1
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Synergistic effect of propyl gallate and antibiotics against biofilms of Serratia marcescens and Erwinia carotovora in vitro. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.114258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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2
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Šuchová K, Fehér C, Ravn JL, Bedő S, Biely P, Geijer C. Cellulose- and xylan-degrading yeasts: Enzymes, applications and biotechnological potential. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 59:107981. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.107981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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3
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Przepiora T, Figaj D, Bogucka A, Fikowicz-Krosko J, Czajkowski R, Hugouvieux-Cotte-Pattat N, Skorko-Glonek J. The Periplasmic Oxidoreductase DsbA Is Required for Virulence of the Phytopathogen Dickeya solani. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020697. [PMID: 35054882 PMCID: PMC8775594 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In bacteria, the DsbA oxidoreductase is a crucial factor responsible for the introduction of disulfide bonds to extracytoplasmic proteins, which include important virulence factors. A lack of proper disulfide bonds frequently leads to instability and/or loss of protein function; therefore, improper disulfide bonding may lead to avirulent phenotypes. The importance of the DsbA function in phytopathogens has not been extensively studied yet. Dickeya solani is a bacterium from the Soft Rot Pectobacteriaceae family which is responsible for very high economic losses mainly in potato. In this work, we constructed a D. solani dsbA mutant and demonstrated that a lack of DsbA caused a loss of virulence. The mutant bacteria showed lower activities of secreted virulence determinants and were unable to develop disease symptoms in a potato plant. The SWATH-MS-based proteomic analysis revealed that the dsbA mutation led to multifaceted effects in the D. solani cells, including not only lower levels of secreted virulence factors, but also the induction of stress responses. Finally, the outer membrane barrier seemed to be disturbed by the mutation. Our results clearly demonstrate that the function played by the DsbA oxidoreductase is crucial for D. solani virulence, and a lack of DsbA significantly disturbs cellular physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Przepiora
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (T.P.); (D.F.)
| | - Donata Figaj
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (T.P.); (D.F.)
| | - Aleksandra Bogucka
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-807 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Jakub Fikowicz-Krosko
- Laboratory of Biologically Active Compounds, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-807 Gdansk, Poland; (J.F.-K.); (R.C.)
| | - Robert Czajkowski
- Laboratory of Biologically Active Compounds, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-807 Gdansk, Poland; (J.F.-K.); (R.C.)
| | - Nicole Hugouvieux-Cotte-Pattat
- Microbiologie Adaptation et Pathogénie, Université Lyon, CNRS, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Campus LyonTech-la Doua Bâtiment André Lwoff 10 rue Raphaël Dubois 69622, F69622 Villeurbanne, France;
| | - Joanna Skorko-Glonek
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (T.P.); (D.F.)
- Correspondence:
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4
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Special Issue: "Peter Biely, A Pioneering Researcher in the Enzymology of Plant Biomass Degradation". Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26164857. [PMID: 34443444 PMCID: PMC8401403 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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5
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Kuwata K, Suzuki M, Takita T, Yatsunami R, Nakamura S, Yasukawa K. The mutation of Thr315 to Asn of GH10 xylanase XynR increases the alkaliphily but decreases the alkaline resistance. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2021; 85:1853-1860. [PMID: 34077498 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbab102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
XynR is a thermophilic and alkaline GH10 xylanase, identified in the culture broth of alkaliphilic and thermophilic Bacillus sp. strain TAR-1. We previously selected S92E as a thermostable variant from a site saturation mutagenesis library. Here, we attempted to select the alkaliphilic XynR variant from the library and isolated T315N. In the hydrolysis of beechwood xylan, T315N and S92E/T315N exhibited a broader bell-shaped pH-dependent activity than the wild-type (WT) XynR and S92E. The optimal pH values of T315N and S92E/T315N were 6.5-9.5 while those of WT and S92E were 6.5-8.5. On the other hand, T315N and S92E/T315N exhibited a narrower bell-shaped pH dependence of stability: the pHs at which the activity was stable after the incubation at 37 °C for 24 h were 6.0-8.5 for T315N and S92E/T315N, but 6.0-10.0 for WT and S92E. These results indicated that the mutation of Thr315 to Asn increased the alkaliphily but decreased the alkaline resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Kuwata
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Manami Suzuki
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Teisuke Takita
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Rie Yatsunami
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nakamura
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Japan.,National Institute of Technology, Numazu College, Ooka, Numazu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Yasukawa
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
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6
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Cai Y, Zhang B, Liang L, Wang S, Zhang L, Wang L, Cui HL, Zhou Y, Wang D. A solid-state nanopore-based single-molecule approach for label-free characterization of plant polysaccharides. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2021; 2:100106. [PMID: 33898974 PMCID: PMC8060702 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2020.100106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Polysaccharides are important biomacromolecules existing in all plants, most of which are integrated into a fibrillar structure called the cell wall. In the absence of an effective methodology for polysaccharide analysis that arises from compositional heterogeneity and structural flexibility, our knowledge of cell wall architecture and function is greatly constrained. Here, we develop a single-molecule approach for identifying plant polysaccharides with acetylated modification levels. We designed a solid-state nanopore sensor supported by a free-standing SiN x membrane in fluidic cells. This device was able to detect cell wall polysaccharide xylans at concentrations as low as 5 ng/μL and discriminate xylans with hyperacetylated and unacetylated modifications. We further demonstrated the capability of this method in distinguishing arabinoxylan and glucuronoxylan in monocot and dicot plants. Combining the data for categorizing polysaccharide mixtures, our study establishes a single-molecule platform for polysaccharide analysis, opening a new avenue for understanding cell wall structures, and expanding polysaccharide applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Cai
- College of Instrumentation and Electrical Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130016, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Multi-scale Manufacturing Technology, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Baocai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Liyuan Liang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Multi-scale Manufacturing Technology, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Sen Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Multi-scale Manufacturing Technology, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lanjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Multi-scale Manufacturing Technology, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hong-Liang Cui
- College of Instrumentation and Electrical Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130016, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Multi-scale Manufacturing Technology, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yihua Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Deqiang Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Multi-scale Manufacturing Technology, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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7
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Karnaouri A, Zerva A, Christakopoulos P, Topakas E. Screening of Recombinant Lignocellulolytic Enzymes Through Rapid Plate Assays. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2178:479-503. [PMID: 33128767 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0775-6_30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the search for novel biomass-degrading enzymes through mining microbial genomes, it is necessary to apply functional tests during high-throughput screenings, which are capable of detecting enzymatic activities directly by way of plate assay. Using the most efficient expression systems of Escherichia coli and Pichia pastoris, the production of a high amount of His-tagged recombinant proteins could be thrived, allowing the one-step isolation by affinity chromatography. Here, we describe simple and efficient assay techniques for the detection of various biomass-degrading enzymatic activities on agar plates, such as cellulolytic, hemicellulolytic, and ligninolytic activities and their isolation using immobilized-metal affinity chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthi Karnaouri
- Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis Group, Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Synthesis and Development of Industrial Processes, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia Zerva
- Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis Group, Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Synthesis and Development of Industrial Processes, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Paul Christakopoulos
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Evangelos Topakas
- Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis Group, Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Synthesis and Development of Industrial Processes, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden.
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8
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Ibarra LN, Alves AEODA, Antonino JD, Prado GS, Pinto CEM, Soccol CR, Vasconcelos ÉARD, Grossi-de-Sa MF. Enzymatic activity of a recombinant β-1,4-endoglucanase from the Cotton Boll Weevil (Anthonomus grandis) aiming second generation ethanol production. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19580. [PMID: 31862955 PMCID: PMC6925290 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56070-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last years, the production of ethanol fuel has started to change with the introduction of second-generation ethanol (2 G Ethanol) in the energy sector. However, in Brazil, the process of obtaining 2 G ethanol did not reach a basic standard to achieve relevant and economically viable results. Several studies have currently been addressed to solve these issues. A critical stage in the bioethanol production is the deployment of efficient and stable enzymes to catalyze the saccharification step into the process of biomass conversion. The present study comprises a screening for genes coding for plant biomass degradation enzymes, followed by cloning a selected gene, addressing its heterologous expression, and characterizing enzymatic activity towards cellulose derived substrates, with a view to second-generation ethanol production. A cDNA database of the Cotton Boll Weevil, Anthonomus grandis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), an insect that feeds on cotton plant biomass, was used as a source of plant biomass degradation enzyme genes. A larva and adult midgut-specific β-1,4-Endoglucanase-coding gene (AgraGH45-1) was cloned and expressed in the yeast Pichia pastoris. Its amino acid sequence, including the two catalytic domains, shares high identity with other Coleoptera Glycosyl Hydrolases from family 45 (GH45). AgraGH45-1 activity was detected in a Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and Hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC) degradation assay and the optimal conditions for enzymatic activity was pH 5.0 at 50 °C. When compared to commercial cellulase from Aspergillus niger, Agra GH45-1 was 1.3-fold more efficient to degrade HEC substrate. Together, these results show that AgraGH45-1 is a valid candidate to be engineered and be tested for 2 G ethanol production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liz Nathalia Ibarra
- Universidade Federal do Paraná - UFPR, Curitiba, PR, 81530-980, Brazil.,Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
| | - Ana Elizabeth Oliveira de Araújo Alves
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil.,Universidade de Brasília - UnB, Biology Institute, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - José Dijair Antonino
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil.,Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco - UFRPE, Recife-PE, 52171-900, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Souza Prado
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil.,Universidade Católica de Brasília - UCB, Brasília, DF, 70790-160, Brazil
| | - Clidia Eduarda Moreira Pinto
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil.,Universidade de Brasília - UnB, Biology Institute, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | | | | | - Maria Fátima Grossi-de-Sa
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil.,Universidade Católica de Brasília - UCB, Brasília, DF, 70790-160, Brazil
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9
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Šuchová K, Puchart V, Spodsberg N, Mørkeberg Krogh KBR, Biely P. A novel GH30 xylobiohydrolase from Acremonium alcalophilum releasing xylobiose from the non-reducing end. Enzyme Microb Technol 2019; 134:109484. [PMID: 32044031 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2019.109484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Xylanases of the GH30 family are grouped to subfamilies GH30-7 and GH30-8. The GH30-8 members are of bacterial origin and well characterized, while the GH30-7 members are from fungal sources and their properties are quite diverse. Here, a heterologous expression and characterization of the GH30-7 xylanase AaXyn30A from a cellulolytic fungus Acremonium alcalophilum is reported. From various polymeric and oligomeric substrates AaXyn30A generates xylobiose as the main product. It was proven that xylobiose is released from the non-reducing end of all tested substrates, thus the enzyme behaves as a typical non-reducing-end acting xylobiohydrolase. AaXyn30A is active on different types of xylan, exhibiting the highest activity on rhodymenan (linear β-1,3-β-1,4-xylan) from which also an isomeric xylotriose Xyl-β-1,3-Xyl-β-1,4-Xyl is formed. Production of xylobiose from glucuronoxylan is at later stage accompanied by a release of aldouronic acids differing from those liberated by the bacterial GH30-8 glucuronoxylanases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarína Šuchová
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Vladimír Puchart
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | | | - Peter Biely
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
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10
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Takita T, Nakatani K, Katano Y, Suzuki M, Kojima K, Saka N, Mikami B, Yatsunami R, Nakamura S, Yasukawa K. Increase in the thermostability of GH11 xylanase XynJ from Bacillus sp. strain 41M-1 using site saturation mutagenesis. Enzyme Microb Technol 2019; 130:109363. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2019.109363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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11
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Wierzbicka-Woś A, Henneberger R, Batista-García RA, Martínez-Ávila L, Jackson SA, Kennedy J, Dobson ADW. Biochemical Characterization of a Novel Monospecific Endo-β-1,4-Glucanase Belonging to GH Family 5 From a Rhizosphere Metagenomic Library. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1342. [PMID: 31258522 PMCID: PMC6587912 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellulases have a broad range of different industrial applications, ranging from food and beverages to pulp and paper and the biofuels area. Here a metagenomics based strategy was used to identify the cellulolytic enzyme CelRH5 from the rhizosphere. CelRH5 is a novel monospecific endo-β-1,4-glucanase belonging to the glycosyl hydrolase family 5 (GH5). Structural based modeling analysis indicated that CelRH5 is related to endo-β-1,4-glucanases derived from thermophilic microorganisms such as Thermotoga maritima, Fervidobacterium nodosum, and Ruminiclostridium thermocellum sharing 30-40% amino acid sequence identity. The molecular weight of the enzyme was determined as 40.5 kDa. Biochemical analyses revealed that the enzyme displayed good activity with soluble forms of cellulose as a substrate such as ostazin brilliant red hydroxyethyl cellulose (OBR-HEC), carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), and insoluble azurine cross-linked hydroxyethylcellulose (AZCL-HEC). The enzyme shows highest enzymatic activity at pH 6.5 with high pH tolerance, remaining stable in the pH range 4.5–8.5. Highest activity was observed at 40°C, but CelRH5 is psychrotolerant being active and stable at temperatures below 30°C. The presence of the final products of cellulose hydrolysis (glucose and cellobiose) or metal ions such as Na+, K+, Li+, and Mg2+, as well as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), urea, dithiothreitol (DTT), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) or glycerol, did not have a marked effect on CelRH5 activity. However, the enzyme is quite sensitive to the presence of 10 mM ions Zn2+, Ni2+, Co2+, Fe3+ and reagents such as 1 M guanidine HCl, 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and 20% ethanol. Given that it is psychrotolerant and retains activity in the presence of final cellulose degradation products, metal ions and various reagents, which are common in many technological processes; CelRH5 may be potential suitability for a variety of different biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wierzbicka-Woś
- Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Ruth Henneberger
- Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Institute for Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ramón Alberto Batista-García
- Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Liliana Martínez-Ávila
- Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Stephen A Jackson
- Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Alan D W Dobson
- Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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12
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Synergistic effect of acetyl xylan esterase from Talaromyces leycettanus JCM12802 and xylanase from Neocallimastix patriciarum achieved by introducing carbohydrate-binding module-1. AMB Express 2019; 9:13. [PMID: 30694400 PMCID: PMC6351639 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-019-0740-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Wheat bran is an effective raw material for preparation xylooligosaccharides; however, current research mainly focuses on alkali extraction and enzymatic hydrolysis methods. Since ester bonds are destroyed during the alkali extraction process, xylanase and arabinofuranosidase are mainly used to hydrolyze xylooligosaccharides. However, alkali extraction costs are very high, and the method also causes pollution. Therefore, this study focuses on elucidating a method to efficiently and directly degrade destarched wheat bran. First, an acidic acetyl xylan esterase (AXE) containing a carbohydrate-binding module-1 (CBM1) domain was cloned from Talaromyces leycettanus JCM12802 and successfully expressed in Pichia pastoris. Characterization showed that the full-length acetyl xylan esterase AXE + CBM1 was similar toe uncovered AXE with an optimum temperature and pH of 55 °C and 6.5, respectively. Testing the acetyl xylan esterase and xylanase derived from Neocallimastix patriciarum in a starch-free wheat bran cooperative experiment revealed that AXE + CBM1 and AXE produced 29% and 16% reducing sugars respectively, compared to when only NPXYN11 was used. In addition, introduced the CBM1 domain into NPXYN11, and the results indicated that the CBM1 domain showed little effect on NPXYN11 properties. Finally, the systematically synergistic effects between acetyl xylan esterase and xylanase with/without the CBM1 domain demonstrated that the combined ratio of AXE + CBM1 coming in first and NPXYN11 + CBM1 s increased reducing sugars by almost 35% with AXE and NPXYN11. Furthermore, each component's proportion remained the same with respect to xylooligosaccharides, with the largest proportion (86%) containing of 49% xylobiose and 37% xylotriose.
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13
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Increase in the thermostability of Bacillus sp. strain TAR-1 xylanase using a site saturation mutagenesis library. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2018; 82:1715-1723. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2018.1495550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Site saturation mutagenesis library is a recently developed technique, in which any one out of all amino acid residues in a target region is substituted into other 19 amino acid residues. In this study, we used this technique to increase the thermostability of a GH10 xylanase, XynR, from Bacillus sp. strain TAR-1. We hypothesized that the substrate binding region of XynR is flexible, and that the thermostability of XynR will increase if the flexibility of the substrate binding region is decreased without impairing the substrate binding ability. Site saturation mutagenesis libraries of amino acid residues Tyr43–Lys115 and Ala300–Asn325 of XynR were constructed. By screening 480 clones, S92E was selected as the most thermostable one, exhibiting the residual activity of 80% after heat treatment at 80°C for 15 min in the hydrolysis of Remazol Brilliant Blue-xylan. Our results suggest that this strategy is effective for stabilization of GH10 xylanase.
Abbreviations: DNS: 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid; RBB-xylan: Remazol Brilliant Blue-xylan
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14
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Freiria LBD, Zervoudakis JT, Paula NFD, Cabral LDS, Tedeschi LO, Silva PIJLDRE, Melo ACB, Possamai AJ. Exogenous enzyme on in vitro gas production and ruminal fermentation of diet containing high level of concentrate. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE SAÚDE E PRODUÇÃO ANIMAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/s1519-99402018000300006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY Exogenous enzyme preparations (fibrolytic activity (FIB), 0, 0.6, 1.2, 1.8, and 2.4 mg/ml liquid volume incubated; amylolytic activity (AMZ), 0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, and 0.20 mg/ml liquid volume incubated; proteolytic activity (PRO), 0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, and 0.20 mg/ml liquid volume incubated) were incubated in vitro. Their fermentation effects were assessed based on accumulated gas production, kinetic parameters, and fermentation profile using the technique of gas fermentation. Ruminal liquid was obtained from two rumen cannulated Santa Inês sheep, fed a diet with roughage-to-concentrate ratio of 20:80. Accumulated gas production was during 96 h of incubation, measured at 18 different times. After incubation, pH, dry matter degradability (DMD), organic matter in vitro digestibility (OMD), metabolisable energy (ME), partitioning factor (PF96), gas yield (GY24), short chain fatty acids (SCFA), and microbial protein production (MCP) were evaluated. Increasing FIB dose linearly decreased (P<0.05) lag time without affecting others kinetic parameters. However, FIB increased the accumulated gas production, resulting in improved DMD, OMD, ME, GY24 and SCFA. The addition of AMZ decreased linearly (P<0.05) lag time and increased (P<0.05) gas production on initial times of incubation without altering the fermentation profile. The inclusion of PRO did not affect (P>0.05) the evaluated parameters. The addition of these exogenous enzyme preparations with fibrolytic activity altered ruminal fermentation in vitro of diets containing high levels of concentrates.
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Liu D, Mao Z, Guo J, Wei L, Ma H, Tang Y, Chen T, Wang Z, Zhao X. Construction, Model-Based Analysis, and Characterization of a Promoter Library for Fine-Tuned Gene Expression in Bacillus subtilis. ACS Synth Biol 2018; 7:1785-1797. [PMID: 29944832 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.8b00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Promoters are among the most-important and most-basic tools for the control of metabolic pathways. However, previous research mainly focused on the screening and characterization of some native promoters in Bacillus subtilis. To develop a broadly applicable promoter system for this important platform organism, we created a de novo synthetic promoter library (SPL) based on consensus sequences by analyzing the microarray transcriptome data of B. subtilis 168. A total of 214 potential promoters spanning a gradient of strengths was isolated and characterized by a green fluorescence assay. Among these, a detailed intensity analysis was conducted on nine promoters with different strengths by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Furthermore, reconstructed promoters and promoter cassettes (tandem promoter cluster) were designed via statistical model-based analysis and tandem dual promoters, which showed strength that was increased 1.2- and 2.77-fold compared to that of promoter P43, respectively. Finally, the SPL was employed in the production of inosine and acetoin by repressing and over-expressing the relevant metabolic pathways, yielding a 700% and 44% increase relative to the respective control strains. This is the first report of a de novo synthetic promoter library for B. subtilis, which is independent of any native promoter. The strategy of improving and fine-tuning promoter strengths will contribute to future metabolic engineering and synthetic biology projects in B. subtilis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhitao Mao
- Key Laboratory of System Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | | | | | - Hongwu Ma
- Key Laboratory of System Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yajie Tang
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
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16
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Amorim C, Silvério SC, Rodrigues LR. One-step process for producing prebiotic arabino-xylooligosaccharides from brewer's spent grain employing Trichoderma species. Food Chem 2018; 270:86-94. [PMID: 30174095 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.07.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Xylooligosaccharides (XOS) are prebiotic nutraceuticals that can be sourced from lignocellulosic biomass, such as agro-residues. This study reports for the first time an optimization study of XOS production from agro-residues by direct fermentation using two Trichoderma species. A total of 13 residues were evaluated as potential substrates for single-step production. The best results were found for Trichoderma reesei using brewers' spent grain (BSG) as substrate. Under optimal conditions (3 days, pH 7.0, 30 °C and 20 g/L of BSG), a production yield of 38.3 ± 1.8 mg/g (xylose equivalents/g of BSG) was achieved. The obtained oligosaccharides were identified as arabino-xylooligosacharides (AXOS) with degree of polymerization from 2 to 5. One-step fermentation proved to be a promising strategy for AXOS production from BSG, presenting a performance comparable with the use of commercial enzymes. This study provides new insights towards the bioprocess integration, enabling further developments of low-cost bioprocesses for the production of these valuable compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Amorim
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Sara C Silvério
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Lígia R Rodrigues
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
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17
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Zhai R, Hu J, Saddler JN. The inhibition of hemicellulosic sugars on cellulose hydrolysis are highly dependant on the cellulase productive binding, processivity, and substrate surface charges. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 258:79-87. [PMID: 29524690 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Revised: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the influence of major hemicellulosic sugars (mannose and xylose) on cellulose hydrolysis and major enzyme activities were evaluated by using both commercial enzyme cocktail and purified cellulase monocomponents over a "library" of cellulosic substrates. Surprisingly, the results showed that unlike glucose, mannose/xylose did not inhibit individual cellulase activities but significantly decreased their hydrolytic performance on cellulose substrates. When various enzyme-substrate interactions (e.g. adsorption/desorption, productive binding, and processive moving) were evaluated, it appeared that these hemicellulosic sugars significantly reduced the productive binding and processivity of Cel7A, which in turn limited cellulase hydrolytic efficacy. Among a range of major cellulose characteristics (e.g. crystallinity, degree of polymerization, accessibility, and surface charges), the acid group content of the cellulosic substrates seemed to be the main driver that determined the extent of hemicellulosic sugar inhibition. Our results provided new insights for better understanding the sugar inhibition mechanisms of cellulose hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhai
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Nanjing 210094, China; Forest Products Biotechnology and Bioenergy Group, Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, The University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jinguang Hu
- Forest Products Biotechnology and Bioenergy Group, Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, The University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Jack N Saddler
- Forest Products Biotechnology and Bioenergy Group, Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, The University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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18
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Krogh Madsen C, Pettersson D, Hjortshøj R, Katholm A, Brinch-Pedersen H. Superior Growth Rates in Broilers Fed Wheat with Low In Vitro Feed-Xylanase Inhibition. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:4044-4050. [PMID: 29575893 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Grain-batch variation in xylanase-inhibitor levels may account for variations in the efficacy of feed xylanase supplementation. This would make inhibition an important quality parameter in the routine analysis of feedstuffs. Two analytical procedures for testing feedstuffs against specific xylanases were researched: the high-throughput viscosity-pressure assay (ViPr) and the extraction-free remazol-brilliant-blue-beechwood-xylan (RBBX) assay. Thirty-two wheat cultivars were analyzed for inhibition of a commercial xylanase, Ronozyme WX. Four cultivars were selected for a feeding experiment in which the growth of 1440 broilers from ages 7-33 days was monitored. The treatments resulted up to 7 % difference (day 14) in broiler weight . The cultivar choice had an effect throughout the experiment ( p < 0.05). The performance ranking of the treatments corresponded better to xylanase inhibition than to crude-protein content or nonstarch-polysaccharide content. Wheat-grain xylanase-inhibitor content is therefore a highly relevant quality parameter when broiler diets are supplemented with feed xylanase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus Krogh Madsen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Research Center Flakkebjerg , Aarhus University , 4200 Slagelse , Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Henrik Brinch-Pedersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Research Center Flakkebjerg , Aarhus University , 4200 Slagelse , Denmark
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Zhang Y, Kong J, Huang F, Xie Y, Guo Y, Cheng Y, Qian H, Yao W. Hexanal as a QS inhibitor of extracellular enzyme activity of Erwinia carotovora and Pseudomonas fluorescens and its application in vegetables. Food Chem 2018; 255:1-7. [PMID: 29571454 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
To prevent the postharvest disease of Chinese cabbage and lettuce, hexanal was used as a control measure to inhibit N-acyl homoserine lactone (AHL) production and extracellular enzymes regulated by quorum-sensing (QS) in their main spoilage strains of Erwinia carotovora and Pseudomonas fluorescens. Firstly, the QS inhibition of hexanal was verified by significantly inhibiting violacein production (p < 0.05) in Chromobacterium violaceum CV026 at sub-MICs. β-Galactosidase activities which reflected AHL production, were significantly inhibited by hexanal, its inhibitory effect was concentration-dependent under minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) (p < 0.05). The detected extracellular enzymes activities decreased with the increase of hexanal concentration (p < 0.05), including cellulase, xylanase, pectate lyase, polygalacturonase, and protease. Chinese cabbage soft rot and lettuce leaf scorch could be significantly inhibited by hexanal (p < 0.05) without any phytotoxicity effect, the 1/2 MIC of hexanal showed the best inhibitory effect. And all the above effects showed a dose-dependent. A novel preservation technique in reducing the loss of vegetables due to spoilage based on the QS inhibitor was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Food Safety, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jie Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Food Safety, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Fei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Food Safety, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yunfei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Food Safety, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yahui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Food Safety, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yuliang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Food Safety, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - He Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Food Safety, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Weirong Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Food Safety, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Sevillano L, Díaz M, Santamaría RI. Development of an antibiotic marker-free platform for heterologous protein production in Streptomyces. Microb Cell Fact 2017; 16:164. [PMID: 28950904 PMCID: PMC5615484 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-017-0781-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The industrial use of enzymes produced by microorganisms is continuously growing due to the need for sustainable solutions. Nevertheless, many of the plasmids used for recombinant production of proteins in bacteria are based on the use of antibiotic resistance genes as selection markers. The safety concerns and legal requirements surrounding the increased use of antibiotic resistance genes have made the development of new antibiotic-free approaches essential. RESULTS In this work, a system completely free of antibiotic resistance genes and useful for the production of high yields of proteins in Streptomyces is described. This system is based on the separation of the two components of the yefM/yoeBsl (antitoxin/toxin) operon; the toxin (yoeBsl) gene, responsible for host death, is integrated into the genome and the antitoxin gene (yefMsl), which inactivates the toxin, is located in the expression plasmid. To develop this system, the toxin gene was integrated into the genome of a strain lacking the complete operon, and the antibiotic resistance gene integrated along with the toxin was eliminated by Cre recombinase to generate a final host strain free of any antibiotic resistance marker. In the same way, the antibiotic resistance gene from the final expression plasmid was removed by Dre recombinase. The usefulness of this system was analysed by checking the production of two hydrolases from different Streptomyces. Production of both proteins, with potential industrial use, was high and stable over time after strain storage and after serial subcultures. These results support the robustness and stability of the positive selection system developed. CONCLUSIONS The total absence of antibiotic resistance genes makes this system a powerful tool for using Streptomyces as a host to produce proteins at the industrial level. This work is the first Streptomyces antibiotic marker-free system to be described. Graphical abstract Antibiotic marker-free platform for protein expression in Streptomyces. The antitoxin gene present in the expression plasmid counteracts the effect of the toxin gene in the genome. In absence of the expression plasmid, the toxin causes cell death ensuring that only plasmid-containing cells persist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sevillano
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica (IBFG), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Salamanca, C/Zacarías González no 2, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Margarita Díaz
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica (IBFG), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Salamanca, C/Zacarías González no 2, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Ramón I Santamaría
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica (IBFG), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Salamanca, C/Zacarías González no 2, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.
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21
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Gómez S, Payne AM, Savko M, Fox GC, Shepard WE, Fernandez FJ, Cristina Vega M. Structural and functional characterization of a highly stable endo-β-1,4-xylanase from Fusarium oxysporum and its development as an efficient immobilized biocatalyst. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2016; 9:191. [PMID: 27602054 PMCID: PMC5011838 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-016-0605-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Replacing fossil fuel with renewable sources such as lignocellulosic biomass is currently a promising alternative for obtaining biofuel and for fighting against the consequences of climate change. However, the recalcitrant structure of lignocellulosic biomass residues constitutes a major limitation for its widespread use in industry. The efficient hydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials requires the complementary action of multiple enzymes including xylanases and β-xylosidases, which are responsible for cleaving exo- and endoxylan linkages, that release oligocarbohydrates that can be further processed by other enzymes. RESULTS We have identified the endo-β-1,4-xylanase Xyl2 from Fusarium oxysporum as a promising glycoside hydrolase family 11 enzyme for the industrial degradation of xylan. To characterize Xyl2, we have cloned the synthetic optimized gene and expressed and purified recombinant Xyl2 to homogeneity, finally obtaining 10 mg pure Xyl2 per liter of culture. The crystal structure of Xyl2 at 1.56 Å resolution and the structure of a methyl-xylopyranoside Xyl2 complex at 2.84 Å resolution cast a highly detailed view of the active site of the enzyme, revealing the molecular basis for the high catalytic efficiency of Xyl2. The kinetic analysis of Xyl2 demonstrates high xylanase activity and non-negligible β-xylosidase activity under a variety of experimental conditions including alkaline pH and elevated temperature. Immobilizing Xyl2 on a variety of solid supports enhances the enzymatic properties that render Xyl2 a promising industrial biocatalyst, which, together with the detailed structural data, may establish Xyl2 as a platform for future developments of industrially relevant xylanases. CONCLUSIONS F. oxysporum Xyl2 is a GH11 xylanase which is highly active in free form and immobilized onto a variety of solid supports in a wide pH range. Furthermore, immobilization of Xyl2 on certain supports significantly increases its thermal stability. A mechanistic rationale for Xyl2's remarkable catalytic efficiency at alkaline pH is proposed on the basis of two crystallographic structures. Together, these properties render Xyl2 an attractive biocatalyst for the sustainable industrial degradation of xylan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Gómez
- Structural and Quantitative Biology Department, Center for Biological Research (CIB-CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Asia M. Payne
- Structural and Quantitative Biology Department, Center for Biological Research (CIB-CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Martin Savko
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L’Orme des Merisieris Saint-Aubin BP48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Gavin C. Fox
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L’Orme des Merisieris Saint-Aubin BP48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - William E. Shepard
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L’Orme des Merisieris Saint-Aubin BP48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Francisco J. Fernandez
- Structural and Quantitative Biology Department, Center for Biological Research (CIB-CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Complutense University School of Medicine, Madrid, Spain
- Abvance Biotech srl, Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Cristina Vega
- Structural and Quantitative Biology Department, Center for Biological Research (CIB-CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Sevillano L, Vijgenboom E, van Wezel GP, Díaz M, Santamaría RI. New approaches to achieve high level enzyme production in Streptomyces lividans. Microb Cell Fact 2016; 15:28. [PMID: 26846788 PMCID: PMC4743123 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-016-0425-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Actinomycetes are saprophytic soil bacteria, and a rich source of industrial enzymes. While some of these enzymes can be produced using well-characterized production platforms such as Escherichia coli or Bacillus subtilis,Streptomyces lividans may be the preferred host for proper folding and efficient secretion of active enzymes. A combination of promoters, signal peptides and hosts were tested in order to obtain the best protein expression in this actinomycete. The xylanase, Xys1, from S. halstedii, the α-amylase, Amy, from S. griseus and the small laccase, SLAC, from S. coelicolor were used as reporters. Results The promoters xysAp from S. halstedii JM8 and pstSp from S. lividans were the most efficient among those tested. An improvement of 17 % was obtained in xylanase activity when the signal peptide of the α-amylase protein (Amy) of S. griseus IMRU3570 was used to direct its secretion. Enhanced expression of SsgA, a protein that plays a role in processes that require cell-wall remodelling, resulted in a improvement of 40 and 70 % of xylanase and amylase production, respectively. Deletion of genes SLI7232 and SLI4452 encoding putative repressors of xysAp provided improvement of production up to 70 % in the SLI7232 deletion strain. However, full derepression of this promoter activity was not obtained under the conditions assayed. Conclusions Streptomyces lividans is a frequently used platform for industrial enzyme production and a rational strain-development approach delivered significant improvement of protein production by this host. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-016-0425-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sevillano
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica/Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)/Universidad de Salamanca, C/Zacarías González nº 2, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Erik Vijgenboom
- Molecular Biotechnology, IBL, Sylvius Laboratory, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Gilles P van Wezel
- Molecular Biotechnology, IBL, Sylvius Laboratory, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Margarita Díaz
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica/Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)/Universidad de Salamanca, C/Zacarías González nº 2, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Ramón I Santamaría
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica/Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)/Universidad de Salamanca, C/Zacarías González nº 2, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.
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Yeast with surface displayed xylanase as a new dual purpose delivery vehicle of xylanase and yeast. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Continuous co-production of ethanol and xylitol from rice straw hydrolysate in a membrane bioreactor. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2015; 61:179-89. [DOI: 10.1007/s12223-015-0420-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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25
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Ribeiro LF, Nicholes N, Tullman J, Ribeiro LFC, Fuzo CA, Vieira DS, Furtado GP, Ostermeier M, Ward RJ. Insertion of a xylanase in xylose binding protein results in a xylose-stimulated xylanase. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2015; 8:118. [PMID: 26279676 PMCID: PMC4536891 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-015-0293-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Product inhibition can reduce catalytic performance of enzymes used for biofuel production. Different mechanisms can cause this inhibition and, in most cases, the use of classical enzymology approach is not sufficient to overcome this problem. Here we have used a semi-rational protein fusion strategy to create a product-stimulated enzyme. RESULTS A semi-rational protein fusion strategy was used to create a protein fusion library where the Bacillus subtilis GH11 xylanase A (XynA) was inserted at 144 surface positions of the Escherichia coli xylose binding protein (XBP). Two XynA insertions at XBP positions 209 ([209]XBP-Xyn-XBP) and 262 ([262]XBP-Xyn-XBP) showed a 20% increased xylanolytic activity in the presence of xylose, conditions where native XynA is inhibited. Random linkers of 1-4 Gly/Ala residues were inserted at the XynA N- and C-termini in the [209]XBP and [262]XBP, and the chimeras 2091A and 2621B were isolated, showing a twofold increased xylanolytic activity in the presence of xylose and k cat values of 200 and 240 s(-1) in the 2091A and 2621B, respectively, as compared to 70 s(-1) in the native XynA. The xylose affinity of the XBP was unchanged in the chimeras, showing that the ~3- to 3.5-fold stimulation of catalytic efficiency by xylose was the result of allosteric coupling between the XBP and XynA domains. Molecular dynamics simulations of the chimeras suggested conformation alterations in the XynA on xylose binding to the XBP resulted in exposure of the catalytic cavity and increased mobility of catalytic site residues as compared to the native XynA. CONCLUSIONS These results are the first report of engineered glycosyl hydrolase showing allosteric product stimulation and suggest that the strategy may be more widely employed to overcome enzyme product inhibition and to improve catalytic performance. Graphical abstractProtein fusion of a GH11 xylanase (in red) and a xylose binding protein (XBP, in blue) results in a xylanase-XBP chimera that presents allosteric activation of the xylanase activity by xylose (shown as a space-filled molecule bound to the xylanase-XBP chimera).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Ferreira Ribeiro
- />Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA
- />Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, FMRP, Universidade de São Paulo-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | | | - Jennifer Tullman
- />Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, MD USA
| | - Liliane Fraga Costa Ribeiro
- />Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, FMRP, Universidade de São Paulo-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
- />University of Maryland Baltimore County-UMBC, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Carlos Alessandro Fuzo
- />Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo-USP, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-901 Brazil
| | | | - Gilvan Pessoa Furtado
- />Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, FMRP, Universidade de São Paulo-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | | | - Richard John Ward
- />Brazilian Bioethanol Science and Technology Laboratory CTBE/CNPEM, Campinas, Brazil
- />Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo-USP, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-901 Brazil
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Truchado P, Van den Abbeele P, Rivière A, Possemiers S, De Vuyst L, Van de Wiele T. Bifidobacterium longum D2 enhances microbial degradation of long-chain arabinoxylans in an in vitro model of the proximal colon. Benef Microbes 2015; 6:849-60. [PMID: 26193074 DOI: 10.3920/bm2015.0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Long-chain arabinoxylans (LC-AX) are degraded in the colon by intestinal bacteria possessing AX-degrading enzymes, such as bifidobacteria. Enzymatic activity of intestinal bacterial might vary depending on the composition of the gut microbiota. To compare the enzymatic activities of the bacterial gut communities of two healthy individuals (donors D1 and D2), these bacterial communities were inoculated into in vitro model M-SHIME(®). Differences in xylanase activities and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis profiles, in particular a DNA-band corresponding with Bifidobacterium longum, were found in the proximal colon vessel. 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis demonstrated the presence of two different B. longum species in these bacterial communities, showing 99% gene sequence similarity with B. longum NCC2705 and B. longum. subsp. longum KACC 91563, respectively, further referred to as B. longum D1 and B. longum D2. When grown on LC-AX as the sole added energy source, B. longum D2 displayed significantly higher activities of β-xylanase (5.3-fold), β-xylosidase (2.9-fold), and α-arabinofuranosidase (1.5-fold), respectively, compared to B. longum D1. When B. longum D2 was inoculated in the M-SHIME, inoculated with the bacterial gut communities of the individual with low AX-degrading enzyme activities, the β-xylanase activity increased (1.5-fold) in the proximal vessel. We demonstrated the presence of differences in LC-AX degrading enzyme activities of the bacterial gut communities of two individuals in the in vitro M-SHIME model, which could be linked to the presence of a potent AX-degrading B. longum (D2) strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Truchado
- 1 Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Technology (LabMET), Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - P Van den Abbeele
- 1 Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Technology (LabMET), Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - A Rivière
- 2 Research Group of Industrial Microbiology and Food Biotechnology, Department of Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - S Possemiers
- 1 Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Technology (LabMET), Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - L De Vuyst
- 2 Research Group of Industrial Microbiology and Food Biotechnology, Department of Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - T Van de Wiele
- 1 Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Technology (LabMET), Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Properties of an alkali-thermo stable xylanase from Geobacillus thermodenitrificans A333 and applicability in xylooligosaccharides generation. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 31:633-48. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-015-1818-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Torto-Alalibo T, Purwantini E, Lomax J, Setubal JC, Mukhopadhyay B, Tyler BM. Genetic resources for advanced biofuel production described with the Gene Ontology. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:528. [PMID: 25346727 PMCID: PMC4193338 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dramatic increases in research in the area of microbial biofuel production coupled with high-throughput data generation on bioenergy-related microbes has led to a deluge of information in the scientific literature and in databases. Consolidating this information and making it easily accessible requires a unified vocabulary. The Gene Ontology (GO) fulfills that requirement, as it is a well-developed structured vocabulary that describes the activities and locations of gene products in a consistent manner across all kingdoms of life. The Microbial ENergy processes Gene Ontology () project is extending the GO to include new terms to describe microbial processes of interest to bioenergy production. Our effort has added over 600 bioenergy related terms to the Gene Ontology. These terms will aid in the comprehensive annotation of gene products from diverse energy-related microbial genomes. An area of microbial energy research that has received a lot of attention is microbial production of advanced biofuels. These include alcohols such as butanol, isopropanol, isobutanol, and fuels derived from fatty acids, isoprenoids, and polyhydroxyalkanoates. These fuels are superior to first generation biofuels (ethanol and biodiesel esterified from vegetable oil or animal fat), can be generated from non-food feedstock sources, can be used as supplements or substitutes for gasoline, diesel and jet fuels, and can be stored and distributed using existing infrastructure. Here we review the roles of genes associated with synthesis of advanced biofuels, and at the same time introduce the use of the GO to describe the functions of these genes in a standardized way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trudy Torto-Alalibo
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State UniversityBlacksburg, VA, USA
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State UniversityBlacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Endang Purwantini
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State UniversityBlacksburg, VA, USA
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State UniversityBlacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Jane Lomax
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome CampusCambridge, UK
| | - João C. Setubal
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State UniversityBlacksburg, VA, USA
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Biswarup Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State UniversityBlacksburg, VA, USA
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State UniversityBlacksburg, VA, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oregon State UniversityCorvallis, OR, USA
| | - Brett M. Tyler
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State UniversityBlacksburg, VA, USA
- Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing, Oregon State UniversityCorvallis, OR, USA
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Meddeb-Mouelhi F, Moisan JK, Beauregard M. A comparison of plate assay methods for detecting extracellular cellulase and xylanase activity. Enzyme Microb Technol 2014; 66:16-9. [PMID: 25248694 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Identification of microorganisms for the production of carbohydrolytic enzymes is extremely important given the increased demand for these enzymes in many industries. To this end, dye-polysaccharide interactions which provide a visual indication of polymer hydrolysis (clear zones or halos) have been used for decades. For the detection of extracellular cellulase or xylanase activity many laboratories use Gram's iodine as the chromogenic dye, as it is a more rapid initial screening method compared to the use of other dyes. Here, we compared Gram's iodine and Congo red as indicators of polysaccharide hydrolysis. We attempted to detect cellulase activity using carboxymethylcellulose, and xylanase activity using birchwood xylan, in fourteen uncharacterized bacteria isolated from wood chips. Our results indicate that Gram's iodine may lead to identification of false positives in a typical screening protocol and that Congo red allows for avoidance of such pitfall. Congo red allowed detection of cellulase activity from live microbial colonies but not Gram's iodine. To confirm this, detection of enzymatic activity was also assessed using cell-free enzyme preparations. Congo red was found to be reliable in detecting cellulase activity with isolated enzymes preparations. Under the same conditions, neither of these dyes detected xylanase activity, despite independent evidence of xylanase activity for one of the preparations. We detected xylanase activity for this particular enzyme preparation using a coloured derivative of xylan (Remazol Brillant Blue R-xylan adduct) that respond to xylan hydrolysis. Our results suggest that methods that rely on interactions between a dye (Congo red or Gram's iodine) and a polymeric substrate (carboxymethylcellulose or birchwood xylan) for indirect detection of hydrolysis may require the use of relevant controls and independent confirmation of enzymatic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Meddeb-Mouelhi
- Centre de recherche sur les matériaux lignocellulosiques, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 Boul. Des Forges, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, Québec G9A 5H7, Canada; Buckman North America, 351 Joseph-Carrier, Vaudreuil-Dorion, Québec J7V 5V5, Canada.
| | - Jessica Kelly Moisan
- Centre de recherche sur les matériaux lignocellulosiques, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 Boul. Des Forges, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, Québec G9A 5H7, Canada; PROTEO, Université Laval, 2705 Boul. Laurier, Québec, Québec G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Marc Beauregard
- Centre de recherche sur les matériaux lignocellulosiques, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 Boul. Des Forges, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, Québec G9A 5H7, Canada; PROTEO, Université Laval, 2705 Boul. Laurier, Québec, Québec G1V 4G2, Canada
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Marcolongo L, Ionata E, La Cara F, Amore A, Giacobbe S, Pepe O, Faraco V. The effect of Pleurotus ostreatus arabinofuranosidase and its evolved variant in lignocellulosic biomasses conversion. Fungal Genet Biol 2014; 72:162-167. [PMID: 25046861 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The fungal arabinofuranosidase from Pleurotus ostreatus PoAbf recombinantly expressed in Pichia pastoris rPoAbf and its evolved variant rPoAbf F435Y/Y446F were tested for their effectiveness to enhance the enzymatic saccharification of three lignocellulosic biomasses, namely Arundo donax, corn cobs and brewer's spent grains (BSG), after chemical or chemical-physical pretreatment. All the raw materials were subjected to an alkaline pretreatment by soaking in aqueous ammonia solution whilst the biomass from A. donax was also pretreated by steam explosion. The capability of the wild-type and mutant rPoAbf to increase the fermentable sugars recovery was assessed by using these enzymes in combination with different (hemi)cellulolytic activities. These enzymatic mixtures were either entirely of commercial origin or contained the cellulase from Streptomyces sp. G12 CelStrep recombinantly expressed in Escherichia coli in substitution to the commercial counterparts. The addition of the arabinofuranosidases from P. ostreatus improved the hydrolytic efficiency of the commercial enzymatic cocktails on all the pretreated biomasses. The best results were obtained using the rPoAbf evolved variant and are represented by increases of the xylose recovery up to 56.4%. These data clearly highlight the important role of the accessory hemicellulolytic activities to optimize the xylan bioconversion yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Marcolongo
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, National Research Council, Napoli, Italy
| | - Elena Ionata
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, National Research Council, Napoli, Italy
| | - Francesco La Cara
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, National Research Council, Napoli, Italy
| | - Antonella Amore
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Napoli, Italy
| | - Simona Giacobbe
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Napoli, Italy
| | - Olimpia Pepe
- Department of Agriculture, University of Naples "Federico II", Portici (Napoli), Italy
| | - Vincenza Faraco
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Napoli, Italy.
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Malherbe AR, Rose SH, Viljoen-Bloom M, van Zyl WH. Expression and evaluation of enzymes required for the hydrolysis of galactomannan. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 41:1201-9. [PMID: 24888762 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-014-1459-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The cost-effective production of bioethanol from lignocellulose requires the complete conversion of plant biomass, which contains up to 30 % mannan. To ensure utilisation of galactomannan during consolidated bioprocessing, heterologous production of mannan-degrading enzymes in fungal hosts was explored. The Aspergillus aculeatus endo-β-mannanase (Man1) and Talaromyces emersonii α-galactosidase (Agal) genes were expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Y294, and the Aspergillus niger β-mannosidase (cMndA) and synthetic Cellvibrio mixtus β-mannosidase (Man5A) genes in A. niger. Maximum enzyme activity for Man1 (374 nkat ml(-1), pH 5.47), Agal (135 nkat ml(-1), pH 2.37), cMndA (12 nkat ml(-1), pH 3.40) and Man5A (8 nkat ml(-1), pH 3.40) was observed between 60 and 70 °C. Co-expression of the Man1 and Agal genes in S. cerevisiae Y294[Agal-Man1] reduced the extracellular activity relative to individual expression of the respective genes. However, the combined action of crude Man1, Agal and Man5A enzyme preparations significantly decreased the viscosity of galactomannan in locust bean gum, confirming hydrolysis thereof. Furthermore, when complemented with exogenous Man5A, S. cerevisiae Y294[Agal-Man1] produced 56 % of the theoretical ethanol yield, corresponding to a 66 % carbohydrate conversion, on 5 g l(-1) mannose and 10 g l(-1) locust bean gum.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Malherbe
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
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Valencia Jiménez A, Wang H, Siegfried BD. Expression and characterization of a recombinant endoglucanase from western corn rootworm, in Pichia pastoris. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2014; 14:242. [PMID: 25434035 PMCID: PMC5633935 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieu104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The endoglucanase cDNA, Dvv-ENGase I, from western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte was expressed using the GS115 methylotrophic strain of Pichia pastoris. The Dvv-ENGase I gene was cloned into the integrative plasmid pPICZαA under the control of AOX1, which is a methanol-inducible promoter. Positive clones were selected for their ability to produce the recombinant endoglucanase upon continuous methanol induction. The secreted recombinant insect endoglucanase Dvv-ENGase I has an apparent molecular mass of 29 kDa. The recombinant endo-1,4-β-glucanase (ENGase) was able to digest the substrates: hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), and Whatman No. 1 filter paper. A higher accumulation of reducing sugar was evident when the P. pastoris expression medium contained HEC (1%) instead of CMC (1%). An enzymatic activity band was detected after performing electrophoretic separation under nondenaturing conditions. The biological activity of the recombinant Dvv-ENGase I was influenced by the presence of protease inhibitors in the culture medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnubio Valencia Jiménez
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Departamento de Producción Agropecuaria, Universidad de Caldas, Calle 6526-10, Manizales, Colombia
| | - Haichuan Wang
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583-0816, USA
| | - Blair D Siegfried
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583-0816, USA
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Maurelli L, Ionata E, La Cara F, Morana A. Chestnut shell as unexploited source of fermentable sugars: effect of different pretreatment methods on enzymatic saccharification. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 170:1104-18. [PMID: 23640265 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-013-0264-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Chestnut shell (CS) is an agronomic residue mainly used for extraction of antioxidants or as adsorbent of metal ions. It also contains some polysaccharide that has not been considered as potential source of fermentable sugars for biofuel production until now. In this study, the effect of different pretreatment methods on CS was evaluated in order to obtain the greatest conversion of cellulose and xylan into fermentable sugars. Hot acid impregnation, steam explosion (acid-catalysed or not), and aqueous ammonia soaking (AAS) were selected as pretreatments. The pretreated biomass was subjected to saccharification with two enzyme cocktails prepared from commercial preparations, and evaluation of the best pretreatment and enzyme cocktail was based on the yield of fermentable sugars produced. As AAS provided the best result after preliminary experiments, enhancement of sugar production was attempted by changing the concentrations of ammonium hydroxide, enzymes, and CS. The optimal pretreatment condition was 10 % ammonium hydroxide, 70 °C, 22 h with CS at 5 % solid loading. After saccharification of the pretreated CS for 72 h at 50 °C and pH 5.0 with a cocktail containing cellulase (Accellerase 1500), beta-glucosidase (Accellerase BG), and xylanase (Accellerase XY), glucose and xylose yields were 67.8 and 92.7 %, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Maurelli
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council of Italy, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy.
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Sevillano L, Díaz M, Santamaría RI. Stable expression plasmids for Streptomyces based on a toxin-antitoxin system. Microb Cell Fact 2013; 12:39. [PMID: 23617558 PMCID: PMC3655019 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-12-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bacteria included in the genus Streptomyces exhibit several attractive characteristics that make them adequate hosts for the heterologous expression of proteins. One of them is that some of its species have a high secretion capacity and hence the protein of interest could be released to the culture supernatant, facilitating downstream processing. To date, all the expression vectors described for these bacteria contain antibiotic resistance genes as selection markers. However, the use of antibiotics to produce proteins at industrial level is currently becoming more restricted owing to the possibility of contamination of the final product. In this report, we describe the use of the S. lividans yefM/yoeBsl toxin-antitoxin system to develop a stable plasmid expression system. Results In order to use the yefM/yoeBsl system to stabilize expression plasmids in Streptomyces, a S. lividans mutant strain that contained only the toxin gene (yoeBsl) in its genome and the antitoxin gene (yefMsl) located in a temperature-sensitive plasmid was constructed and used as host. This strain was transformed with an expression plasmid harbouring both the antitoxin gene and the gene encoding the protein of interest. Thus, after elimination of the temperature-sensitive plasmid, only cells with the expression plasmid were able to survive. On using this system, two proteins - an α-amylase from S. griseus and a xylanase from S. halstedii - were overproduced without the addition of antibiotic to the culture medium. The production of both proteins was high, even after long incubations (8 days), and after serial subcultures, confirming the stability of the plasmids without antibiotic selection. Conclusions This is the first report that describes the use of a toxin-antitoxin system to maintain high -copy plasmids in Streptomyces. This finding could be a valuable tool for using Streptomyces as a host to produce proteins at the industrial and pharmaceutical levels without the use of antibiotics in the production step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sevillano
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca 37007, Spain
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Leis B, Angelov A, Liebl W. Screening and expression of genes from metagenomes. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2013; 83:1-68. [PMID: 23651593 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407678-5.00001-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Microorganisms are the most abundant and widely spread organisms on earth. They colonize a huge variety of natural and anthropogenic environments, including very specialized ecological niches and even extreme habitats, which are made possible by the immense metabolic diversity and genetic adaptability of microbes. As most of the organisms from environmental samples defy cultivation, cultivation-independent metagenomics approaches have been applied since more than one decade to access and characterize the phylogenetic diversity in microbial communities as well as their metabolic potential and ecological functions. Thereby, metagenomics has fully emerged as an own scientific field for mining new biocatalysts for many industrially relevant processes in biotechnology and pharmaceutics. This review summarizes common metagenomic approaches ranging from sampling, isolation of nucleic acids, construction of metagenomic libraries and their evaluation. Sequence-based screenings implement next-generation sequencing platforms, microarrays or PCR-based methods, while function-based analysis covers heterologous expression of metagenomic libraries in diverse screening setups. Major constraints and advantages of each strategy are described. The importance of alternative host-vector systems is discussed, and in order to underline the role of phylogenetic and physiological distance from the gene donor and the expression host employed, a case study is presented that describes the screening of a genomic library from an extreme thermophilic bacterium in both Escherichia coli and Thermus thermophilus. Metatranscriptomics, metaproteomics and single-cell-based methods are expected to complement metagenomic screening efforts to identify novel biocatalysts from environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Leis
- Lehrstuhl für Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität München, Freising, Bavaria, Germany
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Tenkanen M, Vršanská M, Siika-aho M, Wong DW, Puchart V, Penttilä M, Saloheimo M, Biely P. Xylanase XYN IV from Trichoderma reesei showing exo- and endo-xylanase activity. FEBS J 2012; 280:285-301. [PMID: 23167779 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Revised: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A minor xylanase, named XYN IV, was purified from the cellulolytic system of the fungus Trichoderma reesei Rut C30. The enzyme was discovered on the basis of its ability to attack aldotetraohexenuronic acid (HexA-2Xyl-4Xyl-4Xyl, HexA(3)Xyl(3)), releasing the reducing-end xylose residue. XYN IV exhibited catalytic properties incompatible with previously described endo-β-1,4-xylanases of this fungus, XYN I, XYN II and XYN III, and the xylan-hydrolyzing endo-β-1,4-glucanase EG I. XYN IV was able to degrade several different β-1,4-xylans, but was inactive on β-1,4-mannans and β-1,4-glucans. It showed both exo-and endo-xylanase activity. Rhodymenan, a linear soluble β-1,3-β-1,4-xylan, was as the best substrate. Linear xylooligosaccharides were attacked exclusively at the first glycosidic linkage from the reducing end. The gene xyn4, encoding XYN IV, was also isolated. It showed clear homology with xylanases classified in glycoside hydrolase family 30, which also includes glucanases and mannanases. The xyn4 gene was expressed slightly when grown on xylose and xylitol, clearly on arabinose, arabitol, sophorose, xylobiose, xylan and cellulose, but not on glucose or sorbitol, resembling induction of other xylanolytic enzymes from T. reesei. A recombinant enzyme prepared in a Pichia pastoris expression system exhibited identical catalytic properties to the enzyme isolated from the T. reesei culture medium. The physiological role of this unique enzyme remains unknown, but it may involve liberation of xylose from the reducing end of branched oligosaccharides that are resistant toward β-xylosidase and other types of endoxylanases. In terms of its catalytic properties, XYN IV differs from bacterial GH family 30 glucuronoxylanases that recognize 4-O-methyl-D-glucuronic acid (MeGlcA) substituents as substrate specificity determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maija Tenkanen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo, Finland
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Mittal A, Nagar S, Gupta VK. Production and purification of high levels of cellulase-free bacterial xylanase by Bacillus sp. SV-34S using agro-residue. ANN MICROBIOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-012-0574-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Production of Alkalophilic Xylanases by Paenibacillus polymyxa CKWX1 Isolated from Decomposing Wood. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s40011-012-0122-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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39
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Purification of an Arabinofuranosidase and Two β-Xylopyranosidases from Germinated Wheat. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2050-0416.2003.tb00588.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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40
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Ellis JT, Magnuson TS. Thermostable and Alkalistable Xylanases Produced by the Thermophilic Bacterium Anoxybacillus flavithermus TWXYL3. ISRN MICROBIOLOGY 2012; 2012:517524. [PMID: 23762752 PMCID: PMC3671716 DOI: 10.5402/2012/517524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
With the rising cost and finite supply of fossil energy, there is an increasing economic incentive for the development of clean, efficient, and renewable domestic energy. The activities of microorganisms offer the potential conversion of lignocellulosic materials into fermentable sugars, usable for downstream fermentation processes. Strain TWXYL3, a thermophilic facultative anaerobe, was discovered in the Alvord Basin hydrothermal system in Oregon, USA. Phylogenetic analysis of strain TWXYL3 showed it to be 99% similar to the 16S rRNA gene of Anoxybacillus flavithermus WL (FJ950739). A. flavithermus TWXYL3 was shown to secrete a large multisubunit thermostable xylanase complex into the growth medium. Xylanase induction was achieved by resuspending the isolate in a selective xylan-containing medium. Extracellular xylanase activity showed a temperature optimum of 65°C and retained thermostability up to 85°C. Extracellular xylanase activity showed a bimodal pH optimum, with maxima at pH 6 and pH 8. Electrophoretic analysis of the extracellular xylanase shows 5 distinct proteins with xylanase activity. Strain TWXYL3 is the first xylanolytic isolate obtained from the Alvord Basin hydrothermal system and represents a new model system for development of processes where lignocellulosics are converted to biofuel precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua T Ellis
- Department of Biological Sciences, Idaho State University, P.O. Box 8007, Pocatello, ID 83209, USA
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Rineau F, Roth D, Shah F, Smits M, Johansson T, Canbäck B, Olsen PB, Persson P, Grell MN, Lindquist E, Grigoriev IV, Lange L, Tunlid A. The ectomycorrhizal fungus Paxillus involutus converts organic matter in plant litter using a trimmed brown-rot mechanism involving Fenton chemistry. Environ Microbiol 2012; 14:1477-87. [PMID: 22469289 PMCID: PMC3440587 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2012.02736.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Revised: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Soils in boreal forests contain large stocks of carbon. Plants are the main source of this carbon through tissue residues and root exudates. A major part of the exudates are allocated to symbiotic ectomycorrhizal fungi. In return, the plant receives nutrients, in particular nitrogen from the mycorrhizal fungi. To capture the nitrogen, the fungi must at least partly disrupt the recalcitrant organic matter-protein complexes within which the nitrogen is embedded. This disruption process is poorly characterized. We used spectroscopic analyses and transcriptome profiling to examine the mechanism by which the ectomycorrhizal fungus Paxillus involutus degrades organic matter when acquiring nitrogen from plant litter. The fungus partially degraded polysaccharides and modified the structure of polyphenols. The observed chemical changes were consistent with a hydroxyl radical attack, involving Fenton chemistry similar to that of brown-rot fungi. The set of enzymes expressed by Pa. involutus during the degradation of the organic matter was similar to the set of enzymes involved in the oxidative degradation of wood by brown-rot fungi. However, Pa. involutus lacked transcripts encoding extracellular enzymes needed for metabolizing the released carbon. The saprotrophic activity has been reduced to a radical-based biodegradation system that can efficiently disrupt the organic matter-protein complexes and thereby mobilize the entrapped nutrients. We suggest that the released carbon then becomes available for further degradation and assimilation by commensal microbes, and that these activities have been lost in ectomycorrhizal fungi as an adaptation to symbiotic growth on host photosynthate. The interdependence of ectomycorrhizal symbionts and saprophytic microbes would provide a key link in the turnover of nutrients and carbon in forest ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francois Rineau
- Department of Biology, Microbial Ecology Group, Ecology BuildingSE-22362 Lund, Sweden
| | - Doris Roth
- Department of Biotechnology and Chemistry, Aalborg UniversityLautrupvang 15, DK-2750, Ballerup, Denmark
| | - Firoz Shah
- Department of Biology, Microbial Ecology Group, Ecology BuildingSE-22362 Lund, Sweden
| | - Mark Smits
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt UniversityBuilding D, Agoralaan, 3590 Diepenbeek, Limburg, Belgium
| | - Tomas Johansson
- Department of Biology, Microbial Ecology Group, Ecology BuildingSE-22362 Lund, Sweden
| | - Björn Canbäck
- Department of Biology, Microbial Ecology Group, Ecology BuildingSE-22362 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Per Persson
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå UniversitySE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Morten Nedergaard Grell
- Department of Biotechnology and Chemistry, Aalborg UniversityLautrupvang 15, DK-2750, Ballerup, Denmark
| | - Erika Lindquist
- US Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute2800 Mitchell Avenue, Walnut Creek, CA94598, USA
| | - Igor V Grigoriev
- US Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute2800 Mitchell Avenue, Walnut Creek, CA94598, USA
| | - Lene Lange
- Department of Biotechnology and Chemistry, Aalborg UniversityLautrupvang 15, DK-2750, Ballerup, Denmark
| | - Anders Tunlid
- Department of Biology, Microbial Ecology Group, Ecology BuildingSE-22362 Lund, Sweden
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Ko KC, Han Y, Shin BS, Choi JH, Song JJ. A rapid and simple method for preparing an insoluble substrate for screening of microbial xylanase. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2012; 167:677-84. [PMID: 22585365 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-012-9722-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Several types of enzymes, including cellulases and xylanases, are required to degrade hemicelluloses and cellulose, which are major components of lignocellulosic biomass. Such degradative processes can be used to produce various useful industrial biomaterials. Screening methods for detecting polysaccharide-degrading microorganisms include the use of dye-labeled substrates in growth medium and culture plate staining techniques. However, the preparation of screening plates, which typically involves chemical cross-linking to synthesize a dye-labeled substrate, is a complicated and time-consuming process. Moreover, such commercial substrates are very expensive, costing tenfold more than the natural xylan. Staining methods are also problematic because they may damage relevant microorganisms and are associated with contamination of colonies of desirable organisms with adjacent unwanted bacteria. In the present study, we describe a sonication method for the simple and rapid preparation of an insoluble substrate that can be used to screen for xylanase-expressing bacteria in microbial populations. Using this new method, we have successfully isolated a novel xylanase gene from a xylolytic microorganism termed Xyl02-KBRB and Xyl14-KBRB in the bovine rumen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyong-Cheol Ko
- Applied Microbiology Technology Research Center, Bio-Materials Research Institute, Jeongeup, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
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Deesukon W, Nishimura Y, Sakamoto T, Sukhumsirichart W. Purification, Characterization of GH11 Endo-β-1,4-xylanase from Thermotolerant Streptomyces sp. SWU10 and Overexpression in Pichia pastoris KM71H. Mol Biotechnol 2012; 54:37-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s12033-012-9541-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Zheng Z, Chen T, Zhao M, Wang Z, Zhao X. Engineering Escherichia coli for succinate production from hemicellulose via consolidated bioprocessing. Microb Cell Fact 2012; 11:37. [PMID: 22455836 PMCID: PMC3340313 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-11-37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The recalcitrant nature of hemicellulosic materials and the high cost in depolymerization are the primary obstacles preventing the use of xylan as feedstock for fuel and chemical production. Consolidated bioprocessing, incorporating enzyme-generating, biomass-degrading and bioproduct-producing capabilities into a single microorganism, could potentially avoid the cost of the dedicated enzyme generation in the process of xylan utilization. In this study, we engineered Escherichia coli strains capable of exporting three hemicellulases to the broth for the succinate production directly from beechwood xylan. RESULTS Xylanases were extracellular environment-directed by fusing with OsmY. Subsequently, twelve variant OsmY fused endoxylanase-xylosidase combinations were characterized and tested. The combination of XynC-A from Fibrobacter succinogenes S85 and XyloA from Fusarium graminearum which appeared to have optimal enzymatic properties was identified as the best choice for xylan hydrolysis (0.18 ± 0.01 g/l protein in the broth with endoxylanase activity of 12.14 ± 0.34 U/mg protein and xylosidase activity of 92 ± 3 mU/mg protein at 8 h after induction). Further improvements of hemicellulases secretion were investigated by lpp deletion, dsbA overexpression and expression level optimization. With co-expression of α-arabinofuranosidase, the engineered E. coli could hydrolyze beechwood xylan to pentose monosaccharides. The hemicellulolytic capacity was further integrated with a succinate-producing strain to demonstrate the production of succinate directly from xylan without externally supplied hydrolases and any other organic nutrient. The resulting E. coli Z6373 was able to produce 0.37 g/g succinate from xylan anaerobically equivalent to 76% of that from xylan acid hydrolysates. CONCLUSIONS This report represents a promising step towards the goal of hemicellulosic chemical production. This engineered E. coli expressing and secreting three hemicellulases demonstrated a considerable succinate production on the released monosaccharides from xylan. The ability to use lower-cost crude feedstock will make biological succinate production more economically attractive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongbao Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People's Republic of China
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Purification, characterization and gene cloning of two forms of a thermostable endo-xylanase from Streptomyces sp. SWU10. Process Biochem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2011.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Mellon JE, Cotty PJ, Callicott KA, Abbas H. Identification of a major xylanase from Aspergillus flavus as a 14-kD protein. Mycopathologia 2011; 172:299-305. [PMID: 21479830 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-011-9425-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2009] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus K49 secreted at least two xylanase activities when grown on a medium containing larch (wood) xylan as a sole carbon source. Enzyme activity was assayed using an agar medium containing Remazol Brilliant Blue R conjugated oat spelt xylan as substrate. Crude enzyme preparations were inhibited by Hg(+2), with an ED(50) of 17.5 mM and maximum inhibition of 83% at 50 mM. A concentrated sample of A. flavus K49 xylanase preparation was subjected to gel filtration chromatography on a P-30 column. A small protein peak coinciding with the major peak of xylanase activity was separated from the other secreted fungal proteins. An additional peak of xylanase activity was observed in fractions containing multiple fungal proteins. Analysis by denaturing sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of fractions containing the smaller molecular weight xylanase revealed a major and minor protein band in the vicinity of 14 kD. Analysis of these same fractions by acidic native PAGE revealed a single band. Confirmation of identity for the isolated xylanase was provided by isolation of a protein band from a SDS-PAGE gel, followed by trypsin digestion/analysis by tandem mass spectrometry. Comparison of the peptide library derived from this protein band with sequence data from the A. oryzae genomic data base provided a solid match with an endo-1,4-β-xylanase, XlnA. This identification is consistent with a low molecular weight protein associated with the major xylanolytic activity. XlnA may be a highly mobile (diffusible), plant wall hemicellulose degrading factor with significant activity during plant infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay E Mellon
- Southern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, P. O. Box 19687, New Orleans, LA 70179, USA.
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Post-translational processing of modular xylanases from Streptomyces is dependent on the carbohydrate-binding module. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 38:1419-26. [PMID: 21181427 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-010-0927-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Xylanases are very often modular enzymes composed of one or more catalytic domains and carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs) connected by a flexible linker region. Usually, when these proteins are processed they lose their carbohydrate-binding capacity. Here, the role of the linker regions and cellulose- or xylan-binding domains in the processing of Xys1L from Streptomyces halstedii JM8 and Xyl30L from Streptomyces avermitilis UAH30 was studied. Xys1 variants with different linker lengths were tested, these being unable to avoid protein processing. Moreover, several fusion proteins between the Xys1 and Xyl30 domains were obtained and their proteolytic stability was studied. We demonstrate that CBM processing takes place even in the complete absence of the linker sequence. We also show that the specific carbohydrate module determines this cleavage in the proteins studied.
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Knudsen KEB, Lærke HN. REVIEW: Rye Arabinoxylans: Molecular Structure, Physicochemical Properties and Physiological Effects in the Gastrointestinal Tract. Cereal Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1094/cchem-87-4-0353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Knud Erik Bach Knudsen
- Aarhus University, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Animal Health and Bioscience, Blichers Allé 20, DK‐8830 Tjele, Denmark
- Corresponding author. E‐mail:
| | - Helle Nygaard Lærke
- Aarhus University, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Animal Health and Bioscience, Blichers Allé 20, DK‐8830 Tjele, Denmark
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Sewell GW, Aldrich HC, Williams D, Mannarelli B, Wilkie A, Hespell RB, Smith PH, Ingram LO. Isolation and Characterization of Xylan-Degrading Strains of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens from a Napier Grass-Fed Anaerobic Digester. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 54:1085-90. [PMID: 16347622 PMCID: PMC202607 DOI: 10.1128/aem.54.5.1085-1090.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Six new xylanolytic bacterial strains have been isolated from a Napier grass-fed anaerobic digester. These strains were identified as Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens and were similar in many respects to ruminal isolates described previously. The new isolates exhibited a high degree of DNA homology with several ruminal strains of B. fibrisolvens. Xylan or xylose was required to induce the production of enzymes for xylan degradation, xylanase and xylosidase. Production of these enzymes was repressed in the presence of glucose. Xylanase activity was predominantly extracellular, while that of xylosidases was cell associated. The new isolates of B. fibrisolvens grew well in defined medium containing xylan as the sole carbon source and did not produce obvious slime or capsular layers. These strains may be useful for future genetic investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- G W Sewell
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, and Northern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Peoria, Illinois 61604
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Zitouni M, Fortin M, Thibeault JS, Brzezinski R. A dye-labelled soluble substrate for the assay of endo-chitosanase activity. Carbohydr Polym 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2009.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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