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van Heijenoort J. Formation of the glycan chains in the synthesis of bacterial peptidoglycan. Glycobiology 2001; 11:25R-36R. [PMID: 11320055 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/11.3.25r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The main structural features of bacterial peptidoglycan are linear glycan chains interlinked by short peptides. The glycan chains are composed of alternating units of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and N-acetylmuramic acid (MurNAc), all linkages between sugars being beta,1-->4. On the outside of the cytoplasmic membrane, two types of activities are involved in the polymerization of the peptidoglycan monomer unit: glycosyltransferases that catalyze the formation of the linear glycan chains and transpeptidases that catalyze the formation of the peptide cross-bridges. Contrary to the transpeptidation step, for which there is an abundant literature that has been regularly reviewed, the transglycosylation step has been studied to a far lesser extent. The aim of the present review is to summarize and evaluate the molecular and cellullar data concerning the formation of the glycan chains in the synthesis of peptidoglycan. Early work concerned the use of various in vivo and in vitro systems for the study of the polymerization steps, the attachment of newly made material to preexisting peptidoglycan, and the mechanism of action of antibiotics. The synthesis of the glycan chains is catalyzed by the N-terminal glycosyltransferase module of class A high-molecular-mass penicillin-binding proteins and by nonpenicillin-binding monofunctional glycosyltransferases. The multiplicity of these activities in a given organism presumably reflects a variety of in vivo functions. The topological localization of the incorporation of nascent peptidoglycan into the cell wall has revealed that bacteria have at least two peptidoglycan-synthesizing systems: one for septation, the other one for elongation or cell wall thickening. Owing to its location on the outside of the cytoplasmic membrane and its specificity, the transglycosylation step is an interesting target for antibacterials. Glycopeptides and moenomycins are the best studied antibiotics known to interfere with this step. Their mode of action and structure-activity relationships have been extensively studied. Attempts to synthesize other specific transglycosylation inhibitors have recently been made.
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Affiliation(s)
- J van Heijenoort
- Institut de Biochimie, Bat 430, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, F-91405, France
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van Heijenoort Y, Gómez M, Derrien M, Ayala J, van Heijenoort J. Membrane intermediates in the peptidoglycan metabolism of Escherichia coli: possible roles of PBP 1b and PBP 3. J Bacteriol 1992; 174:3549-57. [PMID: 1592809 PMCID: PMC206040 DOI: 10.1128/jb.174.11.3549-3557.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The two membrane precursors (pentapeptide lipids I and II) of peptidoglycan are present in Escherichia coli at cell copy numbers no higher than 700 and 2,000 respectively. Conditions were determined for an optimal accumulation of pentapeptide lipid II from UDP-MurNAc-pentapeptide in a cell-free system and for its isolation and purification. When UDP-MurNAc-tripeptide was used in the accumulation reaction, tripeptide lipid II was formed, and it was isolated and purified. Both lipids II were compared as substrates in the in vitro polymerization by transglycosylation assayed with PBP 1b or PBP 3. With PBP 1b, tripeptide lipid II was used as efficiently as pentapeptide lipid II. It should be stressed that the in vitro PBP 1b activity accounts for at best to 2 to 3% of the in vivo synthesis. With PBP 3, no polymerization was observed with either substrate. Furthermore, tripeptide lipid II was detected in D-cycloserine-treated cells, and its possible in vivo use in peptidoglycan formation is discussed. In particular, it is speculated that the transglycosylase activity of PBP 1b could be coupled with the transpeptidase activity of PBP 3, using mainly tripeptide lipid II as precursor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y van Heijenoort
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
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Kraus W, Glauner B, Höltje JV. UDP-N-acetylmuramylpentapeptide as acceptor in murein biosynthesis in Escherichia coli membranes and ether-permeabilized cells. J Bacteriol 1985; 162:1000-4. [PMID: 3888951 PMCID: PMC215874 DOI: 10.1128/jb.162.3.1000-1004.1985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Two widely used in vitro systems of Escherichia coli capable of synthesizing murein were evaluated by using high-pressure liquid chromatography for murein analysis. Comparison of the composition of murein synthesized by either a membrane preparation or ether-treated cells with native murein revealed that both in vitro systems failed to synthesize murein that was identical to murein formed in vivo. Furthermore, neither system attached the lipoprotein to the murein. Ether-treated cells, however, were superior to the membrane preparation in catalyzing the formation of the remarkable A2pm-A2pm cross-linkage. In both systems an atypical transpeptidation reaction was found to take place in which exogenously supplied UDP-N-acetylmuramylpentapeptide was directly linked to the murein without participation of the bactoprenol lipid carrier. The direct transpeptidation yields preferentially trimeric peptide bridges with the UDP-linked muramylpentapeptide serving as the acceptor.
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Burman LG, Park JT. Molecular model for elongation of the murein sacculus of Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1984; 81:1844-8. [PMID: 6369331 PMCID: PMC345018 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.81.6.1844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Labeling experiments are presented that suggest that new (radioactive) strands of murein are initially inserted adjacent to old strands. After 8 min, new strands start to be inserted adjacent to the previously inserted radioactive strands. Analysis of these data suggests that, for Escherichia coli to double the length of the sacculus in each generation, about 90 separate membrane-bound enzyme complexes travel unidirectionally around the circumference of the cell. They travel at a constant rate, six times each generation, synthesizing, inserting, and crosslinking two strands of murein at a time, thereby doubling the length of the sacculus.
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Purification and properties of penicillin-binding proteins 5 and 6 from the dacA mutant strain of Escherichia coli (JE 11191). J Biol Chem 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)43602-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Maass D, Pelzer H. Murein biosynthesis in ether permeabilized Escherichia coli starting from early peptidoglycan precursors. Arch Microbiol 1981; 130:301-6. [PMID: 7036928 DOI: 10.1007/bf00425944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
ETB, ether treated bacteria, from E. coli and other Gram-negative strains, contain in a cell-free system all enzymes necessary for murein biosynthesis. Starting with a variety of combinations of peptidoglycan precursors, high yields of sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS, 4%) insoluble murein or murein like material were synthesized. The amount of newly synthesized SDS insoluble material (NSM) was dependent upon the growing phase at which cells had been harvested for preparation of ETB. This data may provide some insight into the regulation of peptidoglycan biosynthesis. Starting from early peptidoglycan precursors, the cell-free synthesis of NSM was inhibited by specific inhibitors of murein synthesis, such as D-cycloserine, D-fluoroalanine, 2-amino-ethylphosphonate, analogues of D-alanyl-D-alanine and beta-lactam antibiotics at appropriate concentrations. Some D-alanyl-D-alanine analogues and 4-chlorodiaminopimelic acid were incorporated into NSM in place of their corresponding natural substrates.
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Bohnenberger E, Sandermann H. Dephosphorylation of C55-isoprenyl-monophosphate by non-specific phosphatases. FEBS Lett 1976; 67:85-9. [PMID: 182547 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(76)80875-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Lithander A, Lithander B. 6-[D-alpha-azido-phenylacetamido]penicillanic acid in the cerebrospinal fluid during experimental Haemophilus influenzae meningitis in rabbits. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1975; 7:578-85. [PMID: 5596193 PMCID: PMC429185 DOI: 10.1128/aac.7.5.578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptidoglycan transpeptidase and dd-carboxypeptidase have been detected in isolated membranes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Cephalosporins and penicillins fail to inhibit the transpeptidase at concentrations as high as 100 μg/ml. dd-Carboxypeptidase, on the other hand, is sensitive to inhibition by β-lactam antibiotics. The presence of dimethyl sulfoxide in the reaction mixture results in a twofold stimulation of peptidoglycan formation, whereas dd-carboxypeptidase is inhibited approximately 30%. Maximum stimulation of transpeptidase occurs in the presence of both dimethyl sulfoxide and a β-lactum antibiotic. This is in sharp contrast to the transpeptidase from Escherichia coli, which is sensitive to inhibition by penicillins and cephalosporins.
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Blumberg PM, Strominger JL. Interaction of penicillin with the bacterial cell: penicillin-binding proteins and penicillin-sensitive enzymes. BACTERIOLOGICAL REVIEWS 1974; 38:291-335. [PMID: 4608953 PMCID: PMC413858 DOI: 10.1128/br.38.3.291-335.1974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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12
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Ward JB. The synthesis of peptidoglycan in an autolysin-deficient mutant of Bacillus licheniformis N.C.T.C. 6346 and the effect of beta-lactam antibiotics, bacitracin and vancomycin. Biochem J 1974; 141:227-41. [PMID: 4455202 PMCID: PMC1168070 DOI: 10.1042/bj1410227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of peptidoglycan by cell-free membrane and membrane+wall preparations from an autolysin-deficient, beta-lactamase-negative mutant of Bacillus licheniformis N.C.T.C. 6346 was studied. The membrane preparation synthesized un-cross-linked polymer, the formation of which was not inhibited by beta-lactam antibiotics. Release of d-alanine by the action of d-alanine carboxypeptidase was inhibited variably according to the antibiotic. This inhibition was reversed by neutral hydroxylamine but not by the action of beta-lactamases or by washing. Bacitracin inhibited peptidoglycan synthesis, but not the d-alanine carboxypeptidase. Examination of peptidoglycan synthesized in the presence of excess of bacitracin showed that synthesis was not restricted to the addition of one disaccharide-pentapeptide unit at each synthetic site, an average of 2-3 disaccharide-pentapeptide units being added. Peptidoglycan synthesis was three- to four-fold more sensitive to vancomycin than was the release of d-alanine by the action of the carboxypeptidase. Incorporation of newly synthesized peptidoglycan into pre-existing cell wall was studied in membrane+wall preparations. This incorporation was catalysed by a benzylpenicillin- and cephaloridine-sensitive transpeptidase. The concentrations of these antibiotics giving 50% inhibition of incorporation were almost identical with those required to inhibit growth of the bacillus. Inhibition of the transpeptidase was reversed by treatment with beta-lactamase or by washing.
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13
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Ghuysen JM, Leyh-Bouille M, Frère JM, Dusart J, Marquet A. The penicillin receptor in Streptomyces. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1974; 235:236-68. [PMID: 4528051 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1974.tb43269.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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14
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Pollock JJ, Nguyen-Distèche M, Ghuysen JM, Linder R, Salton MR. The DD-carboxypeptidase-transpeptidase system in Escherichia coli mutant strain. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1974; 235:225-35. [PMID: 4605367 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1974.tb43268.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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15
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Strominger JL, Willoughby E, Kamiryo T, Blumberg PM, Yocum RR. Penicillin-sensitive enzymes and penicillin-binding components in bacterial cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1974; 235:210-24. [PMID: 4277601 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1974.tb43267.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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16
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Hammes WP, Neuhaus FC. On the Specificity of Phospho-N-acetylmuramyl-pentapeptide Translocase. J Biol Chem 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)42649-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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17
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Linnett PE, Strominger JL. Amidation and Cross-Linking of the Enzymatically Synthesized Peptidoglycan of Bacillus stearothermophilus. J Biol Chem 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)42757-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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18
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Biosynthesis and Cross-Linking of the γ-Glutamylglycine-containing Peptidoglycan of Vegetative Cells of Sporosarcina ureae. J Biol Chem 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)42758-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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19
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Nguyen-Distèche M, Ghuysen JM, Pollock JJ, Reynolds P, Perkins HR, Coyette J, Salton MR. Enzymes involved in wall peptide crosslinking in Escherichia coli K12, strain 44. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1974; 41:447-55. [PMID: 4593964 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1974.tb03286.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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20
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Pollock JJ, Nguyen-Distèche M, Ghuysen JM, Coyette J, Linder R, Salton MR, Kim KS, Perkins HR, Reynolds P. Fractionation of the DD-carboxypeptidase-transpeptidase activities solubilized from membranes of Escherichia coli K12, strain 44. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1974; 41:439-46. [PMID: 4593963 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1974.tb03285.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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21
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Linnett PE, Strominger JL. Additional antibiotic inhibitors of peptidoglycan synthesis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1973; 4:231-6. [PMID: 4202341 PMCID: PMC444534 DOI: 10.1128/aac.4.3.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Diumycin, janiemycin, nisin, and subtilin inhibited peptidoglycan synthesis catalyzed by particulate enzyme systems from Bacillus stearothermophilus and Escherichia coli. All of these, except for nisin, also induced accumulation of the lipid intermediate in peptidoglycan synthesis. Concentrations required for 50% inhibition of peptidoglycan synthesis were less than 0.1 mug/ml for diumycin and in the range of 10 to 100 mug/ml for janiemycin, nisin, and subtilin in both organisms. The discrepancy between the extremely low concentration of diumycin required to inhibit the in vitro system from E. coli and the much higher concentration required to inhibit growth of the organism is noteworthy.
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Barnett HJ. D-alanine carboxypeptidases of Bacillus stearothermophilus: solubilisation of particulate enzymes and mechanism of action of penicillin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1973; 304:332-52. [PMID: 4710761 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(73)90252-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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23
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Rogolsky M, Lawrence PJ, Hanh VT. Binding of radioactive benzylpenicillin to asporogenous mutants of Bacillus subtilis during postexponential growth. J Bacteriol 1973; 114:220-7. [PMID: 4633343 PMCID: PMC251758 DOI: 10.1128/jb.114.1.220-227.1973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The specific penicillin binding capacity of a postexponential culture of Staphylococcus aureus remains constant, but that of a sporulating Bacillus subtilis culture fluctuates dramatically. An initial decrease in binding capacity during presporulation events is followed by two distinct intervals of enhanced specific binding capacity during the postlogarithmic growth of a sporulating B. subtilis culture. The first peak of enhanced binding occurs during septation, when enzymes for germ cell wall formation are present; and the second peak coincides with cortical biosynthesis. The specific postlogarithmic binding capacities of a number of Spo(-) mutants of B. subtilis were examined to ascertain if specific asporogenous mutations altered the binding pattern observed with the wild-type organism. Four distinct postexponential binding patterns were recognized: (i) a low, constant binding capacity resembling the binding pattern of S. aureus, (ii) a decrease in binding capacity with no subsequent significant peaks, (iii) a decrease in binding capacity followed by a single peak corresponding to the first peak seen with the wild type, (iv) a pattern similar to the wild type. The fourth pattern was observed in a mutant blocked during stage III of sporogenesis which produced forespores that never became refractile. Mutations blocking either one or both periods of enhanced postlogarithmic binding were interspersed throughout a linkage group of spore genes next to lys-2 on the B. subtilis chomosome.
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Hoffmann B, Messer W, Schwarz U. Regulation of polar cap formation in the life cycle of Escherichia coli. JOURNAL OF SUPRAMOLECULAR STRUCTURE 1972; 1:29-37. [PMID: 4568191 DOI: 10.1002/jss.400010105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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25
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Binding of radioactive benzylpenicillin to sporulating Bacillus cultures: chemistry and fluctuations in specific binding capacity. J Bacteriol 1971; 108:662-7. [PMID: 4942758 PMCID: PMC247124 DOI: 10.1128/jb.108.2.662-667.1971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemistry of the binding of (14)C-benzylpenicillin to sporulating cultures of Bacillus megaterium and B. subtilis is similar to that in a 4-hr vegetative culture of Staphylococcus aureus. Unlabeled penicillins prevent the binding of (14)C-benzylpenicillin, but benzylpenicilloic acid and benzylpenilloic acid do not. Bound antibiotic can be removed from cells with neutral hydroxylamine at 25 C. Sporulating cultures display two intervals of enhanced binding, whereas binding to stationaryphase S. aureus cells remains constant. The first period of increased binding activity occurs during formation of the spore septum or cell wall primordium development, and the second coincides with cortex biosynthesis.
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Lugtenberg EJ, v Schijndel-van Dam A, van Bellegem TH. In vivo and in vitro action of new antibiotics interfering with the utilization of N-acetyl-glucosamine-N-acetyl-muramyl-pentapeptide. J Bacteriol 1971; 108:20-9. [PMID: 5001198 PMCID: PMC247027 DOI: 10.1128/jb.108.1.20-29.1971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent literature on the antibiotics enduracidin, moenomycin, prasinomycin, and 11.837 RP suggested an interaction with murein synthesis. Incubation of sensitive strains from Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus in a "wall medium" containing labeled l-alanine showed that all four antibiotics inhibited the incorporation of alanine into murein and gave rise to accumulation of radioactive uridine diphosphate-N-acetyl-muramyl (UDP-MurNAc)-pentapeptide. Peptidoglycan was synthesized when the particulate enzyme of B. stearothermophilus was incubated with the murein precursors UDP-N-acetyl-glucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) and UDP-MurNAc-pentapeptide. The newly formed polymer was less accessible for lysozyme and more strongly bound to the acceptor than the same product from the Escherichia coli particulate enzyme. After incubation in the presence of penicillin, a greater part of the peptidoglycan was lysozyme sensitive and more loosely bound to the acceptor. The antibiotics enduracidin, moenomycin, prasinomycin, and 11.837 RP inhibited peptidoglycan synthesis by the B. stearothermophilus particulate enzyme. The rate of synthesis of GlcNAc-MurNAc(-pentapeptide)-P-P-phospholipid was independent from the addition of these antibiotics, but its utilization was strongly inhibited. With the present results, it is not possible to distinguish the mechanisms of action of enduracidin, moenomycin, prasinomycin, and 11.837 RP from the mechanisms of action of vancomycin and ristocetin.
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Fleck J, Mock M, Minck R, Ghuysen JM. The cell envelope in Proteus vulgaris P 18. Isolation and characterization of the peptidoglycan component. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1971; 233:489-503. [PMID: 4255900 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(71)90149-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Reynolds PE. Peptidoglycan synthesis in bacilli. II. Characteristics of protoplast membrane preparations. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1971; 237:255-72. [PMID: 4255189 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(71)90316-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Braun V, Wolff H. The murein-lipoprotein linkage in the cell wall of Escherichia coli. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1970; 14:387-91. [PMID: 4918558 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1970.tb00301.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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31
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Katz W, Martin HH. Peptide crosslinkage in cell wall murein of Proteus mirabilis and its penicillin-induced unstable L-form. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1970; 39:744-9. [PMID: 4249926 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(70)90268-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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32
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Perkins H. Composition of Bacterial Cell Walls in Relation to Antibiotic Action. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY 1970. [DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(08)60564-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Purification and Properties of Uridine Diphosphate N-Acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamate: Meso-2,6-diaminopimelate Ligase. J Biol Chem 1968. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)93424-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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35
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Krulwich TA, Ensign JC, Tipper DJ, Strominger JL. Sphere-rod morphogenesis in Arthrobacter crystallopoietes. II. Peptides of the cell wall peptidoglycan. J Bacteriol 1967; 94:741-50. [PMID: 6035267 PMCID: PMC251946 DOI: 10.1128/jb.94.3.741-750.1967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell walls of Arthrobacter crystallopoietes grown as spheres and as rods were solubilized by treatment with the B enzyme from Chalaropsis, an N-acetylmuramidase. The neutral glycopeptides were then isolated by chromatography on ECTEOLA cellulose. The glycopeptides, consisting of disaccharide-peptide units interlinked by peptide cross-bridges, were fractionated by gel filtration on Sephadex columns into oligomers of various sizes. The size distribution ranged from monomers with no cross-bridges to polymers with a high degree of polymerization, but did not differ significantly between cell walls from cells grown as spheres or rods. Some small differences in the distribution of C- and N-terminal amino acids were found. Analyses revealed that all the peptide bridges in the glycopeptide fractions from rod cell walls were formed by one l-alanine residue. In sphere cell walls, l-alanine was also found, but, in addition, higher oligomers of the glycopeptide contained glycine in their cross-bridges. These results were confirmed by determinations of C- and N-terminal amino acids released after lysostaphin and AL-1 enzyme digestions and by Edman degradations. Models representing the structures of the sphere and rod cell walls are presented. These structures indicate that the sphere cell wall is probably a more loosely knit macromolecule than is the rod cell wall.
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Matsuhashi M, Dietrich CP, Strominger JL. Biosynthesis of the Peptidoglycan of Bacterial Cell Walls. J Biol Chem 1967. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)95950-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Strominger JL, Ghuysen JM. Mechanisms of enzymatic bacteriaolysis. Cell walls of bacteri are solubilized by action of either specific carbohydrases or specific peptidases. Science 1967; 156:213-21. [PMID: 4960294 DOI: 10.1126/science.156.3772.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Perkins HR. The use of photolysis of dinitrophenyl-peptides in structural studies on the cell-wall mucopeptide of Corynebacterium poinsettiae. Biochem J 1967; 102:29C-32C. [PMID: 6029599 PMCID: PMC1270300 DOI: 10.1042/bj1020029c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Anderson JS, Meadow PM, Haskin MA, Strominger JL. Biosynthesis of the peptidoglycan of bacterial cell walls. I. Utilization of uridine diphosphate acetylmuramyl pentapeptide and uridine diphosphate acetylglucosamine for peptidoglycan synthesis by particulate enzymes from Staphylococcus aureus and Micrococcus lysodeikticus. Arch Biochem Biophys 1966; 116:487-515. [PMID: 5961853 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(66)90056-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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