
| | - Zsuzsanna Tucsek
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center
| | - Tripti Gautam
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center
| | - Peter Toth
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center
| | - Stefano Tarantini
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center
| | - Andrea Tamas
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Lendulet Research Team
| | - Zsuzsanna Helyes
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Szentágothai Research Center, and
| | - Dora Reglodi
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Lendulet Research Team
| | - William E Sonntag
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center
| | - Anna Csiszar
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center. Department of Pathophysiology and Gerontology, Medical School and Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Hungary. Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center
| | - Zoltan Ungvari
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center. Department of Pathophysiology and Gerontology, Medical School and Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Hungary. Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center.
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Shivers KY, Nikolopoulou A, Machlovi SI, Vallabhajosula S, Figueiredo-Pereira ME. PACAP27 prevents Parkinson-like neuronal loss and motor deficits but not microglia activation induced by prostaglandin J2. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2014; 1842:1707-19. [PMID: 24970746 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a major risk factor in Parkinson's disease (PD). Alternative approaches are needed to treat inflammation, as anti-inflammatory drugs such as NSAIDs that inhibit cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) can produce devastating side effects, including heart attack and stroke. New therapeutic strategies that target factors downstream of COX-2, such as prostaglandin J2 (PGJ2), hold tremendous promise because they will not alter the homeostatic balance offered by COX-2 derived prostanoids. In the current studies, we report that repeated microinfusion of PGJ2 into the substantia nigra of non-transgenic mice, induces three stages of pathology that mimic the slow-onset cellular and behavioral pathology of PD: mild (one injection) when only motor deficits are detectable, intermediate (two injections) when neuronal and motor deficits as well as microglia activation are detectable, and severe (four injections) when dopaminergic neuronal loss is massive accompanied by microglia activation and motor deficits. Microglia activation was evaluated in vivo by positron emission tomography (PET) with [(11)C](R)PK11195 to provide a regional estimation of brain inflammation. PACAP27 reduced dopaminergic neuronal loss and motor deficits induced by PGJ2, without preventing microglia activation. The latter could be problematic in that persistent microglia activation can exert long-term deleterious effects on neurons and behavior. In conclusion, this PGJ2-induced mouse model that mimics in part chronic inflammation, exhibits slow-onset PD-like pathology and is optimal for testing diagnostic tools such as PET, as well as therapies designed to target the integrated signaling across neurons and microglia, to fully benefit patients with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Yvonne Shivers
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, Graduate School and University Center, CUNY, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Anastasia Nikolopoulou
- Department of Radiology, Citigroup Biomedical Imaging Center, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Saima Ishaq Machlovi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, Graduate School and University Center, CUNY, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Shankar Vallabhajosula
- Department of Radiology, Citigroup Biomedical Imaging Center, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Maria E Figueiredo-Pereira
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, Graduate School and University Center, CUNY, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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PACAP38 suppresses cortical damage in mice with traumatic brain injury by enhancing antioxidant activity. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 54:370-9. [PMID: 24907941 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-014-0309-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the resulting oxidative stress in mice in response to a controlled cortical impact (CCI) are typical exacerbating factors associated with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide 38 (PACAP38) is a multifunctional peptide that has been shown to exhibit neuroprotective effects in response to a diverse range of injuries to neuronal cells. We recently reported that PACAP38 might regulate oxidative stress in mice. The aim of the present study was to determine whether PACAP38 exerts neuroprotective effects by regulating oxidative stress in mice with TBI. Reactive oxidative metabolites (ROMs) and biological antioxidant potential (BAP) were measured in male C57Bl/6 mice before and 3, 4, and 24 h after CCI. PACAP38 was administered intravenously immediately following CCI, and immunostaining for the oxidative stress indicator nitrotyrosine (NT), and for neuronal death as an indicator of the area affected by TBI, was measured 24 h later. Western blot experiments to determine antioxidant activity [as indicated by superoxide dismutase-2 (SOD-2) and glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPx-1)] in the neocortical region were also performed 3 h post-CCI. Results showed that plasma BAP and ROM levels were dramatically increased 3 h after CCI. PACAP38 suppressed the extent of TBI and NT-positive regions 24 h after CCI, and increased SOD-2 and GPx-1 levels in both hemispheres. Taken together, these results suggest that increasing antioxidant might be involving in the neuroprotective effect of PACAP38 in mice subjected to a CCI.
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PACAP27 is protective against tat-induced neurotoxicity. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 54:485-93. [PMID: 24696163 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-014-0273-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV) infection of the central nervous system promotes neuronal injury and apoptosis that culminate in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Viral proteins, such as transactivator of transcription (Tat), have emerged as leading candidates to explain HIV-mediated neurotoxicity, though the mechanism remains unclear. To determine the effects of Tat, rat cortical neurons were exposed to nanomolar concentrations of Tat for various time points. Within a few hours, Tat induced the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and other indices of mitochondrial destabilization. In addition, we observed a significant induction of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) by Tat. We next investigated the neuroprotective activity of the pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide 27 (PACAP27) against these cardinal features of Tat-induced neurodegeneration. PACAP27 (100 nM) inhibited all Tat-mediated toxic effects including DNA DSBs. Importantly, PACAP27 prevented the induction of neuronal loss induced by Tat. The neuroprotective effect of PACAP27 is correlated with its ability to release the anti-apoptotic chemokine CCL5. Our data support a mechanism of Tat neurotoxicity in which Tat induces mitochondrial destabilization, thus increasing the release of ROS, which causes DNA DSBs leading to cell death. PACAP27, through CCL5, mitigates the effects of Tat-induced neuronal dysfunction, suggesting that PACAP27 could be a new strategy for an adjunct therapy against HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders.
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Maasz G, Pirger Z, Reglodi D, Petrovics D, Schmidt J, Kiss P, Rivnyak A, Hashimoto H, Avar P, Jambor E, Tamas A, Gaszner B, Mark L. Comparative protein composition of the brains of PACAP-deficient mice using mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 54:310-9. [PMID: 24643519 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-014-0264-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a widespread neuropeptide acting as a neurotransmitter, neuromodulator, or neurotrophic factor. The diverse biological actions provide the background for the variety of deficits observed in mice lacking endogenous PACAP. PACAP-deficient mice display several abnormalities, such as sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)-like phenotype, decreased cell protection, and increased risk of Parkinson's disease. However, the molecular and proteomic background is still unclear. Therefore, our aim was to investigate the differences in peptide and protein composition in the brains of PACAP-deficient and wild-type mice using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and mass spectrometric (MS)-based proteomic analysis. Brains from PACAP-deficient mice were removed, and different brain areas (cortex, hippocampus, diencephalon, mesencephalon, brainstem, and cerebellum) were separated. Brain pieces were weighed, homogenized, and further processed for electrophoretic analysis. Our results revealed several differences in diencephalon and mesencephalon. The protein bands of interest were cut from the gel, samples were digested with trypsin, and the tryptic peptides were measured by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight (MALDI TOF) MS. Results were analyzed by MASCOT Search Engine. Among the altered proteins, several are involved in metabolic processes, energy homeostasis, and structural integrity. ATP-synthase and tubulin beta-2A were expressed more strongly in PACAP-knockout mice. In contrast, the expression of more peptides/proteins markedly decreased in knockout mice, like pyruvate kinase, fructose biphosphate aldolase-A, glutathione S-transferase, peptidyl propyl cis-trans isomerase-A, gamma enolase, and aspartate amino transferase. The altered expression of these enzymes might partially account for the decreased antioxidant and detoxifying capacity of PACAP-deficient mice accompanying the increased vulnerability of these animals. Our results provide novel insight into the altered biochemical processes in mice lacking endogenous PACAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Maasz
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry Institute of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
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Nedvig K, Szabó G, Csukás D, Sándor J, Németh J, Kovács K, Reglődi D, Kemény A, Wéber G, Ferencz A. [Examination of cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory effect of PACAP-38 on small bowel autotransplantation]. Magy Seb 2014; 66:250-5. [PMID: 24144817 DOI: 10.1556/maseb.66.2013.5.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The small intestine is one of the most sensitive organs to ischemia-reperfusion injury during transplantation. Cytoprotective effect of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is well known. The aim of our study was to measure changes of PACAP-38-like immunoreactivities and cytokine levels in intestinal grafts stored PACAP-38 containing preservation solution. MATERIAL AND METHODS Small-bowel autotransplantation was performed on male Wistar rats (n = 56). Grafts were stored in University of Wisconsin (UW) solution at 4 °C for 1 (GI), 3 (GII), and 6 hours (GIII); and in PACAP-38 containing UW solution for 1 (GIV), 3 (GV), and 6 hours (GVI). Reperfusion lasted 3 hours in each group. Intestinal PACAP-38 immunoreactivities were measured by radioimmunoassay. To measure cytokine from tissue homogenates we used rat cytokine array and Luminex Multiplex Immunoassay. RESULTS Levels of PACAP-38-like and PACAP-27-like immunoreactivities decreased by preservation time compared to control. This decrease was significant following 6 hours cold storage (p < 0.05). Values remained significantly higher in grafts stored in PACAP-38 containing UW. Expressions of sICAM-1, L-selectin, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 were increased in GIII and were decreased in GVI. CONCLUSION PACAP-38 increased tissue levels of PACAP-38 and PACAP-27, and decreased cytokine expression. This indicates that PACAP-38 has anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective effects in intestinal autotransplantation model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klára Nedvig
- Zala Megyei Kórház Általános Sebészeti és Érsebészeti Osztály Zalaegerszeg
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Nedvig K, Weber G, Nemeth J, Kovacs K, Reglodi D, Kemeny A, Ferencz A. Changes of PACAP immunoreactivities and cytokine levels after PACAP-38 containing intestinal preservation and autotransplantation. J Mol Neurosci 2012; 48:788-94. [PMID: 22899163 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-012-9870-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Small bowel is one of the most sensitive organs to ischemia-reperfusion injury, which is a significant problem during transplantation. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) has cytoprotective effect in ischemic injuries of various tissues. The aim of our study was to measure changes of PACAP-38 and PACAP-27 immunoreactivities and cytokine levels in intestinal grafts stored in PACAP-38-containing preservation solution. Small bowel autotransplantation was performed on male Wistar rats. Grafts were stored in University of Wisconsin (UW) solution at 4 °C for 1 h (group (G)I), for 3 h (GII), and for 6 h (GIII) and in PACAP-38-containing UW solution for 1 h (GIV), for 3 h (GV), and for 6 h (GVI). After preservation, performing vessel anastomosis reperfusion began, which lasted 3 h in each group. Tissue biopsies were collected after laparotomy (control) and at the end of the reperfusion periods. Intestinal PACAP-38 and PACAP-27 immunoreactivities were measured by radioimmunoassay. To measure cytokines from tissue homogenates, we used rat cytokine array and Luminex Multiplex Immunoassay. Levels of PACAP-38 and PACAP-27 immunoreactivity decreased after 1 and 3 h preservation compared to control levels. This decrease was significant following 6 h cold storage (p < 0.05). Values remained significantly higher in grafts stored in PACAP-38-containing UW. Cytokine array revealed that expression of the soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (CD54) and L-selectin (CD62L/LECAM-1) was increased in GIII. Both 6 h cold storage in PACAP-38-containing UW solution and 3 h reperfusion caused strong reduction in these cytokines activation in GVI. RANTES (CCL5) levels were increased in all groups. Strong activation of the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 was in GIII. However, PACAP-38-containing cold storage could decrease its activation in GVI. Furthermore, strong activation of the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 was detected in 6 h preserved grafts without PACAP-38 (GIII). PACAP-38-containing cold storage could decrease its activation in GVI. Our present study showed that PACAP-38 and PACAP-27 immunoreactivities decreased in a time-dependent manner during intestinal cold preservation, which could be ameliorated by administration of exogenous PACAP-38 to the preservation solution. Moreover, PACAP-38 could attenuate tissue cold ischemic injury-induced changes in cytokine expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klara Nedvig
- Department of Surgical Research and Techniques, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
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PACAP is an Endogenous Protective Factor—Insights from PACAP-Deficient Mice. J Mol Neurosci 2012; 48:482-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-012-9762-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Reglodi D, Kiss P, Horvath G, Lubics A, Laszlo E, Tamas A, Racz B, Szakaly P. Effects of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide in the urinary system, with special emphasis on its protective effects in the kidney. Neuropeptides 2012; 46:61-70. [PMID: 21621841 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2011.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a widespread neuropeptide with diverse effects in the nervous system and peripheral organs. One of the most well-studied effects of PACAP is its cytoprotective action, against different harmful stimuli in a wide variety of cells and tissues. PACAP occurs in the urinary system, from the kidney to the lower urinary tract. The present review focuses on the nephroprotective effects of PACAP and summarizes data obtained regarding the protective effects of PACAP in different models of kidney pathologies. In vitro data show that PACAP protects tubular cells against oxidative stress, myeloma light chain, cisplatin, cyclosporine-A and hypoxia. In vivo data provide evidence for its protective effects in ischemia/reperfusion, cisplatin, cyclosporine-A, myeloma kidney injury, diabetic nephropathy and gentamicin-induced kidney damage. Results accumulated on the renoprotective effects of PACAP suggest that PACAP is an emerging candidate for treatment of human kidney pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Reglodi
- Department of Anatomy, University of Pecs, Szigeti u 12, 7624 Pecs, Hungary.
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Szabadfi K, Atlasz T, Kiss P, Danyadi B, Tamas A, Helyes Z, Hashimoto H, Shintani N, Baba A, Toth G, Gabriel R, Reglodi D. Mice deficient in pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) are more susceptible to retinal ischemic injury in vivo. Neurotox Res 2011; 21:41-8. [PMID: 21717232 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-011-9254-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Revised: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neuroprotective peptide exerting protective effects in neuronal injuries. We have provided evidence that PACAP is neuroprotective in several models of retinal degeneration in vivo. Our previous studies showed that PACAP treatment ameliorated the damaging effects of chronic hypoperfusion modeled by permanent bilateral carotid artery occlusion. We have also demonstrated in earlier studies that treatment with PACAP antagonists further aggravates retinal lesions. It has been shown that PACAP deficient mice have larger infarct size in cerebral ischemia. The aim of this study was to compare the degree of retinal damage in wild type and PACAP deficient mice in ischemic retinal insult. Mice underwent 10 min of bilateral carotid artery occlusion followed by 2-week reperfusion period. Retinas were then processed for histological analysis. It was found that PACAP deficient mice had significantly greater retinal damage, as shown by the thickness of the whole retina, the morphometric analysis of the individual retinal layers, and the cell numbers in the inner nuclear and ganglion cell layers. Exogenous PACAP administration could partially protect against retinal degeneration in PACAP deficient mice. These results clearly show that endogenous PACAP reacts as a stress-response peptide that is necessary for endogenous protection against different retinal insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Szabadfi
- Department of Experimental Zoology, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
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