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Onuh G, Adu JK, Bekoe SO, Johnson R, Adosraku RK, Asare-Nkansah S. Bioequivalence studies of cetirizine tablets using the urine excretion data of healthy Ghanaian male volunteers. Heliyon 2023; 9:e12665. [PMID: 36691524 PMCID: PMC9860417 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In the wake of economic challenges, the role of generic medicines has become crucial in meeting the healthcare needs of people. Their use, however, can only be guaranteed if established to be bioequivalent to their corresponding innovator products. Aim In this study, we assess the suitability of a generic brand of cetirizine hydrochloride tablet to be used in place of the innovator brand on the Ghanaian market through bioequivalence assessment. Method An HPLC bioanalytical method was developed and validated for the detection and quantitation of cetirizine in a urine matrix. This was then used to quantify the amount of cetirizine excreted unchanged in urine samples of 12 healthy male volunteers collected over a 24-h period using a two-way crossover design approach. Results Chromatographic separation was successfully achieved with an isocratic elution on a reverse-phase column. The mean retention time for cetirizine was 2.890 ± 0.243 min. The mean cumulative amounts of cetirizine in the reference and test drugs excreted were 5.69 ± 0.98 mg and 5.82 ± 1.96 mg respectively. Other pharmacokinetic parameters including mean relative Areas Under Curve (AUC0-24) of 13.32 and 13.05 μg/mL, and peak Concentration (Cmax) of 3.378 and 3.043 μg/mL at the times at which Cmax was observed (Tmax) being 7.25 and 7.42 min were established respectively for the reference and test drugs. The relative bioavailability was determined to be 102.28, making the locally manufactured brand bioequivalent to the innovator brand. Conclusion The locally manufactured test Cetirizine drug was found to be bioequivalent with the innovator brand and could serve as a suitable alternative to the latter. Additionally, relevant pharmacokinetic parameters for cetirizine has been established using urinary excretion data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gideon Onuh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana,Corresponding author.
| | - Joseph K. Adu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Samuel O. Bekoe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Raphael Johnson
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Reimmel K. Adosraku
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Samuel Asare-Nkansah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana,Corresponding author.
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Awada S, Sayah R, Mansour M, Nabhane C, Hatem G. Assessment of community pharmacists' knowledge of the differences between generic drugs and biosimilars: A pilot cross-sectional study. THE JOURNAL OF MEDICINE ACCESS 2023; 7:27550834231167049. [PMID: 37091630 PMCID: PMC10119850 DOI: 10.1177/27550834231167049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Background Pharmacists' knowledge of the differences in the characteristics between generic drugs and biosimilars is essential to ensure good practice and lower pharmaceutical bills. Objectives This study aimed to evaluate community pharmacists' knowledge and perception of using and substituting biosimilars and generic drugs. Design A pilot cross-sectional study was performed over 2 months (August-September 2022) targeting community pharmacists in their work site. Method Data were collected using a uniform survey given to 75 pharmacists. Afterward, a knowledge score was generated by summing several individual scores of statements regarding generic drugs and biosimilars. Results Overall, pharmacists had moderate to low knowledge scores, namely, with the statements tackling biosimilars. No significance was reported between these scores and their general characteristics. As regards their substitution, most pharmacists agreed to substitute generic drugs if the brand was not available, while the doctor's approval was crucial for biosimilar switching. Most participants perceived equal effectiveness of generic drugs but similar to a lower one for biosimilars compared to the reference medication. Pharmacists highlighted the need to include generic drugs and biosimilars in the continuing education program and workshops. Conclusion To promote their use, improving pharmacists' knowledge can help overcome misconceptions about generic drugs and biosimilars. It is recommended that health care stakeholders focus on fostering good understanding among pharmacists to enhance access to medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaa Awada
- Clinical and Epidemiological Research
Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Hadat, Lebanon
| | - Roudy Sayah
- Clinical and Epidemiological Research
Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Hadat, Lebanon
| | - Maribelle Mansour
- Clinical and Epidemiological Research
Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Hadat, Lebanon
| | - Cynthia Nabhane
- Clinical and Epidemiological Research
Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Hadat, Lebanon
| | - Georges Hatem
- Clinical and Epidemiological Research
Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Hadat, Lebanon
- Faculty of Medicine, University of
Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Georges Hatem, Clinical and Epidemiological
Research Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Hadat 1533,
Lebanon.
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Qu J, Zuo W, Took RL, Schafermeyer KW, Lukas S, Wang S, Du L, Liu X, Gao Y, Li J, Pan H, Du X, Mei D, Zhang B. A nationwide survey exploring physicians’ and pharmacists’ knowledge, awareness and perceptions regarding generic medicines in China. BMC Health Serv Res 2022; 22:1069. [PMID: 35987631 PMCID: PMC9392939 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-022-08438-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Generic medicines substitution is an important means to control rapid growth of pharmaceutical expenditures for the healthcare system in China. Acceptance and utilization of generic medicines is highly influenced by healthcare providers’ perceptions. This study aimed to compare the knowledge, awareness and perceptions of generic medicines between physicians and pharmacists in China. Methods We used an online, cross-sectional survey across China. The questionnaire explored four sections: demographic characteristics, assessment of the participants’ knowledge and awareness of generic medicines, perceptions of generic medicines and generic substitution practices. Chi-square or Mann–Whitney-U tests were applied to compare differences between physicians and pharmacists. P-values < 0.05 were considered significant. Results A total of 1644 physicians and 4187 pharmacists participated. Most physicians (82.8%, n = 1362) and pharmacists (89.8%, n = 3760) correctly identified the definition of generic medicines. A similar percentage of physicians and pharmacists agreed that approved generic medicines are as effective (64.1% vs 68.2%) or safe (63.8% vs 69.1%) as brand-name medicines. Most physicians and pharmacists (67.6% vs 71.0%) supported the policy of generic substitution. In practice, 79.4% (n = 1305) of physicians reported that they had prescribed generic medicines. More than 78% of respondents reported an obvious increase in the number of generic medicines prescribed in their medical institutions. The majority of physicians and pharmacists identified lack of trust regarding efficacy and safety of generic medicines and the difficulty of changing patients’ preference as top challenges in generic substitution. Conclusions Both physicians and pharmacists surveyed had adequate knowledge of generic medicines, and hold positive attitude towards generics and generic substitution. Efficacy and safety are key factors related to prescribing or dispensing generic medicines. Various policies and regulations should be taken to encourage successful generic substitution. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12913-022-08438-9.
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Bhatnagar B, Dörfler V, MacBryde J. Navigating the open innovation paradox: an integrative framework for adopting open innovation in pharmaceutical R&D in developing countries. JOURNAL OF TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER 2022; 48:1-45. [PMID: 35996639 PMCID: PMC9386677 DOI: 10.1007/s10961-022-09958-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we combine evidence from eight Indian pharmaceutical firms with extant literature and global best practices to conceptualize an integrative framework addressing the open innovation paradox (OIP), i.e., the tension between intellectual protection and openness. Firms in developing countries face additional challenges in the adoption of open innovation, such as the prevalence of open science norms, weak technology transfer systems, and mistrust between universities and industry; therefore, they employ open innovation selectively for pharmaceutical research. Prior research has examined the strategies to resolve OIP in the context of developed countries; the integrative framework proposed in this paper describes strategies for resolving the OIP in the context of developing countries. This framework illuminates the coping processes of the case firms and provides guidelines to uplift and accelerate the adoption of open innovation strategies in developing countries' pharmaceutical sectors, and thus provides value to both theory and praxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhawani Bhatnagar
- Department of Management Science, University of Strathclyde, Level 7, Sir William Duncan Building, 130 Rottenrow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Viktor Dörfler
- Department of Management Science, University of Strathclyde, Level 7, Sir William Duncan Building, 130 Rottenrow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jillian MacBryde
- Innovation and Operations Management, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
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A Randomized, Double-Masked, Active-Controlled, Crossover Phase III Equivalence Study of Generic Dorzolamide 2% versus Innovator Trusopt® Eye Drop Solution in Subjects with Open-Angle Glaucoma or Ocular Hypertension. J Ophthalmol 2022; 2022:5249922. [PMID: 35909461 PMCID: PMC9329021 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5249922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to demonstrate the equivalence of generic dorzolamide 2% eye drops solution versus the innovator formulation (Trusopt® eye drops solution) in patients with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension. Methods This prospective, monocentric, double-masked, active-controlled crossover phase III study included 32 patients. After washout, patients were randomized to reference product (Trusopt®) or test product (dorzolamide 2% eye drops, Rompharm Company SRL) for a 4-week period. Subsequent washout and crossover were performed. Drops were applied t.i.d. The primary efficacy endpoint was the difference in mean diurnal IOP. Goldmann applanation tonometry was performed at 8 am, 12 pm, and 4 pm at each visit, and safety was assessed by documentation of adverse events (AEs). Therapy adherence was documented by self-reporting and eye drop bottle weighing. An ANOVA with treatment, sequence, study period, and patient within the sequence as effects was performed and an additional post hoc ANCOVA including the baseline IOP was also performed. Results 34 patients were randomized and analyzed in the safety population. The per-protocol population included 32 patients. According to the self-report, all patients were >80% compliant. Under the ANCOVA model, the 90% confidence interval for the average change of the IOP −0.27 mmHg (−1.17 mmHg–0.64 mmHg) is included by the acceptance range −1.5 mmHg to +1.5 mmHg after excluding 2 patients, which had falsely reported high therapy adherence. No clinically relevant difference was observed in frequency or severity of the AEs between both treatments. Conclusions This study showed the equivalence of the tested generic dorzolamide 2% eye drops solution to the reference product Trusopt® eye drops solution. Trial Registration. This trial is registered with (ClinicalTrials.gov (identifier: NCT00878917) on April 9, 2009).
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Elmer S, Reddy DS. Therapeutic Basis of Generic Substitution of Antiseizure Medications. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2022; 381:188-196. [PMID: 35241634 PMCID: PMC9132097 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.121.000994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
More than thirty antiseizure medications (ASMs) are available for treating epilepsy. ASMs differ in their potency and efficacy in controlling seizures by acting on diverse targets in the brain, often with variable pharmacokinetics. Moreover, nearly 30% of people with epilepsy have drug-resistant or intractable seizures. Generic substitution of ASMs is a complex issue. It is thought that frequent generic substitution in people with epilepsy may cause problems because the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) rules allow too much variability across products. The standard bioequivalence range (80% to 125%) appears too broad for many ASMs, especially those exhibiting little separation between therapeutic and toxic levels. Hence, sub-therapeutic concentration may lead to therapeutic failure with seizure recurrence, which could be life threatening. A supra-therapeutic level could result in adverse effects or compliance issues. There are reported issues with generic substitutions of phenytoin, topiramate, levetiracetam, carbamazepine, and lamotrigine. There is discussion in the epilepsy community about additional guidelines, including designation of generic ASMs as Narrow Therapeutic Index (NTI) drugs and how patient education plays a role in generic substitution. Overall, based on the published evidence on specific generic ASMs, FDA bioequivalence standards are not the cause of problems with generic ASM substitution. Rather, it is imperative that physicians and pharmacists provide adequate patient education on what to expect when switching to generic ASMs, including changes in medication shape and color. Another suggestion would be to consider that all ASMs be considered for inclusion in NTI class to prevent the clinical outcome issues associated with generic ASM switching. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: There are critical aspects to consider when switching from a brand name antiseizure medication (ASM) when a generic becomes available or switching between generics. Generic ASMs are interchanged with little consideration of differences in therapeutic equivalence and other clinical factors. This article describes key issues on generic substitution of ASMs and highlights critical pharmacotherapeutic issues associated with generic ASMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Elmer
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M University Health Science Center College of Medicine, Bryan, Texas
| | - Doodipala Samba Reddy
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M University Health Science Center College of Medicine, Bryan, Texas
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Zhang Y, Zhang J, Xu Q, Wang Y, Wu W, Wang W, Li X, Zhang T. Simultaneous Determination of Loratadine and Its Metabolite Desloratadine in Beagle Plasma by LC-MS/MS and Application for Pharmacokinetics Study of Loratadine Tablets and Omeprazole‑Induced Drug-Drug Interaction. Drug Des Devel Ther 2022; 15:5109-5122. [PMID: 34992347 PMCID: PMC8711562 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s328106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Loratadine (LTD) is a Biopharmaceutical Classification System II basic drug with pH-sensitive aqueous solubility and dissolution is a speed-limiting step of its absorption. The drug dissolution and the gastrointestinal tract pH conditions are likely to influence the in vivo pharmacokinetic behavior of LTD tablets. Materials and Method A rapid, sensitive, and reliable bioanalytical method for simultaneous quantitation of LTD and its active metabolite desloratadine (DL) in beagle plasma was developed and validated based on liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Sample preparation in low plasma consumption was accomplished by liquid–liquid extraction. The chromatographic separation was achieved on a Phenomenex Kinetex C8 column using acetonitrile and 5 mM ammonium formate as the mobile phase. A comparative pharmacokinetics study of three LTD tablets with different dissolution rates was conducted in male beagles in fasting state and an omeprazole-induced drug–drug interaction (DDI) study was subsequently performed under pretreatment of omeprazole. Results and Conclusion The method showed a good linear correlation over the concentration ranges of 0.008–24 ng/mL for LTD and 0.8–800 ng/mL for DL, and was successfully applied to analyze the two compounds in beagle plasma. Pharmacokinetic results showed in the fasting state the three LTD tablets were equivalent in beagles in terms of effective components. DL of the three tablets were equivalent, indicating metabolite was less susceptible to pharmaceutic preparation factors for LTD tablets in beagles. Moreover, significant changes in LTD and DL pharmacokinetics parameters were observed under the effect of omeprazole-induced pH increase in gastrointestinal tract, suggesting that DDI effects are of concern for the curative effect of LTD when combined with omeprazole. The findings will contribute to the future pharmaceutical preparations research as well as the clinical application of LTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaming Zhang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuchi Xu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yimeng Wang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenying Wu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiping Wang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoting Li
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianhong Zhang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
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Niyongere J, Welty TE, Bell MW, Consalvo D, Hammond C, Leung H, Patsalos PN, Ryan M, Suansanae T, Zhou D, Zuellig H. Barriers to Generic Antiseizure Medication Use: Results of a Global Survey by the International League Against Epilepsy Generic Substitution Task Force. Epilepsia Open 2022; 7:260-270. [PMID: 35124903 PMCID: PMC9159248 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to identify and quantify barriers to generic substitution of antiseizure medications (ASM). A questionnaire on generic ASM substitution was developed by the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) Task Force on Generic Substitution. Questions addressed understanding of bioequivalence, standards for generic products, experiences with substitution, and demographic data. The survey was web‐based and distributed to ILAE chapters, their membership, and professional colleagues of task force members. Comparisons in responses were between ILAE regions and country income classification. A total of 800 individuals responded, with 44.2% being from the Asia‐Oceania ILAE Region and 38.6% from European Region. The majority of respondents had little or no education in generic substitution or bioequivalence. Many respondents indicated lack of understanding aspects of generic substitution. Common barriers to generic substitution included limited access, poor or inconsistent quality, too expensive, or lack of regulatory control. Increase in seizures was the most common reported adverse outcome of substitution. Of medications on the World Health Organization Essential Medication list, problems with generic products were most frequent with carbamazepine, lamotrigine, and valproic acid. Several barriers with generic substitution of ASM revolved around mistrust of regulatory control and quality of generic ASM. Lack of education on generic substitution is also a concern. Generic ASM products may be the only option in some parts of the world and efforts should address these issues. Efforts to address these barriers should improve access to medications in all parts of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna Niyongere
- MercyOne Des Moines, Doctor of Pharmacy student, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences at Drake University, Iowa, USA
| | - Timothy E Welty
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Drake University Des Moines, Iowa, USA
| | - Michelle W Bell
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Damian Consalvo
- Epilepsy Section, Ramos Mejía Hospital, University of Buenos Aires, Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Sanatorio de Los Arcos, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Charles Hammond
- Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Howan Leung
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Philip N Patsalos
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, England
| | - Melody Ryan
- College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Thanarat Suansanae
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Dong Zhou
- Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China, Department of Neurosciences, College of Medicine, San Beda University, College of Public Health, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
| | - Hazel Zuellig
- Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China, Department of Neurosciences, College of Medicine, San Beda University, College of Public Health, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
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Sestino A, Amatulli C. Branded vs. Generic drugs: the role of self-perceived seriousness of disease. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL AND HEALTHCARE MARKETING 2021. [DOI: 10.1108/ijphm-10-2020-0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
This study aims at exploring the role of perceived disease seriousness in consumers’ preference for generic versus branded drugs, by shedding light on new factors impacting consumer purchase behaviour for pharmaceutical products.
Design/methodology/approach
An exploratory study based on a quantitative analysis has been conducted with a sample of 100 participants who have been presented with two different scenarios: one related to more serious disease (as in cardiological disease) and one related to less serious disease (as in the seasonal flu). This paper considered Italy as a research setting where the recent mandatory prescription of the active ingredient by doctors leaves the final purchase decision in consumers’ hands
Findings
Results show that, although consumers are free to choose whether to buy a branded or a generic prescribed active ingredient, their choice is mainly driven by the role of the brand. Consumers’ intention to buy generic drugs is higher in the case of diseases perceived as less serious, while the intention to buy branded drugs is higher in the case of disease perceived as more serious.
Originality/value
This study contributes to marketing research and practice by proposing that consumers’ perceived seriousness of their disease should be considered as a further factor in identifying new marketing strategies in those contexts in which the choice between branded or generic drugs is free.
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Lang JD, Kostev K, Reindl C, Mueller TM, Stritzelberger J, Gollwitzer S, Westermayer V, Trollmann R, Hamer HM. Manufacturer switch of anti-seizure drugs may not increase the risk of seizure recurrence in Children: A nationwide study of prescription data in Germany. Epilepsy Behav 2021; 115:107705. [PMID: 33444987 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2020.107705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Several publications on the exchangeability of antiepileptic drugs in clinical settings revealed an increased risk for seizure recurrence after changing the manufacturer of anti-seizure drugs (ASD) in adults, possibly due to a decline of adherence. It is unclear whether this holds true in children and adolescents. METHODS Patient data of children and adolescents (<18 years) were collected anonymously from 236 German pediatricians and pediatric neurologists between January 2011 and December 2018 using the IMS® Disease Analyzer database (IQVIA, Frankfurt, Germany). Patients with epilepsy were included if at least 2 prescriptions within 360 days and 1 within 180 days prior to the index date were available. The cohort was separated into a seizure group and seizure-free controls. Both groups were matched 1:1 according to age, gender, insurance status, and treating pediatrician. The risk for seizure recurrence after a manufacturer switch of the same ASD at the last prescription before the index date was analyzed using a multivariate regression model. RESULTS A total of 678 children and adolescents with epilepsy were included (each group: n = 339; age: 9.6 ± 4.4 years). Comparing both groups, the risk for seizures recurrence was not increased after a manufacturer switch had occurred. Albeit changes during the last prescription before the index date had occurred more often in the seizure-free group, neither change of branded and generic products nor substances reached significance. Only change of ASD strength showed a significantly reduced odds ratio for seizures (OR 0.40, 95% CI 0.24-0.65, p < 0.001). SIGNIFICANCE In contrast to the available evidence in adults, changing the manufacturer did not appear to increase the risk for seizure recurrence in previously seizure-free children and adolescents with epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes D Lang
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Karel Kostev
- IQVIA, Epidemiology, Frankfurt am Main, Main Airport Center, Unterschweinstiege 2-14, 60549 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Caroline Reindl
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tamara M Mueller
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jenny Stritzelberger
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stephanie Gollwitzer
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Vivien Westermayer
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Regina Trollmann
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Loschgestraße 15, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hajo M Hamer
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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Charan J, Saxena D, Chaudhari M, Dutta S, Kaur RJ, Bhardwaj P. Opinion of patients seeking primary care regarding prescription of generic drugs: A cross-sectional study. J Family Med Prim Care 2020; 9:5725-5730. [PMID: 33532421 PMCID: PMC7842431 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1694_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Generic drugs are low-cost alternatives to branded drugs. The government of India is encouraging physicians to prescribe the generics to decrease out-of-pocket expenditure of health care. Looking at India's low-prescription on generic drugs, it is crucial to analyze the factors responsible for it. A patient's unawareness may be an important factor; hence, it should be evaluated systematically. OBJECTIVES This study was designed with the aim of assessing knowledge and perception of generics among patients visiting the outpatient department of primary care physicians at the Patan city of Gujarat. MATERIAL AND METHODS A trained research associate visited the OPDs of various general practitioners to collect the data. A prevalidated questionnaire was administered to these patients. The data was analyzed with the help of statistical software. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. RESULTS Among 345 patients, only 33.6% reportedly heard about generics. Of these only a few patients (<13%) had used the generic drugs in past. The majority (>60%) believed that generics are safe. Those who were not willing to take generics reported efficacy as the major concern. Out of various factors that may affect knowledge of generic drugs, young age (OR = 5.3) and education (Primary (OR = 8.01), Secondary (OR = 6.19), and Higher secondary (OR = 3.07) were statistically significant. CONCLUSION Awareness about the generic drugs was low among the patients visiting the primary care physician. The young age and primary and secondary education levels were significantly associated with the awareness regarding generics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaykaran Charan
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Deepak Saxena
- Department of Epidemiology, Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Mayur Chaudhari
- Department of Pharmacology, Govt. Medical College, Surat, Gujarat, India
| | - Siddhartha Dutta
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Rimple Jeet Kaur
- Department of Pharmacology, S. N. Medical College, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Pankaj Bhardwaj
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
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Miranda-Pérez de Alejo C, Aceituno Álvarez A, Mendes Lima Santos G, Fernández Cervera M, Jung-Cook H, Cabrera-Pérez MÁ. Policy of Multisource Drug Products in Latin America: Opportunities and Challenges on the Application of Bioequivalence In Vitro Assays. Ther Innov Regul Sci 2020; 55:65-81. [PMID: 32602028 DOI: 10.1007/s43441-020-00191-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The replacement of traditional in vivo bioequivalence studies by in vitro dissolution assays, based on the biopharmaceutical classification system (BCS), has emerged as an important tool for demonstrating the interchangeability of multisource products. This paper summarizes the current implementation of the BCS-based biowaiver for the development of multisource products in Latin America, and identifies several challenges and opportunities for greater convergence and application of BCS regulatory requirements. METHODS Differences and similarities between the current BCS-based biowaivers' guidelines proposed by two relevant regulatory agencies for the Latin American region (FDA and WHO) and the new ICH harmonization guideline were identified and compared. An update of the BCS-based biowaiver guideline for Latin American countries was also considered, based on the respective regulatory information on bioequivalence studies, which is publicly available. RESULTS About 50% of the Latin American countries analyzed have no information on the implementation of any bioequivalence standards, while in the countries where bioequivalence studies are considered, the acceptance and application of BCS-based biowaiver requirements is quite heterogeneous. This situation contrasts with the international trend of global harmonization for BCS-based biowaiver guidance, suggesting the need in Latin America to identify opportunities and overcome challenges to improve the development of BCS-based biowaivers to avoid costly and time-consuming in vivo bioequivalence studies. CONCLUSIONS The study shows that the region is in a position to improve access to safe and effective medicines at a reasonable cost by applying BCS-based biowaiver guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Miranda-Pérez de Alejo
- Unit of Modeling and Experimental Biopharmaceutics, Centre of Chemical Bioactive, Central University of Las Villas, Villa Clara, 54830, Santa Clara, Cuba
| | - Alexis Aceituno Álvarez
- ANAMED Department, Institute of Public Health, Chile and Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valparaiso, Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Gustavo Mendes Lima Santos
- General Office of Medicines and Biological Products, Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency (ANVISA), Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | | | - Helgi Jung-Cook
- Department of Pharmacy, Chemistry Faculty, UNAM, Mexico, DF, Mexico
| | - Miguel Ángel Cabrera-Pérez
- Unit of Modeling and Experimental Biopharmaceutics, Centre of Chemical Bioactive, Central University of Las Villas, Villa Clara, 54830, Santa Clara, Cuba.
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More GS, Thomas AB, Chitlange SS, Nanda RK, Gajbhiye RL. Nitrogen Mustards as Alkylating Agents: A Review on Chemistry, Mechanism of Action and Current USFDA Status of Drugs. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2020; 19:1080-1102. [PMID: 30834842 DOI: 10.2174/1871520619666190305141458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE Nitrogen mustard derivatives form one of the major classes of anti-cancer agents in USFDA approved drugs list. These are polyfunctional alkylating agents which are distinguished by a unique mechanism of adduct formation with DNA involving cross-linking between guanine N-7 of one strand of DNA with the other. The generated cross-linking is irreversible and leads to cell apoptosis. Hence it is of great interest to explore this class of anticancer alkylating agents. METHODS An exhaustive list of reviews, research articles, patents, books, patient information leaflets, and orange book is presented and the contents related to nitrogen mustard anti-cancer agents have been reviewed. Attempts are made to present synthesis schemes in a simplified manner. The mechanism of action of the drugs and their side effects are also systematically elaborated. RESULTS This review provides a platform for understanding all aspects of such drugs right from synthesis to their mechanism of action and side effects, and lists USFDA approved ANDA players among alkylating anticancer agents in the current market. CONCLUSION Perusing this article, generic scientists will be able to access literature information in this domain easily to gain insight into the nitrogen mustard alkylating agents for further ANDA development. It will help the scientific and research community to continue their pursuit for the design of newer and novel heterocyclic alkylating agents of this class in the coming future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghansham S More
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Dr. D.Y. Patil Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Asha B Thomas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Dr. D.Y. Patil Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Sohan S Chitlange
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Dr. D.Y. Patil Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Rabindra K Nanda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Dr. D.Y. Patil Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Rahul L Gajbhiye
- Organic & Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700 032, India
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14
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Spanou I, Mavridis T, Mitsikostas DD. Nocebo in Biosimilars and Generics in Neurology: A Systematic Review. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:809. [PMID: 31396084 PMCID: PMC6667943 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Nocebo refers to adverse events related to patients’ negative expectations and previous experiences, mediated by several neurobiological pathways within the brain. It is common among neurological patients and affects adherence and treatment outcomes, representing a real clinical challenge. Methods: We conducted a systematic search based on the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines in MEDLINE database, using several keywords for studies that can be processed to investigate the magnitude of nocebo in generics and biosimilars used in the most common neurological diseases. The aim was to estimate its size and suggest strategies to minimize its prevalence in clinical trials and practice. Results: Of a total of 2,606 identified articles, after criteria-based selection, 35 studies were included for analysis. Overall, there was vast heterogeneity across the studies concerning population, study design, and outcomes. Nocebo response could be estimated only in one double-blind randomized trial of generic glatiramer acetate in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis that included a placebo arm. In this trial, no significant differences observed between the three arms (innovator, bioequivalent, and placebo) in favorable and unfavorable outcomes. In the open-label phase of the trial, an increased withdrawal rate was recorded in patients switched from placebo to bioequivalent (8.4%) that may be related to nocebo. In other open-label and real-world studies evaluating biosimilars or generics for brain disorders, a similar indirect nocebo effect is assuming by several investigators. Also, knowledge gaps between health-care providers and patients exist towards generics and biosimilars. Conclusions: Despite its presence, the true burden of the nocebo response and effect cannot be accurately estimated in existing studies with generics and biosimilars in neurological diseases. Targeted strategies for clinical trials’ design are needed in order to measure the exact nocebo’s size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Spanou
- 1st Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Theodoros Mavridis
- 1st Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimos D Mitsikostas
- 1st Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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15
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Abdullah AH, Holtorf AP, Al-Hussaini M, Lemay J, Alowayesh M, Kaló Z. Stakeholder driven development of a multi-criteria decision analysis tool for purchasing off-patent pharmaceuticals in Kuwait. J Pharm Policy Pract 2019; 12:9. [PMID: 31011430 PMCID: PMC6466779 DOI: 10.1186/s40545-019-0171-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In Kuwait, the government is planning to improve the specifications for purchase of medicine and to improve the tendering system intending to slow the growth of the expenditure for medicine and to improve the sustainability of the healthcare system. Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) is a method which can help to assess multiple and sometimes conflicting criteria in the evaluation of the available alternatives. The objective of this initiative was to develop collaboratively a MCDA tool which is locally relevant, and which could be used to improve the use of performance indicators in the purchasing of off-patent pharmaceuticals. Methods Nineteen leading experts representing a broad range of pharmaceutical policy stakeholders elaborated a locally adapted MCDA format by following a 7-step process for criteria selection, scoring, ranking and weighting. Results The most important criterion was the price measured as savings versus the originator product with a weight of 35% in the final decision and a full score with a 60% price reduction. In addition, eight criteria were considered important for assessing the product performance in the Kuwaiti healthcare system: ‘equivalence with the reference product’ (weight of 16.2%), ‘stability and drug formulation’ (13.5%), ‘quality assurance’ (11.2%), ‘reliability of drug supply’ (8.8%), ‘macroeconomic benefit’ (5.5%), ‘real world outcomes (clinical and economic)’ (4.2%), ‘pharmacovigilance’ (3.3%), and ‘added value services related to the product’ (2.3%). Conclusions A MCDA model was successfully adapted to the Kuwait decision context by a group of Kuwaiti pharmacists from a broad range of institutions. The participants agreed with the approach and considered it suitable to improve the transparency and consistency of decision making for off-patent pharmaceuticals in Kuwait. A pilot implementation project was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anke-Peggy Holtorf
- Health Outcomes Strategies GmbH, Colmarerstrasse 58, 4055 Basel, CH Switzerland
| | - Maryam Al-Hussaini
- 3Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Public Authority for Applied Education and Training PAAET, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Jacinthe Lemay
- 4Department of Pharmacology and Applied Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Maryam Alowayesh
- 5Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Zoltán Kaló
- Syreon Research Institute, Budapest, Hungary.,7Department of Health Policy and Health Economics, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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Lang JD, Kostev K, Onugoren MD, Gollwitzer S, Graf W, Müller T, Olmes DG, Hamer HM. Switching the manufacturer of antiepileptic drugs is associated with higher risk of seizures: A nationwide study of prescription data in Germany. Ann Neurol 2018; 84:918-925. [DOI: 10.1002/ana.25353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes D. Lang
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität; Erlangen-Nürnberg Erlangen Germany
| | - Karel Kostev
- IQVIA, Epidemiology, Frankfurt am Main, Main Airport Center; Unterschweinstiege 2-14, 60549 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Müjgan Dogan Onugoren
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität; Erlangen-Nürnberg Erlangen Germany
| | - Stephanie Gollwitzer
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität; Erlangen-Nürnberg Erlangen Germany
| | - Wolfgang Graf
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität; Erlangen-Nürnberg Erlangen Germany
| | - Tamara Müller
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität; Erlangen-Nürnberg Erlangen Germany
| | - David G. Olmes
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität; Erlangen-Nürnberg Erlangen Germany
| | - Hajo M. Hamer
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität; Erlangen-Nürnberg Erlangen Germany
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17
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An Evidence Framework for Off-Patent Pharmaceutical Review for Health Technology Assessment in Emerging Markets. Value Health Reg Issues 2018; 16:9-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vhri.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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18
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Inotai A, Nguyen HT, Hidayat B, Nurgozhin T, Kiet PHT, Campbell JD, Németh B, Maniadakis N, Brixner D, Wijaya K, Kaló Z. Guidance toward the implementation of multicriteria decision analysis framework in developing countries. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res 2018; 18:585-592. [PMID: 30092151 DOI: 10.1080/14737167.2018.1508345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) is increasingly used in health care mainly because it moves decision-making from ad hoc to an evidence-based and comprehensive process. Developing countries with more restricted financial and human research capacities, however, should consider their own methods of MCDA development and implementation. Areas covered: An MCDA framework to improve procurement decisions of off-patent pharmaceuticals was developed for developing countries and adapted to Indonesia, Kazakhstan and Vietnam during three policy workshops. Based on the experience of these workshops and one joint workshop with international experts and decision makers from multiple developing countries, general recommendations were formulated on how to implement MCDA specifically in developing countries. We provide 17 practical MCDA implementation recommendations in four major areas, including (1) MCDA objectives; (2) technical considerations of MCDA tool; (3) development and customization of MCDA tool and (4) policy implementation of MCDA in decision-making. Expert commentary: These practical MCDA recommendations for developing countries contribute to feasible, transparent, stepwise, iterative and standardized decision-making in health care.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Inotai
- a Syreon Research Institute , Budapest , Hungary.,b Department of Health Policy and Health Economics , Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE) , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Huong Thanh Nguyen
- c Department of Health Policy , Hanoi University of Public Health , Hanoi , Vietnam
| | - Budi Hidayat
- d Center for Health Economics and Policy Studies (CHEPS), Faculty of Public Health , Universitas Indonesia , Depok , Indonesia
| | - Talgat Nurgozhin
- e Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University , Almaty , Kazakhstan
| | - Pham Huy Tuan Kiet
- f Department of Health Economics , Hanoi Medical University , Hanoi , Vietnam
| | - Jonathan D Campbell
- g Department of Clinical Pharmacy , University of Colorado , Aurora , CO , USA
| | | | - Nikos Maniadakis
- h Department of Health Services Organization and Management , National School of Public Health , Athens , Greece
| | - Diana Brixner
- i Department of Pharmacotherapy , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA
| | - Kalman Wijaya
- j Abbott Established Pharmaceutical Division, Abbott , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Zoltán Kaló
- a Syreon Research Institute , Budapest , Hungary.,b Department of Health Policy and Health Economics , Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE) , Budapest , Hungary
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19
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Rüdelsheim P, Dumont P, Freyssinet G, Pertry I, Heijde M. Off-Patent Transgenic Events: Challenges and Opportunities for New Actors and Markets in Agriculture. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2018; 6:71. [PMID: 29915785 PMCID: PMC5994546 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2018.00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 20 years ago, the first genetically modified (GM) plants entered the seed market. The patents covering the first GM plants have begun to expire and these can now be considered as Off-Patent Events. Here we describe the challenges that will be faced by a Secondary Party by further use and development of these Off-Patent Events. Indeed, the conditions for Off-Patent Events are not available yet to form the basis for a new viable industry similar to the generic manufacturers of agrochemicals or pharmaceutical products, primarily because of (i) unharmonized global regulatory requirements for GM organisms, (ii) inaccessibility of regulatory submissions and data, and (iii) potential difficulties to obtain seeds and genetic material of the unique genotypes used to generate regulatory data. We propose certain adaptations by comparing what has been done in the agrochemical and pharmaceutical markets to facilitate the development of generics. Finally, we present opportunities that still exist for further development of Off-Patent Events in collaboration with Proprietary Regulatory Property Holders in emerging markets, provided (i) various countries approve these events without additional regulatory burdens (i.e., acceptance of the concept of data transportability), and (ii) local breeders agree to meet product stewardship requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Philippe Dumont
- Association Française des Biotechnologies Végétales, Paris, France
| | | | - Ine Pertry
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
- International Plant Biotechnology Outreach, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Gent, Belgium
| | - Marc Heijde
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
- International Plant Biotechnology Outreach, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Gent, Belgium
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Guttier MC, Silveira MPT, Luiza VL, Bertoldi AD. Impact of interventions to promote the use of generic drugs: a systematic review. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2018; 22:2627-2644. [PMID: 28793078 DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232017228.05762017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The need to increase access to medicines, coupled with the limited acceptance of generics has sparked the search for effective interventions to promote it. This systematic review aimed to conduct a survey on interventions to promote the use of generic drugs and its impact. Randomized clinical trials, non-randomized controlled trials, controlled before-after studies and interrupted time series were included. The analysis of the impact of interventions and quality of evidence followed Cochrane's guidelines. Impact of interventions was rated from "very large" to "very small" and the quality of evidence was rated from "high" to "very low". Seventeen papers addressing prescribers, pharmacists and users were selected. There were educational, financial incentives and use of electronic prescription and managerial interventions. Interventions applied to prescribers had little to medium impact, with very low-to-low quality evidence. Interventions applied to pharmacists had small impact with very low quality evidence. Interventions applied to users had medium and large impact with very low-to-low quality evidence. Further studies with good quality addressing interventions are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marília Cruz Guttier
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel). R. Marechal Deodoro 1160/313, Centro. 96020-220 Pelotas RS Brasil.
| | | | - Vera Lucia Luiza
- Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sérgio Arouca, Fiocruz. Rio de Janeiro RJ Brasil
| | - Andréa Dâmaso Bertoldi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel). R. Marechal Deodoro 1160/313, Centro. 96020-220 Pelotas RS Brasil.
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Vasheghani Farahani A, Salamzadeh J, Rasekh HR, Najafi S, Mosadegh V. The Availability and Affordability of Cardiovascular Medicines for Secondary Prevention in Tehran Province (Iran). IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2018; 17:64-72. [PMID: 29796030 PMCID: PMC5958325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Availability and affordability of medicines are crucial to achieving success in prevention programs, particularly in developing countries. The aim of this study was to determine the availability and affordability of cardiovascular medicines for secondary prevention in Tehran province of Iran. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Tehran province in 2015, using the 2nd edition of the World Health Organization/Health Action International methodology. Data on the availability and affordability of 21 selected cardiovascular medicines were collected from the public and private healthcare sectors. A total of 120 facilities were included in the survey and the medicines in this survey were both original and lowest-price generic. Lowest-price generic equivalent medicines were highly available (> 80%) in almost all pharmacies of both public and private sectors, while the availability of original brand medicines was highly poor in public and private pharmacies. The median price ratios were 0.72 to 0.76 for generic medicines. The treatment of cardiovascular diseases with lowest-price generic equivalent medicines was generally affordable; moreover, less than a single day's wage was adequate to purchase a monthꞌs supply of the lowest priced generic of the surveyed medicines. The availability of the selected generic medicines for the secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases is high in both public and private sectors and they were affordable for low-paid unskilled government workers in the province. The result of this study demonstrates that the supply policies pertaining to generic medicines have been implemented successfully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Vasheghani Farahani
- Department of Pharmacoeconomics and Pharmaceutical Management, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences.
| | - Jamshid Salamzadeh
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. ,Corresponding author: E-mail:
| | - Hamid Reza Rasekh
- Department of Pharmacoeconomics and Pharmaceutical Management, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences.
| | - Sheyda Najafi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Chen L, Liu T, Zhao X. Inferring anatomical therapeutic chemical (ATC) class of drugs using shortest path and random walk with restart algorithms. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1864:2228-2240. [PMID: 29247833 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The anatomical therapeutic chemical (ATC) classification system is a widely accepted drug classification scheme. This system comprises five levels and includes several classes in each level. Drugs are classified into classes according to their therapeutic effects and characteristics. The first level includes 14 main classes. In this study, we proposed two network-based models to infer novel potential chemicals deemed to belong in the first level of ATC classification. To build these models, two large chemical networks were constructed using the chemical-chemical interaction information retrieved from the Search Tool for Interactions of Chemicals (STITCH). Two classic network algorithms, shortest path (SP) and random walk with restart (RWR) algorithms, were executed on the corresponding network to mine novel chemicals for each ATC class using the validated drugs in a class as seed nodes. Then, the obtained chemicals yielded by these two algorithms were further evaluated by a permutation test and an association test. The former can exclude chemicals produced by the structure of the network, i.e., false positive discoveries. By contrast, the latter identifies the most important chemicals that have strong associations with the ATC class. Comparisons indicated that the two models can provide quite dissimilar results, suggesting that the results yielded by one model can be essential supplements for those obtained by the other model. In addition, several representative inferred chemicals were analyzed to confirm the reliability of the results generated by the two models. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Accelerating Precision Medicine through Genetic and Genomic Big Data Analysis edited by Yudong Cai & Tao Huang.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- College of Information Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tao Liu
- College of Information Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xian Zhao
- College of Information Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, People's Republic of China
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Riner B, Bussy A, Hélène-Pelage J, Moueza N, Lamy S, Carrère P. "No generics, Doctor!" The perspective of general practitioners in two French regions. BMC Health Serv Res 2017; 17:707. [PMID: 29121918 PMCID: PMC5680768 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-017-2682-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Generic medicines are essential to controlling health expenditures. Their market share is still small in France. The discourse and practices of prescribers may play a major role in their use. The purpose of this study was to explore the knowledge, attitudes and practices of general practitioners (GPs) toward generic medicines in two French regions with the lowest penetration rate of these products. Methods An observational study was carried out from October 2015 to February 2016 in Guadeloupe and Martinique. The first qualitative phase involved a diversified sample of 14 GPs who underwent semi-structured interviews. The second phase involved a random sample of 316 GPs (response rate = 74%) who were administered a structured questionnaire developed from the results of the first phase. Results Seventy-eight percent of the participants defined a generic drug as a drug containing an active substance identical to a brand-name drug, but only 11% considered generic drugs to be equivalent to brand-name drugs, and the same proportion believed that the generic drugs were of doubtful quality. The primary recognized advantage of generic medicines was their lower cost (82%). The main drawbacks cited were the variability of their presentation (44%), the confusion that they caused for some patients (47%), frequent allegations of adverse side effects (37%) and a lack of efficacy (24%), and frequent refusal by patients (26%). Seventy-four percent of the participants stated that they adapted their prescribing practices to the situation, and of this group, 47% prescribed the originator product simply on demand. Conclusion Most surveyed GPs were not hostile towards generic medicines. They were caught between the requirements of health insurance regimes and the opposition of numerous users and suggested that the patient information provided by health authorities should be improved and that drug composition and packaging should be made uniform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Béatrice Riner
- Department of General Practice, University of the French West Indies, Pointe-à-Pitre, France
| | - Adèle Bussy
- Department of General Practice, University of the French West Indies, Pointe-à-Pitre, France
| | - Jeannie Hélène-Pelage
- Department of General Practice, University of the French West Indies, Pointe-à-Pitre, France
| | - Nycrees Moueza
- Department of General Practice, University of the French West Indies, Pointe-à-Pitre, France
| | - Sébastien Lamy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France.,Laboratory of Epidemiology and Analysis in Public Health, UMR1027 INSERM, University of Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Philippe Carrère
- Department of General Practice, University of the French West Indies, Pointe-à-Pitre, France. .,Laboratory of Epidemiology and Analysis in Public Health, UMR1027 INSERM, University of Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France. .,Département de Médecine Générale, Faculté de Médecine Hyacinthe Bastaraud, Campus Universitaire de Fouillole, Université des Antilles, 97157 Pointe-à-Pitre Cedex, Guadeloupe, BP 250, France.
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Guennif S. Is Compulsory Licensing Bad for Public Health? Some Critical Comments on Drug Accessibility in Developing Countries. APPLIED HEALTH ECONOMICS AND HEALTH POLICY 2017; 15:557-565. [PMID: 28120166 DOI: 10.1007/s40258-017-0306-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
As one of the flexibilities provided by the agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) establishing minimum standards for the protection of property rights, compulsory license (CL) represents a means towards the protection of public health issues within a context of stringent protection of intellectual property rights (IPRs), most notably in poor-resource settings. However, recent literature asserts that CL constitutes a serious limitation to the full enjoyment of property rights by innovators and may therefore threaten drug accessibility in developing countries. This paper outlines the impact of CL on drug accessibility in developing countries by addressing the three main dimensions of accessibility (availability, affordability and quality) and proceeding to a literature survey of key arguments for and against CL. It concludes that CL inhibits neither the availability of essential drugs nor the affordability of life-saving treatments or the supply of high-quality drugs in developing countries, in particular antiretroviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Guennif
- CNRS Partner Lab, Centre d'économie de l'Université Paris Nord, 99 avenue J.B. Clément, 93430, Villetaneuse, France.
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Applying Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) Simple Scoring as an Evidence-based HTA Methodology for Evaluating Off-Patent Pharmaceuticals (OPPs) in Emerging Markets. Value Health Reg Issues 2017; 13:1-6. [PMID: 29073981 DOI: 10.1016/j.vhri.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Off-patent pharmaceuticals (OPPs) represent more than 60% of the pharmaceutical market in many emerging countries, where they are frequently evaluated primarily on cost rather than with health technology assessment. OPPs are assumed to be identical to the originators. Branded and unbranded generic versions can, however, vary from the originator in active pharmaceutical ingredients, dosage, consistency formulation, excipients, manufacturing processes, and distribution, for example. These variables can alter the efficacy and safety of the product, negatively impacting both the anticipated cost savings and the population's health. In addition, many health care systems lack the resources or expertise to evaluate such products, and current assessment methods can be complex and difficult to adapt to a health system's needs. Multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA) simple scoring is an evidence-based health technology assessment methodology for evaluating OPPs, especially in emerging countries in which resources are limited but decision makers still must balance affordability with factors such as drug safety, level interchangeability, manufacturing site and active pharmaceutical ingredient quality, supply track record, and real-life outcomes. MCDA simple scoring can be applied to pharmaceutical pricing, reimbursement, formulary listing, and drug procurement. In November 2015, a workshop was held at the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research Annual Meeting in Milan to refine and prioritize criteria that can be used in MCDA simple scoring for OPPs, resulting in an example MCDA process and 22 prioritized criteria that health care systems in emerging countries can easily adapt to their own decision-making processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chittaranjan Andrade
- Department of Psychopharmacology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - T S Sathyanarayana Rao
- Department of Psychiatry, JSS Medical College and Hospital, JSS University, Mysore, Karnataka, India
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Kesselheim AS, Gagne JJ, Franklin JM, Eddings W, Fulchino LA, Campbell EG. Do patients trust the FDA?: a survey assessing how patients view the generic drug approval process. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2017; 26:694-701. [PMID: 28370652 DOI: 10.1002/pds.4205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Skepticism about the safety and effectiveness of certain generic drugs remains, particularly related to generic drugs that are approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) using product-specific bioequivalence studies that differ from the standard testing pathway. The current study was designed to assess patient knowledge and perceptions of the generic drug approval process. METHODS We conducted a survey of patients with 10 different chronic diseases. We recruited survey participants from the CVS Advisor Panel, a proprietary database of 124 621 CVS customers pre-consented to participate in online research activities. We created a survey to collect data on patients' perceptions of the FDA's generic drug approval process, as well as their experiences with generic drugs approved using modified bioequivalence approaches used to treat their chronic medical conditions. RESULTS Our survey of 753 patients with chronic diseases (65% response rate) showed that most (74%) expressed little familiarity with FDA's approval process for generic drugs, but nearly all (89%) believed that FDA approval ensures the safety and effectiveness of generic drugs. About one-fifth of respondents reported hearing concerns about their generic drugs, most commonly from physicians (35-36%) and the Internet (32-38%), but there were no differences in patients' reports of concerns about generic versions of the six study drugs approved using product-specific pathways versus comparator drugs. CONCLUSIONS Patients have little knowledge about the generic drug approval system, but positive belief in the safety and effectiveness of generic drugs. Patients do not appear to have greater concern about generic drugs approved via product-specific pathways. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron S Kesselheim
- Program on Regulation, Therapeutics, and Law (PORTAL), Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital (ASK, JMF, WE, LAF, JJG) and the Mongan Institute for Health Policy, Massachusetts General Hospital (EGC), Harvard Medical School in Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joshua J Gagne
- Program on Regulation, Therapeutics, and Law (PORTAL), Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital (ASK, JMF, WE, LAF, JJG) and the Mongan Institute for Health Policy, Massachusetts General Hospital (EGC), Harvard Medical School in Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jessica M Franklin
- Program on Regulation, Therapeutics, and Law (PORTAL), Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital (ASK, JMF, WE, LAF, JJG) and the Mongan Institute for Health Policy, Massachusetts General Hospital (EGC), Harvard Medical School in Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wesley Eddings
- Program on Regulation, Therapeutics, and Law (PORTAL), Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital (ASK, JMF, WE, LAF, JJG) and the Mongan Institute for Health Policy, Massachusetts General Hospital (EGC), Harvard Medical School in Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lisa A Fulchino
- Program on Regulation, Therapeutics, and Law (PORTAL), Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital (ASK, JMF, WE, LAF, JJG) and the Mongan Institute for Health Policy, Massachusetts General Hospital (EGC), Harvard Medical School in Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric G Campbell
- Program on Regulation, Therapeutics, and Law (PORTAL), Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital (ASK, JMF, WE, LAF, JJG) and the Mongan Institute for Health Policy, Massachusetts General Hospital (EGC), Harvard Medical School in Boston, MA, USA
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28
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Generic oncology drugs: are they all safe? Lancet Oncol 2016; 17:e493-e501. [DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(16)30384-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Correale J, Chiquete E, Boyko A, Beran RG, Strauch JB, Milojevic S, Frider N. Clinical implications for substandard, nonproprietary medicines in multiple sclerosis: focus on fingolimod. Drug Des Devel Ther 2016; 10:2109-17. [PMID: 27418809 PMCID: PMC4933568 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s106802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Both proprietary and nonproprietary medicines are expected to undergo rigorous preapproval testing and both should meet stringent health authority regulatory requirements related to quality to obtain approval. Nonproprietary (also known as copy, or generic) medicines, which base their authorization and use on the proprietary documentation and label, are often viewed as a means to help lower the cost and, thus, increase patient access. If these medicines fail to meet quality standards, such as good manufacturing practice and bioequivalence (in humans), they are then defined as substandard copies and can pose serious risks to patients in terms of safety and efficacy. Potentially noncontrolled or different manufacturing process and excipients in nonproprietary medicines may result in poor batch-to-batch reproducibility (accurate and consistent quantity of each ingredient in each capsule/tablet) and lower quality. Substandard, nonproprietary copies of medicines that are immunomodulatory or immunosuppressive are of concern to patients due to their possible untoward safety and lack of efficacy events. This article reviews the potential risks associated with nonproprietary medicines that do not meet the regulatory requirements of the United States Food and Drug Administration, the European Medicines Agency, or the World Health Organization. The clinical implications for patients are described. This article focuses on nonproprietary medicines for multiple sclerosis, particularly fingolimod, that are not identical to proprietary versions and could thus fail to meet efficacy expectations or have different impact on the safety of patients with multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Correale
- Department of Neurology, Raúl Carrea Institute for Neurological Research, Foundation for the Fight against Infant Neurological Illnesses (FLENI), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Erwin Chiquete
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Salvador Zubirán National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alexey Boyko
- Clinical and Research Center “MS and Other Demyelinating Diseases” at the Neuroclinical Hospital, Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medical Genetics of the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Roy G Beran
- South Western Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Liverpool
- Department of Neurology, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, NSW
- School of Medicine, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - Jorge Barahona Strauch
- Department of Neurology, Clínica Alemana de Santiago
- School of Medicine, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Nadina Frider
- Novartis Latin America and Canada Region, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Garattini L, van de Vooren K. Safety and Quality of Generic Drugs: A Never Ending Debate Fostered by Economic Interests? APPLIED HEALTH ECONOMICS AND HEALTH POLICY 2015; 13 Suppl 1:S3-S4. [PMID: 26091711 PMCID: PMC4519587 DOI: 10.1007/s40258-015-0156-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Livio Garattini
- CESAV, Center for Health Economics, IRCCS Institute for Pharmacological Research 'Mario Negri', Via Camozzi 3, 24020, Ranica, Italy,
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