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Sadeh N, Bounoua N. Race moderates the impact of intolerance of uncertainty on mental health symptoms in Black and White community adults. J Anxiety Disord 2023; 93:102657. [PMID: 36455413 PMCID: PMC9839518 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2022.102657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Racism increases the amount of uncertainty in daily life, which may differentially affect the mental health of individuals from racial minority groups who score high on trait intolerance of uncertainty (IU), or the tendency to experience uncertainty as highly aversive. We examined associations between trait IU and current symptoms of common mental disorders in community samples of Black (N = 125) and White (N = 125) adults ages 18-55 who were matched on age, gender, and educational attainment. Given that data were collected between 2017 and 2021, we also examined pandemic exposure as a moderator of these associations. No mean differences emerged between Black and White adults on trait IU measured with the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale-12 or on current psychiatric symptoms assessed with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5. Trait IU was more strongly associated with current psychiatric symptoms in Black than White adults, a racial difference that dissipated following pandemic exposure. Present results extend prior work by suggesting the dispositional tendency to find uncertainty aversive is a stronger predictor of mental health symptoms in Black than White adults outside the context of pandemic-related stress. Implications of these findings for understanding the impact of racial- and pandemic-related environmental uncertainty on mental health is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Sadeh
- University of Delaware, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, USA.
| | - Nadia Bounoua
- University of Delaware, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, USA
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2
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The relationship between perceived discrimination and wellbeing in impoverished college students: a moderated mediation model of self-esteem and belief in a just world. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-01981-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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3
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Wilkinson LL, Clay OJ, Hood AC, Plaisance EP, Kinnerson L, Beamon BD, Hector D. The Association of Emotional and Physical Reactions to Perceived Discrimination with Depressive Symptoms Among African American Men in the Southeast. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17010322. [PMID: 31906523 PMCID: PMC6981499 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17010322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This study examines the association of emotional and physical reactions to perceived discrimination with depressive symptoms among a sample of African American (AA) men in the southeastern United States. Analysis of the 2010 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) data set provides an examination of demographic, perceived discrimination context, and health status differences in depressive symptoms measured by the Patient Health Questionnaire—2 (PHQ-2). The analysis also assesses individual differences among AA men related to experiencing physical symptoms and feeling emotionally upset due to perceived discrimination. A focused examination investigates the role of adverse reactions to perceived discrimination in association with depressive symptomology. Findings illuminate the significance of experiences of and reactions to perceived discrimination in relationship with depressive symptomology among AA men living in the southeastern United States. Findings also demonstrate the need for additional research focusing on perceived discrimination experiences in relation to depressive symptoms experienced among the AA male subgroup. Continued investigation of within-group differences among AA men, with health promotional strategies to foster social-emotional support, will further the improvement in health and wellness for AA men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larrell L. Wilkinson
- Department of Human Studies, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (E.P.P.); (L.K.); (B.D.B.); (D.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-1205-975-1295
| | - Olivio J. Clay
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
| | - Anthony C. Hood
- Department of Management, Information Systems & Quantitative Methods, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
| | - Eric P. Plaisance
- Department of Human Studies, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (E.P.P.); (L.K.); (B.D.B.); (D.H.)
| | - Lakesha Kinnerson
- Department of Human Studies, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (E.P.P.); (L.K.); (B.D.B.); (D.H.)
| | - Brandon D. Beamon
- Department of Human Studies, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (E.P.P.); (L.K.); (B.D.B.); (D.H.)
| | - Dominique Hector
- Department of Human Studies, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (E.P.P.); (L.K.); (B.D.B.); (D.H.)
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Nguyen AW, Chatters LM, Taylor RJ, Aranda MP, Lincoln KD, Thomas CS. Discrimination, Serious Psychological Distress, and Church-Based Emotional Support Among African American Men Across the Life Span. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2019; 73:198-207. [PMID: 29106656 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbx083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study tested whether church-based social support buffers the negative effects of discrimination on serious psychological distress (SPD) among three age groups-early, middle, and late adulthood-of African American men. Methods Negative binominal regression analyses for discrimination and SPD were performed using data from 1,271 African American men from the National Survey of American Life. Results Discrimination was positively associated with SPD for all age groups. An interaction between church-based support and discrimination indicated that under conditions of high levels of support from congregants, discrimination, and SPD were positively correlated. However, discrimination and SPD were unrelated for low levels of church-based support. Further, the interaction was significant for men aged 18-34 and 55 or older but not significant for men aged 35-54. Discussion This is the first study to document relationships among discrimination, SPD, and church-based support in a nationally representative sample of African American men. Overall, rather than revealing a stress-buffering function, findings were consistent with the resource mobilization perspective of social support, indicating that higher levels of assistance from church networks are provided when individuals experience high levels of both discrimination and SPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann W Nguyen
- Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | | | - María P Aranda
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - Karen D Lincoln
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - Courtney S Thomas
- Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles
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Perceived gender discrimination, belief in a just world, self-esteem, and depression in Korean working women: A moderated mediation model. WOMENS STUDIES INTERNATIONAL FORUM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wsif.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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6
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Pieterse AL. Attending to racial trauma in clinical supervision: Enhancing client and supervisee outcomes. CLINICAL SUPERVISOR 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/07325223.2018.1443304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex L. Pieterse
- Department of Educational and Counseling Psychology, University at Albany – State University of New York, Albany, New York, United States
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7
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Hemmings C, Evans AM. Identifying and Treating Race-Based Trauma in Counseling. JOURNAL OF MULTICULTURAL COUNSELING AND DEVELOPMENT 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jmcd.12090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carrie Hemmings
- Department of Counselor, Leadership, and Special Education; Auburn University Montgomery
| | - Amanda M. Evans
- Department of Special Education, Rehabilitation, and Counseling; Auburn University
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Chae DH, Powell WA, Nuru-Jeter AM, Smith-Bynum MA, Seaton EK, Forman TA, Turpin R, Sellers R. The Role of Racial Identity and Implicit Racial Bias in Self-Reported Racial Discrimination: Implications for Depression Among African American Men. JOURNAL OF BLACK PSYCHOLOGY 2017; 43:789-812. [PMID: 29386696 PMCID: PMC5788304 DOI: 10.1177/0095798417690055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Racial discrimination is conceptualized as a psychosocial stressor that has negative implications for mental health. However, factors related to racial identity may influence whether negative experiences are interpreted as instances of racial discrimination and subsequently reported as such in survey instruments, particularly given the ambiguous nature of contemporary racism. Along these lines, dimensions of racial identity may moderate associations between racial discrimination and mental health outcomes. This study examined relationships between racial discrimination, racial identity, implicit racial bias, and depressive symptoms among African American men between 30 and 50 years of age (n = 95). Higher racial centrality was associated with greater reports of racial discrimination, while greater implicit anti-Black bias was associated with lower reports of racial discrimination. In models predicting elevated depressive symptoms, holding greater implicit anti-Black bias in tandem with reporting lower racial discrimination was associated with the highest risk. Results suggest that unconscious as well as conscious processes related to racial identity are important to consider in measuring racial discrimination, and should be integrated in studies of racial discrimination and mental health.
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Franklin-Jackson D, Carter RT. The Relationships Between Race-Related Stress, Racial Identity, and Mental Health for Black Americans. JOURNAL OF BLACK PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0095798406295092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to explore the relationships between race-related stress, racial identity, and mental health in a sample of 255 Black American adults. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that racial identity and race-related stress predicted mental health; however, racial identity accounted for more of the variance in mental health. These findings provide evidence that a person’s racial identity must be considered when understanding race-related stress and mental health. Implications for practice and research are discussed.
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Abstract
The purpose of this article is to discuss the psychological and emotional effects of racism on people of Color. Psychological models and research on racism, discrimination, stress, and trauma will be integrated to promote a model to be used to understand, recognize, and assess race-based traumatic stress to aid counseling and psychological assessment, research, and training.
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Sewell W, Horsford CE, Coleman K, Watkins CS. Vile vigilance: An integrated theoretical framework for understanding the state of Black surveillance. JOURNAL OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN THE SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 26:287-302. [PMID: 33100821 PMCID: PMC7581301 DOI: 10.1080/10911359.2015.1127735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The family is the principal source of socialization and protection against racism for many Blacks. Transmitting values, norms, morals, and beliefs (i.e., racial socialization) to successive generations is done to promote racial awareness and to prepare an individual to survive in racist environments. Further, developing a sense of security, resiliency, and cultural pride provides psychological protection against racial prejudice and discrimination. Protective socialization is even more critical when it becomes the difference between life and death at the hands of law enforcement-a fate faced by too many Black males as a result of racist policing practices, including the over-patrolling of Black communities. Because discriminatory surveillance and over-patrolling can incite a number of social, physical, and mental health issues, a holistic approach to understanding the interaction between Blacks and law enforcement is critical. This article reviews the Mundane Extreme Environmental Stress (MEES) model, racial socialization theory, and Family Stress Model in the development of a theoretical framework for understanding the patterns of interactions between Blacks and law enforcement, the immediate and long-term effects of unjustified shootings on Black families and communities, and the response of sociopolitical systems. The new theoretical framework will be used to inform the work of human service providers and practitioners by identifying targets for interventions to improve relations and trust between Black communities and law enforcement institutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney Sewell
- George Warren Brown School of Social Work, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Christina E. Horsford
- School of Social Work, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kanisha Coleman
- School of Social Work, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Charity S. Watkins
- School of Social Work, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Britt-Spells AM, Slebodnik M, Sands LP, Rollock D. Effects of Perceived Discrimination on Depressive Symptoms Among Black Men Residing in the United States: A Meta-Analysis. Am J Mens Health 2016; 12:52-63. [PMID: 26742988 DOI: 10.1177/1557988315624509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Research reports that perceived discrimination is positively associated with depressive symptoms. The literature is limited when examining this relationship among Black men. This meta-analysis systematically examines the current literature and investigates the relationship of perceived discrimination on depressive symptoms among Black men residing in the United States. Using a random-effects model, study findings indicate a positive association between perceived discrimination and depressive symptoms among Black men ( r = .29). Several potential moderators were also examined in this study; however, there were no significant moderation effects detected. Recommendations and implications for future research and practice are discussed.
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Bryant K, Haynes T, Greer-Williams N, Hartwig MS. "Too blessed to be stressed": a rural faith community's views of African-American males and depression. JOURNAL OF RELIGION AND HEALTH 2014; 53:796-808. [PMID: 23288483 PMCID: PMC3639295 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-012-9672-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Among African-Americans, the faith community has a long history of providing support to its members. Because African-American men tend to delay and decline traditional depression treatment, the faith community may be an effective source of support. The aim of this study was to determine how a rural African-American faith community describes and perceives experiences of depression among African-American males. A convenience sample of 24 men and women participated in focus groups and interview. Four themes were identified: defining depression, etiology of depression, denial of depression, and effect of masculine roles on depression experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keneshia Bryant
- Translational Research Institute KL2 Scholar College of Nursing University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences 4301 West Markham Street, Slot #529 Little Rock, Arkansas 72205 Phone: (501) 296-1896 Fax: (501) 296-1765
| | - Tiffany Haynes
- Translational Research Institute KL2 Scholar University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences 4301 West Markham Street Little Rock, Arkansas 72205 Phone: 501-257-1795
| | - Nancy Greer-Williams
- Division of Research Practice and Improvement University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences 4021 West 8 Street Little Rock, AR 72205 Phone: (501) 686-7364
| | - Mary S. Hartwig
- Area Health Education Center-Northeast University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences 223 East Jackson Jonesboro, AR 72401 Phone: (870)972-9603 X 254 Fax: (870)931-0839
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Bryant K, Wicks MN, Willis N. Recruitment of older African American males for depression research: lessons learned. Arch Psychiatr Nurs 2014; 28:17-20. [PMID: 24506982 PMCID: PMC4259097 DOI: 10.1016/j.apnu.2013.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Depression is projected to become the leading cause of disability and the second leading contributor to the global burden of disease in approximately 10years. Few studies have explored the signs and symptoms of depression experienced by older African American men. Therefore, a pilot study was developed with the goal of addressing this gap in knowledge. Despite a variety of recruitment strategies, the study yielded no participants after 9months of effort. Lessons learned from the recruitment efforts and other researchers' successful techniques and strategies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keneshia Bryant
- Translational Research Institute KL2 Scholar, College of Nursing, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR.
| | - Mona Newsome Wicks
- The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, College of Nursing, Memphis, TN.
| | - Nathaniel Willis
- College of Nursing, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR.
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Hammond WP. Taking it like a man: masculine role norms as moderators of the racial discrimination-depressive symptoms association among African American men. Am J Public Health 2012; 102 Suppl 2:S232-41. [PMID: 22401515 PMCID: PMC3477917 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2011.300485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES I examined the association between everyday racial discrimination and depressive symptoms and explored the moderating role of 2 dimensions of masculine role norms, restrictive emotionality and self-reliance. METHODS Cross-sectional survey data from 674 African American men aged 18 years and older recruited primarily from barbershops in 4 US regions (2003-2010) were used. Direct and moderated associations were assessed with multivariate linear regression analyses for the overall sample and different age groups. Models were adjusted for recruitment site, sociodemographics, masculine role norms salience, and general social stress. RESULTS Everyday racial discrimination was associated with more depressive symptoms across all age groups. Higher restrictive emotionality was associated with more depressive symptoms among men aged 18 to 29 and 30 to 39 years. Self-reliance was associated with fewer depressive symptoms among men aged 18 to 29 years and 40 years and older. The positive association between everyday racial discrimination and depressive symptoms was stronger among men with high restrictive emotionality, but this moderated effect was limited to men older than 30 years. CONCLUSIONS Interventions designed to reduce African American men's depression instigated by racism should be life-course specific and address masculine role norms that encourage emotion restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wizdom Powell Hammond
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, Gillings School of Global Public Health and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Fitzgerald ME, Roy K, Anderson EE, Letiecq BL. The Effect of Depressive Symptoms on Low-Income Men in Responsible Fathering Programs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.3149/fth.1001.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Baggerly J, Parker M. Child-Centered Group Play Therapy With African American Boys at the Elementary School Level. JOURNAL OF COUNSELING AND DEVELOPMENT 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/j.1556-6678.2005.tb00360.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Watkins DC, Hudson DL, Caldwell CH, Siefert K, Jackson JS. Discrimination, Mastery, and Depressive Symptoms Among African American Men. RESEARCH ON SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE 2011; 21:269-277. [PMID: 24436576 PMCID: PMC3891046 DOI: 10.1177/1049731510385470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study examines the influence of discrimination and mastery on depressive symptoms for African American men at young (18-34), middle (35-54), and late (55+) adulthood. METHOD Analyses are based on responses from 1,271 African American men from the National Survey of American Life (NSAL). RESULTS Discrimination was significantly related to depressive symptoms for men ages 35 to 54 and mastery was found to be protective against depressive symptoms for all men. Compared to African American men in the young and late adult groups, discrimination remained a statistically significant predictor of depressive symptoms for men in the middle group once mastery was included. IMPLICATIONS Findings demonstrate the distinct differences in the influence of discrimination on depressive symptoms among adult African American males and the need for future research that explores the correlates of mental health across age groups. Implications for social work research and practice with African American men are discussed.
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Lincoln KD, Taylor RJ, Watkins DC, Chatters LM. Correlates of Psychological Distress and Major Depressive Disorder Among African American Men. RESEARCH ON SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE 2011; 21:278-288. [PMID: 21666885 PMCID: PMC3112049 DOI: 10.1177/1049731510386122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
This study examines the demographic correlates of depressive symptoms, serious psychological distress (SPD), and major depressive disorder (MDD; 12-month and lifetime prevalence) among a national sample of African American men. Analysis of the National Survey of American Life (NSAL) data set provides first-time substantiation of important demographic differences in depressive symptoms (measured by the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale [CES-D]), SPD (measured by the K6), and 12-month and lifetime MDD among African American men. Findings illuminate the heterogeneity within the African American male population. Findings also demonstrate the need for additional research focusing on within-group differences and a comprehensive research and mental health promotion agenda that recognizes the importance of improving access to education and employment and promoting healthy coping behaviors, while acknowledging the larger social context in which African American men live.
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Stevens-Watkins D, Rostosky S. Binge drinking in African American males from adolescence to young adulthood: the protective influence of religiosity, family connectedness, and close friends' substance use. Subst Use Misuse 2010; 45:1435-51. [PMID: 20438340 DOI: 10.3109/10826081003754765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We examined the contribution of culturally relevant protective factors (i.e., adolescent religiosity, family connectedness, and perceived close friends' substance use) to the probability of young adult binge drinking among African American males. Participants (n = 1,599) drawn from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health were high school age adolescents (14-18 years, M = 16) at Wave 1 and young adults (18-26, M = 22) at Wave 3. Adolescent binge drinking was associated with all three protective factors. Perceived close friends' substance use in adolescence was a protective factor in later binge drinking during young adulthood, and was moderated by age such that the effect was stronger for younger adolescents. Implications for culturally relevant research and prevention are discussed.
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Riina EM, McHale SM. Parents' Experiences of Discrimination and Family Relationship Qualities: The Role of Gender. FAMILY RELATIONS 2010; 59:283-296. [PMID: 22068292 PMCID: PMC3008573 DOI: 10.1111/j.1741-3729.2010.00602.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Mothers and fathers in 156 African American families reported on racial discrimination experiences, gendered traits, and warmth and conflict in family relationships. Discrimination was linked with relationship quality, but links differed for mothers and fathers. More expressive parents and less instrumental fathers had more positive relationships in the face of discrimination, but for more instrumental fathers, discrimination-relationship quality links were negative. Findings imply consideration of sociocultural and individual characteristics for family relationships.
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22
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Racial discrimination: a continuum of violence exposure for children of color. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2010; 12:174-95. [PMID: 19466544 DOI: 10.1007/s10567-009-0053-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews and examines findings on the impact of racial discrimination on the development and functioning of children of color in the US. Based on current definitions of violence and child maltreatment, exposure to racial discrimination should be considered as a form of violence that can significantly impact child outcomes and limit the ability of parents and communities to provide support that promotes resiliency and optimal child development. In this article, a conceptual model of the effects of racial discrimination in children of color is presented. The model posits that exposure to racial discrimination may be a chronic source of trauma in the lives of many children of color that negatively influences mental and physical outcomes as well as parent and community support and functioning. Concurrent exposure to other forms of violence, including domestic, interpersonal and/or community violence, may exacerbate these effects. The impact of a potential continuum of violence exposure for children of color in the US and the need for future research and theoretical models on children's exposure to violence that attend to the impact of racial discrimination on child outcomes are discussed.
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Williams DR, Neighbors HW, Jackson JS. Racial/ethnic discrimination and health: findings from community studies. Am J Public Health 2008; 98:S29-37. [PMID: 18687616 PMCID: PMC2518588 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.98.supplement_1.s29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2002] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The authors review the available empirical evidence from population-based studies of the association between perceptions of racial/ethnic discrimination and health. This research indicates that discrimination is associated with multiple indicators of poorer physical and, especially, mental health status. However, the extant research does not adequately address whether and how exposure to discrimination leads to increased risk of disease. Gaps in the literature include limitations linked to measurement of discrimination, research designs, and inattention to the way in which the association between discrimination and health unfolds over the life course. Research on stress points to important directions for the future assessment of discrimination and the testing of the underlying processes and mechanisms by which discrimination can lead to changes in health.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Williams
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, PO Box 1248, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1248, USA.
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25
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Paradies Y. A systematic review of empirical research on self-reported racism and health. Int J Epidemiol 2006; 35:888-901. [PMID: 16585055 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyl056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 835] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper reviews 138 empirical quantitative population-based studies of self-reported racism and health. These studies show an association between self-reported racism and ill health for oppressed racial groups after adjustment for a range of confounders. The strongest and most consistent findings are for negative mental health outcomes and health-related behaviours, with weaker associations existing for positive mental health outcomes, self-assessed health status, and physical health outcomes. Most studies in this emerging field have been published in the past 5 years and have been limited by a dearth of cohort studies, a lack of psychometrically validated exposure instruments, poor conceptualization and definition of racism, conflation of racism with stress, and debate about the aetiologically relevant period for self-reported racism. Future research should examine the psychometric validity of racism instruments and include these instruments, along with objectively measured health outcomes, in existing large-scale survey vehicles as well as longitudinal studies and studies involving children. There is also a need to gain a better understanding of the perception, attribution, and reporting of racism, to investigate the pathways via which self-reported racism affects health, the interplay between mental and physical health outcomes, and exposure to intra-racial, internalized, and systemic racism. Ensuring the quality of studies in this field will allow future research to reveal the complex role that racism plays as a determinant of population health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Paradies
- Centre for Health and Society, University of Melbourne, Australia.
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Williams DR, Neighbors HW, Jackson JS. Racial/ethnic discrimination and health: findings from community studies. Am J Public Health 2003; 93:200-8. [PMID: 12554570 PMCID: PMC1447717 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.93.2.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1225] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2002] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The authors review the available empirical evidence from population-based studies of the association between perceptions of racial/ethnic discrimination and health. This research indicates that discrimination is associated with multiple indicators of poorer physical and, especially, mental health status. However, the extant research does not adequately address whether and how exposure to discrimination leads to increased risk of disease. Gaps in the literature include limitations linked to measurement of discrimination, research designs, and inattention to the way in which the association between discrimination and health unfolds over the life course. Research on stress points to important directions for the future assessment of discrimination and the testing of the underlying processes and mechanisms by which discrimination can lead to changes in health.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Williams
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48106, USA.
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