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Wang G, Zhang M, Lai W, Gao Y, Liao S, Ning Q, Tang S. Tumor Microenvironment Responsive RNA Drug Delivery Systems: Intelligent Platforms for Sophisticated Release. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:4217-4237. [PMID: 39056442 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.4c00334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Cancer is a significant health concern, increasingly showing insensitivity to traditional treatments, highlighting the urgent need for safer and more practical treatment options. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) gene therapy drugs have demonstrated promising potential in preclinical and clinical trials for antitumor therapy by regulating tumor-related gene expression. However, RNA's poor membrane permeability and stability restrict its effectiveness in entering and being utilized in cells. An appropriate delivery system is crucial for achieving targeted tumor effects. The tumor microenvironment (TME), characterized by acidity, hypoxia, enzyme overexpression, elevated glutathione (GSH) concentration, and excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS), is essential for tumor survival. Furthermore, these distinctive features can also be harnessed to develop intelligent drug delivery systems. Various nanocarriers that respond to the TME have been designed for RNA drug delivery, showing the advantages of tumor targeting and low toxicity. This Review discusses the abnormal changes of components in TME, therapeutic RNAs' roles, underlying mechanisms, and the latest developments in utilizing vectors that respond to microenvironments for treating tumors. We hope it provides insight into creating and optimizing RNA delivery vectors to improve their effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guihua Wang
- Institute of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory for Antibody-Based Drug and Intelligent Delivery System, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua 418000, China
| | - Mengxia Zhang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory for Antibody-Based Drug and Intelligent Delivery System, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua 418000, China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Weiwei Lai
- Institute of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory for Antibody-Based Drug and Intelligent Delivery System, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua 418000, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory for Antibody-Based Drug and Intelligent Delivery System, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua 418000, China
| | - Shuxian Liao
- Institute of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory for Antibody-Based Drug and Intelligent Delivery System, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua 418000, China
| | - Qian Ning
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory for Antibody-Based Drug and Intelligent Delivery System, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua 418000, China
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Shengsong Tang
- Institute of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory for Antibody-Based Drug and Intelligent Delivery System, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua 418000, China
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
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Abed H, Radha R, Anjum S, Paul V, AlSawaftah N, Pitt WG, Ashammakhi N, Husseini GA. Targeted Cancer Therapy-on-A-Chip. Adv Healthc Mater 2024:e2400833. [PMID: 39101627 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202400833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Targeted cancer therapy (TCT) is gaining increased interest because it reduces the risks of adverse side effects by specifically treating tumor cells. TCT testing has traditionally been performed using two-dimensional (2D) cell culture and animal studies. Organ-on-a-chip (OoC) platforms have been developed to recapitulate cancer in vitro, as cancer-on-a-chip (CoC), and used for chemotherapeutics development and testing. This review explores the use of CoCs to both develop and test TCTs, with a focus on three main aspects, the use of CoCs to identify target biomarkers for TCT development, the use of CoCs to test free, un-encapsulated TCTs, and the use of CoCs to test encapsulated TCTs. Despite current challenges such as system scaling, and testing externally triggered TCTs, TCToC shows a promising future to serve as a supportive, pre-clinical platform to expedite TCT development and bench-to-bedside translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba Abed
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Remya Radha
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Shabana Anjum
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Vinod Paul
- Materials Science and Engineering PhD program, College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Nour AlSawaftah
- Materials Science and Engineering PhD program, College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | - William G Pitt
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Nureddin Ashammakhi
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering (IQ) and Department of Biomedical Engineering (BME), Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1600, USA
| | - Ghaleb A Husseini
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
- Materials Science and Engineering PhD program, College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
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Thakkar D, Singh S, Wairkar S. Advanced Delivery Strategies of Nintedanib for Lung Disorders and Beyond: A Comprehensive Review. AAPS PharmSciTech 2024; 25:150. [PMID: 38954161 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-024-02869-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Nintedanib, a primary treatment for lung fibrosis, has gathered substantial attention due to its multifaceted potential. A tyrosine kinase inhibitor, nintedanib, inhibits multiple signalling receptors, including endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR), platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR), and fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) and ultimately inhibits fibroblast proliferation and differentiation. Therefore, nintedanib has been studied widely for other ailments like cancers and hepatic fibrosis, apart from lung disorders. Commercially, nintedanib is available as soft gelatin capsules for treatment against idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Since it has very low oral bioavailability (4.7%), high doses of a drug, such as 100-150 mg, are administered, which can cause problems of gastrointestinal irritation and hepatotoxicity. The article begins with exploring the mechanism of action of nintedanib, elucidating its complex interactions within cellular pathways that govern fibrotic processes. It also emphasizes the pharmacokinetics of nintedanib, clinical trial insights, and the limitations of conventional formulations. The article mainly focuses on the emerging landscape of nanoparticle-based carriers such as hybrid liposome-exosome, nano liquid crystals, discoidal polymeric, and magnetic systems, offering promising avenues to optimize drug targeting, address its efficacy issues and minimise adverse effects. However, none of these delivery systems are commercialised, and further research is required to ensure safety and effectiveness in clinical settings. Yet, as research progresses, these advanced delivery systems promise to revolutionise the treatment landscape for various fibrotic disorders and cancers, potentially improving patient outcomes and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhruti Thakkar
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKMs NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400056, India
| | - Sanskriti Singh
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKMs NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400056, India
| | - Sarika Wairkar
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKMs NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400056, India.
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Wang W, Zhang K, Dai L, Hou A, Meng P, Ma J. Investigating the protective effects of Astragalus polysaccharides on cyclophosphamide-induced bone marrow suppression in mice and bone mesenchymal stem cells. Mol Immunol 2024; 171:93-104. [PMID: 38805892 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2024.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study determines the role and mechanism of APS in cyclophosphamide-induced myelosuppression in mice and bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) cell model. METHODS Cy-induced myelosuppression mice and BMSCs cell model were established. Fifty C57BL/6 mice (weighing 20 ± 2 g) were randomly divided into five groups. Femur and tibia samples, bone marrow samples, and blood samples were collected 3 days after the last injection of Cy. Histopathology changes and cell apoptosis were detected. Cell viability, apoptosis, cycle distribution, reactive oxygen species activity, osteogenesis ability, and protein levels were detected. γ-H2AX and senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity expression was detected by immunofluorescence. Cy-induced senescence and Wnt/β-catenin related protein levels were detected using western blotting. RESULTS The results showed that APS effectively induced Cy-induced histological injury and cell apoptosis rate. After treated with APS, ROS and ALP levels were significantly increased. In BMSCs, cell viability, apoptosis, and cell cycle distribution were also influenced by APS treatment. Compared with the control group, cell viability was significantly increased, the cell apoptosis rate was decreased while the number of cells remained in the G0-G1 phase was increased. Meanwhile, ROS levels were significantly increased in APS group. Cell senescence and Wnt/β-catenin related protein (γ-H2AX, SA-β-gal, p21, p16, p-β-catenin/ β-catenin, c-Myc, and AXIN2) levels were also altered both in vivo and in vitro. Interestingly, the effects of APS were reversed by BML-284. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that APS protected Cy-induced myelosuppression through the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and APS is a potential therapeutic drug for Cy-induced myelosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Wang
- The Third Department of Oncology, Yantai Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Kangle Zhang
- The Third Department of Oncology, Yantai Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Lingling Dai
- The Forth Department of Oncology, Yantai Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Aihua Hou
- Department of Oncology, Yantai Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Peng Meng
- The Forth Department of Oncology, Yantai Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Jipeng Ma
- The Forth Department of Oncology, Yantai Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yantai, Shandong, China.
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Wang C, Zhang Y, Chen W, Wu Y, Xing D. New-generation advanced PROTACs as potential therapeutic agents in cancer therapy. Mol Cancer 2024; 23:110. [PMID: 38773495 PMCID: PMC11107062 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-024-02024-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) technology has garnered significant attention over the last 10 years, representing a burgeoning therapeutic approach with the potential to address pathogenic proteins that have historically posed challenges for traditional small-molecule inhibitors. PROTACs exploit the endogenous E3 ubiquitin ligases to facilitate degradation of the proteins of interest (POIs) through the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) in a cyclic catalytic manner. Despite recent endeavors to advance the utilization of PROTACs in clinical settings, the majority of PROTACs fail to progress beyond the preclinical phase of drug development. There are multiple factors impeding the market entry of PROTACs, with the insufficiently precise degradation of favorable POIs standing out as one of the most formidable obstacles. Recently, there has been exploration of new-generation advanced PROTACs, including small-molecule PROTAC prodrugs, biomacromolecule-PROTAC conjugates, and nano-PROTACs, to improve the in vivo efficacy of PROTACs. These improved PROTACs possess the capability to mitigate undesirable physicochemical characteristics inherent in traditional PROTACs, thereby enhancing their targetability and reducing off-target side effects. The new-generation of advanced PROTACs will mark a pivotal turning point in the realm of targeted protein degradation. In this comprehensive review, we have meticulously summarized the state-of-the-art advancements achieved by these cutting-edge PROTACs, elucidated their underlying design principles, deliberated upon the prevailing challenges encountered, and provided an insightful outlook on future prospects within this burgeoning field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, China
| | - Yujing Zhang
- The Affiliated Cardiovascular Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, China.
| | - Wujun Chen
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, China
| | - Yudong Wu
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, China.
| | - Dongming Xing
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, China.
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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Lang X, Wang X, Han M, Guo Y. Nanoparticle-Mediated Synergistic Chemoimmunotherapy for Cancer Treatment. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:4533-4568. [PMID: 38799699 PMCID: PMC11127654 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s455213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Until now, there has been a lack of effective strategies for cancer treatment. Immunotherapy has high potential in treating several cancers but its efficacy is limited as a monotherapy. Chemoimmunotherapy (CIT) holds promise to be widely used in cancer treatment. Therefore, identifying their involvement and potential synergy in CIT approaches is decisive. Nano-based drug delivery systems (NDDSs) are ideal delivery systems because they can simultaneously target immune cells and cancer cells, promoting drug accumulation, and reducing the toxicity of the drug. In this review, we first introduce five current immunotherapies, including immune checkpoint blocking (ICB), adoptive cell transfer therapy (ACT), cancer vaccines, oncolytic virus therapy (OVT) and cytokine therapy. Subsequently, the immunomodulatory effects of chemotherapy by inducing immunogenic cell death (ICD), promoting tumor killer cell infiltration, down-regulating immunosuppressive cells, and inhibiting immune checkpoints have been described. Finally, the NDDSs-mediated collaborative drug delivery systems have been introduced in detail, and the development of NDDSs-mediated CIT nanoparticles has been prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Lang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiangtao Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Meihua Han
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yifei Guo
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery Based on Classic Chinese Medicine Prescription, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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7
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Zafar H, Liu B, Nguyen HVT, Johnson JA. Caspase-3-Responsive, Fluorogenic Bivalent Bottlebrush Polymers. ACS Macro Lett 2024; 13:571-576. [PMID: 38647178 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.4c00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Controlling the access of proteases to cleavable peptides placed at specific locations within macromolecular architectures represents a powerful strategy for biologically responsive materials design. Here, we report the synthesis of peptide-containing bivalent bottlebrush (co)polymers (BBPs) featuring polyethylene glycol (PEG) and 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin (AMC) pendants on each backbone repeat unit. The AMCs are linked via caspase-3-cleavable peptides which, upon enzymatic cleavage, provide a "turn-on" fluorescence signal due to the release of free AMC. Time-dependent fluorscence measurements demonstrate that the caspase-3-induced peptide cleavage and AMC release from BBPs is strongly dependent on the BBP backbone length and the AMC-peptide linker location within the BBP architecture, revealing fundamental insights into the interactions of enzymes with BBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadiqa Zafar
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Hung V-T Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jeremiah A Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Zhang MR, Fang LL, Guo Y, Wang Q, Li YJ, Sun HF, Xie SY, Liang Y. Advancements in Stimulus-Responsive Co-Delivery Nanocarriers for Enhanced Cancer Immunotherapy. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:3387-3404. [PMID: 38617801 PMCID: PMC11012697 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s454004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has emerged as a novel therapeutic approach against tumors, with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) making significant clinical practice. The traditional ICIs, PD-1 and PD-L1, augment the cytotoxic function of T cells through the inhibition of tumor immune evasion pathways, ultimately leading to the initiation of an antitumor immune response. However, the clinical implementation of ICIs encounters obstacles stemming from the existence of an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and inadequate infiltration of CD8+T cells. Considerable attention has been directed towards advancing immunogenic cell death (ICD) as a potential solution to counteract tumor cell infiltration and the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. This approach holds promise in transforming "cold" tumors into "hot" tumors that exhibit responsiveness to antitumor. By combining ICD with ICIs, a synergistic immune response against tumors can be achieved. However, the combination of ICD inducers and PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors is hindered by issues such as poor targeting and uncontrolled drug release. An advantageous solution presented by stimulus-responsive nanocarrier is integrating the physicochemical properties of ICD inducers and PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors, facilitating precise delivery to specific tissues for optimal combination therapy. Moreover, these nanocarriers leverage the distinct features of the tumor microenvironment to accomplish controlled drug release and regulate the kinetics of drug delivery. This article aims to investigate the advancement of stimulus-responsive co-delivery nanocarriers utilizing ICD and PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors. Special focus is dedicated to exploring the advantages and recent advancements of this system in enabling the combination of ICIs and ICD inducers. The molecular mechanisms of ICD and ICIs are concisely summarized. In conclusion, we examine the potential research prospects and challenges that could greatly enhance immunotherapeutic approaches for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Ru Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, YanTai, ShanDong, 264003, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, YanTai, ShanDong, 264003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin-Lin Fang
- RemeGen Co., Ltd, YanTai, ShanDong, 264000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Guo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, YanTai, ShanDong, 264003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, YanTai, ShanDong, 264003, People’s Republic of China
| | - You-Jie Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, YanTai, ShanDong, 264003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong-Fang Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, YanTai, ShanDong, 264003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shu-Yang Xie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, YanTai, ShanDong, 264003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Liang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, YanTai, ShanDong, 264003, People’s Republic of China
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Lu S, Zhang C, Wang J, Zhao L, Li G. Research progress in nano-drug delivery systems based on the characteristics of the liver cancer microenvironment. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 170:116059. [PMID: 38154273 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.116059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver cancer has microenvironmental features such as low pH, M2 tumor-associated macrophage enrichment, low oxygen, rich blood supply and susceptibility to hematotropic metastasis, high chemokine expression, enzyme overexpression, high redox level, and strong immunosuppression, which not only promotes the progression of the disease, but also seriously affects the clinical effectiveness of traditional therapeutic approaches. However, nanotechnology, due to its unique advantages of size effect and functionalized modifiability, can be utilized to develop various responsive nano-drug delivery system (NDDS) by using these characteristic signals of the liver cancer microenvironment as a source of stimulation, which in turn can realize the intelligent release of the drug under the specific microenvironment, and significantly increase the concentration of the drug at the target site. Therefore, researchers have designed a series of stimuli-responsive NDDS based on the characteristics of the liver cancer microenvironment, such as hypoxia, weak acidity, and abnormal expression of proteases, and they have been widely investigated for improving anti-tumor therapeutic efficacy and reducing the related side effects. This paper provides a review of the current application and progress of NDDS developed based on the response and regulation of the microenvironment in the treatment of liver cancer, compares the effects of the microenvironment and the NDDS, and provides a reference for building more advanced NDDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijia Lu
- Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Department of Pharmacy, No. 36, Sanhao Street, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Chenxiao Zhang
- Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Department of Pharmacy, No. 36, Sanhao Street, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Jinglong Wang
- Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Department of Pharmacy, No. 36, Sanhao Street, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Limei Zhao
- Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Department of Pharmacy, No. 36, Sanhao Street, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Guofei Li
- Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Department of Pharmacy, No. 36, Sanhao Street, Shenyang 110004, China.
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Petrovic SM, Barbinta-Patrascu ME. Organic and Biogenic Nanocarriers as Bio-Friendly Systems for Bioactive Compounds' Delivery: State-of-the Art and Challenges. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:7550. [PMID: 38138692 PMCID: PMC10744464 DOI: 10.3390/ma16247550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
"Green" strategies to build up novel organic nanocarriers with bioperformance are modern trends in nanotechnology. In this way, the valorization of bio-wastes and the use of living systems to develop multifunctional organic and biogenic nanocarriers (OBNs) have revolutionized the nanotechnological and biomedical fields. This paper is a comprehensive review related to OBNs for bioactives' delivery, providing an overview of the reports on the past two decades. In the first part, several classes of bioactive compounds and their therapeutic role are briefly presented. A broad section is dedicated to the main categories of organic and biogenic nanocarriers. The major challenges regarding the eco-design and the fate of OBNs are suggested to overcome some toxicity-related drawbacks. Future directions and opportunities, and finding "green" solutions for solving the problems related to nanocarriers, are outlined in the final of this paper. We believe that through this review, we will capture the attention of the readers and will open new perspectives for new solutions/ideas for the discovery of more efficient and "green" ways in developing novel bioperformant nanocarriers for transporting bioactive agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanja M. Petrovic
- Department of Chemical Technologies, Faculty of Technology, University of Nis, Bulevar Oslobodjenja 124, 1600 Leskovac, Serbia;
| | - Marcela-Elisabeta Barbinta-Patrascu
- Department of Electricity, Solid-State Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Physics, University of Bucharest, 405 Atomistilor Street, P.O. Box MG-11, 077125 Măgurele, Romania
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11
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Duan J, Liao T, Xu X, Liu Y, Kuang Y, Li C. Metal-polyphenol nanodots loaded hollow MnO 2 nanoparticles with a "dynamic protection" property for enhanced cancer chemodynamic therapy. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 634:836-851. [PMID: 36565625 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.12.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Chemodynamic therapy (CDT) is a novel cancer therapeutic strategy. However, barriers such as high glutathione (GSH) concentration and low concentration of metal ions intracellular reduce its treatment effect. In this work, a nanosystem named GA-Fe@HMDN-PEI-PEG with a "dynamic protection" property was reported for enhanced cancer CDT. Mesoporous hollow manganese dioxide (MnO2) nanoparticle (HMDN) was prepared to load gallic acid-ferrous (GA-Fe) nanodots fabricated from gallic acid (GA) and ferrous ion (Fe2+). Then the pores of HMDN were blocked by polyethyleneimine (PEI), which was then grafted with methoxy poly(ethylene glycol) (mPEG) through a pH-sensitive benzoic imine bond. mPEG could protect the nanoparticles (NPs) against the nonspecific uptake by normal cells and enhance their accumulation in the tumor. However, in the slightly acidic tumor microenvironment, hydrolysis of benzoic imine led to DePEGylation to reveal PEI for enhanced uptake by cancer cells. The reaction between HMDN and GSH could consume GSH and obtain manganese ion (Mn2+) for the Fenton-like reaction for CDT. GA-Fe nanodots could also offer Fe for the Fenton reaction, and reductive GA could reduce the high-valence ions to low-valence for reusing in Fenton and Fenton-like reactions. These properties allowed GA-Fe@HMDN-PEI-PEG for precise medicine with a high utilization rate and common side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junlin Duan
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Tao Liao
- Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Xiangyu Xu
- Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Yun Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, 524023 Zhanjiang, China
| | - Ying Kuang
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China.
| | - Cao Li
- Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China; School of Health Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China.
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12
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Li H, Li B, Lv D, Li W, Lu Y, Luo G. Biomaterials releasing drug responsively to promote wound healing via regulation of pathological microenvironment. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 196:114778. [PMID: 36931347 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Wound healing is characterized by complex, orchestrated, spatiotemporal dynamic processes. Recent findings demonstrated suitable local microenvironments were necessities for wound healing. Wound microenvironments include various biological, biochemical and physical factors, which are produced and regulated by endogenous biomediators, exogenous drugs, and external environment. Successful drug delivery to wound is complicated, and need to overcome the destroyed blood supply, persistent inflammation and enzymes, spatiotemporal requirements of special supplements, and easy deactivation of drugs. Triggered by various factors from wound microenvironment itself or external elements, stimuli-responsive biomaterials have tremendous advantages of precise drug delivery and release. Here, we discuss recent advances of stimuli-responsive biomaterials to regulate local microenvironments during wound healing, emphasizing on the design and application of different biomaterials which respond to wound biological/biochemical microenvironments (ROS, pH, enzymes, glucose and glutathione), physical microenvironments (mechanical force, temperature, light, ultrasound, magnetic and electric field), and the combination modes. Moreover, several novel promising drug carriers (microbiota, metal-organic frameworks and microneedles) are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haisheng Li
- Institute of Burn Research, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Buying Li
- Institute of Burn Research, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Dalun Lv
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu City, China; Beijing Jayyalife Biological Technology Company, Beijing, China
| | - Wenhong Li
- Beijing Jayyalife Biological Technology Company, Beijing, China
| | - Yifei Lu
- Institute of Burn Research, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China.
| | - Gaoxing Luo
- Institute of Burn Research, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China.
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13
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Sithole MN, Mndlovu H, du Toit LC, Choonara YE. Advances in Stimuli-responsive Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Applications: A Review Towards Improving Structural Design for 3D Printing. Curr Pharm Des 2023; 29:3187-3205. [PMID: 37779402 DOI: 10.2174/0113816128246888230920060802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
The physicochemical properties of polymeric hydrogels render them attractive for the development of 3D printed prototypes for tissue engineering in regenerative medicine. Significant effort has been made to design hydrogels with desirable attributes that facilitate 3D printability. In addition, there is significant interest in exploring stimuli-responsive hydrogels to support automated 3D printing into more structurally organised prototypes such as customizable bio-scaffolds for regenerative medicine applications. Synthesizing stimuli-responsive hydrogels is dependent on the type of design and modulation of various polymeric materials to open novel opportunities for applications in biomedicine and bio-engineering. In this review, the salient advances made in the design of stimuli-responsive polymeric hydrogels for 3D printing in tissue engineering are discussed with a specific focus on the different methods of manipulation to develop 3D printed stimuli-responsive polymeric hydrogels. Polymeric functionalisation, nano-enabling and crosslinking are amongst the most common manipulative attributes that affect the assembly and structure of 3D printed bio-scaffolds and their stimuli- responsiveness. The review also provides a concise incursion into the various applications of stimuli to enhance the automated production of structurally organized 3D printed medical prototypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mduduzi Nkosinathi Sithole
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, Gauteng, 2193, South Africa
| | - Hillary Mndlovu
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, Gauteng, 2193, South Africa
| | - Lisa C du Toit
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, Gauteng, 2193, South Africa
| | - Yahya Essop Choonara
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, Gauteng, 2193, South Africa
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14
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Li Y, Deng G, Hu X, Li C, Wang X, Zhu Q, Zheng K, Xiong W, Wu H. Recent advances in mesoporous silica nanoparticle-based targeted drug-delivery systems for cancer therapy. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2022; 17:1253-1279. [PMID: 36250937 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2022-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeted drug-delivery systems are a growing research topic in tumor treatment. In recent years, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) have been extensively studied and applied in noninvasive and biocompatible drug-delivery systems for tumor therapy due to their outstanding advantages, which include high surface area, large pore volume, tunable pore size, easy surface modification and stable framework. The advances in the application of MSNs for anticancer drug targeting are covered and highlighted in this review, and the challenges and prospects of MSN-based targeted drug-delivery systems are discussed. This review provides new insights for researchers interested in targeted drug-delivery systems against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoxing Deng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, People's Republic of China.,School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianlong Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenyang Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinchang Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Zheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Xiong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiqiang Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, People's Republic of China
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15
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Ren Z, Liao T, Li C, Kuang Y. Drug Delivery Systems with a "Tumor-Triggered" Targeting or Intracellular Drug Release Property Based on DePEGylation. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:5290. [PMID: 35955225 PMCID: PMC9369796 DOI: 10.3390/ma15155290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Coating nanosized anticancer drug delivery systems (DDSs) with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), the so-called PEGylation, has been proven an effective method to enhance hydrophilicity, aqueous dispersivity, and stability of DDSs. What is more, as PEG has the lowest level of protein absorption of any known polymer, PEGylation can reduce the clearance of DDSs by the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) and prolong their blood circulation time in vivo. However, the "stealthy" characteristic of PEG also diminishes the uptake of DDSs by cancer cells, which may reduce drug utilization. Therefore, dynamic protection strategies have been widely researched in the past years. Coating DDSs with PEG through dynamic covalent or noncovalent bonds that are stable in blood and normal tissues, but can be broken in the tumor microenvironment (TME), can achieve a DePEGylation-based "tumor-triggered" targeting or intracellular drug release, which can effectively improve the utilization of drugs and reduce their side effects. In this review, the stimuli and methods of "tumor-triggered" targeting or intracellular drug release, based on DePEGylation, are summarized. Additionally, the targeting and intracellular controlled release behaviors of the DDSs are briefly introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Ren
- Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China; (Z.R.); (T.L.)
| | - Tao Liao
- Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China; (Z.R.); (T.L.)
| | - Cao Li
- Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China; (Z.R.); (T.L.)
| | - Ying Kuang
- National “111” Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
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16
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Amukarimi S, Rezvani Z, Eghtesadi N, Mozafari M. Smart biomaterials: From 3D printing to 4D bioprinting. Methods 2022; 205:191-199. [PMID: 35810960 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2022.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This century is blessed with enhanced medical facilities on the grounds of the development of smart biomaterials. The rise of the four-dimensional (4D) bioprinting technology is a shining example. Using inert biomaterials as the bioinks for the three-dimensional (3D) printing process, static objects that might not be able to mimic the dynamic nature of tissues would be fabricated; by contrast, 4D bioprinting can be used for the fabrication of stimuli-responsive cell-laden structures that can evolve with time and enable engineered tissues to undergo morphological changes in a pre-planned way. For all the aptitude of 4D bioprinting technology in tissue engineering, it is imperative to select suitable stimuli-responsive biomaterials with cell-supporting functionalities and responsiveness; as a result, in this article, recent advances and challenges in smart biomaterials for 4D bioprinting are briefly discussed. An overview perspective concerning the latest developments in 4D-bioprinting is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shukufe Amukarimi
- Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Department of Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Rezvani
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico Di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Neda Eghtesadi
- Inorganic Chemistry Group, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Masoud Mozafari
- Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Department of Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Rivero Berti I, Rodenak-Kladniew BE, Katz SF, Arrua EC, Alvarez VA, Duran N, Castro GR. Enzymatic Active Release of Violacein Present in Nanostructured Lipid Carrier by Lipase Encapsulated in 3D-Bioprinted Chitosan-Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose Matrix With Anticancer Activity. Front Chem 2022; 10:914126. [PMID: 35873038 PMCID: PMC9301079 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.914126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Violacein (Viol) is a bacterial purple water-insoluble pigment synthesized by Chromobacterium violaceum and other microorganisms that display many beneficial therapeutic properties including anticancer activity. Viol was produced, purified in our laboratory, and encapsulated in a nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC). The NLC is composed of the solid lipid myristyl myristate, an oily lipid mixture composed of capric and caprylic acids, and the surfactant poloxamer P188. Dormant lipase from Rhizomucor miehei was incorporated into the NLC-Viol to develop an active release system. The NLC particle size determined by dynamic light scattering brings around 150 nm particle size and ζ≈ −9.0 mV with or without lipase, but the incorporation of lipase increase the PdI from 0.241 to 0.319 (≈32%). For scaffold development, a 2.5 hydroxypropyl methylcellulose/chitosan ratio was obtained after optimization of a composite for extrusion in a 3D-bioprinter developed and constructed in our laboratory. Final Viol encapsulation efficiency in the printings was over 90%. Kinetic release of the biodye at pH = 7.4 from the mesh containing NLC-lipase showed roughly 20% Viol fast release than without the enzyme. However, both Viol kinetic releases displayed similar profiles at pH = 5.0, where the lipase is inactive. The kinetic release of Viol from the NLC-matrices was modeled and the best correlation was found with the Korsmeyer-Peppas model (R2 = 0.95) with n < 0.5 suggesting a Fickian release of Viol from the matrices. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images of the NLC-meshes showed significant differences before and after Viol’s release. Also, the presence of lipase dramatically increased the gaps in the interchain mesh. XRD and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analyses of the NLC-meshes showed a decrease in the crystalline structure of the composites with the incorporation of the NLC, and the decrease of myristyl myristate in the mesh can be attributed to the lipase activity. TGA profiles of the NLC-meshes showed high thermal stability than the individual components. Cytotoxic studies in A549 and HCT-116 cancer cell lines revealed high anticancer activity of the matrix mediated by mucoadhesive chitosan, plus the biological synergistic activities of violacein and lipase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Rivero Berti
- Laboratorio de Nanobiomateriale, CINDEFI, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, CONICET (CCT La Plata), Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Boris E. Rodenak-Kladniew
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), CONICET-UNLP, CCT-La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Sergio F. Katz
- Laboratorio de Nanobiomateriale, CINDEFI, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, CONICET (CCT La Plata), Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Eva Carolina Arrua
- Max Planck Laboratory for Structural Biology, Chemistry and Molecular Biophysics of Rosario (MPLbioR, UNR-MPIbpC), Partner Laboratory of the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry (MPIbpC, MPG), Centro de Estudios Interdisciplinarios (CEI), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Materiales Avanzados y Almacenamiento de Energía de Jujuy-Univ. Nac., de Jujuy, Argentina
| | - Vera A. Alvarez
- Grupo de Materiales Compuestos Termoplásticos (CoMP), Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales (INTEMA), Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMDP), CONICET, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Nelson Duran
- Laboratory of Urogenital Carcinogenesis and Immunotherapy, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- Nanomedicine Research Unit (Nanomed), Center for Natural and Human Sciences (CCNH), Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), Santo André, Brazil
| | - Guillermo R. Castro
- Max Planck Laboratory for Structural Biology, Chemistry and Molecular Biophysics of Rosario (MPLbioR, UNR-MPIbpC), Partner Laboratory of the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry (MPIbpC, MPG), Centro de Estudios Interdisciplinarios (CEI), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
- Nanomedicine Research Unit (Nanomed), Center for Natural and Human Sciences (CCNH), Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), Santo André, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Guillermo R. Castro,
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