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Javed S, Sohail A, Asif A, Nutini A. Biophysics and the nonlinear dynamics instigated by a special hormone. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 150:62-66. [PMID: 31121190 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Calcitonin, a potent hypocalcemic hormone, plays a vital role in inhibiting osteoclastic activities and suppressing bone removal. The physiological characteristics of calcitonin have long been discussed, along a few recommending calcitonin as a vestigial hormone. The basis for this article is to discuss the role of low and high levels of calcitonin in normal and osteoprotic bone turnover. The effect of calcitonin on the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-ligand and osteoclasts has been demonstrated using numerical simulations. This behavior recommends that treatment of osteoporosis via calcitonin does not provide the required upshots. For effectiveness calcitonin must be advised along with a combined therapy like aspirin which agrees with the experimental results available in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Javed
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Science for Life Laboratory, Box 1031, 17121, Solna, Sweden; Department of Mathematics, Comsats University Islamabad, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Ayesha Sohail
- Department of Mathematics, Comsats University Islamabad, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Anila Asif
- Interdisciplinary Science, Comsats University Islamabad, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Alessandro Nutini
- Center for Study in Motor Science, 94 via di Tiglio, loc. Arancio, 55100, Lucca, Italy
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Pedrera-Zamorano JD, Lavado-Garcia JM, Roncero-Martin R, Calderon-Garcia JF, Rodriguez-Dominguez T, Canal-Macias ML. Effect of beer drinking on ultrasound bone mass in women. Nutrition 2009; 25:1057-63. [PMID: 19527924 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2009.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2008] [Revised: 02/26/2009] [Accepted: 02/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the effect of beer consumption on bone mass in a group of healthy women, by using phalangeal bone ultrasound to evaluate the amplitude-dependent speed of sound. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study of 1697 healthy women (mean age 48.4 y, body mass index (BMI) 19.0-32.0 kg/m(2)), recruited in a clinical convenience sample and screened for the existence of disease and/or medication that would affect calcium metabolism. Of this total, 710 were premenopausal, 176 were perimenopausal, and 811 were postmenopausal. The women recruited completed a questionnaire that contained detailed sections on current cigarette, alcohol, caffeine, and nutrient consumption. In terms of current alcohol intake, the subjects were classified as moderate drinkers, light drinkers, and nondrinkers. Drinkers were also analyzed according to the kind of alcohol consumed: wine or beer. RESULTS Quantitative bone ultrasound values were greater in the beer drinkers compared with the no beer and/or wine drinkers. Taking the amplitude-dependent speed of sound as a dependent variable, and age, BMI, gonadal status, intake of beer and wine, and number of cigarettes per day as independent variables, we found age (beta = -1.52), BMI (beta = -3.86), gonadal status (beta = -27.47), and beer intake (beta = 1.06) to be significant. CONCLUSION The greater bone density found in women beer drinkers might be a result of the phytoestrogen content of this alcoholic drink; this requires further investigation.
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Huebner AK, Keller J, Catala-Lehnen P, Perkovic S, Streichert T, Emeson RB, Amling M, Schinke T. The role of calcitonin and alpha-calcitonin gene-related peptide in bone formation. Arch Biochem Biophys 2008; 473:210-7. [PMID: 18307972 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2008.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2007] [Revised: 02/08/2008] [Accepted: 02/12/2008] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The Calca gene encodes two polypeptides, calcitonin (CT) and alpha-calcitonin gene-related peptide (alpha-CGRP), generated through alternative splicing. While CT, a hormone mainly produced by thyroidal C cells, has been described as a major regulator of bone resorption, alpha-CGRP, a neuropeptide expressed in the cells of the central and peripheral nervous system, is mostly known as a regulator of vascular tone. Surprisingly, the generation and skeletal analyses of two mouse deficiency models has recently uncovered a physiological function for both peptides in the regulation of bone formation. In the first model, where the replacement of exons 2-5 of the Calca gene resulted in the combined deficiency of CT and alpha-CGRP, an increased bone formation rate (BFR) was observed, whereas decreased BFR was found in the second model, where the introduction of a translational termination codon into exon 5 of the Calca gene resulted in the specific absence of alpha-CGRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje K Huebner
- Center of Biomechanics and Skeletal Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, Hamburg 20246, Germany
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Ikegame M, Ejiri S, Ozawa H. Calcitonin-induced change in serum calcium levels and its relationship to osteoclast morphology and number of calcitonin receptors. Bone 2004; 35:27-33. [PMID: 15207738 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2004.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2004] [Revised: 03/19/2004] [Accepted: 03/19/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
It has been shown that, in live subjects, the ability of calcitonin (CT) to decrease serum calcium (Ca) levels can be lost in response to its continued or repeated administration. The present study investigated the relationship between such changes of in vivo serum Ca levels and the response of osteoclasts to CT administration, including the downregulation of their CT receptors (CTRs). Rats were either given a single injection of CT or repeated injections at either 6- or 24-h intervals, after which their serum Ca levels were evaluated. Their parietal bones were dissected, and the amount of 125I-labeled elcatonin (125I-eCT) binding to their osteoclasts measured using autoradiography. Ultrastructural changes in the osteoclasts were also examined. Twenty-four hours after a single CT administration, serum Ca levels had dropped, and there was an absence of ruffled borders on the osteoclasts. Less 125I-eCT binding to the osteoclast was found than in the control group. Forty-eight and 72 h after CT administration, serum Ca levels had almost returned to control levels, and the osteoclasts showed ruffled borders once again. The amount of 125I-eCT binding to the osteoclast also recovered to control levels. When these osteoclasts were then incubated in CT, their ruffled borders once again disappeared. In the 6-h interval multiple CT administration schedule subjects, upon inspection 72 h after their first administration (6 h following the final one), serum Ca levels were found to have almost returned to control levels with the presence of osteoclast ruffled borders. The amount of 125I-eCT binding to these osteoclasts was remarkably limited, and no disappearance of the ruffled borders occurred in response to additional CT incubation. In the 24-h interval multiple administration schedule subjects, upon inspection 72 h after their first CT administration (24 h following the final one), there was less 125I-eCT binding than in the single-dose subjects tested 24 h after their injection, and the ability of CT to lower their serum Ca levels was reduced. The ability of CT to lower serum Ca levels was therefore related to the response of osteoclasts to the CT (the disappearance of the ruffled borders), and this response was related to the amount of CTRs available for binding with CT on the osteoclast surface. Furthermore, the reduced effectiveness of CT in response to repeated CT administration was found to be related to the downregulation of the CTRs on the osteoclast surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Ikegame
- Division of Oral Morphology, Science of Functional Recovery and Reconstruction, Okayama Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Shikata-cho, Japan.
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Anusaksathien O, Laplace C, Li X, Ren Y, Peng L, Goldring SR, Galson DL. Tissue-specific and ubiquitous promoters direct the expression of alternatively spliced transcripts from the calcitonin receptor gene. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:22663-74. [PMID: 11309373 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m007104200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The gene encoding the murine calcitonin receptor (mCTR) was isolated, and the exon/intron structure was determined. Analysis of transcripts revealed novel cDNA sequences, new alternative exon splicing in the 5'-untranslated region, and three putative promoters (P1, P2, and P3). The longest transcription unit is greater than 67 kilobase pairs, and the location of introns within the coding region of the mCTR gene (exons E3-E14) are identical to those of the porcine and human CTR genes. We have identified novel cDNA sequences that form three new exons as well as others that add 512 base pairs to the 5' side of the previously published cDNA, thereby extending exon E1 to 682 base pairs. Two of these novel exons are upstream of exon E2 and form a tripartite exon E2 (E2a, E2b, and E2c) in which E2a is utilized by promoter P2 with variable splicing of E2b. The third new exon (E3b') lies between E3a and E3b and is utilized by promoter P3. Analysis of mCTR mRNAs has revealed that the three alternative promoters give rise to at least seven mCTR isoforms in the 5' region of the gene and generate 5'-untranslated regions of very different lengths. Analysis by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction shows that promoters P1 and P2 are utilized in osteoclasts, brain, and kidney, whereas promoter P3 appears to be osteoclast-specific. Using transiently transfected reporter constructs, promoter P2 has activity in both a murine kidney cell line (MDCT209) and a chicken osteoclast-like cell line (HD-11EM), whereas promoter P3 is active only in the osteoclast-like cell line. These transfection data confirm the osteoclast specificity of promoter P3 and provide the first evidence that the CTR gene is regulated in a tissue-specific manner by alternative promoter utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Anusaksathien
- New England Baptist Bone and Joint Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Ikegame M, Rakopoulos M, Martin TJ, Moseley JM, Findlay DM. Effects of continuous calcitonin treatment on osteoclast-like cell development and calcitonin receptor expression in mouse bone marrow cultures. J Bone Miner Res 1996; 11:456-65. [PMID: 8992876 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.5650110406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Continuous treatment with calcitonin (CT) to inhibit osteoclastic bone resorption results in acquired resistance. The mechanisms of this "escape" phenomenon are not yet established. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of continuous treatment with CT on the generation of osteoclasts and calcitonin receptor (CTR) expression in mouse bone marrow cultures. This was done by daily CT treatment of mouse bone marrow cultures from day 0, when only undifferentiated mononuclear precursors of osteoclast-like cells were present, or commencing from day 6, when differentiated osteoclast-like cells were abundant. The response to CT treatment was determined by quantitation of cells positive for tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) and binding of 125I-salmon CT. Calcitonin receptor and TRAP mRNA levels were determined using semi-quantitative reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction. When cultures were treated with CT from day 0, TRAP-positive multinucleated cells appeared. These cells expressed only very low levels of CTR or CTR mRNA and were morphologically indistinguishable from osteoclast-like cells formed in control cultures. They also displayed the ability to resorb bone. Continuous CT treatment of cultures from day 6 rapidly reduced the CTR mRNA levels, with a t1/2 of 6 to 12 h, and these levels remained low thereafter. 125I-salmon CT binding capacity, as determined by autoradiography, was lost in parallel. These effects were specific for the CTR since there was no consistent effect on TRAP mRNA levels. Based on these data, we suggest that the "escape" phenomenon may result from a prolonged CT-induced loss of CT responsiveness due, at least in part, both to reduced synthesis of CTR, and to the appearance in bone of CTR-deficient osteoclasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ikegame
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Zimolo Z, Wesolowski G, Rodan GA. Acid extrusion is induced by osteoclast attachment to bone. Inhibition by alendronate and calcitonin. J Clin Invest 1995; 96:2277-83. [PMID: 7593614 PMCID: PMC185878 DOI: 10.1172/jci118283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Acid extrusion is essential for osteoclast (OC) activity. We examined Na+ and HCO3(-)-independent H+ extrusion in rat- and mouse OCs by measuring intracellular pH (pHi) changes, with the pHi indicator BCECF (biscarboxyethyl-5-(6) carboxyfluorescein) after H+ loading with an ammonium pulse. 90% of OCs attached to glass do not possess HCO3- and Na(+)-independent H(+)-extrusion (rate of pHi recovery = 0.043 +/- 0.007 (SEM) pH U/min, n = 26). In contrast, in OCs attached to bone, the pHi recovery rate is 0.228 +/- 0.011 pHi U/min, n = 25. OCs on bone also possess a NH(4+)-permeable pathway not seen on glass. The bone-induced H+ extrusion was inhibited by salmon calcitonin (10(-8) M, for 2 h), and was not present after pretreating the bone slices with the aminobisphosphonate alendronate (ALN). At ALN levels of 0.22 nmol/mm2 bone, H+ extrusion was virtually absent 12 h after cell seeding (0.004 +/- 0.002 pH U/min) and approximately 50% inhibition was observed at 0.022 pmol ALN/mm2 bone. The Na(+)-independent H+ extrusion was not inhibited by bafilomycin A1 (up to 10(-7) M), although a bafilomycin A1 (10(-8) M)-sensitive H+ pump was present in membrane vesicles isolated from these osteoclasts. These findings indicate that Na(+)-independent acid extrusion is stimulated by osteoclast attachment to bone and is virtually absent when bone is preincubated with ALN, or when osteoclasts are treated with salmon calcitonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Zimolo
- Department of Bone Biology and Osteoporosis Research, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA
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Reginster JY, Jupsin I, Deroisy R, Biquet I, Franchimont N, Franchimont P. Prevention of postmenopausal bone loss by rectal calcitonin. Calcif Tissue Int 1995; 56:539-42. [PMID: 7648483 DOI: 10.1007/bf00298586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A group (150) of healthy women, who had been menopausal for less than 5 years and who had never received any form of treatment to prevent bone loss were entered into a randomized, controlled study comprising three arms. They were randomly allocated to the double-blind administration of five suppositories per week containing either 100 IU of salmon calcitonin or a placebo, or to a group receiving a suppository containing 200 IU of salmon calcitonin three times per week. All women received 500 mg/day of calcium supplementation. After 12 months, bone mineral density (BMD) of the spine, measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, decreased significantly (P < 0.01) in the placebo group by 3.1% (SD: 3.6%) but did not change in the two calcitonin groups [+1.3% (3.5%) with 100 IU/day and +2.3% (4.0%) with 200 IU 3/week]. The differences in response between the placebo group and the two calcitonin groups were significant (P < 0.05), but the difference between the two regimens of calcitonin administration was not. No differences appeared among the three groups for the response at the level of the hip. Evolution of biochemical markers reflecting bone turnover did not differ significantly among groups. Nearly 40% of the women withdrew prematurely because of local (rectal or intestinal) intolerance to repetitive suppositories, with a nonsignificantly different frequency in the placebo or calcitonin groups. We conclude that rectal calcitonin might be an interesting preventive approach against trabecular postmenopausal bone loss but that long-term acceptability of suppositories should be evaluated in view of each patient's sensibility or cultural background.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Y Reginster
- Centre Universitaire d'Investigation du Métabolisme Osseux et du Cartilage Articulaire, Université de Liège, Belgium
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9
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Reginster JY, Deroisy R, Lecart MP, Sarlet N, Zegels B, Jupsin I, de Longueville M, Franchimont P. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-finding trial of intermittent nasal salmon calcitonin for prevention of postmenopausal lumbar spine bone loss. Am J Med 1995; 98:452-8. [PMID: 7733123 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9343(99)80344-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Nasal administration of salmon calcitonin (SCT) has been suggested for preventing trabecular bone loss during the first years following the menopause, but no conclusive evidence has appeared about the minimal effective dose. Since nasal calcitonin is highly expensive, it makes sense to define this dose. PATIENTS AND METHODS We performed a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, single-center study with a 3-arm parallel-group design. The subjects were 251 healthy women who had experienced natural menopause within the past 6 to 72 months and were not affected by any diseases or treatments that interfere with calcium metabolism. They were randomly allocated in groups of 6 to receive intranasal SCT 50 IU (n = 84), SCT 200 IU (n = 84), or placebo (n = 83). All treatments were given on 5 consecutive days per week. Statistical analysis was based on two populations: intention-to-treat (IT) and valid completers (VC). The main assessments performed were bone mineral density of the lumbar spine (LSBMD) and biochemical parameters reflecting bone turnover (serum alkaline phosphatase, urinary calcium/creatinine, and hydroxyproline/creatinine ratios). RESULTS Changes over the treatment period were comparable in the IT and VC populations. In the group receiving the placebo, LSBMD decreased from baseline to end point by a mean of 6.28% (95% confidence interval [CI] -7.69 to -4.89) in the IT population and 6.98% (95% CI -8.86 to -5.11) in the VC population (P = 0.0001, end LSBMD versus baseline LSBMD). LSBMD increased slightly with the 50-IU/d dose of SCT, by 0.82% (95% CI -0.26 to 1.89) in the IT population, and 0.51% (95% CI -0.69 to 1.72) in the VC (P = NS, versus baseline). Subjects who received SCT 200 IU/d experienced significant increases of 2.03% (95% CI 0.92 to 3.15) in the IT population and 2.26% (95% CI 1.01 to 3.51) in the VC (both P = 0.001). The difference between the evolution of the combined groups receiving nasal SCT and the group treated with the placebo was highly significant (P = 0.0001). No significant changes were recorded in biochemical parameters reflecting bone turnover. CONCLUSIONS SCT 50 IU/d administered nasally and intermittently appears to prevent lumbar bone loss in nonobese early postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Y Reginster
- Centre Universitaire d'Investigation du Métabolisme Osseux et du Cartilage Articulaire (CIMOCA), Université de Liège, Belgium
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10
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Ikegame M, Ejiri S, Ozawa H. Histochemical and autoradiographic studies on elcatonin internalization and intracellular movement in osteoclasts. J Bone Miner Res 1994; 9:25-37. [PMID: 8154307 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.5650090105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The binding sites and chronologic localization of elcatonin (eCT) in osteoclasts were examined by autoradiography using [125I]elcatonin (125I-eCT). In addition to the structural changes induced by calcitonin (CT) reported so far, changes were also observed in the structure of Golgi apparatus. These changes continued until 48-72 h after incubation with eCT. Developed silver grains of 125I-eCT were localized into multinucleated osteoclasts and mononuclear cells that were ultrastructurally defined as "preosteoclasts." The silver grains located on plasma membranes of those cells and were then internalized; they accumulated, especially in the Golgi apparatus, and remained for 48-72 h. A few silver grains were also detected in lysosomes and small vesicles. The decrease in the number of silver grains in the Golgi apparatus accompanied the recovery of osteoclast structures--Golgi apparatus and then ruffled borders. These findings suggest that (1) CT especially inhibits the sorting function of Golgi apparatus in osteoclasts, resulting in prolonged retention of CT in this organelle. (2) The CT in Golgi apparatus may keep its activity and cause the prolonged effect of CT on osteoclast activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ikegame
- First Department of Oral Anatomy, School of Dentistry, Niigata University, Japan
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11
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Marshall MJ, Wilson AS, Davie MW. Effects of (3-amino-1-hydroxypropylidene)-1,1-bisphosphonate on mouse osteoclasts. J Bone Miner Res 1990; 5:955-62. [PMID: 2281826 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.5650050909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A group of 5-day-old mice were injected intraperitoneally with (3-amino-1-hydroxypropylidine)-1,1-bisphosphonate (APD). Morphologic changes were observed in vitally stained osteoclasts on parietal bones 3 days later, and these were judged to be degenerative. At this time significantly increased numbers of nuclei per osteoclast and total numbers of osteoclast nuclei were observed. However, at 4 days after the injection of APD, the total numbers of osteoclasts were significantly reduced relative to controls. When parietal bones were maintained in culture, APD reduced osteoclast numbers and inhibited cell-mediated 45Ca2+ release. Exposure of bones to parathyroid hormone increased the number of osteoclasts counted 1 day later. This effect was not blocked by APD. Calcitonin prevented the reduction in osteoclast numbers due to APD in vitro. We conclude that APD has a direct effect on resorbing mouse osteoclasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Marshall
- Charles Salt Research Centre, Robert Jones and Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry, Shropshire, England
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Vega E, Gonzalez D, Ghiringhelli G, Mautalen C. Acute effect of the intranasal administration of salmon calcitonin in osteoporotic women. BONE AND MINERAL 1989; 7:267-73. [PMID: 2611446 DOI: 10.1016/0169-6009(89)90083-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Eleven women with primary osteoporosis (mean age, 63.1 years; range, 57-78) received in a random schema: placebo, 200 and 400 IU of salmon calcitonin nasal spray (sCT-NS) during 3 successive days. Total and ionized calcium and phosphate in serum were determined before and 5 h after calcitonin. Total hydroxyproline (THP) and creatinine excretion were measured in urine in three periods of 8 h each after calcitonin administration. The THP excretion after placebo administration showed a circadian rhythm with peak excretion during the night. This rhythm was not altered by sCT-NS administration at 8 a.m. but a sustained diminution of the THP/creatinine excretion was observed. The average decrease after 400 IU of sCT-NS was 9, 16 and 6% during the first, second and third periods of urine collection. Although the average effect of the 200 and 400 IU doses was similar, only the diminution induced by the latter dose on the 24-h period was statistically significant: placebo, 24.8 +/- 2.9; 200 IU, 20.8 +/- 2.9 (P n.s.); 400 IU, 20.1 +/- 2.2 mg/24 h (P less than 0.01). No significant changes were observed on serum except a fall provoked by the 400 IU dose upon ionized calcium (4.44 +/- 0.08 to 4.37 +/- 0.06 mg/dl; P less than 0.05). The administration of 200 or 400 IU of sCT-NS provoked a sustained but moderate decrease of bone resorption on osteoporotic females of a lesser degree than the one observed in a previous study after the parenteral administration of 100 IU.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Vega
- Laboratorio de Osteopatías Medicas, Hospital de Clínicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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13
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Reginster JY, Jeugmans-Huynen AM, Albert A, Denis D, Franchimont P. One year's treatment of Paget's disease of bone by synthetic salmon calcitonin as a nasal spray. J Bone Miner Res 1988; 3:249-52. [PMID: 3213619 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.5650030302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The effectiveness of synthetic salmon calcitonin (SCT) administered as a nasal spray was assessed via clinical, biological, and radiological variables in 17 previously untreated Pagetic patients over a 1-year course of therapy. The results showed a highly significant decrease of serum alkaline phosphatase (S-ALP) (p less than 0.05 after 1 month of treatment) and of the urinary hydroxyproline/creatinine ratio (OH/Cr) (p less than 0.01 after 1 month of treatment). For the whole group, the mean decrease in S-ALP was 37 +/- 4% (SEM) after 6 months (p less than 0.01) and 31 +/- 5% after 1 year (p less than 0.01). The mean fall in OH/Cr was 35 +/- 6% (SEM) (p less than 0.01) and 37 +/- 7% (p less than 0.01) after 6 and 12 months, respectively. None of the usual side-effects of SCT were reported and local tolerance was excellent throughout the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Y Reginster
- Rheumatology, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department, University of Liège, Belgium
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14
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Rico H, Hernández ER, Younes M, Hernández D, Espinós D. Biochemical assessment of acute and chronic treatment of Paget's bone disease with calcitonin and calcium with and without biphosphonate. Bone 1988; 9:63-6. [PMID: 3132191 DOI: 10.1016/8756-3282(88)90028-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Response to acute and chronic administration of calcitonin and calcium and of biphosphonates (EHDP) was evaluated in 14 patients with Paget's bone disease who were grouped on the basis of homogeneous disease activity, as appraised by bone involvement and alkaline phosphatase and hydroxyproline levels. At first, 100 MRC U of calcitonin followed 4 hours later by 500 mg of elemental calcium were given for 10 days; a significant (p less than 0.001; paired and unpaired Student t test) reduction in alkaline phosphatase (-25%) and hydroproline (-55%) was observed. Subsequently, 5 mg/kg/day of EHDP was given for 20 days. Both parameters increased to levels similar to basal values. These increases were significant (p less than 0.001 for the paired and unpaired Student test) compared with those obtained after calcitonin administration; alkaline phosphatase rose +27% and hydroxproline +135%. After this, patients were divided into 2 groups (A and B). Group A was treated with calcitonin and calcium, at the dosage indicated above, for 10 days a month during 6 months. Group B continued with the same protocol with the addition of EHDP for the 20 days during which calcitonin and calcium were not given. The results of 6 months of treatment showed that calcitonin was more active and suggested that EHDP diminishes hormonal effects. These results also demonstrate a short-term absence of EHDP activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Rico
- Sector Osteopatias (Departamento Medicina Interna), Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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Peterlik M, Hoffmann O, Swetly P, Klaushofer K, Koller K. Recombinant gamma-interferon inhibits prostaglandin-mediated and parathyroid hormone-induced bone resorption in cultured neonatal mouse calvaria. FEBS Lett 1985; 185:287-90. [PMID: 3922796 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(85)80924-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A role of gamma-interferon in the bone remodeling process can be implicated from its interference with bone resorptive processes in cultured neonatal mouse calvaria. The immune interferon is an efficient inhibitor of endogenous prostaglandin synthesis, particularly after stimulation by thrombin or arachidonic acid, and, in addition, has a calcitonin-like inhibitory effect on PTH-induced osteoclastic bone resorption.
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Adami S, Guarrera G, Salvagno G, Spiazzi G, Marini G, Rosini S, Lo Cascio V. Sequential treatment of Paget's disease with human calcitonin and dichloromethylene diphosphonate (Cl2MDP). METABOLIC BONE DISEASE & RELATED RESEARCH 1984; 5:265-7. [PMID: 6238218 DOI: 10.1016/0221-8747(84)90012-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Dichloromethylene diphosphonate (Cl2MDP), a powerful inhibitor of bone resorption, was given (daily dose: 500 mg i.v. for 2 months and then 1600 mg p.o.) to five patients with Paget's disease after 8 months treatment with 50-100 MRC u/day of human calcitonin (CT). During treatment with CT plasma alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and urinary hydroxyproline (HOP) levels fell to about 60% of pretreatment values within the first 2 months in all the patients. Cl2MDP therapy resulted in a further drop of urinary HOP to 20% of baseline values, while serum ALP rose impressively during the first 2 weeks of therapy and then slowly fell to 25% of baseline values. We conclude that Cl2MDP can induce a further biochemical response after the so-called plateau phenomenon to CT and that it may represent the therapy of choice for severe Paget's disease.
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Abstract
We separated osteoclasts from bone and observed the effect of several known and potential mediators of the control of bone resorption on their cytoplasmic motility. We already found that calcitonin (CT), a hormone that inhibits bone resorption, regularly causes complete inhibition of cytoplasmic motility, specific for osteoclasts, through a trypsin-sensitive membrane receptor [1]. We report here that prostaglandin I2 (PGI2) and dibutyryl cyclic AMP induce an identical change in osteoclastic behavior. We found that theophylline, which inhibits intracellular cyclic AMP degradation, and which itself had no effect on osteoclastic motility, potentiated the cytoplasmic inhibition caused by CT, PGI2, and cyclic AMP. This suggests that PGI2 and CT cause cytoplasmic quiescence by increasing the intracellular level of cyclic AMP, a view compatible with the known ability of CT to increase cyclic AMP in bone [2]. Parathyroid hormone (PTH), PGE2, and 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25 (OH)2D3), hormones known to stimulate osteoclasts, did not stimulate the activity of either active or quiescent isolated osteoclasts. The undoubted ability of these hormones to stimulate osteoclastic activity in vivo may therefore be mediated through a primary hormonal interaction with another cell type.
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Abstract
The incidence of parathyroid carcinoma is no more than 0.5 to 3% of parathyroid neoplasms and can often be cured by an adequate initial surgical excision. If the carcinoma has already spread outside the capsule or is implanted at surgery, the chance of local recurrence is high, but is best managed by surgical resection of any recurrence. Distant metastases occur less frequently, but the associated hypercalcemia is poorly controlled by hormonal, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy. Though the chance for cure is small, a review of previously reported cases and our own experience leads us to encourage an aggressive search for metastases, and if possible, surgical resection. If not curative, this approach will often allow prolonged palliation of the effect of hypercalcemia.
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Bethge JF, Babayan R, Borm HP, von Fehrentheil R, ten Hoff H, Hose H, Mangels P, Piening H, Reimers C, Wider U. [Experimental acceleration of fracture repair by biochemical media (author's transl)]. RESEARCH IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR DIE GESAMTE EXPERIMENTELLE MEDIZIN EINSCHLIESSLICH EXPERIMENTELLER CHIRURGIE 1979; 175:197-222. [PMID: 225767 DOI: 10.1007/bf01851277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The influence of calcitonine, amino acids, ribonucleid acids, kallikrein, growth hormone, and cyclic adenosine 3'5' monophosphate on fracture repair was tested in rabbits. To obtain an objective measurement of callus stability the bones were bent mechanically. The force applied and the degree of bending were recorded continuously. The slope of the curve was taken as a parameter of callus stability. In the series with calcitonine no influence on fracture healing was found. Injections of ribonucleic acids, amino acids, kallidrein, and growth hormone demonstrated a limited effect on bone repair. Callus formation was stimulated by adenosine 3'5' monophosphate. Optimal results were achieved by a combination of adenosine 3'5' monophosphate, amino acids, ribonucleic acids, and kallikrein.
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Tashjian AH, Wright DR, Ivey JL, Pont A. Calcitonin binding sites in bone: relationships to biological response and "escape". RECENT PROGRESS IN HORMONE RESEARCH 1978; 34:285-334. [PMID: 216057 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-571134-0.50012-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Schulz A, Delling G. [The effect of long-term calcitonin administration on bone cells and bone mineralization in the rat (author's transl)]. VIRCHOWS ARCHIV. A, PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY AND HISTOLOGY 1976; 369:229-38. [PMID: 816060 DOI: 10.1007/bf00427711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The effect of calcitonin on bone tissue was studied in rat cortical and trabecular bone after long-term treatment. The aim of this study was to get exact data on calcitonin action on bone tissue by histomorphometry. Histomorphometric analysis of bone alterations was performed using undecalcified longitudinal as well as grounded cross sections of the tibial metaphysis and diaphysis. In agreement with other authors our experimental results show that calcitonin inhibits clasts but by a reduced cellular resorption activity of osteoclasts. Bone formation is not affected by calcitonin in intact as well as in parathyroidectomized animals. On the contrary bone mineralization is clearly improved under calcitonin administration in parathyroidectomized rats. This favourable effect is probably caused by a direct hormonal influence on calcium transport in the osteoblast.
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Wallach S, Avramides A, Flores A, Bellavia J, Cohn S. Skeletal turnover and total body elemental composition during extended calcitonin treatment of Paget's disease. Metabolism 1975; 24:745-53. [PMID: 1128238 DOI: 10.1016/0026-0495(75)90042-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Twenty patients with generalized symptomatic Paget's disease had serial measurements of radiocalcium turnover and/or total body elemental composition by in vivo neutron activation analysis during long-term calcitonin therapy. Despite maintained clinical improvement, seven of 15 patients showed partial or total loss of the initial decelerating effect of calcitonin on skeletal turnover, whereas the remaining eight patients maintained the calcitonin-induced deceleration. The changes in skeletal turnover were roughly proportional to the induced changes in serum alkaline phosphatase and urinary hydroxyproline. However, disparities in the magnitude of the changes among the three parameters were not uncommon. Total body calcium was increased by a mean of 22% above predicted prior to calcitonin and decreased significantly by 4% during long-term calcitonin treatment. Total body phosphorus, nitrogen, and sodium also decreased. The phosphorus and sodium losses appeared to be mostly from the skeleton. These data confirm histologic evidence of the disappearance of pagetic bone, resumption of normal lamelar bone formation, and radiographic evidence of a decrease in bone volume during calcitonin treatment and incidate the relative magnitude of this effect. The action of calcitonin in this regard possibly represents a specific effect on Paget's disease beyond its general skeletal effect of reduce cellular activity.
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Posner AS, Blumenthal NC, Boskey AL, Betts F. Synthetic analogue of bone mineral formation. J Dent Res 1975; 54 Spec No B:B88-93. [PMID: 1055747 DOI: 10.1177/00220345750540023301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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Sturtridge WC. Pharmacology and therapeutics of bone. J Dent Res 1975; 54 Spec No B:B78-85. [PMID: 166098 DOI: 10.1177/00220345750540023101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Rojanasathit S, Rosenberg E, Haddad JG. Paget's bone disease: response to human calcitonin in patients resistant to salmon calcitonin. Lancet 1974; 2:1412-5. [PMID: 4140329 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(74)90072-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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DeRose J, Singer FR, Avramides A, Flores A, Dziadiw R, Baker RK, Wallach S. Response of Paget's disease to porcine and salmon calcitonins: effects of long-term treatment. Am J Med 1974; 56:858-66. [PMID: 4857531 DOI: 10.1016/0002-9343(74)90815-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Rosen JF, Haymovits A. Liver lysosomes in congenital osteopetrosis. A study of lysosomal function, calcitonin, parathyroid hormone, and 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate. J Pediatr 1972; 81:518-27. [PMID: 4340435 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3476(72)80179-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Galasko CS, Burn JI. Hypercalcaemia in patients with advanced mammary cancer. BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL 1971; 3:573-7. [PMID: 5571456 PMCID: PMC1798799 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.3.5774.573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Hypercalcaemia and hypercalciuria are common complications of advanced mammary cancer. Of 127 patients with the disease 63 (49.5%) had some abnormality of calcium balance. Eighteen (14%) of these patients developed severe progressive hypercalcaemia and became acutely ill.Most patients had skeletal metastases, and the usual cause of hypercalcaemia was rapid destruction of bone by the cancer. One patient with severe uncontrollable hypercalcaemia and minimal skeletal involvement probably developed the complication due to inappropriate secretion of a parathyroid-hormone-like substance by massive hepatic deposits.Severe hypercalcaemia was controlled successfully in 13 of the 18 patients, the serum calcium levels returning to normal and the acute symptoms disappearing. Unfortunately, successful correction of the hypercalcaemia rarely was followed by prolonged survival from the underlying malignant disease. The incidence of subsequent objective response to pituitary ablation was less than usual, and only three patients survived for more than one year after the episode of hypercalcaemia.
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Shai F, Baker RK, Wallach S. The clinical and metabolic effects of porcine calcitonin on Paget's disease of bone. J Clin Invest 1971; 50:1927-40. [PMID: 4935444 PMCID: PMC292119 DOI: 10.1172/jci106685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical and metabolic effects of porcine calcitonin were assessed in six patients with Paget's disease and two patients with osteoporosis under metabolic balance conditions. The administration of calcitonin for 4-17 wk resulted in an amelioration of the clinical phenomena associated with Paget's disease, including bone pain, increased skeletal vascularity, congestive heart failure, and neurologic deficits secondary to skeletal impingement. The major metabolic effects of calcitonin in Paget's disease included the induction of positive calcium balance of +50 to +240 mg/day, reduction in hyperphosphatasia and hydroxyprolinuria of 15 to 60%, and a deceleration of radiocalcium turnover by 12 to 46%. Natriuresis, phosphaturia, and reduced urinary calcium excretion were observed, whereas sustained hypocalcemia and hypophosphatemia did not occur. The administration of porcine calcitonin was not associated with adverse objective or subjective reactions, toxic effects, or allergic phenomena. There was no evidence of antibody formation or loss of therapeutic potency. Although the response of individual patients with Paget's disease varied widely, the data indicate that calcitonin, presumably through its skeletal anti-resorptive action, is able to reduce skeletal turnover and volume in Paget's disease, and thereby improve the associated clinical and metabolic abnormalities. Long term therapeutic studies in progress suggest that prolonged periods of control of the generalized condition may be feasible. In osteoporosis, neither clinical improvement nor consistent metabolic changes indicative of amelioration of the skeletal disease were observed.
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Robertson DR. The ultimobranchial body of Rana pipiens. X. Effect of glandular extirpation on fracture healing. THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY 1969; 172:425-41. [PMID: 5373344 DOI: 10.1002/jez.1401720407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Moe PJ, Skjaeveland A. Therapeutic studies in osteopetrosis. Report of 4 cases. ACTA PAEDIATRICA SCANDINAVICA 1969; 58:593-600. [PMID: 5378349 DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1969.tb04767.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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36
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Robertson DR. The ultimobranchial body of Rana pipiens. 8. Effects of extirpation upon calcium distribution and bone cell types. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1969; 12:479-90. [PMID: 5769937 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(69)90164-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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37
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Tashjian AH, Melvin EW. Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland. Studies of thyrocalcitonin in plasma and tumor extracts. N Engl J Med 1968; 279:279-83. [PMID: 5660301 DOI: 10.1056/nejm196808082790602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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38
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Chan DK, Jones IC, Smith RN. The effect of mammalian calcitonin on the plasma levels of calcium and inorganic phosphate in the European eel (Anguilla anguilla L). Gen Comp Endocrinol 1968; 11:243-5. [PMID: 5674696 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(68)90123-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Meyer JS, Abdel-Bari W. Granules and thyrocalcitonin-like activity in medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland. N Engl J Med 1968; 278:523-9. [PMID: 5637238 DOI: 10.1056/nejm196803072781002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Pechet MM, Bobadilla E, Carroll EL, Hesse RH. Regulation of bone resorption and formation. Influences of thyrocalcitonin, parathyroid hormone, neutral phosphate and vitamin D3. Am J Med 1967; 43:696-710. [PMID: 6054839 DOI: 10.1016/0002-9343(67)90112-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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