1
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El Habre R, Aoun R, Tahtouh R, Hilal G. All-trans-retinoic acid modulates glycolysis via H19 and telomerase: the role of mir-let-7a in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer cells. BMC Cancer 2024; 24:615. [PMID: 38773429 PMCID: PMC11106948 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-024-12379-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer (BC) is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in women. Treatment approaches that differ between estrogen-positive (ER+) and triple-negative BC cells (TNBCs) and may subsequently affect cancer biomarkers, such as H19 and telomerase, are an emanating delight in BC research. For instance, all-trans-Retinoic acid (ATRA) could represent a potent regulator of these oncogenes, regulating microRNAs, mostly let-7a microRNA (miR-let-7a), which targets the glycolysis pathway, mainly pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) and lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) enzymes. Here, we investigated the potential role of ATRA in H19, telomerase, miR-let-7a, and glycolytic enzymes modulation in ER + and TNBC cells. METHODS MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells were treated with 5 µM ATRA and/or 100 nM fulvestrant. Then, ATRA-treated or control MCF-7 cells were transfected with either H19 or hTERT siRNA. Afterward, ATRA-treated or untreated MDA-MB-231 cells were transfected with estrogen receptor alpha ER(α) or beta ER(β) expression plasmids. RNA expression was evaluated by RT‒qPCR, and proteins were assessed by Western blot. PKM2 activity was measured using an NADH/LDH coupled enzymatic assay, and telomerase activity was evaluated with a quantitative telomeric repeat amplification protocol assay. Student's t-test or one-way ANOVA was used to analyze data from replicates. RESULTS Our results showed that MCF-7 cells were more responsive to ATRA than MDA-MB-231 cells. In MCF-7 cells, ATRA and/or fulvestrant decreased ER(α), H19, telomerase, PKM2, and LDHA, whereas ER(β) and miR-let-7a increased. H19 or hTERT knockdown with or without ATRA treatment showed similar results to those obtained after ATRA treatment, and a potential interconnection between H19 and hTERT was found. However, in MDA-MB-231 cells, RNA expression of the aforementioned genes was modulated after ATRA and/or fulvestrant, with no significant effect on protein and activity levels. Overexpression of ER(α) or ER(β) in MDA-MB-231 cells induced telomerase activity, PKM2 and LDHA expression, in which ATRA treatment combined with plasmid transfection decreased glycolytic enzyme expression. CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge, our study is the first to elucidate a new potential interaction between the estrogen receptor and glycolytic enzymes in ER + BC cells through miR-let-7a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita El Habre
- Cancer and Metabolism Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rita Aoun
- Cancer and Metabolism Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Roula Tahtouh
- Cancer and Metabolism Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - George Hilal
- Cancer and Metabolism Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon.
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2
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Nayeem N, Sauma S, Ahad A, Rameau R, Kebadze S, Bazett M, Park BJ, Casaccia P, Prabha S, Hubbard K, Contel M. Insights into Mechanisms and Promising Triple Negative Breast Cancer Therapeutic Potential for a Water-Soluble Ruthenium Compound. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2024; 7:1364-1376. [PMID: 38751641 PMCID: PMC11092013 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.4c00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) represents a subtype of breast cancer that does not express the three major prognostic receptors of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), progesterone (PR), and estrogen (ER). This limits treatment options and results in a high rate of mortality. We have reported previously on the efficacy of a water-soluble, cationic organometallic compound (Ru-IM) in a TNBC mouse xenograft model with impressive tumor reduction and targeted tumor drug accumulation. Ru-IM inhibits cancer hallmarks such as migration, angiogenesis, and invasion in TNBC cells by a mechanism that generates apoptotic cell death. Ru-IM displays little interaction with DNA and appears to act by a P53-independent pathway. We report here on the mitochondrial alterations caused by Ru-IM treatment and detail the inhibitory properties of Ru-IM in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in MDA-MB-231 cells. Lastly, we describe the results of an efficacy study of the TNBC xenografted mouse model with Ru-IM and Olaparib monotherapy and combinatory treatments. We find 59% tumor shrinkage with Ru-IM and 65% with the combination. Histopathological analysis confirmed no test-article-related toxicity. Immunohistochemical analysis indicated an inhibition of the angiogenic marker CD31 and increased levels of apoptotic cleaved caspase 3 marker, along with a slight inhibition of p-mTOR. Taken together, the effects of Ru-IM in vitro show similar trends and translation in vivo. Our investigation underscores the therapeutic potential of Ru-IM in addressing the challenges posed by TNBC as evidenced by its robust efficacy in inhibiting key cancer hallmarks, substantial tumor reduction, and minimal systemic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazia Nayeem
- Department
of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, The City
University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States
- Brooklyn
College Cancer Center, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States
- Biology
PhD Program The Graduate Center, The City
University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Sami Sauma
- Biology
PhD Program The Graduate Center, The City
University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States
- Neuroscience
Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Department
of Biology, City College, The City University
of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Afruja Ahad
- Department
of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, The City
University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States
- Brooklyn
College Cancer Center, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States
- Biology
PhD Program The Graduate Center, The City
University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States
- Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Rachele Rameau
- Biology
PhD Program The Graduate Center, The City
University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States
- Department
of Biology, City College, The City University
of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Sophia Kebadze
- Department
of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, The City
University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States
- Brooklyn
College Cancer Center, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States
| | - Mark Bazett
- Bold
Therapeutics Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia V6C 1E1, Canada
| | - Brian J. Park
- Bold
Therapeutics Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia V6C 1E1, Canada
| | - Patrizia Casaccia
- Neuroscience
Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Swayam Prabha
- Fels
Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine and Department of Cancer
and Cellular Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Cancer
Signaling and Tumor Microenvironment Program, Fox Chase Center, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111, United States
| | - Karen Hubbard
- Biology
PhD Program The Graduate Center, The City
University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States
- Department
of Biology, City College, The City University
of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Maria Contel
- Department
of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, The City
University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States
- Brooklyn
College Cancer Center, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States
- Biology
PhD Program The Graduate Center, The City
University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States
- Chemistry
PhD Program, The Graduate Center, The City
University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States
- Biochemistry
PhD Program, The Graduate Center, The City
University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States
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3
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Miskin RP, DiPersio CM. Roles for epithelial integrin α3β1 in regulation of the microenvironment during normal and pathological tissue remodeling. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2024; 326:C1308-C1319. [PMID: 38497112 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00128.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Integrin receptors for the extracellular matrix activate intracellular signaling pathways that are critical for tissue development, homeostasis, and regeneration/repair, and their loss or dysregulation contributes to many developmental defects and tissue pathologies. This review will focus on tissue remodeling roles for integrin α3β1, a receptor for laminins found in the basement membranes (BMs) that underlie epithelial cell layers. As a paradigm, we will discuss literature that supports a role for α3β1 in promoting ability of epidermal keratinocytes to modify their tissue microenvironment during skin development, wound healing, or tumorigenesis. Preclinical and clinical studies have shown that this role depends largely on ability of α3β1 to govern the keratinocyte's repertoire of secreted proteins, or the "secretome," including 1) matrix proteins and proteases involved in matrix remodeling and 2) paracrine-acting growth factors/cytokines that stimulate other cells with important tissue remodeling functions (e.g., endothelial cells, fibroblasts, inflammatory cells). Moreover, α3β1 signaling controls gene expression that helps epithelial cells carry out these functions, including genes that encode secreted matrix proteins, proteases, growth factors, or cytokines. We will review what is known about α3β1-dependent gene regulation through both transcription and posttranscriptional mRNA stability. Regarding the latter, we will discuss examples of α3β1-dependent alternative splicing (AS) or alternative polyadenylation (APA) that prevents inclusion of cis-acting mRNA sequences that would otherwise target the transcript for degradation via nonsense-mediated decay or destabilizing AU-rich elements (AREs) in the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR). Finally, we will discuss prospects and anticipated challenges of exploiting α3β1 as a clinical target for the treatment of cancer or wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - C Michael DiPersio
- Department of Surgery, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, United States
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, United States
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4
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Zhang W, Qi L, Liu Z, He S, Wang C, Wu Y, Han L, Liu Z, Fu Z, Tu C, Li Z. Integrated multiomic analysis and high-throughput screening reveal potential gene targets and synergetic drug combinations for osteosarcoma therapy. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e317. [PMID: 37457661 PMCID: PMC10338795 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Although great advances have been made over the past decades, therapeutics for osteosarcoma are quite limited. We performed long-read RNA sequencing and tandem mass tag (TMT)-based quantitative proteome on osteosarcoma and the adjacent normal tissues, next-generation sequencing (NGS) on paired osteosarcoma samples before and after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT), and high-throughput drug combination screen on osteosarcoma cell lines. Single-cell RNA sequencing data were analyzed to reveal the heterogeneity of potential therapeutic target genes. Additionally, we clarified the synergistic mechanisms of doxorubicin (DOX) and HDACs inhibitors for osteosarcoma treatment. Consequently, we identified 2535 osteosarcoma-specific genes and several alternative splicing (AS) events with osteosarcoma specificity and/or patient heterogeneity. Hundreds of potential therapeutic targets were identified among them, which showed the core regulatory roles in osteosarcoma. We also identified 215 inhibitory drugs and 236 synergistic drug combinations for osteosarcoma treatment. More interestingly, the multiomic analysis pointed out the pivotal role of HDAC1 and TOP2A in osteosarcoma. HDAC inhibitors synergized with DOX to suppress osteosarcoma both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, HDAC inhibitors synergized with DOX by downregulating SP1 to transcriptionally modulate TOP2A expression. This study provided a comprehensive view of molecular features, therapeutic targets, and synergistic drug combinations for osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchao Zhang
- Department of OrthopedicsThe Second Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Tumor Models and Individualized MedicineThe Second Xiangya HospitalChangshaChina
| | - Lin Qi
- Department of OrthopedicsThe Second Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Tumor Models and Individualized MedicineThe Second Xiangya HospitalChangshaChina
| | - Zhongyue Liu
- Department of OrthopedicsThe Second Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Tumor Models and Individualized MedicineThe Second Xiangya HospitalChangshaChina
| | - Shasha He
- Department of OncologyThe Second Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
| | | | - Ying Wu
- MegaRobo Technologies Co., LtdSuzhouChina
| | | | | | - Zheng Fu
- MegaRobo Technologies Co., LtdSuzhouChina
| | - Chao Tu
- Department of OrthopedicsThe Second Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Tumor Models and Individualized MedicineThe Second Xiangya HospitalChangshaChina
| | - Zhihong Li
- Department of OrthopedicsThe Second Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Tumor Models and Individualized MedicineThe Second Xiangya HospitalChangshaChina
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5
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David KI, Ravikumar TS, Sethuraman S, Krishnan UM. Investigations of an organic-inorganic nanotheranostic hybrid for pancreatic cancer therapy using cancer-in-a-dish and in vivomodels. Biomed Mater 2022; 18. [PMID: 36270604 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ac9cb2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of highly aggressive pancreatic cancer is increasing across the globe and is projected to increase to 18.6% by 2050. The mortality rate for this form of cancer is very high and the 5 y relative survival rate is only about 9%-10%. The 3D pancreatic cancer microenvironment exerts a major influence on the poor survival rate. A key factor is the prevention of the penetration of the chemotherapeutic drugs in the three-dimensional (3D) microenvironment leading to the development of chemoresistance which is a major contributor to the survival rates. Hence,in vitrostudies using 3D cultures represent a better approach to understand the effect of therapeutic formulations on the cancer cells when compared to conventional 2D cultures. In the present study, we have explored three different conditions for the development of a 3D pancreatic tumour spheroid model from MiaPaCa-2 and PanC1 cells cultured for 10 days using Matrigel matrix. This optimized spheroid model was employed to evaluate a multi-functional nanotheranostic system fabricated using chitosan nanoparticles co-encapsulated with the chemotherapeutic agent gemcitabine and gold-capped iron oxide nanoparticles for multimodal imaging. The effect of the single and multiple-dose regimens of the theranostic system on the viability of 3D spheroids formed from the two pancreatic cancer cell lines was studied. It was observed that the 3D tumour spheroids cultured for 10 days exhibited resistance towards free gemcitabine drug, unlike the 2D culture. The administration of the multifunctional nanotheranostic system on alternate days effectively reduced the cancer cell viability after five doses to about 20% when compared with other groups. The repeated doses of the nanotheranostic system were found to be more effective than the single dose. Cell line-based differences in internalization of the carrier was also reflected in their response to the nanocarrier with PanC1 showing better sensitivity to the treatment.In vivostudies revealed that the combination of gemcitabine and magnetic field induced hypothermia produced superior regression in cancer when compared with the chemotherapeutic agent alone by a combination of activating the pro-apoptotic pathway and heat-induced necrosis. Our results reveal that this multi-functional system holds promise to overcome the current challenges to treat pancreatic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolyn Infanta David
- Centre for Nanotechnology and Advanced Biomaterials, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, TamilNadu 613401, India.,School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, TamilNadu 613401, India
| | - T S Ravikumar
- Formerly at Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences (SVIMS) Tirupati 517507, India
| | - Swaminathan Sethuraman
- Centre for Nanotechnology and Advanced Biomaterials, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, TamilNadu 613401, India.,School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, TamilNadu 613401, India
| | - Uma Maheswari Krishnan
- Centre for Nanotechnology and Advanced Biomaterials, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, TamilNadu 613401, India.,School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, TamilNadu 613401, India.,School of Arts, Sciences, Humanities and Education, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, TamilNadu 613401, India
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6
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An Evolutionarily Conserved AU-Rich Element in the 3' Untranslated Region of a Transcript Misannotated as a Long Noncoding RNA Regulates RNA Stability. Mol Cell Biol 2022; 42:e0050521. [PMID: 35274990 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00505-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the primary mechanisms of post-transcriptional gene regulation is the modulation of RNA stability. We recently discovered that LINC00675, a transcript annotated as a long noncoding RNA (lncRNA), is transcriptionally regulated by FOXA1 and encodes a highly conserved small protein that localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum, hence renamed as FORCP (FOXA1-regulated conserved small protein). Here, we show that the endogenous FORCP transcript is rapidly degraded and rendered unstable as a result of 3'UTR-mediated degradation. Surprisingly, although the FORCP transcript is a canonical nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) and microRNA (miRNA) target, we found that it is not degraded by NMD or miRNAs. Targeted deletion of an evolutionarily conserved region in the FORCP 3'UTR using CRISPR/Cas9 significantly increased the stability of the FORCP transcript. Interestingly, this region requires the presence of an immediate downstream 55-nt-long sequence for transcript stability regulation. Functionally, colorectal cancer cells lacking this conserved region expressed from the endogenous FORCP locus displayed decreased proliferation and clonogenicity. These data demonstrate that the FORCP transcript is destabilized via conserved elements within its 3'UTR and emphasize the need to interrogate the function of a given 3'UTR in its native context.
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7
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Nyati KK, Kishimoto T. Recent Advances in the Role of Arid5a in Immune Diseases and Cancer. Front Immunol 2022; 12:827611. [PMID: 35126382 PMCID: PMC8809363 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.827611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
AT-rich interactive domain 5a (Arid5a) is a nucleic acid binding protein. In this review, we highlight recent advances in the association of Arid5a with inflammation and human diseases. Arid5a is known as a protein that performs dual functions. In in vitro and in vivo studies, it was found that an inflammation-dependent increase in Arid5a expression mediates both transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulatory effects that are implicated in immune regulation and cellular homeostasis. A series of publications demonstrated that inhibiting Arid5a augmented several processes, such as preventing septic shock, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, acute lung injury, invasion and metastasis, immune evasion, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and the M1-like tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) to M2-like TAM transition. In addition, Arid5a controls adipogenesis and obesity in mice to maintain metabolic homeostasis. Taken together, recent progress indicates that Arid5a exhibits multifaceted, both beneficial and detrimental, roles in health and disease and suggest the relevance of Arid5a as a potential therapeutic target.
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8
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Nyati KK, Kishimoto T. The emerging role of Arid5a in cancer: A new target for tumors. Genes Dis 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2021.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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9
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Liao H, Du J, Wang H, Lan T, Peng J, Wu Z, Yuan K, Zeng Y. Integrated proteogenomic analysis revealed the metabolic heterogeneity in noncancerous liver tissues of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hematol Oncol 2021; 14:205. [PMID: 34895304 PMCID: PMC8665512 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-021-01195-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the adjacent liver microenvironment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with possible metastasis tendency might provide a strategy for risk classification of patients and potential therapies by converting the unique metastasis-inclined microenvironment to a metastasis-averse one. In this study, we performed an integrated proteogenomic analysis to have a comprehensive view on the heterogeneity of hepatic microenvironment contributing to HCC metastasis. Pairing mRNA-protein analysis revealed consistent and discordant mRNA-protein expressions in metabolism regulations and cancer-related pathways, respectively. Proteomic profiling identified three subgroups associated with the recurrence-free survival of patients. These proteomic subgroups demonstrated distinct features in metabolic reprogramming, which was potentially modified by epigenetic alterations. This study raises the point of metabolic heterogeneity in HCC noncancerous tissues and may offer a new perspective on HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haotian Liao
- Department of Liver Surgery and Liver Transplantation, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinpeng Du
- Department of Liver Surgery and Liver Transplantation, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Haichuan Wang
- Department of Liver Surgery and Liver Transplantation, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Tian Lan
- Department of Liver Surgery and Liver Transplantation, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiajie Peng
- School of Computer Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Big Data Storage and Management, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhenru Wu
- Laboratory of Pathology, Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kefei Yuan
- Department of Liver Surgery and Liver Transplantation, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, China.
| | - Yong Zeng
- Department of Liver Surgery and Liver Transplantation, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, China.
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10
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Jin X, Liu L, Wu J, Jin X, Yu G, Jia L, Wang F, Shi M, Lu H, Liu J, Liu D, Yang J, Li H, Ni Y, Luo Q, Jia W, Wang W, Chen W. A multi-omics study delineates new molecular features and therapeutic targets for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Clin Transl Med 2021; 11:e538. [PMID: 34586744 PMCID: PMC8473482 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a major histological subtype of esophageal cancer with inferior prognosis. Here, we conducted comprehensive transcriptomic, proteomic, phosphoproteomic, and metabolomic characterization of human, treatment-naive ESCC and paired normal adjacent tissues (cohort 1, n = 24) in an effort to identify new molecular vulnerabilities for ESCC and potential therapeutic targets. Integrative analysis revealed a small group of genes that were related to the active posttranscriptional and posttranslational regulation of ESCC. By using proteomic, phosphoproteomic, and metabolomic data, networks of ESCC-related signaling and metabolic pathways that were closely linked to cancer etiology were unraveled. Notably, integrative analysis of proteomic and phosphoproteomic data pinpointed that certain pathways involved in RNA transcription, processing, and metabolism were stimulated in ESCC. Importantly, proteins with close linkage to ESCC prognosis were identified. By enrolling an ESCC patient cohort 2 (n = 41), three top-ranked prognostic proteins X-prolyl aminopeptidase 3 (XPNPEP3), bromodomain PHD finger transcription factor (BPTF), and fibrillarin (FBL) were verified to have increased expression in ESCC. Among these prognostic proteins, only FBL, a well-known nucleolar methyltransferase, was essential for ESCC cell growth in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, a validation study using an ESCC patient cohort 3 (n = 100) demonstrated that high FBL expression predicted unfavorable patient survival. Finally, common cancer/testis antigens and established cancer drivers and kinases, all of which could direct therapeutic decisions, were characterized. Collectively, our multi-omics analyses delineated new molecular features associated with ESCC pathobiology involving epigenetic, posttranscriptional, posttranslational, and metabolic characteristics, and unveiled new molecular vulnerabilities with therapeutic potential for ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Jin
- Cancer InstituteLonghua HospitalShanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryThe Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Nantong UniversityNantongChina
| | - Jia Wu
- Cancer InstituteLonghua HospitalShanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Xiaoxia Jin
- Department of PathologyThe Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Nantong UniversityNantongChina
| | - Guanzhen Yu
- Cancer InstituteLonghua HospitalShanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Lijun Jia
- Cancer InstituteLonghua HospitalShanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Fengying Wang
- Cancer InstituteLonghua HospitalShanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Minxin Shi
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryThe Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Nantong UniversityNantongChina
| | - Haimin Lu
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryThe Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Nantong UniversityNantongChina
| | - Jibin Liu
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryThe Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Nantong UniversityNantongChina
| | - Dan Liu
- Cancer InstituteLonghua HospitalShanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Jing Yang
- Cancer InstituteLonghua HospitalShanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Hua Li
- Bio‐ID CenterSchool of Biomedical EngineeringShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yan Ni
- The Children's HospitalNational Clinical Research Center for Child HealthZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Qin Luo
- Cancer InstituteLonghua HospitalShanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Wei Jia
- Hong Kong Traditional Chinese Medicine Phenome Research CenterSchool of Chinese MedicineHong Kong Baptist UniversityKowloon TongHong KongChina
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryThe Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Nantong UniversityNantongChina
| | - Wen‐Lian Chen
- Cancer InstituteLonghua HospitalShanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
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11
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Cho SH, Seung BJ, Kim SH, Bae MK, Lim HY, Sur JH. EGFR Overexpression and Sequence Analysis of KRAS, BRAF, and EGFR Mutation Hot Spots in Canine Intestinal Adenocarcinoma. Vet Pathol 2021; 58:674-682. [PMID: 33926328 DOI: 10.1177/03009858211009778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is overexpressed in many human colorectal cancers and anti-EGFR agents are employed as immunotherapies. However, KRAS, EGFR, and BRAF gene mutations can influence the activity of the anti-EGFR agents. We evaluated EGFR expression at protein and mRNA levels in canine intestinal adenocarcinomas using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and RNA in situ hybridization (RNA-ISH). We also investigated the mutation status of EGFR, KRAS, and BRAF to aid the development of anti-EGFR agents for canine intestinal adenocarcinoma. EGFR expression was highest in adenocarcinoma, followed by intramucosal neoplasia (adenoma and in situ carcinoma), and nonneoplastic canine intestinal tissue, at both protein (P = .000) and mRNA (P = .005) levels. The EGFR, KRAS, and BRAF genes showed wild-type sequences at the mutation hot spots in all 13 specimens. Thus, EGFR might serve as a promising diagnostic marker in canine intestinal adenocarcinoma, and further studies would be needed to develop EGFR-targeted anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hee Cho
- 34965 Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Soo-Hyeon Kim
- 34965 Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Kyung Bae
- 34965 Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha-Young Lim
- 34965 Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hyang Sur
- 34965 Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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12
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Carter JM, Ang DA, Sim N, Budiman A, Li Y. Approaches to Identify and Characterise the Post-Transcriptional Roles of lncRNAs in Cancer. Noncoding RNA 2021; 7:19. [PMID: 33803328 PMCID: PMC8005986 DOI: 10.3390/ncrna7010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It is becoming increasingly evident that the non-coding genome and transcriptome exert great influence over their coding counterparts through complex molecular interactions. Among non-coding RNAs (ncRNA), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in particular present increased potential to participate in dysregulation of post-transcriptional processes through both RNA and protein interactions. Since such processes can play key roles in contributing to cancer progression, it is desirable to continue expanding the search for lncRNAs impacting cancer through post-transcriptional mechanisms. The sheer diversity of mechanisms requires diverse resources and methods that have been developed and refined over the past decade. We provide an overview of computational resources as well as proven low-to-high throughput techniques to enable identification and characterisation of lncRNAs in their complex interactive contexts. As more cancer research strategies evolve to explore the non-coding genome and transcriptome, we anticipate this will provide a valuable primer and perspective of how these technologies have matured and will continue to evolve to assist researchers in elucidating post-transcriptional roles of lncRNAs in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Michel Carter
- School of Biological Sciences (SBS), Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore; (D.A.A.); (N.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Daniel Aron Ang
- School of Biological Sciences (SBS), Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore; (D.A.A.); (N.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Nicholas Sim
- School of Biological Sciences (SBS), Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore; (D.A.A.); (N.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Andrea Budiman
- School of Biological Sciences (SBS), Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore; (D.A.A.); (N.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Yinghui Li
- School of Biological Sciences (SBS), Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore; (D.A.A.); (N.S.); (A.B.)
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR, Singapore 138673, Singapore
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13
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Zhang N, Zhang P, Chen Y, Lou S, Zeng H, Deng J. Clusterization in acute myeloid leukemia based on prognostic alternative splicing signature to reveal the clinical characteristics in the bone marrow microenvironment. Cell Biosci 2020; 10:118. [PMID: 33062256 PMCID: PMC7552347 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-020-00481-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alternative splicing (AS), a crucial post-transcriptional regulatory mechanism in expanding the coding capacities of genomes and increasing the diversity of proteins, still faces various challenges in the splicing regulation mechanism of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and microenvironmental changes. Results A total of 27,833 AS events were detected in 8337 genes in 178 AML patients, with exon skip being the predominant type. Approximately 11% of the AS events were significantly related to prognosis, and the prediction models based on various events demonstrated high classification efficiencies. Splicing factors correlation networks further altered the diversity of AS events through epigenetic regulation and clarified the potential mechanism of the splicing pathway. Unsupervised cluster analysis revealed significant correlations between AS and immune features, molecular mutations, immune checkpoints and clinical outcome. The results suggested that AS clusters could be used to identify patient subgroups with different survival outcomes in AML, among which C1 was both associated with good outcome in overall survival. Interestingly, C1 was associated with lower immune scores compared with C2 and C3, and favorable-risk cytogenetics was rarely distributed in C2, but much more common in C1. Conclusions This study revealed a comprehensive landscape of AS events, and provides new insight into molecular targeted therapy and immunotherapy strategy for AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 76 Linjiang Road, Chongqing, 400010 People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Hematology Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010 China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 76 Linjiang Road, Chongqing, 400010 People's Republic of China
| | - Shifeng Lou
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 76 Linjiang Road, Chongqing, 400010 People's Republic of China
| | - Hanqing Zeng
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 76 Linjiang Road, Chongqing, 400010 People's Republic of China
| | - Jianchuan Deng
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 76 Linjiang Road, Chongqing, 400010 People's Republic of China
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14
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Adashek JJ, Kato S, Parulkar R, Szeto CW, Sanborn JZ, Vaske CJ, Benz SC, Reddy SK, Kurzrock R. Transcriptomic silencing as a potential mechanism of treatment resistance. JCI Insight 2020; 5:134824. [PMID: 32493840 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.134824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) has not revealed all the mechanisms underlying resistance to genomically matched drugs. Here, we performed in 1417 tumors whole-exome tumor (somatic)/normal (germline) NGS and whole-transcriptome sequencing, the latter focusing on a clinically oriented 50-gene panel in order to examine transcriptomic silencing of putative driver alterations. In this large-scale study, approximately 13% of the somatic single nucleotide variants (SNVs) were unexpectedly not expressed as RNA; 23% of patients had ≥1 nonexpressed SNV. SNV-bearing genes consistently transcribed were TP53, PIK3CA, and KRAS; those with lower transcription rates were ALK, CSF1R, ERBB4, FLT3, GNAS, HNF1A, KDR, PDGFRA, RET, and SMO. We also determined the frequency of tumor mutations being germline, rather than somatic, in these and an additional 462 tumors with tumor/normal exomes; 33.8% of germline SNVs within the gene panel were rare (not found after filtering through variant information domains) and at risk of being falsely reported as somatic. Both the frequency of silenced variant transcription and the risk of falsely identifying germline mutations as somatic/tumor related are important phenomena. Therefore, transcriptomics is a critical adjunct to genomics when interrogating patient tumors for actionable alterations, because, without expression of the target aberrations, there will likely be therapeutic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob J Adashek
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Shumei Kato
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy and Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Razelle Kurzrock
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy and Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, California, USA
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15
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Abou-Kheir W, Mukherji D, Hadadeh O, Saleh E, Bahmad HF, Kanso M, Khalifeh M, Shamseddine A, Tamraz S, Jaafar R, Dagher C, Khalifeh I, Faraj W. CYR61/CCN1 expression in resected pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: A retrospective pilot study of the interaction between the tumors and their surrounding microenvironment. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03842. [PMID: 32395647 PMCID: PMC7205742 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CCN1 is an extracellular matrix-associated protein thought to be implicated in tumor-stromal interaction in several solid tumors. The aim of our pilot study was to evaluate the correlation between CCN1 expression in stromal cells, pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells in resected pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) specimens, and correlate that clinically. METHODS A total of 42 paraffin-embedded PDAC tumor specimens were stained for CCN1 and evaluated via immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis. Statistical analysis was performed to correlate between CCN1 expression profiles in tumor tissues and clinicopathological parameters of patients. RESULTS Our results showed CCN1 (CYR61) gene was highly expressed in PDAC tissues relative to other organ specific tumor tissues. Also, moderate and overexpression of CCN1 in PanIN was associated with PanIN grade 3 tissues. A statistically significant association was found between PanIN CCN1 scores on one hand and cancer stage, cancer grade, and CCN1 expression among ductal tumor cells and adjacent stromal cells on the other hand. DISCUSSION The associations demonstrated suggest that CCN1 might be contributing to a substantial role in the interaction between the pancreatic tumors on one hand and their surrounding microenvironment and their precursors on the other hand; hence, it might serve as a potential therapeutic target for PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wassim Abou-Kheir
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Deborah Mukherji
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ola Hadadeh
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Eman Saleh
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hisham F. Bahmad
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mariam Kanso
- Department of Surgery, Division of General Surgery, Liver Transplantation and Hepatopancreaticobiliary (HPB) Unit, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mohamad Khalifeh
- Department of Surgery, Division of General Surgery, Liver Transplantation and Hepatopancreaticobiliary (HPB) Unit, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ali Shamseddine
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sally Tamraz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rola Jaafar
- Department of Surgery, Division of General Surgery, Liver Transplantation and Hepatopancreaticobiliary (HPB) Unit, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Christelle Dagher
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ibrahim Khalifeh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Walid Faraj
- Department of Surgery, Division of General Surgery, Liver Transplantation and Hepatopancreaticobiliary (HPB) Unit, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
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16
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Wang Z, Li Z, Fu Y, Han L, Tian Y. MiRNA-130a-3p inhibits cell proliferation, migration, and TMZ resistance in glioblastoma by targeting Sp1. Am J Transl Res 2019; 11:7272-7285. [PMID: 31934277 PMCID: PMC6943444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Specificity protein 1 (Sp1) is aberrantly expressed and involved in the development and metastasis of glioblastoma. In this study, we observed that the expression of Sp1 was upregulated while that of microRNA (miR)-130a-3p was downregulated in glioblastoma cell lines. Sp1 was validated as a target of miR-130a-3p; increased levels of miR-130a-3p inhibited the proliferation, migration, and temozolomide (TMZ) resistance of the glioblastoma cells. However, Sp1 overexpression compromised the inhibitory effects of miR-130a-3p. Our study elucidates the functional interaction between miR-130a-3p and Sp1 in the development and progression of glioblastoma, suggesting a potential therapeutic target for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijun Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchun 130033, P. R. China
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchun 130000, P. R. China
| | - Zhaohui Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchun 130033, P. R. China
| | - Yao Fu
- Department of Neurosurgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchun 130033, P. R. China
| | - Liang Han
- Department of Pathology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchun 130033, P. R. China
| | - Yu Tian
- Department of Neurosurgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchun 130033, P. R. China
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17
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Speirs MMP, Swensen AC, Chan TY, Jones PM, Holman JC, Harris MB, Maschek JA, Cox JE, Carson RH, Hill JT, Andersen JL, Prince JT, Price JC. Imbalanced sphingolipid signaling is maintained as a core proponent of a cancerous phenotype in spite of metabolic pressure and epigenetic drift. Oncotarget 2019; 10:449-479. [PMID: 30728898 PMCID: PMC6355186 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor heterogeneity may arise through genetic drift and environmentally driven clonal selection for metabolic fitness. This would promote subpopulations derived from single cancer cells that exhibit distinct phenotypes while conserving vital pro-survival pathways. We aimed to identify significant drivers of cell fitness in pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) creating subclones in different nutrient formulations to encourage differential metabolic reprogramming. The genetic and phenotypic expression profiles of each subclone were analyzed relative to a healthy control cell line (hTert-HPNE). The subclones exhibited distinct variations in protein expression and lipid metabolism. Relative to hTert-HPNE, PSN-1 subclones uniformly maintained modified sphingolipid signaling and specifically retained elevated sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) relative to C16 ceramide (C16 Cer) ratios. Each clone utilized a different perturbation to this pathway, but maintained this modified signaling to preserve cancerous phenotypes, such as rapid proliferation and defense against mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. Although the subclones were unique in their sensitivity, inhibition of S1P synthesis significantly reduced the ratio of S1P/C16 Cer, slowed cell proliferation, and enhanced sensitivity to apoptotic signals. This reliance on S1P signaling identifies this pathway as a promising drug-sensitizing target that may be used to eliminate cancerous cells consistently across uniquely reprogrammed PDAC clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique M P Speirs
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Adam C Swensen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Tsz Y Chan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Peter M Jones
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - John C Holman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - McCall B Harris
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - John A Maschek
- Health Sciences Cores-Metabolomics, University of Utah, Salt Lake, Utah, USA
| | - James E Cox
- Health Sciences Cores-Metabolomics, University of Utah, Salt Lake, Utah, USA
| | - Richard H Carson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Jonathon T Hill
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Joshua L Andersen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - John T Prince
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - John C Price
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
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18
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Abstract
A hypoxic environment can be defined as a region of the body or the whole body that is deprived of oxygen. Hypoxia is a feature of many diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, tissue trauma, stroke, and solid cancers. A loss of oxygen supply usually results in cell death; however, when cells gradually become hypoxic, they may survive and continue to thrive as described for conditions that promote metastatic growth. The role of hypoxia in these pathogenic pathways is therefore of great interest, and understanding the effect of hypoxia in regulating these mechanisms is fundamentally important. This chapter gives an extensive overview of these mechanisms. Moreover, given the challenges posed by tumor hypoxia we describe the current methods to simulate and detect hypoxic conditions followed by a discussion on current and experimental therapies that target hypoxic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Bowler
- College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK.
| | - Michael R Ladomery
- Faculty Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
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19
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RBMS2 inhibits the proliferation by stabilizing P21 mRNA in breast cancer. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2018; 37:298. [PMID: 30514345 PMCID: PMC6278172 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-018-0968-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background RNA binding proteins (RBPs) play an important role in regulating the metabolism of target RNAs. Aberrant expression of RBPs plays a vital role in the initiation and development of many cancers. The RBM family, which has the conserved RNA binding motif RNP1 and RNP2, shares the similar function in RNA processing and RBMS2 is a member of them. P21, also named CDKN1A, promotes cell cycle arrest and plays an important role in halting cell proliferation. In our study, we identified RBMS2 as a tumor suppressor in breast cancer. It inhibited the proliferation of breast cancer by positively regulating the stability of P21 mRNA in posttranscriptional way. Methods TCGA was used to identify differentially expressed RBPs in breast cancer. The effect of RBMS2 on breast cancer proliferation was evaluated in vitro using CCK-8 assays, colony formation assays and cell-cycle assays and the in vivo effect was investigated using a mouse tumorigenicity model. The main pathway and genes regulated by RBMS2 was detected by RNA sequencing. The RNA immunoprecipitation combined with dual-luciferase reporter assay were conducted to testify the direct binding between RBMS2 and P21. Rescue assay was used to detect P21 as the main target of RBMS2. Results The expression of RBMS2 was lower in breast cancer compared with normal tissues and was a favorable biomarker in breast cancer. RBMS2 inhibited the proliferation of breast cancer and P21 was the main target of RBMS2. RBMS2 stabilized the mRNA of P21 by directly binding to the AU-rich element of 3′-UTR region. Anti-proliferation activity induced by overexpression of RBMS2 was rescued by interfering with the expression of P21. Conclusion In conclusion, RBMS2 acted as a tumor suppressor in breast cancer and positively regulated the expression of P21 by stabilizing its mRNA. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13046-018-0968-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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20
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Zhang M, Matyunina LV, Walker LD, Chen W, Xiao H, Benigno BB, Wu R, McDonald JF. Evidence for the importance of post-transcriptional regulatory changes in ovarian cancer progression and the contribution of miRNAs. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8171. [PMID: 28811560 PMCID: PMC5557889 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08502-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
High-throughput technologies have identified significant changes in patterns of mRNA expression over cancer development but the functional significance of these changes often rests upon the assumption that observed changes in levels of mRNA accurately reflect changes in levels of their encoded proteins. We systematically compared the expression of 4436 genes on the RNA and protein levels between discrete tumor samples collected from the ovary and from the omentum of the same OC patient. The overall correlation between global changes in levels of mRNA and their encoding proteins is low (r = 0.38). The majority of differences are on the protein level with no corresponding change on the mRNA level. Indirect and direct evidence indicates that a significant fraction of the differences may be mediated by microRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengnan Zhang
- Integrated Cancer Research Center, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.,School of Biological Sciences, and Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.,Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Lilya V Matyunina
- Integrated Cancer Research Center, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.,School of Biological Sciences, and Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.,Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - L DeEtte Walker
- Integrated Cancer Research Center, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.,School of Biological Sciences, and Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.,Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Weixuan Chen
- Integrated Cancer Research Center, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.,Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 950 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Haopeng Xiao
- Integrated Cancer Research Center, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.,Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 950 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Benedict B Benigno
- Integrated Cancer Research Center, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.,Ovarian Cancer Institute, 960 Johnson Ferry Road, Suite 130, Atlanta, GA, 30342, USA
| | - Ronghu Wu
- Integrated Cancer Research Center, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.,Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 950 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - John F McDonald
- Integrated Cancer Research Center, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA. .,School of Biological Sciences, and Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA. .,Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA. .,Ovarian Cancer Institute, 960 Johnson Ferry Road, Suite 130, Atlanta, GA, 30342, USA.
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21
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Jo YK, Roh SA, Lee H, Park NY, Choi ES, Oh JH, Park SJ, Shin JH, Suh YA, Lee EK, Cho DH, Kim JC. Polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 1-mediated down-regulation of ATG10 facilitates metastasis of colorectal cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2017; 385:21-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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22
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Li Y, Yuan Y. Alternative RNA splicing and gastric cancer. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2016; 773:263-273. [PMID: 28927534 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alternative splicing (AS) linked to diseases, especially to tumors. Recently, more and more studies focused on the relationship between AS and gastric cancer (GC). This review surveyed the hot topic from four aspects: First, the common types of AS in cancer, including exon skipping, intron retention, mutually exclusive exon, alternative 5 ' or 3' splice site, alternative first or last exon and alternative 3' untranslated regions. Second, basic mechanisms of AS and its relationship with cancer. RNA splicing in eukaryotes follows the GT-AG rule by both cis-elements and trans-acting factors regulatory. Through RNA splicing, different proteins with different forms and functions can be produced and may be associated with carcinogenesis. Third, AS types of GC-related genes and their splicing variants. In this paper, we listed 10 common genes with AS and illustrated its possible molecular mechanisms owing to genetic variation (mutation and /or polymorphism). Fourth, the splicing variants of GC-associated genes and gastric carcinogenesis, invasion and metastasis. Many studies have found that the different splicing variants of the same gene are differentially expressed in GC and its precancerous diseases, suggesting AS has important implications in GC development. Taking together, this review highlighted the role of AS and splicing variants in the process of GC. We hope that this is not only beneficial to advances in the study field of GC, but also can provide valuable information to other similar tumor research.Although we already know some gene splicing and splicing variants play an important role in the development of GC, but many phenomena and mechanisms are still unknown. For example, how the tumor microenvironment and signal transduction pathway effect the forming and function of AS? Unfortunately, this review did not cover the contents because the current study is limited. It is no doubt that clarifying the phenomena and mechanisms of these unknown may help to reveal the relationship of AS with complex tumor genetic variation and the occurrence and development of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention (China Medical University), Liaoning Provincial Education Department, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention (China Medical University), Liaoning Provincial Education Department, Shenyang 110001, China.
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23
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Hutchenreuther J, Vincent KM, Carter DE, Postovit LM, Leask A. CCN2 Expression by Tumor Stroma Is Required for Melanoma Metastasis. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:2805-2813. [PMID: 26168233 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2015.279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Metastatic melanoma has an extremely poor prognosis with few durable remissions. The secreted matricellular protein connective tissue growth factor (CCN2) is overexpressed in cancers including melanoma and may represent a viable therapeutic target. However, the mechanism underlying the contribution of CCN2 to melanoma progression is unclear. Herein, we use the highly metastatic murine melanoma cell line B16(F10) and syngeneic mice, in which CCN2 expression is knocked out in fibroblasts, to demonstrate that loss of CCN2, either in melanoma cells or in the niche, impedes the ability of melanoma cells to invade. Specifically, loss of CCN2 in melanoma cells diminished their ability to invade through collagen in vitro, and loss of fibroblast-derived CCN2 decreased spontaneous metastases of melanoma cells from the skin to the lungs in vivo. Proliferation and tumor growth were not affected by loss of CCN2. CCN2-deficient B16(F10) cells showed reduced expression of the matricellular protein periostin; addition of recombinant periostin rescued the in vitro invasion defect of these cells. Immunohistochemical analysis of CCN2-deficient mice confirmed loss of periostin expression in the absence of CCN2. CCN2 and periostin mRNA levels are positively correlated with each other and with the stromal composition of human melanoma lesions but not BRAF mutations. Thus, CCN2 promotes invasion and metastasis via periostin and should be further evaluated as a possible therapeutic target for BRAF inhibitor-resistant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Hutchenreuther
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Krista M Vincent
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - David E Carter
- London Regional Genomics Centre, Robarts Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lynne-Marie Postovit
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Andrew Leask
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
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Cui W, Huang Z, He H, Gu N, Qin G, Lv J, Zheng T, Sugimoto K, Wu Q. MiR-1188 at the imprinted Dlk1-Dio3 domain acts as a tumor suppressor in hepatoma cells. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:1416-27. [PMID: 25694452 PMCID: PMC4395123 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-11-1576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
MiR-1188 at the imprinted Dlk1-Dio3 domain is a novel player in hepatocellular carcinoma. MiR-1188 expression was found to be decreased in hepatoma cells, and, when overexpressed, miR-1188 inhibited Bcl2 and Sp1 expression, suppressed cell proliferation and migration, promoted apoptosis in vitro, and inhibited tumor growth in vivo. The aberrant expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) has frequently been reported in cancer studies; miRNAs play roles in development, progression, metastasis, and prognosis. Recent studies indicate that the miRNAs within the Dlk1-Dio3 genomic region are involved in the development of liver cancer, but the role of miR-1188 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and the pathway by which it exerts its function remain largely unknown. Here we demonstrate that miR-1188 is significantly down-regulated in mouse hepatoma cells compared with normal liver tissues. Enhanced miR-1188 suppresses cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro and inhibits the tumor growth of HCC cells in vivo. Moreover, overexpressed miR-1188 promotes apoptosis, enhances caspase-3 activity, and also up-regulates the expression of Bax and p53. MiR-1188 directly targets and negatively regulates Bcl-2 and Sp1. Silencing of Bcl-2 and Sp1 exactly copies the proapoptotic and anti-invasive effects of miR-1188, respectively. The expression of apoptosis- and invasion-related genes, such as Vegfa, Fgfr1, and Rprd1b, decreases after enhancement of miR-1188, as determined by gene expression profiling analysis. Taken together, our results highlight an important role for miR-1188 as a tumor suppressor in hepatoma cells and imply its potential role in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Cui
- School of Life Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
| | - Zhijun Huang
- School of Life Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
| | - Hongjuan He
- School of Life Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
| | - Ning Gu
- School of Life Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
| | - Geng Qin
- School of Life Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
| | - Jie Lv
- School of Life Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
| | - Tao Zheng
- School of Life Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
| | - Kenkichi Sugimoto
- Department of Cell Science, Faculty of Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Qiong Wu
- School of Life Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
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25
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Biamonti G, Catillo M, Pignataro D, Montecucco A, Ghigna C. The alternative splicing side of cancer. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 32:30-6. [PMID: 24657195 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Alternative splicing emerges as a potent and pervasive mechanism of gene expression regulation that expands the coding capacity of the genome and forms an intermediate layer of regulation between transcriptional and post-translational networks. Indeed, alternative splicing occupies a pivotal position in developmental programs and in the cell response to external and internal stimuli. Not surprisingly, therefore, its deregulation frequently leads to human disease. In this review we provide an updated overview of the impact of alternative splicing on tumorigenesis. Moreover, we discuss the intricacy of the reciprocal interactions between alternative splicing programs and signal transduction pathways, which appear to be crucially linked to cancer progression in response to the tumor microenvironment. Finally, we focus on the recently described interplay between splicing and chromatin organization which is expected to shed new lights into gene expression regulation in normal and cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Biamonti
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare - CNR, Via Abbiategrasso 207, 27011 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Morena Catillo
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare - CNR, Via Abbiategrasso 207, 27011 Pavia, Italy
| | - Daniela Pignataro
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare - CNR, Via Abbiategrasso 207, 27011 Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Claudia Ghigna
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare - CNR, Via Abbiategrasso 207, 27011 Pavia, Italy
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26
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Yang WB, Chen PH, Hsu T, Fu TF, Su WC, Liaw H, Chang WC, Hung JJ. Sp1-mediated microRNA-182 expression regulates lung cancer progression. Oncotarget 2014; 5:740-53. [PMID: 24519909 PMCID: PMC3996653 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Our recent study indicated that overexpression of Sp1 enhances the proliferation of lung cancer cells, while represses metastasis. In this study, we found that the transcriptional activity of FOXO3 was increased, but its protein levels decreased following Sp1 expression. Sp1 increased expression of miR-182, which was then recruited to the 3'-untranslated region of FOXO3 mRNA to silence its translational activity. Knockdown of miR-182 inhibited lung cancer cells growth, but enhanced the invasive and migratory abilities of these cells through increased N-cadherin expression. Repression of FOXO3 expression in the miR-182 knockdown cells partially reversed this effect, suggesting that miR-182 promotes cancer cell growth and inhibits cancer metastatic activity by regulating the expression of FOXO3. The expression of several cancer metastasis-related genes such as ADAM9, CDH9 and CD44 was increased following miR-182 knockdown. In conclusion, in the early stages of lung cancer progression, Sp1 stimulates miR-182 expression, which in turn decreases FOXO3 expression. This stimulates proliferation and tumor growth. In the late stages, Sp1 and miR-182 decline, thus increasing FOXO3 expression, which leads to lung metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Bin Yang
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biosignal Transduction, College of Bioscience in Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
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27
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Oncogenic alternative splicing switches: role in cancer progression and prospects for therapy. Int J Cell Biol 2013; 2013:962038. [PMID: 24285959 PMCID: PMC3826442 DOI: 10.1155/2013/962038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Alterations in the abundance or activities of alternative splicing regulators generate alternatively spliced variants that contribute to multiple aspects of tumor establishment, progression and resistance to therapeutic treatments. Notably, many cancer-associated genes are regulated through alternative splicing suggesting a significant role of this post-transcriptional regulatory mechanism in the production of oncogenes and tumor suppressors. Thus, the study of alternative splicing in cancer might provide a better understanding of the malignant transformation and identify novel pathways that are uniquely relevant to tumorigenesis. Understanding the molecular underpinnings of cancer-associated alternative splicing isoforms will not only help to explain many fundamental hallmarks of cancer, but will also offer unprecedented opportunities to improve the efficacy of anti-cancer treatments.
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28
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Abstract
Mesenchymal cells play a role in controlling the number of hair follicles. However, the precise molecules involved are unclear. Absence in mesenchymal cells of the expression of the secreted matricellular protein CTGF/CCN2 results in an increased number of hair follicles, concomitant with increased β-catenin activity. It is critical to understand how stem cell activity is regulated during regeneration. Hair follicles constitute an important model for organ regeneration because, throughout adult life, they undergo cyclical regeneration. Hair follicle stem cells—epithelial cells located in the follicle bulge—are activated by periodic β-catenin activity, which is regulated not only by epithelial-derived Wnt, but also, through as-yet-undefined mechanisms, the surrounding dermal microenvironment. The matricellular protein connective tissue growth factor (CCN2) is secreted into the microenvironment and acts as a multifunctional signaling modifier. In adult skin, CCN2 is largely absent but is unexpectedly restricted to the dermal papillae and outer root sheath. Deletion of CCN2 in dermal papillae and the outer root sheath results in a shortened telogen-phase length and elevated number of hair follicles. Recombinant CCN2 causes decreased β-catenin stability in keratinocytes. In vivo, loss of CCN2 results in elevated numbers of K15-positive epidermal stem cells that possess elevated β-catenin levels and β-catenin–dependent reporter gene expression. These results indicate that CCN2 expression by dermal papillae cells is a physiologically relevant suppressor of hair follicle formation by destabilization of β-catenin and suggest that CCN2 normally acts to maintain stem cell quiescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangxi Liu
- Departments of Dentistry and Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
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29
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Leask A. Sonic advance: CCN1 regulates sonic hedgehog in pancreatic cancer. J Cell Commun Signal 2013; 7:61-2. [PMID: 23255052 PMCID: PMC3590359 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-012-0187-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the fifth leading cause of cancer internationally. As the precise molecular pathways that regulate pancreatic cancer are incompletely understood, appropriate targets for drug intervention remain elusive. It is being increasingly appreciated that the cellular microenvironment plays an important role in driving tumor growth and metastasis. CCN1, a member of the CCN family of secreted matricellular proteins, is overexpressed in pancreatic cancer, and may represent a novel target for therapy. Sonic hedgehog (SHh) is responsible for PDAC cell proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), maintenance of cancer stemness, migration, invasion, and metastatic growth; in a recent report, it was shown that CCN1 is a potent regulator of SHh expression via Notch-1. CCN1 activity was mediated, at least in part, through altering proteosome activity. These results suggest that CCN1 may be an ideal target for treating PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Leask
- Department of Dentistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Dental Sciences Building, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada, N6A 5C1,
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