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Schubert C, Unden G. Fumarate, a central electron acceptor for Enterobacteriaceae beyond fumarate respiration and energy conservation. Adv Microb Physiol 2023; 82:267-299. [PMID: 36948656 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ampbs.2022.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
C4-dicarboxylates (C4-DCs) such as fumarate, l-malate and l-aspartate are key substrates for Enterobacteria such as Escherichia coli or Salmonella typhimurium during anaerobic growth. In general, C4-DCs are oxidants during biosynthesis, e.g., of pyrimidine or heme, acceptors for redox balancing, a high-quality nitrogen source (l-aspartate) and electron acceptor for fumarate respiration. Fumarate reduction is required for efficient colonization of the murine intestine, even though the colon contains only small amounts of C4-DCs. However, fumarate can be produced endogenously by central metabolism, allowing autonomous production of an electron acceptor for biosynthesis and redox balancing. Bacteria possess a complex set of transporters for the uptake (DctA), antiport (DcuA, DcuB, TtdT) and excretion (DcuC) of C4-DCs. DctA and DcuB exert regulatory functions and link transport to metabolic control through interaction with regulatory proteins. The sensor kinase DcuS of the C4-DC two-component system DcuS-DcuR forms complexes with DctA (aerobic) or DcuB (anaerobic), representing the functional state of the sensor. Moreover, EIIAGlc from the glucose phospho-transferase system binds to DctA and presumably inhibits C4-DC uptake. Overall, the function of fumarate as an oxidant in biosynthesis and redox balancing explains the pivotal role of fumarate reductase for intestinal colonization, while the role of fumarate in energy conservation (fumarate respiration) is of minor importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Schubert
- Institute for Molecular Physiology (IMP), Microbiology and Biotechnology; Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany; Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Gottfried Unden
- Institute for Molecular Physiology (IMP), Microbiology and Biotechnology; Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany.
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2
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McFadden BA, Kuehn GD, Homann HR. CO(2) Fixation, Glutamate Labeling, and the Krebs Cycle in Ribose-grown Hydrogenomonas facilis. J Bacteriol 2010; 93:879-85. [PMID: 16562153 PMCID: PMC276531 DOI: 10.1128/jb.93.3.879-885.1967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure of ribose-grown Hydrogenomonas facilis to (14)CO(2) for 6 to 12 sec during ribose oxidation resulted in labeling of a number of compounds, three of which were glutamate, phosphoglycerate, and pyruvate. Phosphoglycerate and pyruvate were labeled almost exclusively in C(1), suggesting operation of the reductive pentose phosphate cycle. Glutamate was labeled initially to the extent of 90% in C(1) and 10% in C(5), and this was followed by a concentration of radioisotope in C(5). All of the enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle were detectable in ribose-grown cells, and, in general, specific activities were similar to those found in yeast extract-grown cells. Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidase, aconitase, and the dehydrogenases for pyruvate, alpha-ketoglutarate, and succinate appeared to be of particulate origin. In addition to enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, an acetyl coenzyme A-stimulated phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase was found, as was isocitrate lyase. Possible participation of these catalysts in glutamate synthesis is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A McFadden
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
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Ohmann E, Plhák F. Reinigung und Eigenschaften von Phosphoenolpyruvat-Carboxylase aus Euglena gracilis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1969.tb00653.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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4
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Patel HM, Kraszewski JL, Mukhopadhyay B. The phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase from Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicus has a novel structure. J Bacteriol 2004; 186:5129-37. [PMID: 15262949 PMCID: PMC451628 DOI: 10.1128/jb.186.15.5129-5137.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2004] [Accepted: 04/29/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicus, oxaloacetate synthesis is a major and essential CO(2)-fixation reaction. This methanogenic archaeon possesses two oxaloacetate-synthesizing enzymes, pyruvate carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase. The phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase from this organism was purified to homogeneity. The subunit size of this homotetrameric protein was 55 kDa, which is about half that of all known bacterial and eukaryotic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylases (PPCs). The NH(2)-terminal sequence identified this enzyme as the product of MTH943, an open reading frame with no assigned function in the genome sequence. A BLAST search did not show an obvious sequence similarity between MTH943 and known PPCs, which are generally well conserved. This is the first report of a new type of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase that we call PpcA ("A" for "archaeal"). Homologs to PpcA were present in most archaeal genomic sequences, but only in three bacterial (Clostridium perfringens, Oenococcus oeni, and Leuconostoc mesenteroides) and no eukaryotic genomes. PpcA was the only recognizable oxaloacetate-producing enzyme in Methanopyrus kandleri, a hydrothermal vent organism. Each PpcA-containing organism lacked a PPC homolog. The activity of M. thermautotrophicus PpcA was not influenced by acetyl coenzyme A and was about 50 times less sensitive to aspartate than the Escherichia coli PPC. The catalytic core (including His(138), Arg(587), and Gly(883)) of the E. coli PPC was partly conserved in PpcA, but three of four aspartate-binding residues (Lys(773), Arg(832), and Asn(881)) were not. PPCs probably evolved from PpcA through a process that added allosteric sites to the enzyme. The reverse is also equally possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiten M Patel
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Bioinformatics I, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 0477 Washington St., Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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Flores CL, Gancedo C. Expression of PEP carboxylase from Escherichia coli complements the phenotypic effects of pyruvate carboxylase mutations in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEBS Lett 1997; 412:531-4. [PMID: 9276461 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(97)00854-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of the expression of the Escherichia coli ppc gene encoding PEP carboxylase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants devoid of pyruvate carboxylase. Functional expression of the ppc gene restored the ability of the yeast mutants to grow in glucose-ammonium medium. Growth yield in this medium was the same in the transformed yeast than in the wild type although the growth rate of the transformed yeast was slower. Growth in pyruvate was slowed down in the transformed strain, likely due to a futile cycle produced by the simultaneous action of PEP carboxykinase and PEP carboxylase.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Flores
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Unidad de Bioquimica y Genética de Levaduras, Madrid, Spain
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Obanye AIC, Hobbs G, Gardner DCJ, Oliver SG. Correlation between carbon flux through the pentose phosphate pathway and production of the antibiotic methylenomycin in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). Microbiology (Reading) 1996; 142:133-137. [DOI: 10.1099/13500872-142-1-133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiorespirometry was employed to study carbon metabolism during the growth of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) in a minimal medium which permitted the production of methylenomycin as the sole detectable secondary metabolite. A switch in the pattern of carbon metabolism from the Embden-Myerhof-Parnas pathway to the pentose phosphate pathway occurred during the period of slower growth in batch culture which immediately preceded entry into the stationary phase. This coincided with the period of methylenomycin production. It is proposed that the biosynthesis of methylenomycin is supported by the generation of NADPH during the latter part of growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. I. C. Obanye
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Molecular Biology, UMIST, PO Box 88, Sackville Street, Manchester M60 1QD, UK2
| | - G. Hobbs
- School of Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - D. C. J. Gardner
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Molecular Biology, UMIST, PO Box 88, Sackville Street, Manchester M60 1QD, UK2
| | - S. G. Oliver
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Molecular Biology, UMIST, PO Box 88, Sackville Street, Manchester M60 1QD, UK2
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Haining RL, McFadden BA. A critical arginine in the large subunit of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase identified by site-directed mutagenesis. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)39379-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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8
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Danchin A, Dondon L, Daniel J. Metabolic alterations mediated by 2-ketobutyrate in Escherichia coli K12. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1984; 193:473-8. [PMID: 6369074 DOI: 10.1007/bf00382086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We have previously proposed that 2-ketobutyrate is an alarmone in Escherichia coli. Circumstantial evidence suggested that the target of 2-ketobutyrate was the phosphoenol pyruvate: glycose phosphotransferase system (PTS). We demonstrate here that the phosphorylated metabolites of the glycolytic pathway experience a dramatic downshift upon addition of 2-ketobutyrate (or its analogues). In particular, fructose-1,6-diphosphate, glucose-6-phosphate, fructose-6-phosphate and acetyl-CoA concentrations drop by a factor of 10, 3, 4, and 5 respectively. This result is consistent with (i) an inhibition of the PTS by 2-ketobutyrate, (ii) a control of metabolism by fructose-1,6-diphosphate. Since fructose-1,6-diphosphate is an activator of phosphoenol pyruvate carboxylase and of pyruvate kinase, the concentration of their common substrate, phosphoenol pyruvate, does not decrease in parallel.
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Daniel J, Dondon L, Danchin A. 2-Ketobutyrate: a putative alarmone of Escherichia coli. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1983; 190:452-8. [PMID: 6348482 DOI: 10.1007/bf00331076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
2-ketobutyrate is synthesized from threonine by threonine deaminase (dehydratase) in E. coli. The effects of 2-ketobutyrate as a regulatory metabolite were studied in vivo. 2-ketobutyrate was shown to inhibit the phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP): sugar phosphotransferase system resulting in aspartate starvation, elevation of ppGpp endogenous pools, and cessation of growth in E. coli grown in glucose and related carbon sources. Accordingly, we propose that 2-ketobutyrate might serve as an alarmone whose concentration precisely governs the shift from anaerobic growth to aerobic growth in E. coli. Such shifts are common phenomena among the Enterobacteriaceae.
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Taguchi M, Izui K, Katsuki H. Stringent control of glycolysis in Escherichia coli. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1978; 84:195-201. [PMID: 365178 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(78)90281-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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12
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Smith TE. Escherichia coli phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase: studies on the mechanism of multiple allosteric interactions. Arch Biochem Biophys 1977; 183:538-52. [PMID: 335978 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(77)90389-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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13
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McFadden BA, Purohit S. Itaconate, an isocitrate lyase-directed inhibitor in Pseudomonas indigofera. J Bacteriol 1977; 131:136-44. [PMID: 17593 PMCID: PMC235402 DOI: 10.1128/jb.131.1.136-144.1977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymes catalyzing steps from ethanol to acetyl-coenzyme A, from malate to pyruvate, and from pyruvate to glucose 6-phosphate were identified in ethanol-grown Pseudomonas indigofera. Enzymes catalyzing the catabolism of glucose to pyruvate via the Entner-Doudoroff pathway were identified in glucose-grown cells. Phosphofructokinase could not be detected in Pseudomonas indigofera. Itaconate, a potent inhibitor of isocitrate lyase, abolished growth of P. indigofera on ethanol at concentrations that had little effect upon growth on glucose. The date obtained through enzyme analyses and studies of itaconate inhibition with both extracts and toluene-treated cells suggest that itaconate selectively inhibits and reduces the specific activity of isocitrate lyase.
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Kameshita I, Tokushige M, Izui K, Katsuki H. Reversible desensitization of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase to multiple effectors by butanedione. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1977; 76:905-9. [PMID: 332159 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(77)91587-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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15
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Taguchi M, Izui K, Katsuki H. Activation of Escherichia coli phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase by guanosine-5'-diphosphate-3'-diphosphate. FEBS Lett 1977; 77:270-2. [PMID: 324807 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(77)80249-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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16
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O'Brien R, Chuang DT, Taylor BL, Utter MF. Novel enzymic machinery for the metabolism of oxalacetate, phosphoenolpyruvate, and pyruvate in Pseudomonas citronellolis. J Biol Chem 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)40649-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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17
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Yoshinaga T. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase of Escherichia coli. Studies on multiple conformational states elicited by allosteric effectors with a fluorescent probe, 1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonate. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1976; 452:566-79. [PMID: 795465 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(76)90208-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Conformational change of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (orthophosphate: oxaloacetate carboxy-lyase (phosphorylating), EC 4.1.1.31) induced by allosteric effectors was investigated using a hydrophobic probe, 1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonate (ANS). Kinetic experiments suggested that ANS binds with the enzyme at the sites which are not involved in the catalytic and regulatory functions, though it partially inhibits the enzyme activity with half-saturation concentration (S0.5) of 38.5 muM. Binding experiments showed that a maximum of 2 mol of ANS are able to bind with 1 mol of the enzyme subunit presumably with an equal dissociation constant to each other (34.5 muM). Flourescence emission of ANS was markedly increased by binding with the enzyme. L-Aspartate, the allosteric inhibitor, and CoASAc and fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (Fru-1,6-P2) the allosteric activators, produced various degrees of change in fluorescence, when added singly or in combinations. The changes were shown to be attributable to the allosteric interactions between the enzyme and effectors from some criteria such as structural specificity, half-saturation concentrations, and heterotropic-homotropic interactions of the ligands. It was concluded from these analyses that the enzyme can be in at least four conformational states which are distinct from each other. Especially noteworthy is the finding that the enzyme, upon simultaneous binding of CoASAc and Fru-1,6-P2, takes a new conformation which is enterely different from those induced by sole binding of each effector. In addition, the heterotropic interaction between the activator and the inhibitor was observed through conformational change by the ANS method, as observed in the kinetic studies.
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Krulwich TA, Sharon BI, Perrin LS. Natural paucity of anaplerotic enzymes: basis for dependence of Arthrobacter pyridinolis on L-malate for growth. J Bacteriol 1976; 127:179-83. [PMID: 931946 PMCID: PMC233049 DOI: 10.1128/jb.127.1.179-183.1976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous work has shown that in Arthrobacter pyridinolis the transport systems for glucose and several amino acids are respiration coupled, with malate oxidation occurring concomitantly with transport. The requisite malate has to be supplied exogenously, so that growth on glucose or certain amino acids only occurs if malate is also present in the medium. These and other data suggested that A. pyridinolis might be deficient in anaplerotic enzymes, which maintain intracellular levels of dicarboxylic acids. A comparative study was undertaken of anaplerotic enzymes in A. pyridinolis and in a closely related species, A. crystallopoietes, which has respiration-coupled transport of glucose but can grow on glucose without added malate. The paucity of anaplerotic enzymes in A. pyridinolis and its probable relationship to the malate requirement for growth on glucose were documented as follows: (i) A. crystallopoietes, but not A. pyridinolis, possesses phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity, and neither species contains pyruvate carboxylase; (ii) both A. pyridinolis and A. crystallopoietes possess glyoxylate pathways that are induced by acetate but not by hexoses; (iii) isocitrate lyase-deficient mutants of A. pyridinolis fail to grow on rhamnose and fructose as well as acetate; and (iv) mutants of A. crystallopoietes that require malate for growth on glucose are deficient in phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase.
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19
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Silverstein R. Nucleotide regulation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase from Escherichia coli. Arch Biochem Biophys 1976; 174:568-74. [PMID: 779661 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(76)90385-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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20
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Kleber HP, Aurich H. [Regulation of the malic enzyme activity of Acinetobacter by organic acids]. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ALLGEMEINE MIKROBIOLOGIE 1976; 16:91-5. [PMID: 9741 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.3630160202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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21
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Teraoka H, Izui K, Katsuki H. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase of Escherichia coli. Multiple conformational states elicited by allosteric effectors. Biochemistry 1974; 13:5121-8. [PMID: 4611477 DOI: 10.1021/bi00722a011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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22
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Gold EW, Smith TE. Escherichia coli phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase: effect of allosteric inhibitors on the kinetic parameters and sedimentation behavior. Arch Biochem Biophys 1974; 164:447-55. [PMID: 4618077 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(74)90054-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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23
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Silverstein R, Willis MS. Concerted Regulation in Vitro of Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase from Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem 1973. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)43147-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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24
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Nishikido T, Takanashi H. Glycine activation of PEP carboxylase from monocotyledoneous C4 plants. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1973; 53:126-33. [PMID: 4741541 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(73)91410-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Abstract
Crude preparations of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase obtained from aetiolated seedlings of Zea mays are unstable but can be stabilized with glycerol. At the pH optimum of 8.3, the K(m) value for phosphoenolpyruvate is 80mum. When assayed at 30 degrees C, the enzyme shows normal Michaelis-Menten kinetics, but when assayed at 45 degrees C sigmoid kinetics are exhibited. At pH7.0 the enzyme is inhibited by a number of dicarboxylic acids and by glutamate and aspartate. d and l forms of the hydroxy acids and amino acids are inhibitory and the kinetics approximate to simple non-competitive inhibition. The same compounds produce less inhibition at pH7.6 than at pH7.0 and the kinetics of inhibition are more complex. The enzyme is activated by P(i), by SO(4) (2-) and by a number of sugar phosphates. Maximum activation occurs at acid pH values, where enzyme activity is lowest. The enzyme is activated by AMP and inhibited by ADP and ATP so that the response to energy charge is of the R type and is thus at variance with Atkinson's (1968) concept of energy charge. The physiological significance of the response to metabolites is discussed.
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27
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Kaneshiro T, Arthur LO, Nickerson KW. Control of pantothenate accumulation in Agrobacterium tumefaciens. J Bacteriol 1973; 113:619-26. [PMID: 4347924 PMCID: PMC285273 DOI: 10.1128/jb.113.2.619-626.1973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Two pantothenate-requiring mutants of Agrobacterium tumefaciens have been isolated. One of them (strain WMP-1) is unusual in that growth levels equivalent to the parent strain are achieved only when the medium is additionally supplemented with aspartate or another compound related to the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Extracts of cells grown on limiting aspartate were found to contain four times more (14)C-pantothenate than those grown at optimal aspartate concentrations. This difference was found in both the perchloric acid-soluble and -insoluble fractions, presumably the coenzyme A pool and acyl carrier protein, respectively. These findings are discussed in terms of membrane integrity and the control of fatty acid biosynthesis.
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28
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Miller AL, Atkinson DE. Response of yeast pyruvate carboxylase to the adenylate energy charge and other regulatory parameters. Arch Biochem Biophys 1972; 152:531-8. [PMID: 4564449 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(72)90248-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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29
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Teraoka H, Izui K, Katsuki H. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase of Escherichia coli: alteration of allosteric properties by photooxidation. Arch Biochem Biophys 1972; 152:821-7. [PMID: 4564452 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(72)90278-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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31
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Diesterhaft MD, Hsieh HC, Elson C, Sallach HJ, Shrago E. Enzymatic Regulation of the Metabolism of Phosphoenolpyruvate in Tetrahymena pyriformis. J Biol Chem 1972. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)45276-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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32
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Silverstein R. Kinetic studies of acetyl coenzyme A activated phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase: reverse effects with a fatty acid. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1972; 258:626-36. [PMID: 4551567 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(72)90254-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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33
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Morikawa M, Izui K, Katsuki H. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase of E. coli: discrimination of regulatory sites for four kinds of allosteric effectors by the method of genetic desensitization. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1971; 45:689-94. [PMID: 4942722 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(71)90471-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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36
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Lowe J, Slack CR. Inhibition of maize leaf phosphopyruvate carboxylase by oxaloacetate. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1971; 235:207-9. [PMID: 5089707 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(71)90048-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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37
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Liao CL, Atkinson DE. Regulation at the phosphoenolpyruvate branchpoint in Azotobacter vinelandii: phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase. J Bacteriol 1971; 106:31-6. [PMID: 5551640 PMCID: PMC248640 DOI: 10.1128/jb.106.1.31-36.1971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (EC 4.1.1.31) from Azotobacter vinelandii, like the corresponding enzyme from other organisms, is activated by acetyl coenzyme A and inhibited by l-aspartate. Both modifiers affect primarily the affinity of the enzyme for phosphoenolpyruvate. This is the first enzyme with a strictly anaplerotic (intermediate-replacing) function to be tested for response to the adenylate energy charge; it is entirely insensitive to variation in charge. The results suggest that carboxylation of phosphoenolpyruvate in this organism is controlled by negative feedback from aspartate and by the stimulatory effect of acetyl coenzyme A. The adenylate energy charge may be expected to affect the rate of this reaction indirectly through its effects on the concentrations of acetyl coenzyme A and l-aspartate.
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Forrester LJ, Siu PM. P-enolpyruvate carboxylase from Plasmodium berghei. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1971; 38:73-85. [PMID: 4322552 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(71)90286-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Chapter IV Evaluation of Methods Used to Determine Metabolic Pathways. METHODS IN MICROBIOLOGY 1971. [DOI: 10.1016/s0580-9517(08)70576-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Cazzulo JJ, Sundaram TK, Kornberg HL. Properties and regulation of pyruvate carboxylase from Bacillus stearothermophilus. PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. SERIES B, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1970; 176:1-19. [PMID: 4394197 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.1970.0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Pyruvate carboxylase has been purified 400-fold from the thermophile,
Bacillus stearothermophilus;
it resembles pyruvate carboxylases purified from mesophilic organisms in its general kinetic and regulatory properties. The enzyme is virtually inactive in the absence of acetylcoenzyme A ; this activating effect is antagonized by L-aspartate. Kinetic studies show that these two compounds act as allosteric effectors. ADP inhibits the enzyme activity competitively with ATP. Although the thermophile enzyme is appreciably more thermostable than similar mesophile enzymes, it is quite labile at the temperature at which the organism grows optimally, but can be stabilized by the two allosteric effectors and by some of the reactants.
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Izui K, Yoshinaga T, Morikawa M, Katsuki H. Activation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase of Escherichia coli by free fatty acids or their coenzyme A derivatives. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1970; 40:949-56. [PMID: 4924673 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(70)90995-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Stoffwechseluntersuchungen an lebensmitteltechnologisch wichtigen Mikroorganismen VIII. Mitteilung Pyruvatcarboxylase aus Penicillium camemberti, var. candidum 1. Nachweis des Enzymes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1970. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01142450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Vorísek J, Powell AJ, Vanĕk Z. Regulation of biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. IV. Purification and properties of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in Streptomyces aureofaciens. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 1969; 14:398-405. [PMID: 5820752 DOI: 10.1007/bf02872709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Suzuki T, Abiko Y, Shimizu M. Activation and inhibition of purified phosphotransacetylase of Escherichia coli B by pyruvate and by NADH2 and certain nucleotides. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1969; 35:102-8. [PMID: 4305270 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(69)90488-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Matula TI, McDonald IJ, Martin SM. CO2 fixation by malic enzyme in a species of Micrococcus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1969; 34:795-802. [PMID: 4388574 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(69)90250-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Wegener WS, Vanderwinkel E, Reeves HC, Ajl SJ. Propionate metabolism. V. The physiological significance of isocitrate lyase during growth of E. coli on propionate. Arch Biochem Biophys 1969; 129:545-53. [PMID: 4886248 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(69)90213-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Daniel Lane M, Maruyama H, Easterday R. [43] Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase from peanut cotyledons. Methods Enzymol 1969. [DOI: 10.1016/0076-6879(69)13048-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Corwin LM, Fanning GR. Studies of Parameters Affecting the Allosteric Nature of Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase of Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem 1968. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)93338-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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