Anti-neuroinflammatory effect of oxaline, isorhodoptilometrin, and 5-hydroxy-7-(2′-hydroxypropyl)-2-methyl-chromone obtained from the marine fungal strain Penicillium oxalicum CLC-MF05

An Oxazole Alkaloid, Terpenoids, and Cyclodipeptides With Cytotoxic and Nitric Oxide Inhibitory Effects From a Mangrove-Derived Fungus Trichoderma sp. GXT-22.1

Chemical investigation of the mangrove-derived fungus Trichoderma sp. GXT-22.1 led to the isolation and identification of 10 secondary metabolites, including one new compound, 5'-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1',3'-oxazole (1), one new natural compound, (E)-6,10-dimethyl-5-undecene-2,9,10-triol (2), along with eight known compounds, tricholumin A (3), harzianol J (4), cyclonerodiol (5), 10,11-dihydro-11-hydroxycyclonerodiol (6), cyclonerodiol B (7), epicyclonerodiol oxide (8), cyclo(Val-Pro) (9), and cyclo-(4-hydroxyprolinyl-leucine) (10). The structural feature of oxazole in 1 was unusually found among the fungal metabolites. Compounds 1 and 4 exhibited weak cytotoxicity toward HepG2 and MCF-7 human carcinoma cell lines at the concentration of 100 µM, with induction of 41.5 ± 3.0% and 39.3 ± 2.3% cell death, respectively. Compounds 1-5, 8, and 10 showed their inhibitory effect against nitric oxide (NO) overproduction in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 cells, with half inhibition concentration values ranging from 37.5 ± 2.6 to 86.5 ± 5.1 µM. Molecular docking simulation suggested that 1 inhibits NO overproduction via modulating the action of the inducible NO synthase protein.

Secondary metabolites from marine fungus Penicillium chrysogenum VH17 and their antimicrobial and cytotoxic potential

One new compound, methyl 3-((1-((2-carbamoylphenyl)amino)-1-oxopropan-2-yl)amino)-3-oxopropanoate (1), along with 9 known secondary metabolites (2-10) were isolated and elucidated chemical structures from the methanol extract of the marine-derived fungus Penicillium chrysogenum VH17. Subsequent bioassays showed the antimicrobial and cytotoxic potential of the isolated compounds. All compounds 1-10 displayed antimicrobial effects against at least one tested reference microorganism with MIC values ranging from 32 to 256 µg mL-1. Furthermore, compound 4 exhibited significant cytotoxicity against all tested cell lines, HepG2, A549, and MCF7 with IC50 values of 29.43 ± 1.37, 33.02 ± 1.53, and 36.72 ± 1.88 µM, respectively, whereas compound 3 exhibited weak cytotoxicity against MCF7 and HepG2 cell lines with IC50 values of 87.17 ± 6.31 and 97.32 ± 5.66 µM, respectively.

Natural Products from Marine-Derived Fungi with Anti-Inflammatory Activity

Inflammation is considered as one of the most primary protective innate immunity responses, closely related to the body's defense mechanism for responding to chemical, biological infections, or physical injuries. Furthermore, prolonged inflammation is undesirable, playing an important role in the development of various diseases, such as heart disease, diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and even certain cancers. Marine-derived fungi represent promising sources of structurally novel bioactive natural products, and have been a focus of research for the development of anti-inflammatory drugs. This review covers secondary metabolites with anti-inflammatory activities from marine-derived fungi, over the period spanning August 2018 to July 2024. A total of 285 anti-inflammatory metabolites, including 156 novel compounds and 11 with novel skeleton structures, are described. Their structures are categorized into five categories: terpenoids, polyketides, nitrogen-containing compounds, steroids, and other classes. The biological targets, as well as the in vitro and in vivo screening models, were surveyed and statistically summarized. This paper aims to offer valuable insights to researchers in the exploration of natural products and the discovery of anti-inflammatory drugs.

Recent Advances in Anti-Inflammatory Compounds from Marine Microorganisms

Marine microbial secondary metabolites with diversified structures have been found as promising sources of anti-inflammatory lead compounds. This review summarizes the sources, chemical structures, and pharmacological properties of anti-inflammatory natural products reported from marine microorganisms in the past three years (2021-2023). Approximately 252 anti-inflammatory compounds, including 129 new ones, were predominantly obtained from marine fungi and they are structurally divided into polyketides (51.2%), terpenoids (21.0%), alkaloids (18.7%), amides or peptides (4.8%), and steroids (4.3%). This review will shed light on the development of marine microbial secondary metabolites as potential anti-inflammatory lead compounds with promising clinical applications in human health.

Hosts engineering and in vitro enzymatic synthesis for the discovery of novel natural products and their derivatives

Novel natural products (NPs) and their derivatives are important sources for drug discovery, which have been broadly applied in the fields of agriculture, livestock, and medicine, making the synthesis of NPs and their derivatives necessarily important. In recent years, biosynthesis technology has received increasing attention due to its high efficiency in the synthesis of high value-added novel products and its advantages of green, environmental protection, and controllability. In this review, the technological advances of biosynthesis strategies in the discovery of novel NPs and their derivatives are outlined, with an emphasis on two areas of host engineering and in vitro enzymatic synthesis. In terms of hosts engineering, multiple microorganisms, including Streptomyces, Aspergillus, and Penicillium, have been used as the biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) provider and host strain for the expression of BGCs to discover new compounds over the past years. In addition, the use of in vitro enzymatic synthesis strategy to generate novel compounds such as triterpenoid saponins and flavonoids is also hereby described.

Immunomodulatory Compounds from the Sea: From the Origins to a Modern Marine Pharmacopoeia

From sea shores to the abysses of the deep ocean, marine ecosystems have provided humanity with valuable medicinal resources. The use of marine organisms is discussed in ancient pharmacopoeias of different times and geographic regions and is still deeply rooted in traditional medicine. Thanks to present-day, large-scale bioprospecting and rigorous screening for bioactive metabolites, the ocean is coming back as an untapped resource of natural compounds with therapeutic potential. This renewed interest in marine drugs is propelled by a burgeoning research field investigating the molecular mechanisms by which newly identified compounds intervene in the pathophysiology of human diseases. Of great clinical relevance are molecules endowed with anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties with emerging applications in the management of chronic inflammatory disorders, autoimmune diseases, and cancer. Here, we review the historical development of marine pharmacology in the Eastern and Western worlds and describe the status of marine drug discovery. Finally, we discuss the importance of conducting sustainable exploitation of marine resources through biotechnology.

Marine natural products

Covering: January to the end of December 2022This review covers the literature published in 2022 for marine natural products (MNPs), with 645 citations (633 for the period January to December 2022) referring to compounds isolated from marine microorganisms and phytoplankton, green, brown and red algae, sponges, cnidarians, bryozoans, molluscs, tunicates, echinoderms, the submerged parts of mangroves and other intertidal plants. The emphasis is on new compounds (1417 in 384 papers for 2022), together with the relevant biological activities, source organisms and country of origin. Pertinent reviews, biosynthetic studies, first syntheses, and syntheses that led to the revision of structures or stereochemistries, have been included. An analysis of NP structure class diversity in relation to biota source and biome is discussed.

Secondary metabolites from the deep-sea derived fungus Aspergillus terreus MCCC M28183

Aspergillus fungi are renowned for producing a diverse range of natural products with promising biological activities. These include lovastatin, itaconic acid, terrin, and geodin, known for their cholesterol-regulating, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and antibiotic properties. In our current study, we isolated three dimeric nitrophenyl trans-epoxyamides (1-3), along with fifteen known compounds (4-18), from the culture of Aspergillus terreus MCCC M28183, a deep-sea-derived fungus. The structures of compounds 1-3 were elucidated using a combination of NMR, MS, NMR calculation, and ECD calculation. Compound 1 exhibited moderate inhibitory activity against human gastric cancer cells MKN28, while compound 7 showed similar activity against MGC803 cells, with both showing IC50 values below 10 μM. Furthermore, compound 16 exhibited moderate potency against Vibrio parahaemolyticus ATCC 17802, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 7.8 μg/mL. This promising research suggests potential avenues for developing new pharmaceuticals, particularly in targeting specific cancer cell lines and combating bacterial infections, leveraging the unique properties of these Aspergillus-derived compounds.

Neurotrophic phenolic glycosides from the roots of Armoracia rusticana

Armoracia rusticana P. G. Gaertner. belongs to the Brassicaceae family and has aroused scientific interest for its anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities. In a continuing investigation to discover bioactive constituents from A. rusticana, we isolated 19 phenolic glycosides including three undescribed flavonol glycosides and one undescribed neolignan glycoside from MeOH extract of this plant. Their structures were elucidated based on NMR spectroscopic analysis (1H, 13C, 1H-1H COSY, HSQC, and HMBC), HRESIMS, and chemical methods. The determination of their absolute configuration was accomplished by ECD and LC-MS analysis. All the compounds were assessed for their potential neurotrophic activity through induction of nerve growth factor in C6 glioma cell lines and for their anti-neuroinflammatory activity based on the measurement of inhibition levels of nitric oxide production and pro-inflammatory cytokines (i.e., IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) in lipopolysaccharide-activated microglia BV-2 cells.

Human milk oligosaccharides 3'-sialyllactose and 6'-sialyllactose attenuate LPS-induced lung injury by inhibiting STAT1 and NF-κB signaling pathways

Acute lung injury (ALI) is the leading cause of respiratory diseases induced by uncontrolled inflammation and cell death. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a major trigger of ALI in the progression through macrophage differentiation and the accelerated release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The present study aimed to investigate the protective effects of human milk oligosaccharides, specifically 3'-sialyllactose (3'-SL) and 6'-sialyllactose (6'-SL), on LPS-induced ALI and elucidate their underlying signaling pathways. The inhibitory effects of 3'-SL and 6'-SL on inflammation were evaluated using LPS-treated RAW 264.7 macrophages. To establish the ALI model, mice were treated with 10 mg/kg LPS for 24 h. Histological changes in the lung tissues were assessed using hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunofluorescence. LPS causes thickening of the alveolar wall infiltration of immune cells in lung tissues and increased serum levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and GM-CSF. However, these effects were significantly alleviated by 100 mg/kg of 3'-SL and 6'-SL. Consistent with the inhibitory effects of 3'-SL and 6'-SL on LPS-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion in serum, 3'-SL and 6'-SL suppressed mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, MCP-1, iNOS, and COX2 in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Mechanistically, 3'-SL and 6'-SL abolished LPS-mediated phosphorylation of NF-κB and STAT1. Interestingly, fludarabine treatment, a STAT1 inhibitor, did not affect LPS-mediated NF-κB phosphorylation. In summary, 3'-SL and 6'-SL protect LPS-induced macrophage activation and ALI through the STAT1 and NF-κB signaling pathways.

The effect of C/N ratio and its frequent addition on commensal and pathogenic bacterial abundances in shrimp Litopeaneus vanname gut in a biofloc system: Ratio and frequent addition interaction matters

The environmental biotic and abiotic factors form a complicated relationship with the host intestinal microbiota. In our study, we applied different levels of C/N ratio (10, 15, 20) and frequent addition times (once, twice, triple a day) in a factorial experimental design. GC/LC analysis of filtrated biofloc (BF) samples revealed the highest relative fold change for the untargeted bioactive molecules among different treatments, whereas the 16s rRNA analysis revealed the change in the shrimp gut microbiota composition. Based on the available literature on the relationship between the bioactive molecules and the available bacteria in this study, the next bioactive molecules were discussed. Proline was associated with Bacteroidota, Flavobacteriaceae, Gammaproteobacteria, and Flavobacteriales. Plumbagine was associated with Norcardiaceae. Phytosphingosin was associated with Bacteroidota. Phosphocholine compound was associated with Bacteroidota. The monobutyl ether, benzofuran, and piperidone were associated with Micobacteriaceae and Mycobacterium. Generally, C/N 15 and 20 once a day, and C/N 20 triple a day have showed a merit over other treatments in term of low pathogenic and unfavorable bacteria, and high commensal bacterial abundances. The revealed bioactive molecule composition showed the complicity of BF as a source for novel compounds as biosecurity agents in BF system. These molecules could be developed to feed additives upgrading the biosecurity level in aquaculture systems. Other bioactive molecules require future studies to reveal novel molecules in term of aquaculture biosecurity control.