1
|
Yang J, Song Y, Jin W, Xia K, Burnett GC, Qiao W, Bates JT, Pomin VH, Wang C, Qiao M, Linhardt RJ, Dordick JS, Zhang F. Sulfated Glycans Inhibit the Interaction of MERS-CoV Receptor Binding Domain with Heparin. Viruses 2024; 16:237. [PMID: 38400013 PMCID: PMC10892611 DOI: 10.3390/v16020237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a zoonotic virus with high contagion and mortality rates. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are ubiquitously expressed on the surface of mammalian cells. Owing to its high negatively charged property, heparan sulfate (HS) on the surface of host cells is used by many viruses as cofactor to facilitate viral attachment and initiate cellular entry. Therefore, inhibition of the interaction between viruses and HS could be a promising target to inhibit viral infection. In the current study, the interaction between the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of MERS-CoV and heparin was exploited to assess the inhibitory activity of various sulfated glycans such as glycosaminoglycans, marine-sourced glycans (sulfated fucans, fucosylated chondroitin sulfates, fucoidans, and rhamnan sulfate), pentosan polysulfate, and mucopolysaccharide using Surface Plasmon Resonance. We believe this study provides valuable insights for the development of sulfated glycan-based inhibitors as potential antiviral agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiyuan Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (J.Y.); (W.Q.); (M.Q.)
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA; (Y.S.); (K.X.); (C.W.); (R.J.L.)
| | - Yuefan Song
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA; (Y.S.); (K.X.); (C.W.); (R.J.L.)
| | - Weihua Jin
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China;
| | - Ke Xia
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA; (Y.S.); (K.X.); (C.W.); (R.J.L.)
| | - Grace C. Burnett
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA; (G.C.B.); (J.T.B.)
| | - Wanjin Qiao
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (J.Y.); (W.Q.); (M.Q.)
| | - John T. Bates
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA; (G.C.B.); (J.T.B.)
| | - Vitor H. Pomin
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA;
| | - Chunyu Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA; (Y.S.); (K.X.); (C.W.); (R.J.L.)
| | - Mingqiang Qiao
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (J.Y.); (W.Q.); (M.Q.)
| | - Robert J. Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA; (Y.S.); (K.X.); (C.W.); (R.J.L.)
- Departments of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Jonathan S. Dordick
- Departments of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Departments of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ahmed W, Feng J, Zhang Y, Chen L. SARS-CoV-2 and Brain Health: New Challenges in the Era of the Pandemic. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2511. [PMID: 37894169 PMCID: PMC10609574 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viral infections have been found to have a negative impact on neurological functions, potentially leading to significant neurological impairment. The SARS-CoV-2 virus has precipitated a worldwide pandemic, posing a substantial threat to human lives. Growing evidence suggests that SARS-CoV-2 may severely affect the CNS and respiratory system. The current prevalence of clinical neurological issues associated with SARS-CoV-2 has raised significant concerns. However, there needs to be a more comprehensive understanding of the specific pathways by which SARS-CoV-2 enters the nervous system. Based on the available evidence, this review focuses on the clinical neurological manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 and the possible mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 invades the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Waqas Ahmed
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neuroscience Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510310, China
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jia Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neuroscience Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510310, China
- Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou 510317, China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neuroscience Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510310, China
| | - Lukui Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neuroscience Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510310, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Garg S, Saini P, Rizvi MR, Ahmad F, AlTaweel M, Sabah ZU, Durrani HK, Almasswary SA, Seyam MK, Sharma A, Ahmad I, Marzoogi SA, Shaphe MA, Uddin S, Ahmad I. The Cardiac Comeback-Beating Stronger: Exploring the Remarkable Resilience of the Heart in COVID-19 Recovery through Cardiac Autonomic Analysis. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:1397. [PMID: 37629687 PMCID: PMC10456477 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59081397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Analyzing the cardiac autonomic function in COVID-19 patients can provide insights into the impact of the virus on the heart's regulatory mechanisms and its recovery. The autonomic nervous system plays a crucial role in regulating the heart's functions, such as heart rate, blood pressure, and cardiac output. This study aimed to investigate the impact of COVID-19 on heart rate variability (HRV) during a 6-min walk test (6MWT). Materials and Methods: The study included 74 participants, consisting of 37 individuals who had recovered from mild to moderate COVID-19 and 37 healthy controls. The study assessed heart rate variability (HRV) and blood pressure both before and after a 6-min walk test (6MWT). Results: The study found significant differences in a few time domains (SDNN and pNN50) and all frequency domain measures, whereas there were no significant differences in demographic characteristics or blood pressure between COVID-19-recovered individuals and healthy controls at rest. There were significant 6MWT effects on average HR, time-domain (SDNN and pNN50) measures of HRV, and all frequency domain measures of HRV. A significant group × 6MWT interaction was found for SDNN, pNN50, total power, Ln total power, LF, HF, Ln LF, Ln HF, and LF nu. Conclusions: Cardiac Autonomic analysis through HRV is essential to ensure the continued health and well-being of COVID-19 survivors and to minimize the potential long-term impacts of the disease on their cardiovascular system. This suggests that HRV analysis during the recovery phase following exercise could serve as a valuable tool for evaluating the physiological effects of COVID-19 and monitoring the recovery process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sakshi Garg
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Allied Health Sciences, Manav Rachna International Institute and Studies (MRIIRS), Faridabad 121001, India; (S.G.); (P.S.); (A.S.); (I.A.)
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Allied Health Sciences, MVN University, Palwal 121102, Haryana, India
| | - Preeti Saini
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Allied Health Sciences, Manav Rachna International Institute and Studies (MRIIRS), Faridabad 121001, India; (S.G.); (P.S.); (A.S.); (I.A.)
| | - Moattar Raza Rizvi
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Manav Rachna International Institute and Studies (MRIIRS), Faridabad 121001, India;
| | - Fuzail Ahmad
- Respiratory Care Department, College of Applied Sciences, Almaarefa University, Diriya 13713, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohammed AlTaweel
- Respiratory Care Department, College of Applied Sciences, Almaarefa University, Diriya 13713, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Zia Ul Sabah
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia; (Z.U.S.); (H.K.D.)
| | - Humayoun K. Durrani
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia; (Z.U.S.); (H.K.D.)
| | | | - Mohamed K. Seyam
- Department of Physical Therapy & Health Rehabilitation, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Almajmaah 15431, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ankita Sharma
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Allied Health Sciences, Manav Rachna International Institute and Studies (MRIIRS), Faridabad 121001, India; (S.G.); (P.S.); (A.S.); (I.A.)
| | - Irshad Ahmad
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Allied Health Sciences, Manav Rachna International Institute and Studies (MRIIRS), Faridabad 121001, India; (S.G.); (P.S.); (A.S.); (I.A.)
| | - Sara Al Marzoogi
- Respiratory Care Department, College of Applied Sciences, Almaarefa University, Diriya 13713, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohammad A. Shaphe
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.S.); (S.U.)
| | - Shadab Uddin
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.S.); (S.U.)
| | - Irshad Ahmad
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia;
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
López-Ayllón BD, de Lucas-Rius A, Mendoza-García L, García-García T, Fernández-Rodríguez R, Suárez-Cárdenas JM, Santos FM, Corrales F, Redondo N, Pedrucci F, Zaldívar-López S, Jiménez-Marín Á, Garrido JJ, Montoya M. SARS-CoV-2 accessory proteins involvement in inflammatory and profibrotic processes through IL11 signaling. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1220306. [PMID: 37545510 PMCID: PMC10399023 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1220306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, the cause of the COVID-19 pandemic, possesses eleven accessory proteins encoded in its genome. Their roles during infection are still not completely understood. In this study, transcriptomics analysis revealed that both WNT5A and IL11 were significantly up-regulated in A549 cells expressing individual accessory proteins ORF6, ORF8, ORF9b or ORF9c from SARS-CoV-2 (Wuhan-Hu-1 isolate). IL11 is a member of the IL6 family of cytokines. IL11 signaling-related genes were also differentially expressed. Bioinformatics analysis disclosed that both WNT5A and IL11 were involved in pulmonary fibrosis idiopathic disease and functional assays confirmed their association with profibrotic cell responses. Subsequently, data comparison with lung cell lines infected with SARS-CoV-2 or lung biopsies from patients with COVID-19, evidenced altered profibrotic gene expression that matched those obtained in this study. Our results show ORF6, ORF8, ORF9b and ORF9c involvement in inflammatory and profibrotic responses. Thus, these accessory proteins could be targeted by new therapies against COVID-19 disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Blanca D. López-Ayllón
- Molecular Biomedicine Department, Margarita Salas Center for Biological Research (CIB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana de Lucas-Rius
- Molecular Biomedicine Department, Margarita Salas Center for Biological Research (CIB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Mendoza-García
- Molecular Biomedicine Department, Margarita Salas Center for Biological Research (CIB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Tránsito García-García
- Department of Genetics, Immunogenomics and Molecular Pathogenesis Group, UIC Zoonoses and Emergent Diseases ENZOEM, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Maimónides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), GA-14 Research Group, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Raúl Fernández-Rodríguez
- Department of Genetics, Immunogenomics and Molecular Pathogenesis Group, UIC Zoonoses and Emergent Diseases ENZOEM, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Maimónides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), GA-14 Research Group, Córdoba, Spain
| | - José M. Suárez-Cárdenas
- Department of Genetics, Immunogenomics and Molecular Pathogenesis Group, UIC Zoonoses and Emergent Diseases ENZOEM, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Maimónides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), GA-14 Research Group, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Fátima Milhano Santos
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, National Centre for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Corrales
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, National Centre for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Natalia Redondo
- Molecular Biomedicine Department, Margarita Salas Center for Biological Research (CIB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital ‘12 de Octubre’, Institute for Health Research Hospital ‘12 de Octubre’ (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Research Network on Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Federica Pedrucci
- Molecular Biomedicine Department, Margarita Salas Center for Biological Research (CIB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Zaldívar-López
- Department of Genetics, Immunogenomics and Molecular Pathogenesis Group, UIC Zoonoses and Emergent Diseases ENZOEM, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Maimónides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), GA-14 Research Group, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ángeles Jiménez-Marín
- Department of Genetics, Immunogenomics and Molecular Pathogenesis Group, UIC Zoonoses and Emergent Diseases ENZOEM, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Maimónides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), GA-14 Research Group, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Juan J. Garrido
- Department of Genetics, Immunogenomics and Molecular Pathogenesis Group, UIC Zoonoses and Emergent Diseases ENZOEM, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Maimónides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), GA-14 Research Group, Córdoba, Spain
| | - María Montoya
- Molecular Biomedicine Department, Margarita Salas Center for Biological Research (CIB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bono A, Lauria A, La Monica G, Alamia F, Mingoia F, Martorana A. In Silico Design of New Dual Inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 M PRO through Ligand- and Structure-Based Methods. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098377. [PMID: 37176082 PMCID: PMC10179319 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The viral main protease is one of the most attractive targets among all key enzymes involved in the life cycle of SARS-CoV-2. Considering its mechanism of action, both the catalytic and dimerization regions could represent crucial sites for modulating its activity. Dual-binding the SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitors could arrest the replication process of the virus by simultaneously preventing dimerization and proteolytic activity. To this aim, in the present work, we identified two series' of small molecules with a significant affinity for SARS-CoV-2 MPRO, by a hybrid virtual screening protocol, combining ligand- and structure-based approaches with multivariate statistical analysis. The Biotarget Predictor Tool was used to filter a large in-house structural database and select a set of benzo[b]thiophene and benzo[b]furan derivatives. ADME properties were investigated, and induced fit docking studies were performed to confirm the DRUDIT prediction. Principal component analysis and docking protocol at the SARS-CoV-2 MPRO dimerization site enable the identification of compounds 1b,c,i,l and 2i,l as promising drug molecules, showing favorable dual binding site affinity on SARS-CoV-2 MPRO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Bono
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche "STEBICEF", University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 17, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonino Lauria
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche "STEBICEF", University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 17, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Gabriele La Monica
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche "STEBICEF", University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 17, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Federica Alamia
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche "STEBICEF", University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 17, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Mingoia
- Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Ugo La Malfa, 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - Annamaria Martorana
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche "STEBICEF", University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 17, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yang JY, Ma YX, Liu Y, Peng XJ, Chen XZ. A Comprehensive Review of Natural Flavonoids with Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Activity. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062735. [PMID: 36985705 PMCID: PMC10054335 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has majorly impacted public health and economies worldwide. Although several effective vaccines and drugs are now used to prevent and treat COVID-19, natural products, especially flavonoids, showed great therapeutic potential early in the pandemic and thus attracted particular attention. Quercetin, baicalein, baicalin, EGCG (epigallocatechin gallate), and luteolin are among the most studied flavonoids in this field. Flavonoids can directly or indirectly exert antiviral activities, such as the inhibition of virus invasion and the replication and inhibition of viral proteases. In addition, flavonoids can modulate the levels of interferon and proinflammatory factors. We have reviewed the previously reported relevant literature researching the pharmacological anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity of flavonoids where structures, classifications, synthetic pathways, and pharmacological effects are summarized. There is no doubt that flavonoids have great potential in the treatment of COVID-19. However, most of the current research is still in the theoretical stage. More studies are recommended to evaluate the efficacy and safety of flavonoids against SARS-CoV-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Yu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases of Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
- College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Yi-Xuan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases of Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
- College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases of Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Xiang-Jun Peng
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases of Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Biofabrication for Tissue Engineering, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Xiang-Zhao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases of Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Biofabrication for Tissue Engineering, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Recent updates on liposomal formulations for detection, prevention and treatment of coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Int J Pharm 2023; 630:122421. [PMID: 36410670 PMCID: PMC9674400 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The unprecedented outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome-2 (SARS-CoV-2) worldwide has rendered it one of the most notorious pandemics ever documented in human history. As of November 2022, nearly 626 million cases of infection and over 6.6 million deaths have been reported globally. The scientific community has made significant progress in therapeutics and prevention for the management of coronavirus disease (COVID-19), including the development of vaccines and antiviral agents such as monoclonal antibodies and antiviral drugs. Although many advancements and a plethora of positive results have been obtained and global restrictions are being uplifted, obstacles in efficiently delivering these therapies, such as their rapid clearance, suboptimal biodistribution, and toxicity to organs, have yet to be addressed. To address these drawbacks, researchers have attempted applying nanotechnology-based formulations. Here, we summarized the recent data about COVID-19, its emergence, pathophysiology and life cycle, diagnosis, and currently-available medications. Subsequently, we discussed the progress in lipid nanocarriers, such as liposomes in infection detection and control. This review provides critical insights into the design of the latest liposomal-based formulations for tackling the barriers to detecting, preventing, and treating SARS-CoV-2.
Collapse
|
8
|
Shatizadeh Malekshahi S, Farahmand M, Choobin H. SARS-CoV-2 Related Viral Respiratory Co-Infections: A Narrative Review. TANAFFOS 2023; 22:19-26. [PMID: 37920316 PMCID: PMC10618585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Background Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the new coronavirus originating from Wuhan, China, responsible for the illness known as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Early experience and the recent literature have shown that co-infection of SARS-CoV-2 with another respiratory virus might occur. Similar symptoms of acute respiratory infections (ARIs) and COVID-19 represent a challenge for diagnostic and therapeutic efficacy and may modify COVID-19 outcomes. Materials and Methods We reviewed the literature on the epidemic pattern and major learning points on important aspects of SARS-CoV-2-related viral respiratory co-infections during the COVID-19 pandemic. Databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, and Google Scholar were used to conduct a comprehensive search. Results The circulation of respiratory viruses changed as the COVID-19 epidemic continues. Phenomena like viral interference, resource competition, and differences in virus-host range might explain why simultaneous viral respiratory infections have seemed to vanish with the spread of SARS-CoV-2. Conclusion Key research to be conducted during this pandemic should include the simultaneous screening of other respiratory pathogens with many available commercial platforms for transmission containment and appropriate clinical management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammad Farahmand
- Research Center for Emergency and Disaster Resilience, Red Crescent Society of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamzeh Choobin
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
La Monica G, Bono A, Lauria A, Martorana A. Targeting SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease for Treatment of COVID-19: Covalent Inhibitors Structure-Activity Relationship Insights and Evolution Perspectives. J Med Chem 2022; 65:12500-12534. [PMID: 36169610 PMCID: PMC9528073 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The viral main protease is one of the most attractive targets among all key enzymes involved in the SARS-CoV-2 life cycle. Covalent inhibition of the cysteine145 of SARS-CoV-2 MPRO with selective antiviral drugs will arrest the replication process of the virus without affecting human catalytic pathways. In this Perspective, we analyzed the in silico, in vitro, and in vivo data of the most representative examples of covalent SARS-CoV-2 MPRO inhibitors reported in the literature to date. In particular, the studied molecules were classified into eight different categories according to their reactive electrophilic warheads, highlighting the differences between their reversible/irreversible mechanism of inhibition. Furthermore, the analyses of the most recurrent pharmacophoric moieties and stereochemistry of chiral carbons were reported. The analyses of noncovalent and covalent in silico protocols, provided in this Perspective, would be useful for the scientific community to discover new and more efficient covalent SARS-CoV-2 MPRO inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Antonino Lauria
- Dipartimento di Scienze e
Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 17, I-90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Annamaria Martorana
- Dipartimento di Scienze e
Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 17, I-90128 Palermo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Houssein M, Al Hossainy AEA, Al Soussi J, El Batch J, El-Samadi L, El Imam S, Fakih R, Dakdouk H, Khalil M. Insights into COVID-19 vaccines development: Translation from benchside to bedside. HEALTH SCIENCES REVIEW (OXFORD, ENGLAND) 2022; 4:100040. [PMID: 35856085 PMCID: PMC9271228 DOI: 10.1016/j.hsr.2022.100040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decades, the rapid pace of vaccine development saved 37 million lives, mostly children. The ongoing corona virus disease (COVID-19) pandemic caused the death of more than 4 million worldwide. During 2020, to encounter the pandemic, scientists developed more than 300 vaccines projects against SARS-CoV (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2). In 2021, the results emerging from the clinical trials led to the approval and rollout of few vaccines in different countries. To date, at least one dose of a COVID-19 vaccine has been received by more than 3.81 billion people worldwide, equal to about 49.7 percent of the world population. This review was written to the aim of providing a snapshot of COVID-19 disease, highlighting the well-known vaccines, and, finally understanding the effect of mix and match vaccines from different types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Houssein
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of General Sciences and English Language, College of Applied Sciences, Al Maarefa University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aya El Asir Al Hossainy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Jana Al Soussi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Jana El Batch
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Lana El-Samadi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sherine El Imam
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rawan Fakih
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hoda Dakdouk
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mahmoud Khalil
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Molecular Biology Unit, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ma M, Yang Y, Wu L, Zhou L, Shi Y, Han J, Xu Z, Zhu W. Conserved protein targets for developing pan-coronavirus drugs based on sequence and 3D structure similarity analyses. Comput Biol Med 2022; 145:105455. [PMID: 35364304 PMCID: PMC8957316 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.105455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
There are 7 known human pathogenic coronaviruses, which are HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-NL63, HCoV-HKU1, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. While SARS-CoV-2 is currently caused a severe epidemic, experts believe that new pathogenic coronavirus would emerge in the future. Therefore, developing broad-spectrum anti-coronavirus drugs is of great significance. In this study, we performed protein sequence and three-dimensional structure analyses for all the 20 virus-encoded proteins across all the 7 coronaviruses, with the purpose to identify highly conserved proteins and binding sites for developing pan-coronavirus drugs. We found that nsp5, nsp10, nsp12, nsp13, nsp14, and nsp16 are highly conserved both in protein sequences (with average identity percentage higher than 52%, average amino acid conservation scores higher than 5.2) and binding pockets (with average amino acid conservation scores higher than 5.8). We also performed the similarity comparison between these 6 proteins and all the human proteins, and found that all the 6 proteins have similarity less than 25%, indicating that the drugs targeting the 6 proteins should have little interference of human protein function. Accordingly, we suggest that nsp5, nsp10, nsp12, nsp13, nsp14, and nsp16 are potential targets for pan-coronavirus drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minfei Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Stake Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China; School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanqing Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Stake Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China; School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Leyun Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Stake Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China; School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Liping Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Stake Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China; School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yulong Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Stake Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China; School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiaxin Han
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Stake Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China; School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210046, China
| | - Zhijian Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Stake Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China; School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Weiliang Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Stake Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China; School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
SARS-CoV-2-mediated evasion strategies for antiviral interferon pathways. J Microbiol 2022; 60:290-299. [PMID: 35122601 PMCID: PMC8817151 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-022-1525-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
With global expansion of the COVID-19 pandemic and the emergence of new variants, extensive efforts have been made to develop highly effective antiviral drugs and vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. The interactions of coronaviruses with host antiviral interferon pathways ultimately determine successful viral replication and SARS-CoV-2-induced pathogenesis. Innate immune receptors play an essential role in host defense against SARS-CoV-2 via the induction of IFN production and signaling. Here, we summarize the recent advances in innate immune sensing mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 and various strategies by which SARS-CoV-2 antagonizes antiviral innate immune signaling pathways, with a particular focus on mechanisms utilized by multiple SARS-CoV-2 proteins to evade interferon induction and signaling in host cell. Understanding the underlying immune evasion mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 is essential for the improvement of vaccines and therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
|
13
|
Yanuchevish OO, Mayev IV, Karton EA, Ostrovskaya IG. [Proteomic saliva assay in patients with COVID-19]. STOMATOLOGIIA 2022; 101:34-37. [PMID: 35943498 DOI: 10.17116/stomat202210104134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
THE AIM OF THE STUDY Was to perform proteomic saliva assay in order to reveal mechanisms of the oral pathology caused by COVID-19. MATERIALS AND METHODS Proteomic analysis was performed to compare saliva proteins profile in healthy individuals (10 samples) and patients with COVID-19 (30 samples). RESULTS The obtained results of the saliva samples study in patients with COVID-19 indicate activation in the oral tissues the pathways of the cell renewal, apoptosis, DNA exchange processes and chromatin remodelling; there are also marked signs of immune response reactivation and immunostimulation. CONCLUSION Of all the proteins presented, the saliva of patients with COVID-19 33 proteins have an intersection with GO-annotated proteins of inflammation and epithelial cornification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O O Yanuchevish
- Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry named after A.I. Evdokimov, Moscow, Russia
| | - I V Mayev
- Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry named after A.I. Evdokimov, Moscow, Russia
| | - E A Karton
- Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry named after A.I. Evdokimov, Moscow, Russia
| | - I G Ostrovskaya
- Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry named after A.I. Evdokimov, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Bozkurt F, Yousef A, Abdeljawad T, Kalinli A, Mdallal QA. A fractional-order model of COVID-19 considering the fear effect of the media and social networks on the community. CHAOS, SOLITONS, AND FRACTALS 2021; 152:111403. [PMID: 34522071 DOI: 10.1016/j.chaos.2021.111404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Since December 2019, the world has experienced from a virus, known as Covid-19, that is highly transmittable and is now spread worldwide. Many mathematical models and studies have been implemented to work on the infection and transmission risks. Besides the virus's transmission effect, another discussion appears in the community: the fear effect. People who have never heard about coronavirus, face every day uncertain and different information regarding the effect of the virus and the daily death rates from sources like the media, the medical institutions or organizations. Thus, the fear of the virus in the community can possibly reach the point that people become scared and confused about information polluted from different networks with long-term trend discussions. In this work, we use the Routh-Hurwitz Criteria to analyze the local stability of two essential critical points: the disease-free and the co-existing critical point. Using the discretization process, our analysis have shown that one should distinguish between the spread of "awareness" or "fear" in the community through the media and others to control the virus's transmission. Finally, we conclude our theoretical findings with numerical simulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Bozkurt
- Kuwait College of Science and Technology, Department of Mathematics, 27235 Kuwait City, Kuwait
- Department of Mathematics, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ali Yousef
- Kuwait College of Science and Technology, Department of Mathematics, 27235 Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Thabet Abdeljawad
- Department of Mathematics and General Sciences, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Adem Kalinli
- Department of Mathematics, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
- Rectorate, Middle East Technical Univerity, 06800 Cankaya-Ankara, Turkey
| | - Qasem Al Mdallal
- United Arab Emirates University, Department of Mathematics, Al Ain, UAE
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bozkurt F, Yousef A, Abdeljawad T, Kalinli A, Mdallal QA. A fractional-order model of COVID-19 considering the fear effect of the media and social networks on the community. CHAOS, SOLITONS, AND FRACTALS 2021; 152:111403. [PMID: 34522071 PMCID: PMC8429358 DOI: 10.1016/j.chaos.2021.111403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Since December 2019, the world has experienced from a virus, known as Covid-19, that is highly transmittable and is now spread worldwide. Many mathematical models and studies have been implemented to work on the infection and transmission risks. Besides the virus's transmission effect, another discussion appears in the community: the fear effect. People who have never heard about coronavirus, face every day uncertain and different information regarding the effect of the virus and the daily death rates from sources like the media, the medical institutions or organizations. Thus, the fear of the virus in the community can possibly reach the point that people become scared and confused about information polluted from different networks with long-term trend discussions. In this work, we use the Routh-Hurwitz Criteria to analyze the local stability of two essential critical points: the disease-free and the co-existing critical point. Using the discretization process, our analysis have shown that one should distinguish between the spread of "awareness" or "fear" in the community through the media and others to control the virus's transmission. Finally, we conclude our theoretical findings with numerical simulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Bozkurt
- Kuwait College of Science and Technology, Department of Mathematics, 27235 Kuwait City, Kuwait
- Department of Mathematics, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ali Yousef
- Kuwait College of Science and Technology, Department of Mathematics, 27235 Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Thabet Abdeljawad
- Department of Mathematics and General Sciences, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Adem Kalinli
- Department of Mathematics, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
- Rectorate, Middle East Technical Univerity, 06800 Cankaya-Ankara, Turkey
| | - Qasem Al Mdallal
- United Arab Emirates University, Department of Mathematics, Al Ain, UAE
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Joshi N, Tyagi A, Nigam S. Molecular Level Dissection of Critical Spike Mutations in SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern (VOCs): A Simplified Review. ChemistrySelect 2021; 6:7981-7998. [PMID: 34541298 PMCID: PMC8441688 DOI: 10.1002/slct.202102074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 virus during its spread in the last one and half year has picked up critical changes in its genetic code i.e. mutations, which have leads to deleterious epidemiological characteristics. Due to critical role of spike protein in cell entry and pathogenesis, mutations in spike regions have been reported to enhance transmissibility, disease severity, possible escape from vaccine-induced immune response and reduced diagnostic sensitivity/specificity. Considering the structure-function impact of mutations, understanding the molecular details of these key mutations of newly emerged variants/lineages is of urgent concern. In this review, we have explored the literature on key spike mutations harbored by alpha, beta, gamma and delta 'variants of concern' (VOCs) and discussed their molecular consequences in the context of resultant virus biology. Commonly all these VOCs i.e. B.1.1.7, B.1.351, P.1 and B.1.617.2 lineages have decisive mutation in Receptor Binding Motif (RBM) region and/or region around Furin cleavage site (FCS) of spike protein. In general, mutation induced disruption of intra-molecular interaction enhances molecular flexibility leading to exposure of spike protein surface in these lineages to make it accessible for inter-molecular interaction with hACE2. A disruption of spike antigen-antibody inter-molecular interactions in epitope region due to the chemical nature of substituting amino acid hampers the neutralization efficacy. Simplified surveillance of mutation induced changes and their consequences at molecular level can contribute in rationalizing mutation's impact on virus biology. It is believed that molecular level dissection of these key spike mutation will assist the future investigations for a more resilient outcome against severity of COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nilesh Joshi
- Chemistry DivisionBhabha Atomic Research CentreTrombayMumbai400085INDIA
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti NagarMumbai400094India
| | - Adish Tyagi
- Chemistry DivisionBhabha Atomic Research CentreTrombayMumbai400085INDIA
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti NagarMumbai400094India
| | - Sandeep Nigam
- Chemistry DivisionBhabha Atomic Research CentreTrombayMumbai400085INDIA
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti NagarMumbai400094India
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
SARS-CoV-2 Cellular Entry Is Independent of the ACE2 Cytoplasmic Domain Signaling. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071814. [PMID: 34359983 PMCID: PMC8304749 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently emerged severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-1 and -2 initiate virus infection by binding of their spike glycoprotein with the cell-surface receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and enter into the host cells mainly via the clathrin-mediated endocytosis pathway. However, the internalization process post attachment with the receptor is not clear for both SARS-CoV-1 and -2. Understanding the cellular factor/s or pathways used by these CoVs for internalization might provide insights into viral pathogenesis, transmission, and development of novel therapeutics. Here, we demonstrated that the cytoplasmic tail of ACE2 is not essential for the entry of SARS-CoV-1 and -2 by using bioinformatics, mutational, confocal imaging, and pseudotyped SARS-CoVs infection studies. ACE2 cytoplasmic domain (cytACE2) contains a conserved internalization motif and eight putative phosphorylation sites. Complete cytoplasmic domain deleted ACE2 (∆cytACE2) was properly synthesized and presented on the surface of HEK293T and BHK21 cells like wtACE2. The SARS-CoVs S1 or RBD of spike protein binds and colocalizes with the receptors followed by internalization into the host cells. Moreover, pseudotyped SARS-CoVs entered into wtACE2- and ∆cytACE2-transfected cells but not into dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4)-expressing cells. Their entry was significantly inhibited by treatment with dynasore, a dynamin inhibitor, and NH4Cl, an endosomal acidification inhibitor. Furthermore, SARS-CoV antibodies and the soluble form of ACE2-treated pseudotyped SARS-CoVs were unable to enter the wtACE2 and ∆cytACE2-expressing cells. Altogether, our data show that ACE2 cytoplasmic domain signaling is not essential for the entry of SARS-CoV-1 and -2 and that SARS-CoVs entry might be mediated via known/unknown host factor/s.
Collapse
|
18
|
Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans in Viral Infection and Treatment: A Special Focus on SARS-CoV-2. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126574. [PMID: 34207476 PMCID: PMC8235362 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) encompass a group of glycoproteins composed of unbranched negatively charged heparan sulfate (HS) chains covalently attached to a core protein. The complex HSPG biosynthetic machinery generates an extraordinary structural variety of HS chains that enable them to bind a plethora of ligands, including growth factors, morphogens, cytokines, chemokines, enzymes, matrix proteins, and bacterial and viral pathogens. These interactions translate into key regulatory activity of HSPGs on a wide range of cellular processes such as receptor activation and signaling, cytoskeleton assembly, extracellular matrix remodeling, endocytosis, cell-cell crosstalk, and others. Due to their ubiquitous expression within tissues and their large functional repertoire, HSPGs are involved in many physiopathological processes; thus, they have emerged as valuable targets for the therapy of many human diseases. Among their functions, HSPGs assist many viruses in invading host cells at various steps of their life cycle. Viruses utilize HSPGs for the attachment to the host cell, internalization, intracellular trafficking, egress, and spread. Recently, HSPG involvement in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection has been established. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms underlying HSPG/SARS-CoV-2 interaction and downstream effects, and we provide an overview of the HSPG-based therapeutic strategies that could be used to combat such a fearsome virus.
Collapse
|
19
|
Atukorallaya DS, Ratnayake RK. Oral Mucosa, Saliva, and COVID-19 Infection in Oral Health Care. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:656926. [PMID: 33968961 PMCID: PMC8100190 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.656926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 virus has shaken the globe with an ongoing pandemic of COVID-19 and has set challenges to every corner of the modern health care setting. The oral mucosa and saliva are high risk sites for higher viral loads and dental health care professionals are considered a high risk group. COVID-19-induced oral lesions and loss of taste and smell are common clinical complaints in the dental health care setting. The SARS-CoV-2 virus has been found to cause a wide range of non-specific oral mucosal lesions, but the specific diagnosis of these mucocutaneous lesions as COVID-19 lesions will facilitate the prevention of SARS-CoV-2 in dental health care settings and aid in proper patient management. The reported loss of taste and smell needs further investigation at the receptor level as it will give new insights into SARS-CoV-2 pathogenicity. The high yield of virus in the salivary secretion is a common finding in this infection and ongoing research is focusing on developing saliva as a rapid diagnostic fluid in COVID-19. In this review, we discuss the significance of oral mucosa, saliva and the relevance of the COVID-19 pandemic in dentistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Devi Sewvandini Atukorallaya
- Department of Oral Biology, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Ravindra K Ratnayake
- Department of Oral Biology, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Seroprevalence and Risk Factors for Exposure to Equine Coronavirus in Apparently Healthy Horses in Israel. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030894. [PMID: 33800990 PMCID: PMC8004030 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Equine coronavirus (ECoV) is a β-coronavirus that, together with other coronaviruses, are pathogenic to both human and animals, as seen in the recent COVID-19 pandemic. ECoV is considered as a diarrheic pathogen in foals and is included in the list of viral causes of enteritis. During the last decade, outbreaks of ECoV were reported in adult horses in the USA, EU and Japan. In Israel, other coronaviruses were reported in cattle, camels and in humans; however, coronaviruses have not been reported in horses. In this study, we aimed to determine the exposure of healthy horses to ECoV and determine the selected risk factors for infection. For this purpose, serum samples were collected from 333 healthy horses, 41 (12.3%) of which had anti-ECoV antibodies. Seropositive horses were found in more than half (58.6%) of the farms and horses located in central Israel were more likely to be positive. ECoV should be included in the differential diagnosis list of pathogens in cases of adult horses with acute onset of anorexia, lethargy, fever and gastrointestinal signs in Israel. Abstract Equine coronavirus (ECoV) infection is the cause of an emerging enteric disease of adult horses. Outbreaks have been reported in the USA, EU and Japan, as well as sporadic cases in the UK and Saudi Arabia. Infection of ECoV in horses in Israel has never been reported, and the risk of exposure is unknown. Importation and exportation of horses from and into Israel may have increased the exposure of horses in Israel to ECoV. While the disease is mostly self-limiting, with or without supportive treatment, severe complications may occur in some animals, and healthy carriers may pose a risk of infection to other horses. This study was set to evaluate the risk of exposure to ECoV of horses in Israel by using a previously validated, S1-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A total of 41 out of 333 horses (12.3%) were seropositive. Exposure to ECoV was detected in 17 of 29 farms (58.6%) and the seroprevalence varied between 0 and 37.5% amongst farms. The only factor found to be significantly associated with ECoV exposure in the multivariable model was the geographical area (p < 0.001). ECoV should be included in the differential diagnosis list of pathogens in cases of adult horses with anorexia, lethargy, fever and gastrointestinal signs in Israel.
Collapse
|
21
|
Kathiravan MK, Radhakrishnan S, Namasivayam V, Palaniappan S. An Overview of Spike Surface Glycoprotein in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:637550. [PMID: 33898518 PMCID: PMC8058706 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.637550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus originated in December 2019 in Hubei, China. This contagious disease named as COVID-19 resulted in a massive expansion within 6 months by spreading to more than 213 countries. Despite the availability of antiviral drugs for the treatment of various viral infections, it was concluded by the WHO that there is no medicine to treat novel CoV, SARS-CoV-2. It has been confirmed that SARS-COV-2 is the most highly virulent human coronavirus and occupies the third position following SARS and MERS with the highest mortality rate. The genetic assembly of SARS-CoV-2 is segmented into structural and non-structural proteins, of which two-thirds of the viral genome encodes non-structural proteins and the remaining genome encodes structural proteins. The most predominant structural proteins that make up SARS-CoV-2 include spike surface glycoproteins (S), membrane proteins (M), envelope proteins (E), and nucleocapsid proteins (N). This review will focus on one of the four major structural proteins in the CoV assembly, the spike, which is involved in host cell recognition and the fusion process. The monomer disintegrates into S1 and S2 subunits with the S1 domain necessitating binding of the virus to its host cell receptor and the S2 domain mediating the viral fusion. On viral infection by the host, the S protein is further cleaved by the protease enzyme to two major subdomains S1/S2. Spike is proven to be an interesting target for developing vaccines and in particular, the RBD-single chain dimer has shown initial success. The availability of small molecules and peptidic inhibitors for host cell receptors is briefly discussed. The development of new molecules and therapeutic druggable targets for SARS-CoV-2 is of global importance. Attacking the virus employing multiple targets and strategies is the best way to inhibit the virus. This article will appeal to researchers in understanding the structural and biological aspects of the S protein in the field of drug design and discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muthu Kumaradoss Kathiravan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRMIST, Tamil Nadu, India
- Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam Research Lab, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRMIST, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Srimathi Radhakrishnan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRMIST, Tamil Nadu, India
- Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam Research Lab, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRMIST, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Na W, Moon H, Song D. A comprehensive review of SARS-CoV-2 genetic mutations and lessons from animal coronavirus recombination in one health perspective. J Microbiol 2021; 59:332-340. [PMID: 33624270 PMCID: PMC7901680 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-021-0660-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 was originated from zoonotic coronaviruses and confirmed as a novel beta-coronavirus, which causes serious respiratory illness such as pneumonia and lung failure, COVID-19. In this review, we describe the genetic characteristics of SARS-CoV-2, including types of mutation, and molecular epidemiology, highlighting its key difference from animal coronaviruses. We further summarized the current knowledge on clinical, genetic, and pathological features of several animal coronaviruses and compared them with SARS-CoV-2, as well as recent evidences of interspecies transmission and recombination of animal coronaviruses to provide a better understanding of SARS-CoV-2 infection in One Health perspectives. We also discuss the potential wildlife hosts and zoonotic origin of this emerging virus in detail, that may help mitigate the spread and damages caused by the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Woonsung Na
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoungjoon Moon
- College of Healthcare & Biotechnology, Semyung University, Jecheon, 27136, Republic of Korea
| | - Daesub Song
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|