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Chang YB, Jung EJ, Jo K, Suh HJ, Choi HS. Neuroprotective effect of whey protein hydrolysate containing leucine-aspartate-isoleucine-glutamine-lysine on HT22 cells in hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:2620-2632. [PMID: 38101744 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effects of whey protein hydrolysate (WPH) containing the pentapeptide leucine-aspartate-isoleucine-glutamine-lysine (LDIQK). Whey protein hydrolysate (50, 100, and 200 µg/mL) demonstrated the ability to restore the viability of HT22 cells subjected to 300 µM hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative stress. Furthermore, at a concentration of 200 µg/mL, it significantly reduced the increase in reactive oxygen species production and calcium ion (Ca2+) influx induced by H2O2 by 46.1% and 46.2%, respectively. Similarly, the hydrolysate significantly decreased the levels of p-tau, a hallmark of tauopathy, and BCL2 associated X (BAX), a proapoptosis factor, while increasing the protein levels of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), an enzyme involved in acetylcholine synthesis, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a nerve growth factor, and B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2, an antiapoptotic factor. Furthermore, it increased nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-hemoxygenase-1(HO-1) signaling, which is associated with the antioxidant response, while reducing the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway components, namely phosphor-extracellular signal-regulated kinases (p-ERK), phosphor-c-Jun N-terminal kinases (p-JNK), and p-p38. Column chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry analysis identified LDIQK as a compound with neuroprotective effects in WPH; it inhibited Ca2+ influx and regulated the BAX/BCL2 ratio. Collectively, WPH containing LDIQK demonstrated neuroprotective effects against H2O2-induced neuronal cell damage, suggesting that WPH or its active peptide, LDIQK, may serve as a potential edible agent for improving cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeok B Chang
- Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Science, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; Transdisciplinary Major in Learning Health Systems, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Jin Jung
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungae Jo
- Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Science, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung J Suh
- Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Science, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; Transdisciplinary Major in Learning Health Systems, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyeon-Son Choi
- Department of Food Nutrition, Sangmyung University, Seoul 03016, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Wang S, Sun-Waterhouse D, Neil Waterhouse GI, Zheng L, Su G, Zhao M. Effects of food-derived bioactive peptides on cognitive deficits and memory decline in neurodegenerative diseases: A review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.04.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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3
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Gontijo VS, Viegas FPD, Ortiz CJC, de Freitas Silva M, Damasio CM, Rosa MC, Campos TG, Couto DS, Tranches Dias KS, Viegas C. Molecular Hybridization as a Tool in the Design of Multi-target Directed Drug Candidates for Neurodegenerative Diseases. Curr Neuropharmacol 2020; 18:348-407. [PMID: 31631821 PMCID: PMC7457438 DOI: 10.2174/1385272823666191021124443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative Diseases (NDs) are progressive multifactorial neurological pathologies related to neuronal impairment and functional loss from different brain regions. Currently, no effective treatments are available for any NDs, and this lack of efficacy has been attributed to the multitude of interconnected factors involved in their pathophysiology. In the last two decades, a new approach for the rational design of new drug candidates, also called multitarget-directed ligands (MTDLs) strategy, has emerged and has been used in the design and for the development of a variety of hybrid compounds capable to act simultaneously in diverse biological targets. Based on the polypharmacology concept, this new paradigm has been thought as a more secure and effective way for modulating concomitantly two or more biochemical pathways responsible for the onset and progress of NDs, trying to overcome low therapeutical effectiveness. As a complement to our previous review article (Curr. Med. Chem. 2007, 14 (17), 1829-1852. https://doi.org/10.2174/092986707781058805), herein we aimed to cover the period from 2008 to 2019 and highlight the most recent advances of the exploitation of Molecular Hybridization (MH) as a tool in the rational design of innovative multifunctional drug candidate prototypes for the treatment of NDs, specially focused on AD, PD, HD and ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Silva Gontijo
- PeQuiM-Laboratory of Research in Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, 37133-840, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Federal University of Alfenas, 37133-840, Brazil
| | - Flávia P Dias Viegas
- PeQuiM-Laboratory of Research in Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, 37133-840, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Federal University of Alfenas, 37133-840, Brazil
| | - Cindy Juliet Cristancho Ortiz
- PeQuiM-Laboratory of Research in Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, 37133-840, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Federal University of Alfenas, 37133-840, Brazil
| | - Matheus de Freitas Silva
- PeQuiM-Laboratory of Research in Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, 37133-840, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Federal University of Alfenas, 37133-840, Brazil
| | - Caio Miranda Damasio
- PeQuiM-Laboratory of Research in Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, 37133-840, Brazil
| | - Mayara Chagas Rosa
- PeQuiM-Laboratory of Research in Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, 37133-840, Brazil
| | - Thâmara Gaspar Campos
- PeQuiM-Laboratory of Research in Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, 37133-840, Brazil
| | - Dyecika Souza Couto
- PeQuiM-Laboratory of Research in Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, 37133-840, Brazil
| | | | - Claudio Viegas
- PeQuiM-Laboratory of Research in Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, 37133-840, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Federal University of Alfenas, 37133-840, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Federal University of Alfenas, 37133-840, Brazil
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4
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Scotti L, Monteiro AFM, de Oliveira Viana J, Mendonça Junior FJB, Ishiki HM, Tchouboun EN, Santos R, Scotti MT. Multi-Target Drugs Against Metabolic Disorders. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2020; 19:402-418. [PMID: 30556507 DOI: 10.2174/1871530319666181217123357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic disorders are a major cause of illness and death worldwide. Metabolism is the process by which the body makes energy from proteins, carbohydrates, and fats; chemically breaking these down in the digestive system towards sugars and acids which constitute the human body's fuel for immediate use, or to store in body tissues, such as the liver, muscles, and body fat. OBJECTIVE The efficiency of treatments for multifactor diseases has not been proved. It is accepted that to manage multifactor diseases, simultaneous modulation of multiple targets is required leading to the development of new strategies for discovery and development of drugs against metabolic disorders. METHODS In silico studies are increasingly being applied by researchers due to reductions in time and costs for new prototype synthesis; obtaining substances that present better therapeutic profiles. DISCUSSION In the present work, in addition to discussing multi-target drug discovery and the contributions of in silico studies to rational bioactive planning against metabolic disorders such as diabetes and obesity, we review various in silico study contributions to the fight against human metabolic pathologies. CONCLUSION In this review, we have presented various studies involved in the treatment of metabolic disorders; attempting to obtain hybrid molecules with pharmacological activity against various targets and expanding biological activity by using different mechanisms of action to treat a single pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Scotti
- Teaching and Research Management - University Hospital, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products, Federal University of Paraiba, Joao Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Alex France Messias Monteiro
- Postgraduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products, Federal University of Paraiba, Joao Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Jéssika de Oliveira Viana
- Postgraduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products, Federal University of Paraiba, Joao Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Francisco Jaime Bezerra Mendonça Junior
- Postgraduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products, Federal University of Paraiba, Joao Pessoa, PB, Brazil.,Laboratory of Synthesis and Drug Delivery, Department of Biological Science, State University of Paraiba, Joao Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Hamilton M Ishiki
- University of Western Sao Paulo (Unoeste), Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Rodrigo Santos
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Drug Delivery, Department of Biological Science, State University of Paraiba, Joao Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Marcus Tullius Scotti
- Postgraduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products, Federal University of Paraiba, Joao Pessoa, PB, Brazil
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5
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Vyas S, Kothari S, Kachhwaha S. Nootropic medicinal plants: Therapeutic alternatives for Alzheimer’s disease. J Herb Med 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hermed.2019.100291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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6
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Stańczykiewicz B, Jakubik-Witkowska M, Rutkowska M, Polanowski A, Gburek J, Gołąb K, Juszczyńska K, Trziszka T, Rymaszewska J. Beneficial effect of ovocystatin on the cognitive decline in APP/PS1 transgenic mice. Adv Med Sci 2019; 64:65-71. [PMID: 30504006 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cystatin C plays an important role in the course of neurodegenerative diseases and has a beneficial effect through inhibiting cysteine proteases and amyloid-β aggregation. It also induces proliferation and autophagy. Cystatin isolated from chicken egg white, called ovocystatin, has been widely used in the medical and pharmaceutical research due to its structural and biological similarities to human cystatin C. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of administering ovocystatin on the development of dementia-specific cognitive deficits in APP/PS1 transgenic mice. MATERIALS/METHODS The study was conducted on transgenic B6C3-Tg(APPswe,PSEN1dE9)85Dbo/Mmjax mice. Ovocystatin was administered to four-month-old transgenic (AD) and wild type (NCAR) mice in drinking water for 24 weeks (at a dose of 40 and 4 μg/ mouse). The locomotor activity and cognitive functions were determined using an actimeter and the Morris water maze test, respectively. RESULTS The results of the study indicate that ovocystatin has a beneficial effect on the cognitive functions in APP/PS1 transgenic mice. The strongest effects of ovocystatin were found in the group of AD mice, where ovocystatin was administered in drinking water at a dose of 40 μg/mouse (p < 0.05). Mice from the AD group swam statistically significantly further in the target zone during the trial in the Morris water maze compared to the AD (vehiculum) group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The obtained results encourage further research into the protective effect, which may be used as an adjuvant in the treatment of deteriorating cognitive functions.
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7
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Alghazwi M, Smid S, Musgrave I, Zhang W. In vitro studies of the neuroprotective activities of astaxanthin and fucoxanthin against amyloid beta (Aβ 1-42) toxicity and aggregation. Neurochem Int 2019; 124:215-224. [PMID: 30639263 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid beta (Aβ) can aggregate and form plaques, which are considered as one of the major hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease. This study aims to directly compare the neuroprotective activities in vitro of two marine-derived carotenoids astaxanthin and fucoxanthin that have shown a spectrum of biological activities, including neuroprotection. The in vitro neuroprotective activities were investigated against Aβ1-42-mediated toxicity in pheochromocytoma (PC-12) neuronal cells using the MTT cell viability assay, anti-apoptotic, antioxidant and neurite outgrowth activities; as well as inhibition against Aβ1-42 fibrillization in the Thioflavin T (ThT) assay of fibril kinetics and via transmission electron microscopic (TEM) evaluation of fibril morphology. The results demonstrated that both astaxanthin and fucoxanthin exhibited multi-neuroprotective effects favouring fucoxanthin over astaxanthin supporting neuroprotective roles of marine-derived carotenoids as potential novel dementia prevention or therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mousa Alghazwi
- Centre for Marine Bioproducts Development (CMBD), College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, 5001, South Australia, Australia; Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, 5001, South Australia, Australia; Ministry of Higher Education in Saudi Arabia, King Faisal Hospital Street, Riyadh, 11153, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Scott Smid
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Ian Musgrave
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Centre for Marine Bioproducts Development (CMBD), College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, 5001, South Australia, Australia; Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, 5001, South Australia, Australia.
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8
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Dias Viegas FP, de Freitas Silva M, Divino da Rocha M, Castelli MR, Riquiel MM, Machado RP, Vaz SM, Simões de Lima LM, Mancini KC, Marques de Oliveira PC, Morais ÉP, Gontijo VS, da Silva FMR, D'Alincourt da Fonseca Peçanha D, Castro NG, Neves GA, Giusti-Paiva A, Vilela FC, Orlandi L, Camps I, Veloso MP, Leomil Coelho LF, Ionta M, Ferreira-Silva GÁ, Pereira RM, Dardenne LE, Guedes IA, de Oliveira Carneiro Junior W, Quaglio Bellozi PM, Pinheiro de Oliveira AC, Ferreira FF, Pruccoli L, Tarozzi A, Viegas C. Design, synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of N-benzyl-piperidinyl-aryl-acylhydrazone derivatives as donepezil hybrids: Discovery of novel multi-target anti-alzheimer prototype drug candidates. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 147:48-65. [PMID: 29421570 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.01.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A new series of sixteen multifunctional N-benzyl-piperidine-aryl-acylhydrazones hybrid derivatives was synthesized and evaluated for multi-target activities related to Alzheimer's disease (AD). The molecular hybridization approach was based on the combination, in a single molecule, of the pharmacophoric N-benzyl-piperidine subunit of donepezil, the substituted hydroxy-piperidine fragment of the AChE inhibitor LASSBio-767, and an acylhydrazone linker, a privileged structure present in a number of synthetic aryl- and aryl-acylhydrazone derivatives with significant AChE and anti-inflammatory activities. Among them, compounds 4c, 4d, 4g and 4j presented the best AChE inhibitory activities, but only compounds 4c and 4g exhibited concurrent anti-inflammatory activity in vitro and in vivo, against amyloid beta oligomer (AβO) induced neuroinflammation. Compound 4c also showed the best in vitro and in vivo neuroprotective effects against AβO-induced neurodegeneration. In addition, compound 4c showed a similar binding mode to donepezil in both acetylated and free forms of AChE enzyme in molecular docking studies and did not show relevant toxic effects on in vitro and in vivo assays, with good predicted ADME parameters in silico. Overall, all these results highlighted compound 4c as a promising and innovative multi-target drug prototype candidate for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Pereira Dias Viegas
- Institute of Chemistry, Laboratory of Research on Medicinal Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, MG 37133-840, Brazil
| | - Matheus de Freitas Silva
- Institute of Chemistry, Laboratory of Research on Medicinal Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, MG 37133-840, Brazil
| | - Miguel Divino da Rocha
- Institute of Chemistry, Laboratory of Research on Medicinal Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, MG 37133-840, Brazil
| | - Maísa Rosa Castelli
- Institute of Chemistry, Laboratory of Research on Medicinal Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, MG 37133-840, Brazil
| | - Mariana Máximo Riquiel
- Institute of Chemistry, Laboratory of Research on Medicinal Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, MG 37133-840, Brazil
| | - Rafael Pereira Machado
- Institute of Chemistry, Laboratory of Research on Medicinal Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, MG 37133-840, Brazil
| | - Sarah Macedo Vaz
- Institute of Chemistry, Laboratory of Research on Medicinal Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, MG 37133-840, Brazil
| | - Laís Medeiros Simões de Lima
- Institute of Chemistry, Laboratory of Research on Medicinal Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, MG 37133-840, Brazil
| | - Karla Cristine Mancini
- Institute of Chemistry, Laboratory of Research on Medicinal Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, MG 37133-840, Brazil
| | | | - Élida Parreira Morais
- Institute of Chemistry, Laboratory of Research on Medicinal Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, MG 37133-840, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Silva Gontijo
- Institute of Chemistry, Laboratory of Research on Medicinal Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, MG 37133-840, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Motta R da Silva
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil
| | | | - Newton Gonçalves Castro
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Gilda A Neves
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Giusti-Paiva
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, MG 37130-000, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Cardoso Vilela
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, MG 37130-000, Brazil
| | - Lidiane Orlandi
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, MG 37130-000, Brazil
| | - Ihosvany Camps
- Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, MG 37130-000, Brazil
| | | | - Luis Felipe Leomil Coelho
- Laboratory of Vaccines, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, MG 37130-000, Brazil
| | - Marisa Ionta
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, MG 37130-000, Brazil
| | | | | | - Laurent E Dardenne
- National Laboratory of Computational Sciences, Petrópolis, RJ 25651-075, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Fábio Furlan Ferreira
- Centre of Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Santo André, SP 09210-580, Brazil
| | - Letizia Pruccoli
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Rimini 47921, Italy
| | - Andrea Tarozzi
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Rimini 47921, Italy
| | - Claudio Viegas
- Institute of Chemistry, Laboratory of Research on Medicinal Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, MG 37133-840, Brazil.
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9
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Kehoe PG, Blair PS, Howden B, Thomas DL, Malone IB, Horwood J, Clement C, Selman LE, Baber H, Lane A, Coulthard E, Passmore AP, Fox NC, Wilkinson IB, Ben-Shlomo Y. The Rationale and Design of the Reducing Pathology in Alzheimer's Disease through Angiotensin TaRgeting (RADAR) Trial. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 61:803-814. [PMID: 29226862 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anti-hypertensives that modify the renin angiotensin system may reduce Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology and reduce the rate of disease progression. OBJECTIVE To conduct a phase II, two arm, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of losartan to test the efficacy of Reducing pathology in Alzheimer's Disease through Angiotensin TaRgeting (RADAR). METHODS Men and women aged at least 55 years with mild-to-moderate AD will be randomly allocated 100 mg encapsulated generic losartan or placebo once daily for 12 months after successful completion of a 2-week open-label phase and 2-week placebo washout to establish drug tolerability. 228 participants will provide at least 182 subjects with final assessments to provide 84% power to detect a 25% difference in atrophy rate (therapeutic benefit) change over 12 months at an alpha level of 0.05. We will use intention-to-treat analysis, estimating between-group differences in outcomes derived from appropriate (linear or logistic) multivariable regression models adjusting for minimization variables. RESULTS The primary outcome will be rate of whole brain atrophy as a surrogate measure of disease progression. Secondary outcomes will include changes to 1) white matter hyperintensity volume and cerebral blood flow; 2) performance on a standard series of assessments of memory, cognitive function, activities of daily living, and quality of life. Major assessments (for all outcomes) and relevant safety monitoring of blood pressure and bloods will be at baseline and 12 months. Additional cognitive assessment will also be conducted at 6 months along with safety blood pressure and blood monitoring. Monitoring of blood pressure, bloods, and self-reported side effects will occur during the open-label phase and during the majority of the post-randomization dispensing visits. CONCLUSION This study will identify whether losartan is efficacious in the treatment of AD and whether definitive Phase III trials are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick G Kehoe
- Dementia Research Group, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Faculty of Health Sciences, Level 1 Learning and Research>, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK
| | - Peter S Blair
- Bristol Randomised Trials Collaboration (BRTC), Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Beth Howden
- Bristol Randomised Trials Collaboration (BRTC), Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - David L Thomas
- Leonard Wolfson Experimental Neurology Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
- Dementia Research Centre (DRC), Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Ian B Malone
- Dementia Research Centre (DRC), Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Jeremy Horwood
- Bristol Randomised Trials Collaboration (BRTC), Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Clare Clement
- Bristol Randomised Trials Collaboration (BRTC), Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Lucy E Selman
- Bristol Randomised Trials Collaboration (BRTC), Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Hannah Baber
- Bristol Randomised Trials Collaboration (BRTC), Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Athene Lane
- Bristol Randomised Trials Collaboration (BRTC), Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Elizabeth Coulthard
- ReMemBr Group, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Faculty of Health Sciences, Brain Centre, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK
| | - Anthony Peter Passmore
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, UK
| | - Nick C Fox
- Dementia Research Centre (DRC), Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Ian B Wilkinson
- Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, and Clinical Trials Unit, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Yoav Ben-Shlomo
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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10
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Zhao H, Qiao L, Fan D, Zhang S, Turel O, Li Y, Li J, Xue G, Chen A, He Q. Modulation of Brain Activity with Noninvasive Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS): Clinical Applications and Safety Concerns. Front Psychol 2017; 8:685. [PMID: 28539894 PMCID: PMC5423956 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a widely-used tool to induce neuroplasticity and modulate cortical function by applying weak direct current over the scalp. In this review, we first introduce the underlying mechanism of action, the brief history from discovery to clinical scientific research, electrode positioning and montages, and parameter setup of tDCS. Then, we review tDCS application in clinical samples including people with drug addiction, major depression disorder, Alzheimer's disease, as well as in children. This review covers the typical characteristics and the underlying neural mechanisms of tDCS treatment in such studies. This is followed by a discussion of safety, especially when the current intensity is increased or the stimulation duration is prolonged. Given such concerns, we provide detailed suggestions regarding safety procedures for tDCS operation. Lastly, future research directions are discussed. They include foci on the development of multi-tech combination with tDCS such as with TMS and fMRI; long-term behavioral and morphological changes; possible applications in other research domains, and more animal research to deepen the understanding of the biological and physiological mechanisms of tDCS stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haichao Zhao
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest UniversityChongqing, China
| | - Lei Qiao
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest UniversityChongqing, China
| | - Dongqiong Fan
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest UniversityChongqing, China
| | - Shuyue Zhang
- School of Education, Guangxi UniversityNanning, China
| | - Ofir Turel
- Department of Information systems and Decision Sciences, College of Business and Economics, California State University, FullertonFullerton, CA, USA
| | - Yonghui Li
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Jun Li
- National Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Gui Xue
- National Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Antao Chen
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest UniversityChongqing, China
| | - Qinghua He
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest UniversityChongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China.,Southwest University Branch, Collaborative Innovation Center of Assessment toward Basic Education Quality at Beijing Normal UniversityChongqing, China
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11
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Blackman S, Matlo C, Bobrovitskiy C, Waldoch A, Fang ML, Jackson P, Mihailidis A, Nygård L, Astell A, Sixsmith A. Ambient Assisted Living Technologies for Aging Well: A Scoping Review. JOURNAL OF INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/jisys-2014-0136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractAmbient assisted living (AAL) technology is of considerable interest in supporting the independence and quality of life of older adults. As such, it is a core focus of the emerging field of gerontechnology, which considers how technological innovation can aid health and well-being in older age. For this scoping review, a comprehensive search of databases and key journals was conducted from January to April of 2013 in order to identify AAL technologies that have the potential to help deal with some of the challenges associated with aging. In particular, we focused on technologies that could potentially be used by people living with some degree of cognitive impairment, ranging from normal cognitive aging to mild cognitive impairment up to earlier stages of dementia. Options currently available and those still under development were both included in our search. Fifty-nine technologies were identified and are outlined here, along with a discussion of history of AAL from a gerontological perspective and related theoretical considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Blackman
- 1Dalhousie Family Medicine, 5909 Veterans Memorial Lane, Abbie J. Lane Building, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 2E2
| | - Claudine Matlo
- 2Mount Pleasant Neighbourhood House, 800 East Broadway, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5T 1Y1
| | | | - Ashley Waldoch
- 4Gerontology Research Centre, Simon Fraser University Vancouver, 2800-515 West Hastings Street, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6B 5K3
| | - Mei Lan Fang
- 4Gerontology Research Centre, Simon Fraser University Vancouver, 2800-515 West Hastings Street, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6B 5K3
| | - Piper Jackson
- 5IRMACS Centre, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, Canada V5A 1S6
| | - Alex Mihailidis
- 6Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Toronto, 160-500 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1V7
| | - Louise Nygård
- 7Karolinska Institutet, Division of Occupational Therapy, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS), H1, Fack 23200 141 83 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Arlene Astell
- 8ScHARR, University of Sheffield, Regent Court, Regent Street, Sheffield S1 4DA, UK
| | - Andrew Sixsmith
- 4Gerontology Research Centre, Simon Fraser University Vancouver, 2800-515 West Hastings Street, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6B 5K3
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12
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Zhang Y, Yin F, Liu J, Liu Z. Geniposide Attenuates the Phosphorylation of Tau Protein in Cellular and Insulin-deficient APP/PS1 Transgenic Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Chem Biol Drug Des 2015; 87:409-18. [PMID: 26475430 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Revised: 08/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Our previous studies have shown that geniposide plays an essential role in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from pancreatic β cells and also regulates the metabolism of Aβ and its deposition in neurons. In this study, we reported that insulin deficiency induced significant increase of tau phosphorylation. Administration of geniposide for 4 weeks significantly decreased the phosphorylated level of tau and the acceleration of GSK-3β phosphorylation in the brain of APP/PS1 transgenic mice induced by insulin deficiency. We also observed that geniposide decreased the phosphorylation of tau protein directly and increased the phosphorylation of Akt in primary cultured cortical neurons. Furthermore, geniposide enhanced the role of insulin on the phosphorylation of Akt, GSK-3β, and tau in primary cultured cortical neurons. And these effects of geniposide in cortical neurons could be prevented by preincubation with LY294002, an inhibitor of PI3K. Taken together, our findings provide a mechanistic and perhaps a foundational link between diabetes and Alzheimer's disease and are consistent with the notion that geniposide might play an essential role on the phosphorylation of tau protein via enhancing insulin signaling and may convey a therapeutic benefit in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonglan Zhang
- College of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, 400054, China
| | - Fei Yin
- College of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, 400054, China.,Chongqing Key Lab of Catalysis & Functional Organic Molecules, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, 400067, China
| | - Jianhui Liu
- College of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, 400054, China.,Chongqing Key Lab of Catalysis & Functional Organic Molecules, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, 400067, China
| | - Zixuan Liu
- Chongqing Key Lab of Catalysis & Functional Organic Molecules, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, 400067, China
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Chronic amitriptyline treatment attenuates nigrostriatal degeneration and significantly alters trophic support in a rat model of parkinsonism. Neuropsychopharmacology 2015; 40:874-83. [PMID: 25267343 PMCID: PMC4330501 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In addition to alleviating depression, long-term adaptive changes induced by antidepressants may regulate neural plasticity in the diseased brain, providing symptomatic and disease-modifying effects in Parkinson's disease. The present study investigated whether chronic treatment with a frequently prescribed tricyclic antidepressant was neuroprotective in a 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) rat model of parkinsonism. In lesioned animals, chronic amitriptyline (AMI; 5 mg/kg) treatment resulted in a significant sparing of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive (THir) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) compared with saline treatment. Additionally, striatal fibers were preserved and functional motor deficits were attenuated. Although 6-OHDA lesions did not induce anhedonia in our model, the dose of AMI utilized had antidepressant activity as demonstrated by reduced immobility. Recent in vitro and in vivo data provide evidence that trophic factors such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) may be key mediators of the therapeutic response to antidepressants. Therefore, we investigated whether AMI mediates changes in these specific trophic factors in the intact and degenerating nigrostriatal system. Chronic AMI treatment mediates an increase in nigral BDNF both before and during ongoing degeneration, suggesting it may contribute to neuroprotection observed in vivo. However, over time, AMI reduced BDNF levels in the striatum, indicating tricyclic therapy differentially regulates trophic factors within the nigrostriatal system. Combined, these results suggest that AMI treatment attenuates dopamine neuron loss and elicits significant trophic changes relevant to dopamine neuron survival.
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Hampel H, Schneider LS, Giacobini E, Kivipelto M, Sindi S, Dubois B, Broich K, Nisticò R, Aisen PS, Lista S. Advances in the therapy of Alzheimer's disease: targeting amyloid beta and tau and perspectives for the future. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 15:83-105. [PMID: 25537424 DOI: 10.1586/14737175.2015.995637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide multidisciplinary translational research has led to a growing knowledge of the genetics and molecular pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) indicating that pathophysiological brain alterations occur decades before clinical signs and symptoms of cognitive decline can be diagnosed. Consequently, therapeutic concepts and targets have been increasingly focused on early-stage illness before the onset of dementia; and distinct classes of compounds are now being tested in clinical trials. At present, there is a growing consensus that therapeutic progress in AD delaying disease progression would significantly decrease the expanding global burden. The evolving hypothesis- and evidence-based generation of new diagnostic research criteria for early-stage AD has positively impacted the development of clinical trial designs and the characterization of earlier and more specific target populations for trials in prodromal as well as in pre- and asymptomatic at-risk stages of AD.
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15
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Gomes MB, Negrato CA. Alpha-lipoic acid as a pleiotropic compound with potential therapeutic use in diabetes and other chronic diseases. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2014; 6:80. [PMID: 25104975 PMCID: PMC4124142 DOI: 10.1186/1758-5996-6-80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alpha-lipoic acid is a naturally occurring substance, essential for the function of different enzymes that take part in mitochondria's oxidative metabolism. It is believed that alpha-lipoic acid or its reduced form, dihydrolipoic acid have many biochemical functions acting as biological antioxidants, as metal chelators, reducers of the oxidized forms of other antioxidant agents such as vitamin C and E, and modulator of the signaling transduction of several pathways. These above-mentioned actions have been shown in experimental studies emphasizing the use of alpha-lipoic acid as a potential therapeutic agent for many chronic diseases with great epidemiological as well economic and social impact such as brain diseases and cognitive dysfunctions like Alzheimer disease, obesity, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, burning mouth syndrome, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, some types of cancer, glaucoma and osteoporosis. Many conflicting data have been found concerning the clinical use of alpha-lipoic acid in the treatment of diabetes and of diabetes-related chronic complications such as retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, wound healing and diabetic cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy. The most frequent clinical condition in which alpha-lipoic acid has been studied was in the management of diabetic peripheral neuropathy in patients with type 1 as well type 2 diabetes. Considering that oxidative stress, a imbalance between pro and antioxidants with excessive production of reactive oxygen species, is a factor in the development of many diseases and that alpha-lipoic acid, a natural thiol antioxidant, has been shown to have beneficial effects on oxidative stress parameters in various tissues we wrote this article in order to make an up-to-date review of current thinking regarding alpha-lipoic acid and its use as an antioxidant drug therapy for a myriad of diseases that could have potential benefits from its use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilia Brito Gomes
- />Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes Unit, State University Hospital of Rio de Janeiro, Avenida 28 de Setembro, 77, 3° andar CEP 20.551-030, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos Antonio Negrato
- />Department of Internal Medicine, Bauru’s Diabetics Association, 17012-433 Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
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Dias KST, Viegas C. Multi-Target Directed Drugs: A Modern Approach for Design of New Drugs for the treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Neuropharmacol 2014; 12:239-55. [PMID: 24851088 PMCID: PMC4023454 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x1203140511153200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder with a multi-faceted pathogenesis. So far, the therapeutic paradigm "one-compound-one-target" has failed and despite enormous efforts to elucidate the pathophysiology of AD, the disease is still incurable. The multiple factors involved in AD include amyloid aggregation to form insoluble neurotoxic plaques of Aβ, hyperphosphorylation of tau protein, oxidative stress, calcium imbalance, mitochondrial dysfunction and deterioration of synaptic transmission. These factors together, accentuate changes in the CNS homeostasis, starting a complex process of interconnected physiological damage, leading to cognitive and memory impairment and neuronal death. A recent approach for the rational design of new drug candidates, also called multitarget-directed ligand (MTDL) approach, has gained increasing attention by many research groups, which have developed a variety of hybrid compounds acting simultaneously on diverse biological targets. This review aims to show some recent advances and examples of the exploitation of MTDL approach in the rational design of novel drug candidate prototypes for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kris Simone Tranches Dias
- LFQM - Laboratório de Fitoquímica e Química Medicinal, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, 37130-000, Brazil; ; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Federal University of Alfenas, 37130-000, Brazil
| | - Claudio Viegas
- LFQM - Laboratório de Fitoquímica e Química Medicinal, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, 37130-000, Brazil; ; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Federal University of Alfenas, 37130-000, Brazil
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17
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Hashimoto T, Kiyoshi T, Kohayakawa H, Iwamura Y, Yoshida N. Pharmacological properties of AC-3933, a novel benzodiazepine receptor partial inverse agonist. Neuroscience 2014; 256:352-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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18
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Tell V, Hilgeroth A. Recent developments of protein kinase inhibitors as potential AD therapeutics. Front Cell Neurosci 2013; 7:189. [PMID: 24312003 PMCID: PMC3832900 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Present Alzheimer’s disease (AD) therapies suffer from inefficient effects on AD symptoms like memory or cognition, especially in later states of the disease. Used acteylcholine esterase inhibitors or the NMDA receptor antagonist memantine address one target structure which is involved in a complex, multifactorial disease progression. So the benefit for patients is presently poor. A more close insight in the AD progression identified more suggested target structures for drug development. Strategies of AD drug development concentrate on novel target structures combined with the established ones dedicated for combined therapy regimes, preferably by the use of one drug which may address two target structures. Protein kinases have been identified as promising target structures because they are involved in AD progression pathways like pathophysiological tau protein phosphorylations and amyloid β toxicity. The review article will shortly view early inhibitors of single protein kinases like glycogen synthase kinase (gsk3) β and cyclin dependent kinase 5. Novel inhibitors will be discussed which address novel AD relevant protein kinases like dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation regulated kinase 1A (DYRK1A). Moreover, multitargeting inhibitors will be presented which target several protein kinases and those which are suspected in influencing other AD relevant processes. Such a multitargeting is the most promising strategy to effectively hamper the multifactorial disease progression and thus gives perspective hopes for a future better patient benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volkmar Tell
- Research Group of Drug Development and Analysis, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg Halle, Germany
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19
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Abstract
To date, no truly effective therapy has been developed for Alzheimer's disease or mild cognitive impairment. In searching for new approaches that may succeed where previous ones have failed, it may be instructive to consider the successful therapeutic developments for other chronic illnesses such as cancer and human immunodeficiency virus.
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20
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Kaya HB, Özcan B, Şişecioğlu M, Ozdemir H. Purification of acetylcholinesterase by 9-amino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine from human erythrocytes. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 170:198-209. [PMID: 23494216 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-013-0177-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The acetylcholinesterase enzyme was purified from human erythrocyte membranes using a simple and effective method in a single step. Tacrine (9-amino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine) is a well-known drug for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, which inhibits cholinesterase. We have developed a tacrine ligand affinity resin that is easy to synthesize, inexpensive and selective for acetylcholinesterase. The affinity resin was synthesized by coupling tacrine as the ligand and L-tyrosine as the spacer arm to CNBr-activated Sepharose 4B. Acetylcholinesterase was purified with a yield of 23.5 %, a specific activity of 9.22 EU/mg proteins and 658-fold purification using the affinity resin in a single step. During purification, the enzyme activity was measured using acetylthiocholine iodide as a substrate and 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoicacid) as the chromogenic agent. The molecular weight of the enzyme was determined as about 70 kDa monomer upon disulphide reduction by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. K(m), V(max), optimum pH and optimum temperature for acetylcholinesterase were found by means of graphics for acetylthiocholine iodide as the substrate. The optimum pH and optimum temperature of the acetylcholinesterase were determined to be 7.4 and 25-35 °C. The Michaelis-Menten constant (K(m)) for the hydrolysis of acetylthiocholine iodide was found to be 0.25 mM, and the V(max) was 0.090 μmol/mL/min. Maximum binding was achieved at 2 °C with pH 7.4 and an ionic strength of approximately 0.1 M. The capacity for the optimum condition was 0.07 mg protein/g gel for acetylcholinesterase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habibe Budak Kaya
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ataturk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey
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Carrasco-Gallardo C, Farías GA, Fuentes P, Crespo F, Maccioni RB. Can nutraceuticals prevent Alzheimer's disease? Potential therapeutic role of a formulation containing shilajit and complex B vitamins. Arch Med Res 2012; 43:699-704. [PMID: 23131823 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2012.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a brain disorder displaying a prevalence and impact in constant expansion. This expansive and epidemic behavior is concerning medical and public opinion while focusing efforts on its prevention and treatment. One important strategy to prevent this brain impairment is based on dietary changes and nutritional supplements, functional foods and nutraceuticals. In this review we discuss the potential contributions of shilajit and complex B vitamins to AD prevention. We analyze the status of biological studies and present data of a clinical trial developed in patients with mild AD. Studies suggest that shilajit and its active principle fulvic acid, as well as a formula of shilajit with B complex vitamins, emerge as novel nutraceutical with potential uses against this brain disorder.
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Mehta A, Prabhakar M, Kumar P, Deshmukh R, Sharma PL. Excitotoxicity: bridge to various triggers in neurodegenerative disorders. Eur J Pharmacol 2012; 698:6-18. [PMID: 23123057 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 438] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Revised: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate is one of the most prominent neurotransmitter in the body, present in over 50% of nervous tissue and plays an important role in neuronal excitation. This neuronal excitation is short-lived and is followed by depression. Multiple abnormal triggers such as energy deficiency, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, calcium overload, etc can lead to aberration in neuronal excitation process. Such an aberration, serves as a common pool or bridge between abnormal triggers and deleterious signaling processes with which central neurons cannot cope up, leading to death. Excitotoxicity is the pathological process by which nerve cells are damaged and killed by excessive stimulation by neurotransmitters such as glutamate and similar substances. Such excitotoxic neuronal death has been implicated in spinal cord injury, stroke, traumatic brain injury, hearing loss and in neurodegenerative diseases of the central nervous system such as stroke, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer disease, Amyltropic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Huntington disease and alcohol withdrawal. This review mainly emphasizes the triggering events which sustain neuronal excitation, role of calcium, mitochondrial dysfunction, ROS, NO, chloride homeostasis and eicosanoids pathways. Further, a brief introduction about the recent research occurring in the treatment of various neurodegenerative diseases, including a summary of the presumed physiologic mechanisms behind the pharmacology of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Mehta
- Neuropharmacology Division, ISF College of Pharmacy, Ferozpur Road, Ghal Kalan, Moga 142 001, Punjab, India
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Van der Schyf CJ. The use of multi-target drugs in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2012; 4:293-8. [PMID: 22114774 DOI: 10.1586/ecp.11.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Stubbs EB, Von Zee CL. Prenylation of Rho G-proteins: a novel mechanism regulating gene expression and protein stability in human trabecular meshwork cells. Mol Neurobiol 2012; 46:28-40. [PMID: 22396212 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-012-8249-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous prenylation with sesquiterpene or diterpene isoprenoids facilitates membrane localization and functional activation of small monomeric GTP-binding proteins. A direct effect of isoprenoids on regulation of gene expression and protein stability has also been proposed. In this study, we determined the role of sesquiterpene or diterpene isoprenoids on the regulation of Rho G-protein expression, activation, and stability in human trabecular meshwork (TM) cells. In both primary and transformed human TM cells, limiting endogenous isoprenoid synthesis with lovastatin, a potent HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, elicited marked increases in RhoA and RhoB mRNA and protein content. The effect of lovastatin was dose-dependent with newly synthesized inactive protein accumulating in the cytosol. Supplementation with geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) prevented, while inhibition of geranylgeranyl transferase-I mimicked, the effects of lovastatin on RhoA and RhoB protein content. Similarly, lovastatin-dependent increases in RhoA and RhoB mRNA expression were mimicked by geranylgeranyl transferase-I inhibition. Interestingly, GGPP supplementation selectively promoted the degradation of newly synthesized Rho proteins which was mediated, in part, through the 20S proteasome. Functionally, GGPP supplementation prevented lovastatin-dependent decreases in actin stress fiber organization while selectively facilitating the subcellular redistribution of accumulated Rho proteins from the cytosol to the membrane and increasing RhoA activation. Post-translational prenylation with geranylgeranyl diterpenes selectively facilitates the expression, membrane translocation, functional activation, and turnover of newly synthesized Rho proteins. Geranylgeranyl prenylation represents a novel mechanism by which active Rho proteins are targeted to the 20S proteasome for degradation in human TM cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan B Stubbs
- Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, IL 60141, USA.
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Synthesis and X-ray structures of new cycloalka[e]pyrano[2,3-b]pyridine derivatives: novel tacrine analogues. Tetrahedron Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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