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Parvate AD, Powell SM, Brookreson JT, Moser TH, Novikova IV, Zhou M, Evans JE. Cryo-EM structure of the diapause chaperone artemin. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:998562. [DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.998562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein artemin acts as both an RNA and protein chaperone and constitutes over 10% of all protein in Artemia cysts during diapause. However, its mechanistic details remain elusive since no high-resolution structure of artemin exists. Here we report the full-length structure of artemin at 2.04 Å resolution. The cryo-EM map contains density for an intramolecular disulfide bond between Cys22-Cys61 and resolves the entire C-terminus extending into the core of the assembled protein cage but in a different configuration than previously hypothesized with molecular modeling. We also provide data supporting the role of C-terminal helix F towards stabilizing the dimer form that is believed to be important for its chaperoning activity. We were able to destabilize this effect by placing a tag at the C-terminus to fully pack the internal cavity and cause limited steric hindrance.
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2
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Kumar V, Roy S, Behera BK, Das BK. Heat Shock Proteins (Hsps) in Cellular Homeostasis: A Promising Tool for Health Management in Crustacean Aquaculture. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:1777. [PMID: 36362932 PMCID: PMC9699388 DOI: 10.3390/life12111777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (Hsps) are a family of ubiquitously expressed stress proteins and extrinsic chaperones that are required for viability and cell growth in all living organisms. These proteins are highly conserved and produced in all cellular organisms when exposed to stress. Hsps play a significant role in protein synthesis and homeostasis, as well as in the maintenance of overall health in crustaceans against various internal and external environmental stresses. Recent reports have suggested that enhancing in vivo Hsp levels via non-lethal heat shock, exogenous Hsps, or plant-based compounds, could be a promising strategy used to develop protective immunity in crustaceans against both abiotic and biotic stresses. Hence, Hsps as the agent of being an immune booster and increasing disease resistance will present a significant advancement in reducing stressful conditions in the aquaculture system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bijay Kumar Behera
- Aquatic Environmental Biotechnology and Nanotechnology (AEBN) Division, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute (CIFRI), Barrackpore 700120, India
| | - Basanta Kumar Das
- Aquatic Environmental Biotechnology and Nanotechnology (AEBN) Division, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute (CIFRI), Barrackpore 700120, India
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3
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Takalloo Z, Ardakani ZA, Maroufi B, Shahangian SS, Sajedi RH. Stress-dependent conformational changes of artemin: Effects of heat and oxidant. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242206. [PMID: 33196673 PMCID: PMC7668597 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Artemin is an abundant thermostable protein in Artemia embryos and it is considered as a highly efficient molecular chaperone against extreme environmental stress conditions. The conformational dynamics of artemin have been suggested to play a critical role in its biological functions. In this study, we have investigated the conformational and functional changes of artemin under heat and oxidative stresses to identify the relationship between its structure and function. The tertiary and quaternary structures of artemin were evaluated by fluorescence measurements, protein cross-linking analysis, and dynamic light scattering. Based on the structural analysis, artemin showed irreversible substantial conformational lability in responses to heat and oxidant, which was mainly mediated through the hydrophobic interactions and dimerization of the chaperone. In addition, the chaperone-like activity of heated and oxidized artemin was examined using lysozyme refolding assay and the results showed that although both factors, i.e. heat and oxidant, at specific levels improved artemin potency, simultaneous incubation with both stressors significantly triggered the chaperone activation. Moreover, the heat-induced dimerization of artemin was found to be the most critical factor for its activation. It was suggested that oxidation presumably acts through stabilizing the dimer structures of artemin through formation of disulfide bridges between the subunits and strengthens its chaperoning efficacy. Accordingly, it is proposed that artemin probably exists in a monomer–oligomer equilibrium in Artemia cysts and environmental stresses and intracellular portion of protein substrates may shift the equilibrium towards the active dimer forms of the chaperone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Takalloo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Afshar Ardakani
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Reza H. Sajedi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
- * E-mail:
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4
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Clegg JS. In memoriam Thomas H. MacRae (1948-2019). Cell Stress Chaperones 2020; 25:803-804. [PMID: 32897477 PMCID: PMC7959112 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-020-01154-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- James S Clegg
- University of California Davis and Bodega Marine Laboratory, Bodega Bay, CA, 92923, USA.
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5
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Hibshman JD, Clegg JS, Goldstein B. Mechanisms of Desiccation Tolerance: Themes and Variations in Brine Shrimp, Roundworms, and Tardigrades. Front Physiol 2020; 11:592016. [PMID: 33192606 PMCID: PMC7649794 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.592016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Water is critical for the survival of most cells and organisms. Remarkably, a small number of multicellular animals are able to survive nearly complete drying. The phenomenon of anhydrobiosis, or life without water, has been of interest to researchers for over 300 years. In this review we discuss advances in our understanding of protectants and mechanisms of desiccation tolerance that have emerged from research in three anhydrobiotic invertebrates: brine shrimp (Artemia), roundworms (nematodes), and tardigrades (water bears). Discovery of molecular protectants that allow each of these three animals to survive drying diversifies our understanding of desiccation tolerance, and convergent themes suggest mechanisms that may offer a general model for engineering desiccation tolerance in other contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D. Hibshman
- Department of Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - James S. Clegg
- Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Bob Goldstein
- Department of Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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6
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Khodajou-Masouleh H, Shahangian SS, Attar F, H Sajedi R, Rasti B. Characteristics, dynamics and mechanisms of actions of some major stress-induced biomacromolecules; addressing Artemia as an excellent biological model. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 39:5619-5637. [PMID: 32734830 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1796793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Stress tolerance is one of the most prominent and interesting topics in biology since many macro- and micro-adaptations have evolved in resistant organisms that are worth studying. When it comes to confronting various environmental stressors, the extremophile Artemia is unrivaled in the animal kingdom. In the present review, the evolved molecular and cellular basis of stress tolerance in resistant biological systems are described, focusing on Artemia cyst as an excellent biological model. The main purpose of the review is to discuss how the structure and physicochemical characteristics of protective factors such as late embryogenesis abundant proteins (LEAPs), small heat shock proteins (sHSPs) and trehalose are related to their functions and by which mechanisms, they exert their functions. In addition, some metabolic depressors in Artemia encysted embryos are also mentioned, indirectly playing important roles in stress tolerance. Importantly, a great deal of attention is given to the LEAPs, exhibiting distinctive folding behaviors and mechanisms of actions. For instance, molecular shield function, chaperone-like activity, moonlighting property, sponging and snorkeling capabilities of the LEAPs are delineated here. Moreover, the molecular interplay between some of these factors is mentioned, leading to their synergistic effects. Interestingly, Artemia life cycle adapts to environmental conditions. Diapause is the defense mode of this life cycle, safeguarding Artemia encysted embryos against various environmental stressors. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - S Shirin Shahangian
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Farnoosh Attar
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Food Industry & Agriculture, Standard Research Institute (SRI), Karaj, Iran
| | - Reza H Sajedi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behnam Rasti
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Lahijan Branch, Islamic Azad University (IAU), Lahijan, Guilan, Iran
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Tan J, MacRae TH. Stress tolerance in diapausing embryos of Artemia franciscana is dependent on heat shock factor 1 (Hsf1). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200153. [PMID: 29979776 PMCID: PMC6034868 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryos of the crustacean, Artemia franciscana, may undergo oviparous development, forming encysted embryos (cysts) that are released from females and enter diapause, a state of suppressed metabolism and greatly enhanced stress tolerance. Diapause-destined embryos of A. franciscana synthesize three small heat shock proteins (sHsps), p26, ArHsp21 and ArHsp22, as well as artemin, a ferritin homologue, all lacking in embryos that develop directly into nauplii. Of these diapause-specific molecular chaperones, p26 and artemin are important contributors to the extraordinary stress tolerance of A. franciscana cysts, but how their synthesis is regulated is unknown. To address this issue, a cDNA for heat shock factor 1 (Hsf1), shown to encode a protein similar to Hsf1 from other organisms, was cloned from A. franciscana. Hsf1 was knocked down by RNA interference (RNAi) in nauplii and cysts of A. franciscana. Nauplii lacking Hsf1 died prematurely upon release from females, showing that this transcription factor is essential to the survival of nauplii. Diapause cysts with diminished amounts of Hsf1 were significantly less stress tolerant than cysts containing normal levels of Hsf1. Moreover, cysts deficient in Hsf1 possessed reduced amounts of p26, ArHsp21, ArHsp22 and artemin, revealing dependence on Hsf1 for expression of their genes and maximum stress tolerance. The results demonstrate an important role for Hsf1, likely in concert with other transcription factors, in the survival and growth of A. franciscana and in the developmentally regulated synthesis of proteins responsible for the stress tolerance of diapausing A. franciscana cysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabo Tan
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, N. S., Canada
| | - Thomas H. MacRae
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, N. S., Canada
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Mosaddegh B, Takalloo Z, Sajedi RH, Shirin Shahangian S, Hassani L, Rasti B. An inter-subunit disulfide bond of artemin acts as a redox switch for its chaperone-like activity. Cell Stress Chaperones 2018; 23:685-693. [PMID: 29429019 PMCID: PMC6045527 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-018-0880-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Encysted embryos of Artemia are among the most stress-resistant eukaryotes partly due to the massive amount of a cysteine-rich protein termed artemin. High number of cysteine residues in artemin and their intramolecular spatial positions motivated us to investigate the role of the cysteine residues in the chaperone-like activity of artemin. According to the result of Ellman's assay, there are nine free thiols (seven buried and two exposed) and one disulfide bond per monomer of artemin. Subsequent theoretical analysis of the predicted 3D structure of artemin confirmed the data obtained by the spectroscopic study. Native and reduced/modified forms of artemin were also compared with respect to their efficiency in chaperoning activity, tertiary structure, and stability. Since the alkylation and reduction of artemin diminished its chaperone activity, it appears that its chaperoning potential depends on the formation of intermolecular disulfide bond and the presence of cysteine residues. Comparative fluorescence studies on the structure and stability of the native and reduced protein revealed some differences between them. Due to the redox-dependent functional switching of artemin from the less to more active form, it can be finally suggested as a redox-dependent chaperone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bita Mosaddegh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Zeinab Takalloo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, 14115-154, Iran
| | - Reza H Sajedi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, 14115-154, Iran.
| | - S Shirin Shahangian
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Leila Hassani
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan, 45195-1159, Iran
| | - Behnam Rasti
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Lahijan Branch, Islamic Azad University (IAU), Lahijan, Guilan, Iran
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Sergeev YV, Dolinska MB, Hejtmancik JF. Apoferritin is maintaining the native conformation of citrate synthase in vitro. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL & PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH 2018; 7:680-684. [PMID: 30766967 PMCID: PMC6372109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ferritin, a member of a family of iron storage proteins, is expressed in conditions of oxidative or thermal stress in the cell. Ferritin widely found in human tissues including the eye and brain. Increased expression under oxidative or temperature stress conditions and protective effect on cell viability suggest that apo form of ferritin (apoferritin) may have a role in the formation or maintenance of the native conformation of proteins. To test this hypothesis, we studied the influence of apoferritin on the unfolding and refolding of citrate synthase (CS) in vitro. Here we show that at stoichiometric amounts apoferritin is remarkably protecting the CS catalytic activity, stabilize the aggregation of CS under heat stress and act as chaperone-like molecules in these folding reactions in vitro. Furthermore, apoferritin promote the functional refolding of CS after guanidinium hydrochloride denaturation. Finally, these results confirm that apoferritin has chaperone-like activity in vitro and suggests that apoferritin might have a role in protection and maintaining of protein native conformation.
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10
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Khosravi Z, Nasiri Khalili MA, Moradi S, Hassan Sajedi R, Zeinoddini M. The Molecular Chaperone Artemin Efficiently Blocks Fibrillization of TAU Protein In Vitro. CELL JOURNAL 2017; 19:569-577. [PMID: 29105391 PMCID: PMC5672095 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2018.4510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective Aggregation of the TAU proteins in the form of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in the brain is a common risk
factor in tauopathies including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Several strategies have been implemented to target NFTs,
among which chaperones, which facilitate the proper folding of proteins, appear to hold great promise in effectively
inhibiting TAU polymerization. The aim of this study was to analyze the impact of the chaperone Artemin on TAU
aggregation in vitro.
Materials and Methods In this experimental study, recombinant TAU- or Artemin proteins were expressed in E.coli
bacteria, and purified using ion-exchange and affinity chromatography. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-poly acrylamide gel
electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) was used to run the extracted proteins and check their purity. Heparin was used as an
aggregation inducer. The interaction kinetics of TAU aggregation and disassembly was performed using thioflavin T
(ThT) fluorescence analysis and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy.
Results Ion-exchange and affinity chromatography yielded highly pure TAU and Artemin proteins for subsequent
analyses. In addition, we found that heparin efficiently induced TAU fibrillization 48 hours post-incubation, as evidenced
by ThT assay. Importantly, Artemin was observed to effectively block the aggregation of both physiologic- and supra-
physiologic TAU concentrations in a dose-dependent manner, as judged by ThT and CD spectroscopy analyses.
Conclusion Our collective results show, for the first time, that the chaperone Artemin could significantly inhibit
aggregation of the TAU proteins in a dose-dependent manner, and support Artemin as a potential potent blocker of TAU
aggregation in people with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Khosravi
- Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Malek Ashtar University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Sharif Moradi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Hassan Sajedi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Zeinoddini
- Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Malek Ashtar University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
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Takalloo Z, Sajedi RH, Hosseinkhani S, Moazzenzade T. Artemin protects cells and proteins against oxidative and salt stress. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 95:618-624. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.11.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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12
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Jiang G, Rowarth NM, Panchakshari S, MacRae TH. ArHsp40, a type 1 J-domain protein, is developmentally regulated and stress inducible in post-diapause Artemia franciscana. Cell Stress Chaperones 2016; 21:1077-1088. [PMID: 27581971 PMCID: PMC5083676 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-016-0732-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Upon diapause termination and exposure to favorable environmental conditions, cysts of the crustacean Artemia franciscana reinitiate development, a process dependent on the resumption of metabolic activity and the maintenance of protein homeostasis. The objective of the work described herein was to characterize molecular chaperones during post-diapause growth of A. franciscana. An Hsp40 complementary DNA (cDNA) termed ArHsp40 was cloned and shown to encode a protein with an amino-terminal J-domain containing a conserved histidine, proline, and aspartic acid (HPD) motif. Following the J-domain was a Gly/Phe (G/F) rich domain, a zinc-binding domain which contained a modified CXXCXGXG motif, and the carboxyl-terminal substrate binding region, all characteristics of type I Hsp40. Multiple alignment and protein modeling showed that ArHsp40 is comparable to Hsp40s from other eukaryotes and likely to be functionally similar. qRT-PCR revealed that during post-diapause development, ArHsp40 messenger RNA (mRNA) varied slightly until the E2/E3 stage and decreased significantly upon hatching. The immunoprobing of Western blots demonstrated that ArHsp40 was also relatively constant until E2/E3 and then declined dramatically. The drop in ArHsp40 when metabolism and protein synthesis were increasing was unexpected and demonstrated developmental regulation. The reduction in ArHsp40 at such an active life history stage indicates, as one possibility, that A. franciscana possesses additional Hsp40s, one or more of which replaces ArHsp40 as development progresses. Increased synthesis upon heat shock established that in addition to being developmentally regulated, ArHsp40 is stress inducible and, because it is found in mature cysts, ArHsp40 has the potential to contribute to stress tolerance during diapause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojian Jiang
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, No. 5, Yushan, RD, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Nathan M Rowarth
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | | | - Thomas H MacRae
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada.
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Hand SC, Denlinger DL, Podrabsky JE, Roy R. Mechanisms of animal diapause: recent developments from nematodes, crustaceans, insects, and fish. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2016; 310:R1193-211. [PMID: 27053646 PMCID: PMC4935499 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00250.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Life cycle delays are beneficial for opportunistic species encountering suboptimal environments. Many animals display a programmed arrest of development (diapause) at some stage(s) of their development, and the diapause state may or may not be associated with some degree of metabolic depression. In this review, we will evaluate current advancements in our understanding of the mechanisms responsible for the remarkable phenotype, as well as environmental cues that signal entry and termination of the state. The developmental stage at which diapause occurs dictates and constrains the mechanisms governing diapause. Considerable progress has been made in clarifying proximal mechanisms of metabolic arrest and the signaling pathways like insulin/Foxo that control gene expression patterns. Overlapping themes are also seen in mechanisms that control cell cycle arrest. Evidence is emerging for epigenetic contributions to diapause regulation via small RNAs in nematodes, crustaceans, insects, and fish. Knockdown of circadian clock genes in selected insect species supports the importance of clock genes in the photoperiodic response that cues diapause. A large suite of chaperone-like proteins, expressed during diapause, protects biological structures during long periods of energy-limited stasis. More information is needed to paint a complete picture of how environmental cues are coupled to the signal transduction that initiates the complex diapause phenotype, as well as molecular explanations for how the state is terminated. Excellent examples of molecular memory in post-dauer animals have been documented in Caenorhabditis elegans It is clear that a single suite of mechanisms does not regulate diapause across all species and developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven C Hand
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana;
| | - David L Denlinger
- Departments of Entomology and Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jason E Podrabsky
- Department of Biology, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon; and
| | - Richard Roy
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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14
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MacRae TH. Stress tolerance during diapause and quiescence of the brine shrimp, Artemia. Cell Stress Chaperones 2016; 21:9-18. [PMID: 26334984 PMCID: PMC4679736 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-015-0635-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oviparously developing embryos of the brine shrimp, Artemia, arrest at gastrulation and are released from females as cysts before entering diapause, a state of dormancy and stress tolerance. Diapause is terminated by an external signal, and growth resumes if conditions are permissible. However, if circumstances are unfavorable, cysts enter quiescence, a dormant stage that continues as long as adverse conditions persist. Artemia embryos in diapause and quiescence are remarkably resistant to environmental and physiological stressors, withstanding desiccation, cold, heat, oxidation, ultraviolet radiation, and years of anoxia at ambient temperature when fully hydrated. Cysts have adapted to stress in several ways; they are surrounded by a rigid cell wall impermeable to most chemical compounds and which functions as a shield against ultraviolet radiation. Artemia cysts contain large amounts of trehalose, a non-reducing sugar thought to preserve membranes and proteins during desiccation by replacing water molecules and/or contributing to vitrification. Late embryogenesis abundant proteins similar to those in seeds and other anhydrobiotic organisms are found in cysts, and they safeguard cell organelles and proteins during desiccation. Artemia cysts contain abundant amounts of p26, a small heat shock protein, and artemin, a ferritin homologue, both ATP-independent molecular chaperones important in stress tolerance. The evidence provided in this review supports the conclusion that it is the interplay of these protective elements that make Artemia one of the most stress tolerant of all metazoan organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H MacRae
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, N.S., B3H 4R2, Canada.
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15
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The ferritin gene in ridgetail white prawn Exopalaemon carinicauda: Cloning, expression and function. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 72:320-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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16
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King AM, Toxopeus J, MacRae TH. Artemin, a diapause-specific chaperone, contributes to the stress tolerance of Artemia franciscana cysts and influences their release from females. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 217:1719-24. [PMID: 24526727 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.100081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Females of the crustacean Artemia franciscana produce either motile nauplii or gastrula stage embryos enclosed in a shell impermeable to nonvolatile compounds and known as cysts. The encysted embryos enter diapause, a state of greatly reduced metabolism and profound stress tolerance. Artemin, a diapause-specific ferritin homolog in cysts has molecular chaperone activity in vitro. Artemin represents 7.2% of soluble protein in cysts, approximately equal to the amount of p26, a small heat shock protein. However, there is almost twice as much artemin mRNA in cysts as compared with p26 mRNA, suggesting that artemin mRNA is translated less efficiently. RNA interference employing the injection of artemin double-stranded RNA into the egg sacs of A. franciscana females substantially reduced artemin mRNA and protein in cysts. Decreasing artemin diminished desiccation and freezing tolerance of cysts, demonstrating a role for this protein in stress resistance. Knockdown of artemin increased the time required for complete discharge of a brood of cysts carried within a female from a few hours up to 4 days, an effect weakened in successive broods. Artemin, an abundant molecular chaperone, contributes to stress tolerance of A. franciscana cysts while influencing their development and/or exit from females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M King
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Jantina Toxopeus
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Thomas H MacRae
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
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King AM, Toxopeus J, MacRae TH. Functional differentiation of small heat shock proteins in diapause-destined Artemia embryos. FEBS J 2013; 280:4761-72. [PMID: 23879561 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Encysted embryos of Artemia franciscana cease development and enter diapause, a state of metabolic suppression and enhanced stress tolerance. The development of diapause-destined Artemia embryos is characterized by the coordinated synthesis of the small heat shock proteins (sHsps) p26, ArHsp21 and ArHsp22, with the latter being stress inducible in adults. The amounts of sHsp mRNA and protein varied in Artemia cysts, suggesting transcriptional and translational regulation. By contrast to p26, knockdown of ArHsp21 by RNA interference had no effect on embryo development. ArHsp21 provided limited protection against stressors such as desiccation and freezing but not heat. ArHsp21 may have a non-essential or unidentified role in cysts. Injection of Artemia adults with amounts of ArHsp22 double-stranded RNA less than those used for other sHsps killed females and males, curtailing the analysis of ArHsp22 function in developing embryos and cysts. The results indicate that diapause-destined Artemia embryos synthesize varying amounts of sHsps as a result of differential gene expression and mRNA translation and also suggest that these sHsps have distinctive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M King
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Zhang H, Luo Q, Sun J, Liu F, Wu G, Yu J, Wang W. Mitochondrial genome sequences of Artemia tibetiana and Artemia urmiana: assessing molecular changes for high plateau adaptation. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2013; 56:440-52. [PMID: 23633076 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-013-4474-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Brine shrimps, Artemia (Crustacea, Anostraca), inhabit hypersaline environments and have a broad geographical distribution from sea level to high plateaus. Artemia therefore possess significant genetic diversity, which gives them their outstanding adaptability. To understand this remarkable plasticity, we sequenced the mitochondrial genomes of two Artemia tibetiana isolates from the Tibetan Plateau in China and one Artemia urmiana isolate from Lake Urmia in Iran and compared them with the genome of a low-altitude Artemia, A. franciscana. We compared the ratio of the rate of nonsynonymous (Ka) and synonymous (Ks) substitutions (Ka/Ks ratio) in the mitochondrial protein-coding gene sequences and found that atp8 had the highest Ka/Ks ratios in comparisons of A. franciscana with either A. tibetiana or A. urmiana and that atp6 had the highest Ka/Ks ratio between A. tibetiana and A. urmiana. Atp6 may have experienced strong selective pressure for high-altitude adaptation because although A. tibetiana and A. urmiana are closely related they live at different altitudes. We identified two extended termination-associated sequences and three conserved sequence blocks in the D-loop region of the mitochondrial genomes. We propose that sequence variations in the D-loop region and in the subunits of the respiratory chain complexes independently or collectively contribute to the adaptation of Artemia to different altitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangxiao Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101300, China
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Hassani L, Sajedi RH. Effect of artemin on structural transition of β-lactoglobulin. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2013; 105:24-28. [PMID: 23291197 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Revised: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 12/02/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Encysted embryos of Artemia are exceptionally resistant to severe environmental stress. This resistance is thought to depend in part on the existence of a protein termed artemin. There is only little information about the function of artemin. It has been reported artemin is a thermostable protein with RNA-binding ability. In addition, it reduces the extent of aggregation significantly and enhances the efficiency of refolding and activity recovery of carbonic anhydrase and horseradish peroxidase. In this study, the effect of artemin purified from Artemia urmiana on bovine β-lactoglobulin (BLG) and its α-helical intermediate state has been evaluated by circular dichroism and intrinsic and extrinsic fluorescence spectroscopy. The results obtained in aqueous buffer show, artemin decreases the compactness of BLG structure and causes to the exposure of some hydrophobic groups. The results also indicate artemin has an inhibitory effect on β-sheet→α-helix transition in the secondary structure of β-lactoglobulin. Since this transition occurs during unfolding of β-lactoglobulin, it seems artemin influences on the folding pathway of β-lactoglobulin. This structural effect of artemin can result from its high surface hydrophobicity. Consequently, it is expected that artemin has chaperoning potency because of its effect on the folding of BLG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Hassani
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan 45195-1159, Iran.
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King AM, MacRae TH. The small heat shock protein p26 aids development of encysting Artemia embryos, prevents spontaneous diapause termination and protects against stress. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43723. [PMID: 22952748 PMCID: PMC3428274 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Artemia franciscana embryos enter diapause as encysted gastrulae, a physiological state of metabolic dormancy and enhanced stress resistance. The objective of this study was to use RNAi to investigate the function of p26, an abundant, diapause-specific small heat shock protein, in the development and behavior of encysted Artemia embryos (cysts). RNAi methodology was developed where injection of Artemia females with dsRNA specifically eliminated p26 from cysts. p26 mRNA and protein knock down were, respectively, confirmed by RT-PCR and immuno-probing of western blots. ArHsp21 and ArHsp22, diapause-related small heat shock proteins in Artemia cysts sharing a conserved α-crystallin domain with p26, were unaffected by injection of females with dsRNA for p26, demonstrating the specificity of protein knock down. Elimination of p26 delayed cyst release from females demonstrating that this molecular chaperone influences the development of diapause-destined embryos. Although development was slowed the metabolic activities of cysts either containing or lacking p26 were similar. p26 inhibited diapause termination after prolonged incubation of cysts in sea water perhaps by a direct effect on termination or indirectly because p26 is necessary for the preservation of diapause maintenance. Cyst diapause was however, terminated by desiccation and freezing, a procedure leading to high mortality within cyst populations lacking p26 and indicating the protein is required for stress tolerance. Cysts lacking p26 were also less resistant to heat shock. This is the first in vivo study to show that knock down of a small heat shock protein slows the development of diapause-destined embryos, suggesting a role for p26 in the developmental process. The same small heat shock protein prevents spontaneous termination of diapause and provides stress protection to encysted embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M. King
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Thomas H. MacRae
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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