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Wan Q, Tavakoli L, Wang TY, Tucker AJ, Zhou R, Liu Q, Feng S, Choi D, He Z, Gack MU, Zhao J. Hijacking of nucleotide biosynthesis and deamidation-mediated glycolysis by an oncogenic herpesvirus. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1442. [PMID: 38365882 PMCID: PMC10873312 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45852-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the causative agent of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) and multiple types of B cell malignancies. Emerging evidence demonstrates that KSHV reprograms host-cell central carbon metabolic pathways, which contributes to viral persistence and tumorigenesis. However, the mechanisms underlying KSHV-mediated metabolic reprogramming remain poorly understood. Carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase 2, aspartate transcarbamoylase, and dihydroorotase (CAD) is a key enzyme of the de novo pyrimidine synthesis, and was recently identified to deamidate the NF-κB subunit RelA to promote aerobic glycolysis and cell proliferation. Here we report that KSHV infection exploits CAD for nucleotide synthesis and glycolysis. Mechanistically, KSHV vCyclin binds to and hijacks cyclin-dependent kinase CDK6 to phosphorylate Ser-1900 on CAD, thereby activating CAD-mediated pyrimidine synthesis and RelA-deamidation-mediated glycolytic reprogramming. Correspondingly, genetic depletion or pharmacological inhibition of CDK6 and CAD potently impeded KSHV lytic replication and thwarted tumorigenesis of primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) cells in vitro and in vivo. Altogether, our work defines a viral metabolic reprogramming mechanism underpinning KSHV oncogenesis, which may spur the development of new strategies to treat KSHV-associated malignancies and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanyuan Wan
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port St. Lucie, FL, USA
| | - Leah Tavakoli
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port St. Lucie, FL, USA
| | - Ting-Yu Wang
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Proteome Exploration Laboratory, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Andrew J Tucker
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port St. Lucie, FL, USA
| | - Ruiting Zhou
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port St. Lucie, FL, USA
| | - Qizhi Liu
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- State Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shu Feng
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Diabetes & Cancer Metabolism, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Dongwon Choi
- Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zhiheng He
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michaela U Gack
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port St. Lucie, FL, USA
| | - Jun Zhao
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port St. Lucie, FL, USA.
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2
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Buchanan JM. The amidotransferases. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 39:91-183. [PMID: 4355768 DOI: 10.1002/9780470122846.ch2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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3
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Banerjei LC, Davidson JN. Site-directed substitution of Ser1406 of hamster CAD with glutamic acid alters allosteric regulation of carbamyl phosphate synthetase II. SOMATIC CELL AND MOLECULAR GENETICS 1997; 23:37-49. [PMID: 9218000 DOI: 10.1007/bf02679954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Ser1406 of the allosteric region of the hamster CAD enzyme, carbamyl phosphate synthetase II (CPSase), is known to be phosphorylated in vitro by cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA). Metabolic labeling experiments described here demonstrate that CAD is phosphorylated in somatic cells in culture. Phosphorylation is stimulated by treating cells with 8-bromo-cAMP, a PKA activator. The stimulation is essentially prevented by pretreatment with H-89, a PKA specific inhibitor. Substitution of Ser1406 with alanine results in an enzyme with kinetics and allosteric regulation indistinguishable from unsubstituted CAD. However, substitution to glutamic acid increases CPSase activity by reducing the apparent Km (ATP). The UTP concentration required to give 50% inhibition is increased rendering this altered enzyme significantly less sensitive to feedback inhibition, but allosteric activation by PRPP is unaffected. While these data do not prove that Ser1406 is phosphorylated in vivo, they do indicate that a specific alteration at this residue can affect allosteric regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Banerjei
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert B. Chandler Medical Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40536-0084, USA
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4
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Cloning and expression of the mammalian multifunctional protein CAD in Escherichia coli. Characterization of the recombinant protein and a deletion mutant lacking the major interdomain linker. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)31587-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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5
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Alonso MJ, De Arriaga D, Soler J. Carbamoyl-phosphate synthase in Phycomyces blakesleeanus. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1988; 955:175-86. [PMID: 3395622 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(88)90191-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A carbamoyl-phosphate synthase has been purified from mycelia of Phycomyces blakesleeanus NRRL 1555 (-). The molecular weight of the enzyme was estimated to be 188,000 by gel filtration. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate showed that the enzyme consists of two unequal subunits with molecular weights of 130,000 and 55,000. The purified enzyme has been shown to be highly unstable. The carbamoyl-phosphate synthase from Phycomyces uses ammonia and not L-glutamine as a primary N donor and does not require activation by N-acetyl-L-glutamate, but it does require free Mg2+ for maximal activity. Kinetic studies showed a hyperbolic behavior with respect to ammonia (Km 6.34 mM), bicarbonate (Km 10.5 mM) and ATP.2 Mg2+ (Km 0.93 mM). The optimum pH of the enzyme activity was 7.4-7.8. The Phycomyces carbamoyl-phosphate synthase showed a transition temperature at 38.5 degrees C. It was completely indifferent to ornithine, cysteine, glycine, IMP, dithiothreitol, glycerol, UMP, UDP and UTP. The enzyme was inhibited by reaction with 5 mM N-ethylmaleimide.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Alonso
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de León, Spain
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6
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Pausch J, Rasenack J, Häussinger D, Gerok W. Hepatic carbamoyl phosphate metabolism. Role of cytosolic and mitochondrial carbamoyl phosphate in de novo pyrimidine synthesis. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1985; 150:189-94. [PMID: 4018077 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1985.tb09006.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The interrelationship between the two carbamoyl phosphate pools in intact hepatocytes and intact liver was studied with respect to de novo pyrimidine synthesis by use of selective inhibitors of the mitochondrial and the cytosolic carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase. Inhibition of mitochondrial carbamoyl phosphate synthesis by 4-pentenoate was without effect on galactosamine-stimulated pyrimidine synthesis. Conditions favouring mitochondrial carbamoyl phosphate accumulation, like excess ammonium ions or L-norvaline, led to an increase in pyrimidine synthesis bypassing the feedback inhibition of cytosolic carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase by UTP. A stimulation of pyrimidine synthesis was not observed when the carbamoyl phosphate accumulation was due to aspartate deficiency in the presence of aminooxyacetate. The full response of pyrimidine synthesis to excess ammonium ions was restored, even in the presence of aminooxyacetate, when aspartate was substituted. This is explained by an inhibition of aspartate carbamoyltransferase flux [in view of the Km (aspartate = 0.7 mmol/l) of this enzyme] resulting from a 90% decrease in aspartate tissue levels. Acivicin, the inhibitor of cytosolic carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase, completely abolished the galactosamine-induced stimulation of pyrimidine synthesis, but was without effect on the stimulation of pyrimidine synthesis by ammonium ions and L-norvaline. It is concluded that experimental changes in mitochondrial carbamoyl phosphate content exert effects on de novo pyrimidine synthesis; however, it is considered unlikely that relevant amounts of mitochondrial carbamoyl phosphate are used for pyrimidine synthesis under physiological conditions. In addition the data point to a potential regulatory role of aspartate in hepatic pyrimidine synthesis.
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7
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Rasenack J, Pausch J, Gerok W. De novo pyrimidine biosynthesis in isolated rat hepatocytes. Quantitative aspects of the regulation by UTP. J Biol Chem 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)89243-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Abstract
Pyrimidine metabolism in Trichomonas vaginalis was investigated using washed cell suspensions of the organism with radiolabelled pyrimidine ring precursors and preformed pyrimidines. The precursors [14C]orotate, [14C]bicarbonate and [14C]aspartate were not incorporated into the pyrimidine bases of trichomonal nucleic acids, indicating that the protozoan is unable to synthesise the pyrimidine ring and is dependent on the salvage of exogenous pyrimidines. [3H]uracil, [3H]uridine, [3H]cytidine, deoxy[3H]cytidine and [3H]thymidine were all efficiently salvaged, and interconversion between cytosine and uracil nucleotides was detected. Thymidylate synthase activity was not detected, suggesting that T. vaginalis is dependent upon an exogenous supply of thymidine for TMP synthesis.
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Wendler PA, Blanding JH, Tremblay GC. Interaction between the urea cycle and the orotate pathway: studies with isolated hepatocytes. Arch Biochem Biophys 1983; 224:36-48. [PMID: 6870261 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(83)90188-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Two enzymes catalyze the synthesis of carbamylphosphate (CP) in the liver. One is intramitochondrial and utilizes ammonia to make CP for ureagenesis; the second is cytoplasmic and utilizes glutamine to produce CP for pyrimidine biosynthesis. The extent to which the metabolic independence of the two pathways is abridged by the use of a common precursor was examined with measurements of the incorporation of [14C]NaHCO3 into orotic acid, uridine nucleotides, and urea in isolated hepatocytes. Pyrimidine synthesis was markedly stimulated by physiological concentrations of ammonia, and the stimulation was antagonized by ornithine. At intracellular concentrations of ornithine and levels of ammonia found in the portal circulation, some 90% of pyrimidine synthesis was ammonia-dependent. When the glutamine-dependent activity was released from feedback inhibition with galactosamine, the ammonia-dependent incorporation still accounted for 2/3 of pyrimidine synthesis. These results do not support the widely held view that the cytoplasmic enzyme is the sole source of CP for pyrimidine biosynthesis in the liver. They suggest instead that the bulk of the CP incorporated into hepatic pyrimidines is of mitochondrial origin. However, an experiment with intact animals failed to provide decisive evidence on this interpretation. Pyrimidine biosynthesis was sharply inhibited by the addition of uridine, but ureagenesis was unaffected. When physiological levels of ammonia were provided, the sensitivity of pyrimidine biosynthesis to uridine was lost. Although inhibition of the ammonia-dependent enzyme by pyrimidines has been observed with cell-free preparations, it was not evident in the intact cell. Thus, to the extent that the CP consumed in pyrimidine biosynthesis is of mitochondrial origin, feedback control of the orotate pathway appears to be thwarted.
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11
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Tatibana M, Kita K, Asai T. Stimulation by 6-azauridine of carbamoyl phosphate synthesis for pyrimidine biosynthesis in mouse spleen slices. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1982; 128:625-9. [PMID: 6185334 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1982.tb07009.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
1. Slices of spleen from anaemic mice were incubated with [14C]bicarbonate in the presence and absence of 6-azauridine and the amounts of 14C that entered the de novo pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway were assessed and compared. Compounds analyzed included carbamoylaspartate, dihydroorotate, orotate plus its derivatives, acid-soluble uracil and cytosine 5'-nucleotides, nucleic acid pyrimidines, free pyrimidine bases and nucleosides. As the intracellular levels of carbamoyl phosphate and acid-soluble deoxyribonucleotides are known to be relatively low, the radioactivities of these compounds were not measured. Degradation of labelled uridine was limited in this tissues, therefore the radioactivity of degradative products of pyrimidines was not considered. 2. When the slices were incubated with 0.5 mM 6-azauridine for 10 min and then with [14C]bicarbonate for an additional 10 min and 30 min, the sum of radioactivity found in the above compounds, which represents the total amount of 14C that entered the pyrimidine pathway, was 2.1 and 2.3 times greater than when the tissue slices were incubated in the absence of the analogue. 3. When the 14C distribution among the carbon atoms of the molecules of labelled carbamoylaspartate and uracil was investigated, we found that more than 90% of the total 14C in these compounds derived directly from carbamoyl phosphate and the remaining portion was from aspartate, either in the presence or absence of 6-azauridine. 4. There was no indication that 6-azauridine altered [14C]bicarbonate permeation through the cell membrane or its intracellular metabolism. 5. These results, along with the pattern of early intermediate accumulation seen in the presence of 6-azauridine, indicate that 6-azauridine stimulates the production of carbamoyl phosphate for the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway in the mouse spleen. 6. Of the radioactive early intermediates which accumulated, only orotate, its derivatives (orotidine and orotidine 5'-monophosphate) or both appeared in the medium, presumably the result of leakage through the cell membranes. 7. Stimulation of the pyrimidine pathway was not observed in the case of Ehrlich ascites tumour cells incubated under similar conditions with 6-azauridine.
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12
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Tatibana M, Kita K, Asai T, Ikeda F. Enhancement of intracellular 5-phosphoribosyl 1-pyrophosphate levels as a major factor in the 6-azauridine-induced stimulation of carbamoyl phosphate synthesis in mouse spleen slices. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1982; 128:631-6. [PMID: 6185335 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1982.tb07010.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Brief exposure to 6-azauridine stimulates the production of carbamoyl phosphate for de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis in vitro in slices of haematopoietic spleen from anaemic mice (preceding paper). In studies of the underlying mechanism for this response we turned our attention to changes in the level of substrates and effectors for carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase II. Intermediates of the orotic acid pathway and 6-azauridine had little effect on the synthetase activity in vitro. 6-Azauridine 5'-monophosphate (6-AzaUMP) stimulated synthetase II, possibly in an allosteric manner. However, in view of the potency as an activator and the tissue levels, 6-azaUMP may be only partially responsible for the stimulation. Adenine nucleotide levels in the tissue showed only minor changes after brief exposure (15 min) to 6-azauridine. The level of UTP and UDP, potent inhibitors for synthetase II, showed no significant change. The level of 5-phosphoribosyl 1-pyrophosphate (PPRibP), a potent positive effector for the synthetase II, showed a more than 1.5-fold increase after 15 min. The relative importance of these factors was evaluated by assay of the synthetase, partially purified from mouse spleen, under simulated conditions in vitro. The results indicated that the enhanced level of PPRibP played a major role in increasing the production of carbamoyl phosphate. In Ehrlich ascites cells in vitro, where 6-azauridine did not increase carbamoyl phosphate production, the basal PPRibP level was high (range over 0.1 mM) and the changes in the level, brought about by the analogue, were relatively small.
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13
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Pandey VN, Pradhan DS. Reverse and forward reactions of carbamyl phosphokinase from Streptococcus faecalis R. Participation of nucleotides and reaction mechanisms. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1981; 660:284-92. [PMID: 6269635 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(81)90172-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The participation of Mg complex of nucleoside diphosphates and nucleoside triphosphates in the reverse and forward reactions catalyzed by purified carbamyl phosphokinase (ATP : carbamate phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.2.2) of Streptococcus faecalis R, ATCC-8043 were studied. The results of initial velocity studies of approx. 1 mM free Mg2+ concentration have indicated that in the reverse reaction MgdADP was as effective a substrate as MgADP. The phosphoryl group transfer from carbamyl phosphate to MgGDP, MgCDP and MgUDP was also observed at relatively higher concentrations of the enzyme and respective magnesium nucleoside diphosphate. In the forward direction MgdATP was found to be as efficient a phosphate donor as MgATP. On the other hand, Mg complexes of GTP, CTP and UTP were ineffective even at higher concentrations of the enzyme and respective magnesium nucleoside triphosphate. Product inhibition studies carried out at non-inhibitory level of approx. 1 mM free Mg2+ concentration have revealed that the enzyme has two distinct sites, one for nucleoside diphosphate or nucleoside triphosphate and the other for carbamyl phosphate or carbamate, and its reaction with the substrates is of the random type. Further tests of numerical values for kinetic constants have indicated that they are partially consistent with the Haldane relationship which is characteristic of rapid equilibrium and random mechanism.
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Cortes P, Verghese CP, Venkatachalam KK, Schoenberger AM, Levin NW. Phosphoribosylpyrophosphate bioavailability in diabetic rat renal cortex in vivo. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1980; 238:E341-8. [PMID: 6155074 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.1980.238.4.e341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Experimental diabetes induces increased content of RNA and UTP in the renal cortex. Studies were designed to assess the bioavailability of 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate (PRPP) in the diabetic renal cortex because PRPP is an important determinant of the de novo synthesis of nucleotides. The tissue bioavailability of PRPP determines the effects of orotate or adenine administration on UTP, ATP, and GTP content and on the incorporation of labeled precursors into UTP and ATP. Diabetic and control rats with chronic intravenous cannulas were infused over 2.5-24 h with orotate or adenine. Orotate administration induced greater decreases in ATP and GTP and in labeled adenine incorporation into ATP concomitant with smaller increases in UTP in controls than in diabetic animals. Adenine administration induced a greater decrease of labeled orotate incorporation into UTP and a smaller increase in ATP in controls than in diabetic animals. Prolonging the adenine infusion resulted in disappearance of these differences. The results are compatible with greater initial bioavailability of PRPP in the diabetic renal cortex than in controls but with a rate of maximal PRPP generation that is the same in both tissues.
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Hisata T, Tatibana M. Control of de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis in mammalian tissues. Levels and turnover of early intermediates in mouse spleen in vivo. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1980; 105:155-61. [PMID: 6154574 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1980.tb04485.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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16
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Aoki T, Oya H, Mori M, Tatibana M. Control of pyrimidine biosynthesis in the Ascaris ovary: regulatory properties of glutamine-dependent carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase and copurification of the enzyme with aspartate carbamoyltransferase and dihydroorotase. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1980; 1:55-68. [PMID: 6108508 DOI: 10.1016/0166-6851(80)90041-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Glutamine-dependent carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase, the first enzyme of the de novo biosynthetic pathway for pyrimidine nucleotides, was purified about twenty-fold from 105 000 x g supernatant of the Ascaris ovary homogenate. The enzyme activity was feedback-inhibited by UDP and UTP while it was stimulated by 5-phosphoribosyl 1-pyrophosphate. Most of the catalytic and regulatory properties of the Ascaris synthetase were similar to those of the mammalian synthetase. A significant difference is that the Ascaris enzyme was more strongly inhibited by UDP than by UTP whereas the mammalian enzyme is more sensitive to UTP than to UDP. The Ascaris enzyme was also inhibited by other various nucleoside diphosphates, such as dUDP, dADP and CDP, generally more strongly than by the corresponding nucleoside triphosphates. Aspartate carbamoyltransferase and dihydroorotase, the second and third enzymes of the pathway, were also demonstrated in the supernatant fraction. These two enzymes were copurified with the synthetase and the relative activities of the three enzymes remained nearly constant (1:850-890:50-60) throughout the purification. In a sucrose gradient centrifugation, the enzymes cosedimented as a single peak with a sedimentation coefficient (s20,w) of about 32 S under the condition used. These results strongly suggest that the enzymes exist as a multienzyme complex similar to those found in higher animals. The activity of the carbamoyltransferase was insensitive to nucleotides and related compounds. These results indicate that the synthetase plays a key role in the control of pyrimidine biosynthesis in the Ascaris ovary.
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Identification and characterization of the glutamine-utilizing carbamyl phosphate synthetase activity in Drosophila melanogaster. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-1790(79)90006-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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Sonoda T, Tatibana M. Metabolic fate of pyrimidines and purines in dietary nucleic acids ingested by mice. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1978; 521:55-66. [PMID: 718937 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(78)90248-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
1. In order to study the metabolism and tissue utilization of pyrimidines or purines ingested as dietary nucleic acid components, [14C]uracil, [14C]cytosine-labeled RNA, [14C]thymine-labeled DNA, or [14C]adenine-labeled RNA was fed to mice. 2. Absorption and catabolism of each ingested radioactive material were rapid; 80% or more of the ingested radioactivity was excreted as catabolic products over an 8-h period. 3. Utilization of the ingested radioactive materials for tissue synthesis of nucleic acids was limited under the usual conditions, the extent being 2--5%, 4 h after feeding. Such acid-insoluble radioactivity was localized principally in gastrointestinal tissue, and much lesser amounts, albeit significant, were found in the liver. 4. With increase in the dose of dietary nucleic acids, the amounts of utilized (nucleic acids and nucleotides) and utilizable (nucleosides and free bases) forms of uracil and cytosine and of adenine were increased in all tissues examined. Relationship between the dose and utilization together with additional findings support the view that gastrointestinal tissue and the liver utilize and degrade a greater part of the exogenous nucleic acid bases before their entry into the systemic circulation. 5. The metabolism of DNA thymine was unique in that it was significantly utilized for DNA synthesis in tissues other than the gastrointestinal tissue and liver to a comparative extent. The spleen was particularly active in this respect, and the hyperplastic, hematopoietic spleen was three times more active than the normal spleen. 6. Principal components of partially digested products in the intestinal lumen 1 h after the ingestion were uridine (33%) and cytidine (22%) in the case of [14C]uracil, [14C]cytosine-labeled RNA and inosine (53%) in the case of [14C]adenine-labeled RNA, in accordance with the view that purines and pyrimidines in nucleic acids are absorbed mainly in the form of nucleosides.
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Mori M, Tatibana M. A multienzyme complex of carbamoyl-phosphate synthase (glutamine): aspartate carbamoyltransferase: dihydoorotase (rat ascites hepatoma cells and rat liver). Methods Enzymol 1978; 51:111-20. [PMID: 29209 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(78)51019-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Traut TW, Jones ME. Mammalian synthesis of UMP from orotate: the regulation of and conformers of complex U. ADVANCES IN ENZYME REGULATION 1977; 16:21-41. [PMID: 358793 DOI: 10.1016/0065-2571(78)90065-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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21
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Meister A, Powers SG. Glutamine-dependent carbamyl phosphate synthetase: catalysis and regulation. ADVANCES IN ENZYME REGULATION 1977; 16:289-315. [PMID: 211819 DOI: 10.1016/0065-2571(78)90079-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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22
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Mori M, Tatibana M. Glutaminase activity of glutamine-dependent carbamoyl-phosphate synthase from rat ascites hepatoma. Regulation by adenosine triphosphate-magensium and magnesium ion. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1977; 483:90-9. [PMID: 195624 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(77)90011-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Ishida H, Mori M, Tatibana M. Effects of dimethyl sulfoxide and glycerol on catalytic and regulatory properties of glutamine-dependent carbamoyl phosphate synthase from rat liver and dual effects of uridine triphosphate. Arch Biochem Biophys 1977; 182:258-65. [PMID: 196553 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(77)90306-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Krooth RS, May SR, Stern HJ. A theory for the chemical mediation of the excitability of the brain, with special reference to natural and drug-induced sleep. J Theor Biol 1977; 66:595-652. [PMID: 196142 DOI: 10.1016/0022-5193(77)90235-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Pausch JG, Keppler DO, Gerok W. Increased de novo pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis in liver induced by ammonium ions in amounts surpassing the urea cycle capacity. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1977; 76:157-63. [PMID: 195808 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1977.tb11581.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Mori M, Tatibana M. Glutamine-dependent carbamoyl phosphate synthetase: polyamines inhibit the activity and modify the activating effect of 5-phosphoribosyl 1-pyrophosphate. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1975; 67:287-93. [PMID: 173306 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(75)90314-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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27
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Gulen S, Tremblay GC. Pyrimidine biosynthesis and its regulation in the estrogen-stimulated chick oviduct. Arch Biochem Biophys 1975; 168:567-75. [PMID: 166622 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(75)90288-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Pausch J, Wilkening J, Nowack J, Decker K. Control of pyrimidine biosynthesis in the perfused liver. Feedback inhibition of glutamine-dependent carbamoyl phosphate synthetase. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1975; 53:349-56. [PMID: 166840 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1975.tb04075.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The site of feedback inhibition of the biosynthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides de novo was investigated in the isolated perfused rat liver. Hepatic uridine phosphate contents were specifically depleted by use of D-galactosamine. The effective activities of enzymes involved in the synthetic pathway were deduced from the rats of incorporation of labeled precursors into the acid-soluble uracil nucleotide pool and into some intermediates of the pathway. The labeling of hepatic urea was also monitored. When the uridine phosphate contents were less than 20% of controls, the incorporation of [14-C]-bicarbonate was stimulated about 20-fold. Label from [U-14C]oxaloacetate used as permeable precursor of intrace-lular aspartate was introduced into the uridylates to the same extent in normal and UTP-depleted livers. Similar results were obtained with labeled carbamoyl phosphate although the uptake of this compound by the liver was rather low. The lack of labeling of urea from exogenous carbamoyl phosphate does not indicate a free exchange of extra- and intramitochondrial carbamoyl phosphate. [ureido-14C]Ureidosuccinate produced in normal and D-galactosamine-treated livers almost identical labeling patterns of dihydroorotate, orotate and orotidine 5'-phosphate. The steady state concentrations of these intermediates were all below 15 nmol/g liver wet weight.
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Abstract
In vitro and "in situ" assays have been developed to test the carbamyl phosphate synthetase (CPSase) activity of a series of pyrimidine-requiring mutants of Bacillus subtilis. The enzyme has been shown to be highly unstable, and was successfully extracted only in the presence of 10% glycerol and 1 mM dithiothreitol (Cleland's reagent). It loses activity rapidly when sonicated or when treated with lysozyme. Genetic studies, using mutants, indicate that B. subtilis may possess two CPSases. This possibility and its physiological consequences were probed enzymatically. CPSase activity has been shown to undergo inhibition by both uridine triphosphate and dihydroorotate; activation has been demonstrated in response to phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PRPP) and (to a lesser extent) ornithine.
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AOKI T, OYA H, MORI M, TATIBANA M. Glutamine-dependent Carbamoyl-phosphates Synthetase in Ascaris Ovary and its Regulatory Properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1975. [DOI: 10.2183/pjab1945.51.733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi AOKI
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Juntendo University
| | - Hiroshi OYA
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Juntendo University
| | - Masataka MORI
- Department of Biochemistry, Chiba University School of Medicine
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Natale PJ, Tremblay GC. Studies on the availability of intramitochondrial carbamoylphosphate for utilization in extramitochondrial reactions in rat liver. Arch Biochem Biophys 1974; 162:357-68. [PMID: 4366144 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(74)90193-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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32
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Shambaugh GE, Mrozak SC, Metzger BE, Freinkel N. Glutamine-dependent carbamyl phosphate synthetase during fetal and neonatal life in the rat. Dev Biol 1974; 37:171-85. [PMID: 4362960 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(74)90177-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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33
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34
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Shambaugh GE, Blumenschein GR. Combined effects of phytohemagglutinin and staphylococcal enterotoxin B on deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis during blast transformation in human lymphocytes. Infect Immun 1974; 9:384-90. [PMID: 4361297 PMCID: PMC414813 DOI: 10.1128/iai.9.2.384-390.1974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Three mitogenic agents, phytohemagglutinin (PHA), staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB), and concanavalin A (Con A) were tested for their effects on deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis in the normal human lymphocyte. When optimal concentrations of PHA and SEB were combined, tritiated thymidine incorporation in lymphocytes derived from several donors was enhanced significantly. In the presence of graded concentrations of one of these mitogens added to fixed optimal concentrations of the other, this enhancement was shown to be additive. By contrast, when PHA or SEB were combined with Con A, the resulting thymidine incorporation was slightly lower than for either mitogen alone. An inhibition of further thymidine incorporation when puromycin was added to lymphocytes incubated with PHA and SEB suggested that the additive effect of these mitogens was due to increased enzyme synthesis. To define potential differences in mechanisms of action underlying the additive effect of SEB and PHA, the relative contribution of the de novo and salvage pathways for pyrimidine biosynthesis was tested with cytidine, a specific salvage pathway inhibitor. Cytidine (10(-3) M) inhibited synthesis through the salvage pathway, but did not significantly alter induction of carbamyl phosphate synthetase II, the rate-limiting enzyme for the de novo pathway. An inhibition of DNA synthesis by millimolar cytidine concentrations in lymphocytes incubated with PHA or SEB, singly or in combination, suggested that pyrimidines for the observed enhancement of DNA synthesis were derived largely via the salvage pathway.
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Mori M, Tatibana M. Dissociation by elastase digestion of enzyme complex catalyzing the initial steps of pyrimidine biosynthesis in rat liver. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1973; 54:1525-31. [PMID: 4271075 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(73)91159-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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37
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Kennedy J. Distribution, subcellular localization, and product inhibition of dihydroorotate oxidation in the rat. Arch Biochem Biophys 1973; 157:369-73. [PMID: 4730799 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(73)90651-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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39
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Roux JM, Hoogenraad NJ, Kretchmer N. Biosynthesis of Pyrimidine Nucleotides in Mouse Salivary Glands Stimulated with Isoproterenol. J Biol Chem 1973. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)44281-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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40
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41
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Murphy B, Martin DW. Carbamyl phosphate synthetase II in the mucosal cells of gall bladders. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1972; 49:121-6. [PMID: 4672925 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(72)90017-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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42
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Lueck JD, Nordlie RC. The utilization of intramitochondrially generated carbamyl phosphate for microsomal glucose 6-phosphate biosynthesis. FEBS Lett 1972; 20:195-198. [PMID: 11946414 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(72)80792-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- James D. Lueck
- Guy and Bertha Ireland Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of North Dakota School of Medicine, 58201, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
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Tatibana M, Shigesada K. Activation by 5-phosphoribosyl 1-pyrophosphate of glutamine-dependent carbamyl phosphate synthetase from mouse spleen. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1972; 46:491-7. [PMID: 4333418 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(72)80165-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Tatibana M, Shigesada K. Two carbamyl phosphate synthetases of mammals: specific roles in control of pyrimidine and urea biosynthesis. ADVANCES IN ENZYME REGULATION 1972; 10:249-71. [PMID: 4347313 DOI: 10.1016/0065-2571(72)90017-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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JONES MARYELLEN. Regulation of Uridylic Acid Biosynthesis in Eukaryotic Cells. CURRENT TOPICS IN CELLULAR REGULATION 1972. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-152806-5.50014-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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46
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47
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Hoogenraad NJ, Levine RL, Kretchmer N. Copurification of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase and aspartate transcarbamoylase from mouse spleen. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1971; 44:981-8. [PMID: 5125237 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(71)90808-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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49
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Shambaugh GE, Metzger BE, Freinkel N. Glutamine-dependent carbamyl phosphate synthetase in placenta and fetal structures of the rat. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1971; 42:155-8. [PMID: 5545507 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(71)90081-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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50
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