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Mostafa T, Albeir M, Wober J, Abadi A, Salama I, Ahmed NS. Design, synthesis, and in-silico study of novel triarylethylene analogs with dual anti-estrogenic and serotonergic activity. Drug Dev Res 2024; 85:e22127. [PMID: 37877739 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.22127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen receptor is an important target in breast cancer. Serotonin receptors (5-HT2A and 5-HT2C , in particular) were investigated for a potential role in development and progression of breast cancer. Ligands that interact with estrogenic receptors influence the emotional state of females. Thus, designing selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) analogs with potential serotonergic activity is a plausible approach. The dual ligands can augment cytotoxic effect of SERMs, help in both physical and emotional menopausal symptom relief, enhance cognitive function and support bone health. Herein, we report triarylethylene analogs as potential candidates for treatment of breast cancer. Compound 2e showed (ERα relative β- galactosidase activity = 0.70), 5-HT2A (Ki = 0.97 µM), and 5-HT2C (Ki = 3.86 µM). It was more potent on both MCF-7 (GI50 = 0.27 µM) and on MDA-MB-231 (GI50 = 1.86 µM) compared to tamoxifen (TAM). Compound 4e showed 40 times higher antiproliferative activity on MCF-7 and 15 times on MDA-MBA compared to TAM. Compound 4e had higher average potency than TAM on all nine tested cell line panels. Our in-silico model revealed the binding interactions of compounds 2 and 2e in the three receptors; further structural modifications are suggested to optimize binding to the ERα, 5-HT2A , and 5-HT2C .
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammy Mostafa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Miriam Albeir
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Jannette Wober
- Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ashraf Abadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ismail Salama
- Department of Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Nermin S Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
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Wang J, Lee RC. Tamoxifen Upregulates Collagenase Gene Expression in Human Dermal Fibroblasts. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2024; 12:e5609. [PMID: 38348464 PMCID: PMC10860976 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000005609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Background Tamoxifen is a known inhibitor of fibroblast transforming growth factor beta biosynthesis and wound scar formation. Tamoxifen is also known to be an estrogen antagonist and protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor. Cells treated with tamoxifen and other PKC/calmodulin inhibitors depolymerize their membrane focal adhesion complexes and cytoskeletal protein structures. These effects result in substrate detachment, cell shape rounding, and upregulation of collagenase synthesis and extracellular matrix degradation. The purpose of our study was to test the hypothesis that tamoxifen treatment of human foreskin fibroblasts results in alteration of cytoskeletal protein organization, cell detachment and rounding, and increased collagenase synthesis similar to known PKC/calmodulin inhibitors such as H-7. Methods We characterized the effects of PKC/calmodulin inhibitors tamoxifen and H-7 on human dermal fibroblast morphology, cytoskeletal protein organization, and collagenase gene expression in monolayer culture and within collagen gels. Results We found that fibroblasts responded to tamoxifen by initiation of actin filament depolymerization followed by alteration from spindle to spheroidal shapes. This change in cell shape led to increased collagenase synthesis in cells treated with either tamoxifen or H-7 compared with controls. There was also a 23% increase of hydroxyproline release from tamoxifen-treated fibroblast-populated collagen matrices. Conclusions Tamoxifen may reduce scarring by inhibiting fibroblast PKC/calmodulin activity, which down-regulates pro-fibrotic transforming growth factor beta signaling and upregulates collagenase production. These effects mimic those of the known PKC/calmodulin inhibitor H-7. Overall, these findings suggest that tamoxifen and its analogues are promising agents for clinical investigation as small molecule regulators of fibrosis and scarring disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Wang
- From the Departments of Surgery, Medicine, and Integrated Biosciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill
| | - Raphael C. Lee
- From the Departments of Surgery, Medicine, and Integrated Biosciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill
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Jabeur R, Corbel C, Loyer P, Le Parc A, Le Grand A, Comte A, Bach S, André-Leroux G, Sire O, Ben Mansour H, Le Tilly V. Identification of Novel Compounds Inhibiting the Kinase Activity of the CDK5/p25 Complex via Direct Binding to p25. Biochemistry 2023; 62:1452-1463. [PMID: 37074084 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.2c00691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
Tamoxifen, the gold standard drug for endocrine therapy for breast cancer, modulates the phosphorylation status of the TAU protein in Alzheimer's disease by inhibiting CDK5 kinase activity. Its binding to p25 prevents CDK5/p25 complexation and hence a decrease of CDK5 activity. In breast tumors, this complex is involved in the proliferation and survival of cancer cells, as well as in the disease's prognosis. Still, the molecular stability of the CDK5/p25 complex following tamoxifen exposure in this cancer type has not yet been clearly deciphered. Here, we report the functional characterization of CDK5 and its p25 regulatory subunit in the absence and presence of tamoxifen. In addition, two novel inhibitors of the kinase activity of the CDK5/p25 complex are identified, both of which would reduce the risk of recurrence of estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancers and prevent drawbacks induced by tamoxifen exposure. Accordingly, 6His-CDK5 and 6His-p25 have been expressed and purified. Fluorescence anisotropy measurements have been used to assess that the two proteins do form an active complex, and thermodynamic parameters of their interaction were measured. It was also confirmed that tamoxifen directly binds to p25 and inhibits CDK5 kinase activity. Similar observations were obtained using 4-hydroxytamoxifen, an active metabolized form of tamoxifen. Two novel compounds have been identified here that harbor a benzofuran moiety and were shown to target directly p25, and their bindings resulted in decreased CDK5 kinase activity. This encouraging alternative opens the way to the ensuing chemical optimization of this scaffold. It also promises a more specific therapeutic approach that may both tackle the pathological signaling in breast cancer and provide a potential new drug for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riheb Jabeur
- IRDL UMR CNRS 6027, Université Bretagne Sud, 56017 Vannes, France
- Research Unit of Analysis and Process Applied on the Environment─APAE UR17ES32, Higher Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology, Mahdia, University of Monastir, TN5121 Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Caroline Corbel
- IRDL UMR CNRS 6027, Université Bretagne Sud, 56017 Vannes, France
| | - Pascal Loyer
- Univ Rennes, INSERM, INRAE, Institut NuMeCan (Nutrition, Metabolisms and Cancer) UMR-A 1341, UMR-S 1241, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | | | | | - Arnaud Comte
- Compound Library, ICBMS UMR 5246 CNRS-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Stéphane Bach
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models Laboratory (LBI2M), Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680 Roscoff, France
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, FR2424, Plateforme de criblage KISSf (Kinase Inhibitor Specialized Screening facility), Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680 Roscoff, France
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, 2520 Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | | | - Olivier Sire
- IRDL UMR CNRS 6027, Université Bretagne Sud, 56017 Vannes, France
| | - Hedi Ben Mansour
- Research Unit of Analysis and Process Applied on the Environment─APAE UR17ES32, Higher Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology, Mahdia, University of Monastir, TN5121 Monastir, Tunisia
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A Review on COVID-19: Primary Receptor, Endothelial Dysfunction, Related Comorbidities, and Therapeutics. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE 2023. [PMCID: PMC9843681 DOI: 10.1007/s40995-022-01400-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Since December 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a global pandemic named coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) and resulted in a worldwide economic crisis. Utilizing the spike-like protein on its surface, the SARS-CoV-2 binds to the receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which highly expresses on the surface of many cell types. Given the crucial role of ACE2 in the renin–angiotensin system, its engagement by SARS-CoV-2 could potentially result in endothelial cell perturbation. This is supported by the observation that one of the most common consequences of COVID-19 infection is endothelial dysfunction and subsequent vascular damage. Furthermore, endothelial dysfunction is the shared denominator among previous comorbidities, including hypertension, kidney disease, cardiovascular diseases, etc., which are associated with an increased risk of severe disease and mortality in COVID-19 patients. Several vaccines and therapeutics have been developed and suggested for COVID-19 therapy. The present review summarizes the relationship between ACE2 and endothelial dysfunction and COVID-19, also reviews the most common comorbidities associated with COVID-19, and finally reviews several categories of potential therapies against COVID-19.
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Introduction: Estrogen Reconsidered: Exploring the Evidence for Estrogen's Benefits and Risks. Cancer J 2022; 28:157-162. [PMID: 35594461 DOI: 10.1097/ppo.0000000000000602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 entry through the ACE2/TMPRSS2 pathway: a promising approach for uncovering early COVID-19 drug therapies. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2020; 76:1623-1630. [PMID: 32696234 PMCID: PMC7372205 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-020-02963-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM The COVID-19 pandemic caused by infection with the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is urging the scientific community worldwide to intense efforts for identifying and developing effective drugs and pharmacologic strategies to treat the disease. Many of the drugs that are currently in (pre)clinical development are addressing late symptoms of the disease. This review focuses on potential pharmacologic intervention at an early stage of infection which could result in less-infected individuals and less cases with severe COVID-19 disease due to reduced virus entry into the cells. METHOD We scanned the literature for evidence on drugs that target the virus entry machinery into host cells and consist mainly of ACE2 and TMPRSS2, as well as other cellular molecules regulating ACE2 expression, such as ADAM-17 and calmodulin. RESULTS Several drugs/drug classes have been identified. Most of them are already used clinically for other indications. They include recombinant soluble ACE2, indirect ACE2 modulators (angiotensin receptor blockers, calmodulin antagonists, selective oestrogen receptor modifiers), TMPRSS2 inhibitors (camostat mesylate, nafamostat mesylate, antiandrogens, inhaled corticosteroids) and ADAM-17 enhancers (5-fluorouracil). CONCLUSION Several agents have potential for prophylactic and therapeutic intervention at the early stages of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 disease and they should be urgently investigated further in appropriate preclinical models and clinical studies.
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Taleat Z, Larsson A, Ewing AG. Anticancer Drug Tamoxifen Affects Catecholamine Transmitter Release and Storage from Single Cells. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:2060-2069. [PMID: 30763068 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrochemical measurements of exocytosis combined with intracellular vesicle impact electrochemical cytometry have been used to evaluate the effect of an anticancer drug, tamoxifen, on catecholamine release at the single-cell level. Tamoxifen has been used for over 40 years to treat estrogen receptor-positive breast cancers during both early stages of the disease and in the adjuvant setting. Tamoxifen causes memory and cognitive dysfunction, but the reasons for the cognitive impairment and memory problems induced by this anticancer drug are not well-known. We show that tamoxifen, through a nongenomic mechanism, can modulate both exocytosis and vesicle catecholamine storage in a model cell line. The results indicate that exocytosis is inhibited at high concentrations of tamoxifen and is stimulated at low levels. Tamoxifen also elicits a significant concentration-dependent change in total catecholamine content of single vesicles, while sub-nanomolar concentrations of the drug have stimulatory activity on the catecholamine content of vesicles. In addition, it has profound effects on storage at higher concentrations. Tamoxifen also reduces the intracellular free Ca2+ but only at micromolar concentration, by acting on voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, which likely affects neurotransmitter secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Taleat
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Larsson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andrew G. Ewing
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Arun A, Ansari MI, Popli P, Jaiswal S, Mishra AK, Dwivedi A, Hajela K, Konwar R. New piperidine derivative DTPEP acts as dual-acting anti-breast cancer agent by targeting ERα and downregulating PI3K/Akt-PKCα leading to caspase-dependent apoptosis. Cell Prolif 2018; 51:e12501. [PMID: 30091186 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In our ongoing studies to develop ER targeting agents, we screened for dual-acting molecules with a hypothesis that a single molecule can also target both ER positive and negative groups of breast cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS 1-(2-(4-(Dibenzo[b,f]thiepin-10-yl)phenoxy)ethyl)piperidine (DTPEP) was synthesized and screened in both MCF-7 (ER+ve) and MDA-MB-231 (ER-ve) cells. Assays for analysis of cell cycle, ROS, apoptosis and MMP loss were carried out using flow cytometry. Its target was investigated using western blot, transactivation assay and RT-PCR. In vivo efficacy of DTPEP was validated in LA-7 syngeneic rat mammary tumour model. RESULTS Here, we report identification of dual-acting molecule DTPEP that downregualtes PI3K/Akt and PKCα expression, induces ROS and ROS-dependent apoptosis, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, induces expression of caspase indicative of both intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. In MCF-7 cells, DTPEP downregulates ERα expression and activation. In MDA-MB-231 cells, primary cellular target of DTPEP is not clearly known, but it downregualtes PI3K/Akt and PKCα expression. In vivo study showed regression of LA-7 syngeneic mammary tumour in SD rat. CONCLUSIONS We identified a new dual-acting anti-breast cancer molecules as a proof of concept which is capable of targeting both ER-positive and ER-negative breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Arun
- Endocrinology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, UP, India
| | - M I Ansari
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, UP, India
| | - P Popli
- Endocrinology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, UP, India
| | - S Jaiswal
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, UP, India
| | - A K Mishra
- Department of Endocrine Surgery, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, UP, India
| | - A Dwivedi
- Endocrinology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, UP, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute Campus, Lucknow, UP, India
| | - K Hajela
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, UP, India
| | - R Konwar
- Endocrinology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, UP, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute Campus, Lucknow, UP, India
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ospemifene, an estrogen receptor agonist/antagonist approved for the treatment of dyspareunia and vaginal dryness in postmenopausal women, has potential new indications as an immune modulator. The overall objective of the present series of preclinical studies was to evaluate the immunomodulatory activity of ospemifene in combination with a peptide cancer vaccine. METHODS Immune regulating effects, mechanism of action and structure activity relationships of ospemifene and related compounds were evaluated by examining expression of T-cell activating cytokines in vitro, and antigen-specific immune response and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activity in vivo. The effects of ospemifene (OSP) on the immune response to a peptide cancer vaccine (PV) were evaluated after chronic [control (n = 22); OSP 50 mg/kg (n = 16); PV (n = 6); OSP+PV (n = 11)], intermittent [control (n = 10); OSP 10 and 50 mg/kg (n = 11); PV (n = 11); combination treatment (n = 11 each dose)] and pretreatment [control; OSP 100 mg/kg; PV 100 μg; combination treatment (n = 8 all groups)] ospemifene oral dosing schedules in a total of 317 mixed-sex tumor-bearing and nontumor-bearing mice. RESULTS The results showed that ospemifene induced expression of the key TH1 cytokines interferon gamma and interleukin-2 in vitro, which may be mediated by stimulating T-cells through phosphoinositide 3-kinase and calmodulin signaling pathways. In combination with an antigen-specific peptide cancer vaccine, ospemifene increased antigen-specific immune response and increased cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activity in tumor-bearing and nontumor-bearing mice. The pretreatment, intermittent, and chronic dosing schedules of ospemifene activate naive T-cells, modulate antigen-induced tolerance and reduce tumor-associated, pro-inflammatory cytokines, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, ospemifene's dose response and schedule-dependent immune modulating activity offers a method of tailoring and augmenting the efficacy of previously failed antigen-specific cancer vaccines for a wide range of malignancies.
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Lee DH, Asare BK, Rajnarayanan RV. Discovery at the interface: Toward novel anti-proliferative agents targeting human estrogen receptor/S100 interactions. Cell Cycle 2016; 15:2806-18. [PMID: 27580430 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2016.1220460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogen Receptor Alpha (ER) is expressed in about 70% of breast cancer and mediates various cellular signaling events including cell cycle. The antiestrogen tamoxifen is currently administered to patients in order to induce regression of the tumor growth of estrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer. However, upon continued administration, patients develop resistance to tamoxifen. In addition, calcium binding proteins (EF-hand proteins) such as, Calmodulin and S100, are significantly overexpressed in breast cancer cells, can activate transcription of target genes by directly binding to ER in lieu of estrogen. Calmodulin antagonists (w7 and melatonin) have been shown to significantly inhibit ER mediated activities including cell proliferation and transcriptional activity. Furthermore, S100P is shown to mediate tamoxifen resistance and cell migration capacity in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Molecules targeting specific ER-EF hand protein interfaces could potentially provide an alternative therapeutic strategy to combat these scenarios. Using theoretical 3D models of ER-S100 protein we identified ER conformation-sensing regions of the interacting EF hand proteins and evaluated their ability to bind to ER in silico and to inhibit breast cancer cell proliferation and viability in vitro. The recognition motif of the binding interface was sensitive to small changes in partner orientation as evidenced by significant anti cell proliferative activity of the short peptide derived from S100P residues 74-78, when compared with a longer peptide with altered orientation of the recognition motif derived from S100P 74-81. Structural clues and pharmacophores from peptide-ER interactions can be used to design novel anti-cancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Lee
- a Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, SUNY , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Bethany K Asare
- a Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, SUNY , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Rajendram V Rajnarayanan
- a Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, SUNY , Buffalo , NY , USA
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Design and synthesis of novel flexible ester-containing analogs of tamoxifen and their evaluation as anticancer agents. Future Med Chem 2016; 8:249-56. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.15.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Tamoxifen (TAM) is metabolized to the more active 4-hydroxytamoxifen by CYP2D6 enzyme. Due to the genetic polymorphisms in CYP2D6, clinical outcomes of TAM treatment vary. Novel flexible TAM analogs with altered activation pathway were synthesized and were tested for their antiproliferative action on MCF-7 cell lines and their binding affinity for ERα and ERβ. Results: All compounds showed better antiproliferative activity than TAM. Compound 3 showed 80-times more ERα binding than TAM, 900-times more selectivity toward ERα. Compound 3 was tested on the entire National Cancer Institute cancerous cell lines; results indicated a broad spectrum anticancer activity. Conclusion: The novel analogs were more potent than TAM with higher selectivity toward ERα and with potential metabolic stability toward CYP2D6.
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Ahmed NS, Elghazawy NH, ElHady AK, Engel M, Hartmann RW, Abadi AH. Design and synthesis of novel tamoxifen analogues that avoid CYP2D6 metabolism. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 112:171-179. [PMID: 26896706 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 02/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tamoxifen (TAM) is a widely used drug in the prophylaxis and treatment of breast cancer. TAM is metabolized to the more active 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4-OH-TAM) and endoxifen by cytochrome P450 (CYP) mainly CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 enzymes. Due to the genetic polymorphisms in CYP2D6 genes, high variation in the clinical outcomes of TAM treatment is observed among women of different populations. To address this issue, novel TAM analogues with possible altered activation pathways were synthesized. These analogues were tested for their antiproliferative action on MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines as well as their binding affinity for estrogen receptor (ER) ER-α and ER-β receptors. These entire novel compounds showed better antiproliferative activity than did TAM on the MCF-7 cells. Moreover, compound 10 exhibited a half maximal growth inhibition (GI50) that was 1000 times more potent than that of TAM (GI50 < 0.005 μM vs 1.58 μM, respectively). Along with a broad spectrum activity on various cancer cell lines, all the TAM analogues showed considerable activity on the ER-negative breast cancer cell line. For further study, compound 10 was incubated in human liver microsomes (HLM), human hepatocytes (hHEP) and CYP2D6 supersomes. The active hydroxyl metabolite was detected after incubation in HLM and hHEP, implicating the involvement of other enzymes in its metabolism. These results prove that this novel series of TAM analogues might provide improved clinical outcomes for poor 2D6 metabolizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nermin S Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, 11835 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nehal H Elghazawy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, 11835 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed K ElHady
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, 11835 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Matthias Engel
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland and Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C2.3, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Rolf W Hartmann
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland and Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C2.3, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Ashraf H Abadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, 11835 Cairo, Egypt.
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Coelho AC, Trinconi CT, Senra L, Yokoyama-Yasunaka JKU, Uliana SRB. Leishmania is not prone to develop resistance to tamoxifen. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2015; 5:77-83. [PMID: 26150922 PMCID: PMC4486464 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Tamoxifen, an antineoplastic agent, is active in vitro and in vivo against the parasitic protozoa Leishmania. As part of our efforts to unravel this drug's mechanisms of action against the parasite and understand how resistance could arise, we tried to select tamoxifen-resistant Leishmania amazonensis. Three different strategies to generate tamoxifen resistant mutants were used: stepwise increase in drug concentration applied to promastigote cultures, chemical mutagenesis followed by drug selection and treatment of infected mice followed by selection of amastigotes. For amastigote selection, we employed a method with direct plating of parasites recovered from lesions into semi-solid media. Tamoxifen resistant parasites were not rescued by any of these methods. Miltefosine was used as a control in selection experiments and both stepwise selection and chemical mutagenesis allowed successful isolation of miltefosine resistant mutants. These findings are consistent with a multi-target mode of action to explain tamoxifen's leishmanicidal properties. Considering that drug resistance is a major concern in anti-parasitic chemotherapy, these findings support the proposition of using tamoxifen as a partner in drug combination schemes for the treatment of leishmaniasis. Tamoxifen is effective in the treatment of cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis. Resistance to tamoxifen was not found in promastigotes upon mutagenesis/selection. Resistance to tamoxifen was not detected in amastigotes after in vivo selection. Tamoxifen may be a good partner in drug combination schemes for leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano C Coelho
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Cristiana T Trinconi
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Luisa Senra
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Jenicer K U Yokoyama-Yasunaka
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Silvia R B Uliana
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-900, SP, Brazil
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Johansson HJ, Sanchez BC, Forshed J, Stål O, Fohlin H, Lewensohn R, Hall P, Bergh J, Lehtiö J, Linderholm BK. Proteomics profiling identify CAPS as a potential predictive marker of tamoxifen resistance in estrogen receptor positive breast cancer. Clin Proteomics 2015; 12:8. [PMID: 25878567 PMCID: PMC4389343 DOI: 10.1186/s12014-015-9080-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the success of tamoxifen since its introduction, about one-third of patients with estrogen (ER) and/or progesterone receptor (PgR) - positive breast cancer (BC) do not benefit from therapy. Here, we aim to identify molecular mechanisms and protein biomarkers involved in tamoxifen resistance. Results Using iTRAQ and Immobilized pH gradient-isoelectric focusing (IPG-IEF) mass spectrometry based proteomics we compared tumors from 12 patients with early relapses (<2 years) and 12 responsive to therapy (relapse-free > 7 years). A panel of 13 proteins (TCEAL4, AZGP1, S100A10, ALDH6A1, AHNAK, FBP1, S100A4, HSP90AB1, PDXK, GFPT1, RAB21, MX1, CAPS) from the 3101 identified proteins, potentially separate relapse from non-relapse BC patients. The proteins in the panel are involved in processes such as calcium (Ca2+) signaling, metabolism, epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT), metastasis and invasion. Validation of the highest expressed proteins in the relapse group identify high tumor levels of CAPS as predictive of tamoxifen response in a patient cohort receiving tamoxifen as only adjuvant therapy. Conclusions This data implicate CAPS in tamoxifen resistance and as a potential predictive marker. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12014-015-9080-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik J Johansson
- Department Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Proteomics Mass spectrometry, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Betzabe C Sanchez
- Department Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Proteomics Mass spectrometry, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jenny Forshed
- Department Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Proteomics Mass spectrometry, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olle Stål
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Helena Fohlin
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden ; Regional cancer center Southeast Sweden, County Council of Östergötland, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Rolf Lewensohn
- Department of Oncology, Radiumhemmet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Hall
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Box 281, Stockholm, 17177 Sweden
| | - Jonas Bergh
- Department Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Proteomics Mass spectrometry, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Janne Lehtiö
- Department Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Proteomics Mass spectrometry, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Barbro K Linderholm
- Department Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Proteomics Mass spectrometry, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 65 Stockholm, Sweden ; Department of Oncology, Sahlgrenska Academy and University Hospital, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
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15
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Xie X, Wu MY, Shou LM, Chen LP, Gong FR, Chen K, Li DM, Duan WM, Xie YF, Mao YX, Li W, Tao M. Tamoxifen enhances the anticancer effect of cantharidin and norcantharidin in pancreatic cancer cell lines through inhibition of the protein kinase C signaling pathway. Oncol Lett 2014; 9:837-844. [PMID: 25624908 PMCID: PMC4301527 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2014.2711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cantharidin is an active constituent of mylabris, a traditional Chinese therapeutic agent. Cantharidin is a potent and selective inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A). Cantharidin has been previously reported to efficiently repress the growth of pancreatic cancer cells. However, excessively activated protein kinase C (PKC) has been shown to improve cell survival following the adminstration of cantharidin. Tamoxifen is widely used in the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. In addition, an increasing number of studies have found that tamoxifen selectively inhibits PKC and represses growth in estrogen receptor-negative cancer cells. Administration of a combination of PKC inhibitor and PP2A inhibitors has been demonstrated to exert a synergistic anticancer effect. The proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells was analyzed by 3-(4,5-dimethyltiazol-2-yl]2, 5-diphenyltetrazo-lium bromide assay. The expression levels of ERα and ERβ in various pancreatic cancer cell lines were determined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. In addition, the protein levels of PKCα and phosphorylated PKCα in pancreatic cell lines were analyzed by western blot analysis. In the present study, tamoxifen was found to exert a cytotoxic effect against pancreatic cancer cells independent of the hormone receptor status. Tamoxifen repressed the phosphorylation of PKC, and amplified the anticancer effect induced by cantharidin and norcantharidin. The findings reveal a novel potential strategy against pancreatic cancer using co-treatment with tamoxifen plus cantharidin or cantharidin derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xie
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China ; Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221006, P.R. China
| | - Meng-Yao Wu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Liu-Mei Shou
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Long-Pei Chen
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Fei-Ran Gong
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China ; Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China ; Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis of Ministry of Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Kai Chen
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Dao-Ming Li
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Ming Duan
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Feng Xie
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Xiang Mao
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Min Tao
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China ; Jiangsu Institute of Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
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16
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Brosius SN, Turk AN, Byer SJ, Longo JF, Kappes JC, Roth KA, Carroll SL. Combinatorial therapy with tamoxifen and trifluoperazine effectively inhibits malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor growth by targeting complementary signaling cascades. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2014; 73:1078-90. [PMID: 25289889 PMCID: PMC4458069 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0000000000000126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapeutic agents effective against malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) are urgently needed. We recently found that tamoxifen potently impedes xenograft growth. In vitro, tamoxifen inhibits MPNST proliferation and survival in an estrogen receptor-independent manner; these effects are phenocopied by the calmodulin inhibitor trifluoperazine. The present study was performed to establish the mechanism of action of tamoxifen in vivo and optimize its therapeutic effectiveness. To determine if tamoxifen has estrogen receptor-dependent effects in vivo, we grafted MPNST cells in castrated and ovariectomized mice; xenograft growth was unaffected by reductions in sex hormones. To establish whether tamoxifen and trifluoperazine additively or synergistically impede MPNST growth, mice xenografted with neurofibromatosis type 1-associated or sporadic MPNST cells were treated with tamoxifen, trifluoperazine, or both drugs for 30 days. Both monotherapies inhibited graft growth by 50%, whereas combinatorial treatment maximally reduced graft mass by 90% and enhanced decreases in proliferation and survival. Kinomic analyses showed that tamoxifen and trifluoperazine have both shared and distinct targets in MPNSTs. In addition, trifluoperazine prevented tamoxifen-induced increases in serum/glucocorticoid regulated kinase 1, a protein linked to tamoxifen resistance. These findings suggest that combinatorial therapy with tamoxifen and trifluoperazine is effective against MPNSTs because these agents target complementary pathways that are essential for MPNST pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie N. Brosius
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Amy N. Turk
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Stephanie J. Byer
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Jody Fromm Longo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - John C. Kappes
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Kevin A. Roth
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Steven L. Carroll
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
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17
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Kulkarni J, Berk M, Wang W, Mu L, Scarr E, Van Rheenen TE, Worsley R, Gurvich C, Gavrilidis E, de Castella A, Fitzgerald P, Davis SR. A four week randomised control trial of adjunctive medroxyprogesterone and tamoxifen in women with mania. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2014; 43:52-61. [PMID: 24703170 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Emerging research has suggested that hormone treatments such as selective oestrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) or progestins may be useful in the treatment of mania. The current pilot study compared the use of the SERM tamoxifen and the progestin medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), as an adjunct to mood stabiliser medications, for the treatment of mania symptoms in 51 women in a 28-day double blind, placebo controlled study. The primary outcome was the change between baseline and day 28 mania scores as measured by the Clinician Administered Rating Scale for Mania (CARS-M). Adjunctive MPA treatment provided greater and more rapid improvement in mania symptoms compared with adjunctive placebo and tamoxifen treatment. Adjunctive therapy with MPA may be a potentially useful new treatment for persistent mania, leading to a greater and more rapid resolution of symptoms compared with mood stabiliser treatment alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayashri Kulkarni
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Central Clinical School, Monash University and the Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.
| | - Michael Berk
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Barwon Health, Ryrie Street, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Wei Wang
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Central Clinical School, Monash University and the Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Ling Mu
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Central Clinical School, Monash University and the Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Scarr
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health Victoria, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Tamsyn E Van Rheenen
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Central Clinical School, Monash University and the Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Roisin Worsley
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Central Clinical School, Monash University and the Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia; Women's Health Research Program, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University and Alfred Hospital, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Caroline Gurvich
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Central Clinical School, Monash University and the Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Emorfia Gavrilidis
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Central Clinical School, Monash University and the Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Anthony de Castella
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Central Clinical School, Monash University and the Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Paul Fitzgerald
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Central Clinical School, Monash University and the Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Susan R Davis
- Women's Health Research Program, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University and Alfred Hospital, Victoria 3004, Australia
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18
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Berchtold MW, Villalobo A. The many faces of calmodulin in cell proliferation, programmed cell death, autophagy, and cancer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2013; 1843:398-435. [PMID: 24188867 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Calmodulin (CaM) is a ubiquitous Ca(2+) receptor protein mediating a large number of signaling processes in all eukaryotic cells. CaM plays a central role in regulating a myriad of cellular functions via interaction with multiple target proteins. This review focuses on the action of CaM and CaM-dependent signaling systems in the control of vertebrate cell proliferation, programmed cell death and autophagy. The significance of CaM and interconnected CaM-regulated systems for the physiology of cancer cells including tumor stem cells, and processes required for tumor progression such as growth, tumor-associated angiogenesis and metastasis are highlighted. Furthermore, the potential targeting of CaM-dependent signaling processes for therapeutic use is discussed.
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Key Words
- (4-[3,5-bis-[2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl)-ethyl]-4,5-dihydro-pyrazol-1-yl]-benzoic acid
- (4-[3,5-bis-[2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl)-vinyl]-4,5-dihydro-pyrazol-1-yl]-phenyl)-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-methanone
- (−) enantiomer of dihydropyrine 3-methyl-5-3-(4,4-diphenyl-1-piperidinyl)-propyl-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-piridine-3,5-dicarboxylate-hydrochloride (niguldipine)
- 1-[N,O-bis(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-N-methyl-l-tyrosyl]-4-phenylpiperazine
- 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate
- 2-chloro-(ε-amino-Lys(75))-[6-(4-(N,N′-diethylaminophenyl)-1,3,5-triazin-4-yl]-CaM adduct
- 3′-(β-chloroethyl)-2′,4′-dioxo-3,5′-spiro-oxazolidino-4-deacetoxy-vinblastine
- 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene
- Apoptosis
- Autophagy
- B859-35
- CAPP(1)-CaM
- Ca(2+) binding protein
- Calmodulin
- Cancer biology
- Cell proliferation
- DMBA
- EBB
- FL-CaM
- FPCE
- HBC
- HBCP
- J-8
- KAR-2
- KN-62
- KN-93
- N-(4-aminobutyl)-2-naphthalenesulfonamide
- N-(4-aminobutyl)-5-chloro-2-naphthalenesulfonamide
- N-(6-aminohexyl)-1-naphthalenesulfonamide
- N-(6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalenesulfonamide
- N-8-aminooctyl-5-iodo-naphthalenesulfonamide
- N-[2-[N-(4-chlorocinnamyl)-N-methylaminomethyl]phenyl]-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-methoxybenzenesulfonamide
- O-(4-ethoxyl-butyl)-berbamine
- RITC-CaM
- TA-CaM
- TFP
- TPA
- W-12
- W-13
- W-5
- W-7
- fluorescein-CaM adduct
- fluphenazine-N-2-chloroethane
- norchlorpromazine-CaM adduct
- rhodamine isothiocyanate-CaM adduct
- trifluoperazine
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin W Berchtold
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Biocenter 4-2-09 Ole Maaløes Vej 5, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
| | - Antonio Villalobo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Department of Cancer Biology, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, c/Arturo Duperier 4, E-28029 Madrid, Spain.
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19
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Ouyang ZX, Li XA. Inhibitory effects of tamoxifen and doxorubicin, alone and in combination, on the proliferation of the MG63 human osteosarcoma cell line. Oncol Lett 2013; 6:970-976. [PMID: 24137447 PMCID: PMC3796417 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2013.1487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to compare the combined effect of tamoxifen (TAM) and doxorubicin (ADM) with the individual effects of TAM and ADM alone on the MG63 human osteosarcoma cell line. Estrogen receptor (ER) expression was detected in the MG63 cells using reverse transcription PCR. The morphological changes during the inhibition of cell growth were observed using an inverted microscope and a 3-(4, 5-dimethy1-2-thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) colorimetric assay following the individual or combined addition of TAM and ADM. ERα and ERβ expression was detected in the MG63 cells. The typical apoptotic cell morphology was observed in all groups, with the exception of the control group. The MTT colorimetric analysis demonstrated that the rate of inhibition of cell proliferation in the combination group was significantly increased compared with that in the other groups (P<0.05). ERα and ERβ expression was detected in the MG63 human osteosarcoma cells. TAM and ADM alone were able to inhibit cell proliferation. The combination of TAM and ADM significantly enhanced the inhibitory effect, partly through the enhanced sensitivity of the cells to ADM by TAM, which caused the inhibition of cell proliferation and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Xiao Ouyang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Hunan Provincial Tumor Hospital and Tumor Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
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20
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Mavridis L, Mitchell JB. Predicting the protein targets for athletic performance-enhancing substances. J Cheminform 2013; 5:31. [PMID: 23800040 PMCID: PMC3701582 DOI: 10.1186/1758-2946-5-31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) publishes the Prohibited List, a manually compiled international standard of substances and methods prohibited in-competition, out-of-competition and in particular sports. It would be ideal to be able to identify all substances that have one or more performance-enhancing pharmacological actions in an automated, fast and cost effective way. Here, we use experimental data derived from the ChEMBL database (~7,000,000 activity records for 1,300,000 compounds) to build a database model that takes into account both structure and experimental information, and use this database to predict both on-target and off-target interactions between these molecules and targets relevant to doping in sport. Results The ChEMBL database was screened and eight well populated categories of activities (Ki, Kd, EC50, ED50, activity, potency, inhibition and IC50) were used for a rule-based filtering process to define the labels “active” or “inactive”. The “active” compounds for each of the ChEMBL families were thereby defined and these populated our bioactivity-based filtered families. A structure-based clustering step was subsequently performed in order to split families with more than one distinct chemical scaffold. This produced refined families, whose members share both a common chemical scaffold and bioactivity against a common target in ChEMBL. Conclusions We have used the Parzen-Rosenblatt machine learning approach to test whether compounds in ChEMBL can be correctly predicted to belong to their appropriate refined families. Validation tests using the refined families gave a significant increase in predictivity compared with the filtered or with the original families. Out of 61,660 queries in our Monte Carlo cross-validation, belonging to 19,639 refined families, 41,300 (66.98%) had the parent family as the top prediction and 53,797 (87.25%) had the parent family in the top four hits. Having thus validated our approach, we used it to identify the protein targets associated with the WADA prohibited classes. For compounds where we do not have experimental data, we use their computed patterns of interaction with protein targets to make predictions of bioactivity. We hope that other groups will test these predictions experimentally in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lazaros Mavridis
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex and EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, Purdie Building, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Scotland KY16 9ST, UK.
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21
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Kohli L, Kaza N, Coric T, Byer SJ, Brossier NM, Klocke BJ, Bjornsti MA, Carroll SL, Roth KA. 4-Hydroxytamoxifen induces autophagic death through K-Ras degradation. Cancer Res 2013; 73:4395-405. [PMID: 23722551 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-3765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Tamoxifen is widely used to treat estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. Recent findings that tamoxifen and its derivative 4-hydroxytamoxifen (OHT) can exert estrogen receptor-independent cytotoxic effects have prompted the initiation of clinical trials to evaluate its use in estrogen receptor-negative malignancies. For example, tamoxifen and OHT exert cytotoxic effects in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST) where estrogen is not involved. In this study, we gained insights into the estrogen receptor-independent cytotoxic effects of OHT by studying how it kills MPNST cells. Although caspases were activated following OHT treatment, caspase inhibition provided no protection from OHT-induced death. Rather, OHT-induced death in MPNST cells was associated with autophagic induction and attenuated by genetic inhibition of autophagic vacuole formation. Mechanistic investigations revealed that OHT stimulated autophagic degradation of K-Ras, which is critical for survival of MPNST cells. Similarly, we found that OHT induced K-Ras degradation in breast, colon, glioma, and pancreatic cancer cells. Our findings describe a novel mechanism of autophagic death triggered by OHT in tumor cells that may be more broadly useful clinically in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latika Kohli
- Departments of Pathology, Cell Biology, and Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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22
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The effect of the anticancer drugs tamoxifen and hydroxytamoxifen on the calcium pump of isolated sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles. Toxicol In Vitro 2012; 10:523-31. [PMID: 20650233 DOI: 10.1016/s0887-2333(96)00040-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/25/1996] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The interactions of tamoxifen (TAM) and its active metabolite 4-hydroxytamoxifen (OHTAM) with the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca(2+)-pump were investigated. The turnover of the Ca(2+)-ATPase is strongly inhibited by both drugs at low concentrations that do not significantly perturb the lipid organization of SR membranes. Moreover, TAM decreases Ca(2+) accumulation by SR Ca(2+)-ATPase and increases in parallel the ATP hydrolysis, decreasing the energetic efficiency of the Ca(2+)-pump (Ca (2+)ATP coupling ratio) by about 70% at 30 muM. This uncoupling of ATP hydrolysis from Ca(2+) accumulation is a putative consequence of structural defects induced on membranes, since the ATP hydrolysis at low residual Ca(2+) (Ca(2+) not supplemented) is also stimulated. On the other hand, OHTAM decreases the Ca(2+) uptake to a greater extent than TAM but, unlike TAM, it inhibits ATP hydrolysis. Thus, the Ca (2+)ATP ratio is decreased by about 47% at 30 muM OHTAM; this effect is not a consequence of membrane disruption, since the ATP-splitting activity decreases in parallel to Ca(2+) accumulation and no significant effect is detected for ATP hydrolysis at low residual Ca(2+). The inhibition of the Ca(2+)-pump by OHTAM is putatively related to a direct interaction with the regulatory sites of the enzyme or interactive perturbations at the lipid-protein interface. The effect may result from a decrease of efficiency in the energy transmission and transduction between the ATP use at the catalytic site and the channeling process involved in Ca(2+) translocation. Therefore, the effects of the drugs on the Ca(2+)-pump are different and rule out an unitary mechanism of action on the basis of bilayer structure perturbations.
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23
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Nayak MK, Singh SK, Roy A, Prakash V, Kumar A, Dash D. Anti-thrombotic effects of selective estrogen receptor modulator tamoxifen. Thromb Haemost 2011; 106:624-35. [PMID: 21866300 DOI: 10.1160/th11-03-0178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tamoxifen is a known anti-cancer drug and established estrogen receptor modulator. Few clinical studies have earlier implicated the drug in thrombotic complications attributable to lower anti-thrombin and protein S levels in plasma. However, action of tamoxifen on platelet signalling machinery has not been elucidated in detail. In the present report we show that tamoxifen is endowed with significant inhibitory property against human platelet aggregation. From a series of in vivo and in vitro studies tamoxifen was found to inhibit almost all platelet functions, prolong tail bleeding time in mouse and profoundly prevent thrombus formation at injured arterial wall in mice, as well as on collagen matrix perfused with platelet-rich plasma under arterial shear against the vehicle dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). These findings strongly suggest that tamoxifen significantly downregulates platelet responses and holds potential as a promising anti-platelet/anti-thrombotic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manasa K Nayak
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
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24
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Caldirola P, Mannhold R, Timmerman H. Overview: Calmodulin and Calmodulin-Antagonists. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2.11.1889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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25
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Mehasseb MK, Bell SC, Habiba MA. Neonatal administration of tamoxifen causes disruption of myometrial development but not adenomyosis in the C57/BL6J mouse. Reproduction 2010; 139:1067-75. [DOI: 10.1530/rep-09-0443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that in the CD-1 mouse, which exhibits a high incidence of age-related adenomyosis, neonatal exposure to tamoxifen induced premature uterine adenomyosis and was associated with abnormal development particularly of the inner myometrium. In the present study, we examined the effect of neonatal tamoxifen administration upon uterine development in the C57/BL6J mouse strain that is not known to develop uterine adenomyosis. Female C57/BL6J pups (n=20) were treated with oral tamoxifen (1 mg/kg) from age 1 to 5 days. Uteri from control and treated mice were obtained on days 5, 10, 15 and 42 of age. We examined sections histologically using image analysis and immunohistochemistry for α-smooth muscle actin (ACTA2, α-SMA), desmin, vimentin, laminin, fibronectin and oestrogen receptor-α (ESR1). Following tamoxifen exposure, all uteri showed inner myometrium thinning, lack of continuity, disorganisation and bundling. However, adenomyosis was not seen in any uterus. ACTA2 immunostaining was less in the circular muscle layer of treated mice. The temporal pattern of desmin immunostaining found in control mice was absent in tamoxifen-treated mice. There was no difference in the localisation of laminin or fibronectin between control and tamoxifen-treated groups. However, laminin immunostaining was reduced in the circular muscle layer of treated mice. Vimentin could not be detected in either group. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that the development of the inner myometrium is particularly sensitive to oestrogen antagonism, and is affected by steroid receptor modulation. Although tamoxifen induces inner myometrial changes including that of ACTA2, desmin, ESR1 and laminin expression in C57/BL6J neonatal mice similar to those induced in CD-1 mice, C57/BL6J mice did not develop premature adenomyosis. Thus, disruption of the development and differentiation of the inner myometrium cannot alone explain the development of tamoxifen-associated adenomyosis, and this must be dependent upon its interaction with strain-dependent factors.
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Abassi YA, Xi B, Zhang W, Ye P, Kirstein SL, Gaylord MR, Feinstein SC, Wang X, Xu X. Kinetic cell-based morphological screening: prediction of mechanism of compound action and off-target effects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 16:712-23. [PMID: 19635408 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2009.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2009] [Revised: 05/29/2009] [Accepted: 05/29/2009] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We describe a cell-based kinetic profiling approach using impedance readout for monitoring the effect of small molecule compounds. This noninvasive readout allows continuous sampling of cellular responses to biologically active compounds and the ensuing kinetic profile provides information regarding the temporal interaction of compounds with cells. The utility of this approach was tested by screening a library containing FDA approved drugs, experimental compounds, and nature compounds. Compounds with similar activity produced similar impedance-based time-dependent cell response profiles (TCRPs). The compounds were clustered based on TCRP similarity. We identified novel mechanisms for existing drugs, confirmed previously reported calcium modulating activity for COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib, and identified an additional mechanism for the experimental compound monastrol. We also identified and characterized a new antimitotic agent. Our findings indicate that the TCRP approach provides predictive mechanistic information for small molecule compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yama A Abassi
- ACEA Biosciences, 6779 Mesa Ridge Road, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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Mehasseb MK, Bell SC, Habiba MA. The effects of tamoxifen and estradiol on myometrial differentiation and organization during early uterine development in the CD1 mouse. Reproduction 2009; 138:341-50. [PMID: 19451194 DOI: 10.1530/rep-09-0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
We used a neonatal mouse model to examine the histogenesis of uterine adenomyosis, and to test whether adenomyosis is due to an abnormality in myometrial differentiation, or in extracellular matrix proteins expression. We also studied the effects of tamoxifen and estradiol on uterine development, myometrial differentiation, and organization. Female CD1 pups were treated with oral tamoxifen (1 mg/kg) (n=27) or estradiol (0.1 mg/kg) (n=24) from age 1 to 5 days. Uteri from control (n=27) and treated mice were obtained on days 2, 5, 10, 15, and 42 of age. We examined the sections histologically, using image analysis and immunohistochemistry for alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA), desmin, vimentin, laminin, fibronectin, and estrogen receptor-alpha. Following tamoxifen exposure, all uteri showed adenomyosis by 6 weeks of age (seen as early as day 10). The inner myometrium showed thinning, lack of continuity, disorganization, and bundling. alpha-SMA expression was normal. Desmin expression normally showed a wave of maturation that was absent in tamoxifen-treated mice. In the estradiol group, adenomyosis was not observed. All uterine layers were normally developed, but hypertrophied. The inner myometrium retained its circular arrangement. There was no difference in the localization of laminin or fibronectin between groups (laminin expression was reduced in the tamoxifen treated uteri). Vimentin could not be detected in all groups. Our results suggest that the development of the inner myometrium is particularly sensitive to estrogen antagonism, and can be affected by steroid receptors modulation. Disruption of the inner myometrium may play a role in the development of uterine adenomyosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed K Mehasseb
- Reproductive Sciences Section, Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, Robert Kilpatrick Clinical Sciences Building, Leicester, UK.
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Nasu K, Takai N, Nishida M, Narahara H. Tumorigenic effects of tamoxifen on the female genital tract. CLINICAL MEDICINE. PATHOLOGY 2008; 1:17-34. [PMID: 21876648 PMCID: PMC3160006 DOI: 10.4137/cpath.s487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Tamoxifen is widely used for endocrine treatment and breast cancer prevention. It acts as both an estrogen antagonist in breast tissue and an estrogen agonist in the female lower genital tract. Tamoxifen causes severe gynecologic side effects, such as endometrial cancer. This review focuses on the effects of prolonged tamoxifen treatment on the human female genital tract and considers its tumorigenicity in the gynecologic organs through clinical data analysis. Tamoxifen is associated with an increased incidence of benign endometrial lesions such as polyps and hyperplasia and a two- to four-fold increased risk of endometrial cancer in postmenopausal patients. Moreover, the incidence of functional ovarian cysts is significantly high in premenopausal tamoxifen users. To prevent tamoxifen from having severe side effects in gynecologic organs, frequent gynecological examination should be performed for both premenopausal and postmenopausal patients with breast cancer who are treated with this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaei Nasu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Takai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | - Masakazu Nishida
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | - Hisashi Narahara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
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Premkumar VG, Yuvaraj S, Vijayasarathy K, Gangadaran SGD, Sachdanandam P. Effect of coenzyme Q10, riboflavin and niacin on serum CEA and CA 15-3 levels in breast cancer patients undergoing tamoxifen therapy. Biol Pharm Bull 2007; 30:367-70. [PMID: 17268082 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.30.367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In breast cancer patients, it is not the primary tumour, but its metastases at distant sites that are the main cause of death. Circulating breast cancer tumour markers such as carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and carbohydrate antigen 15-3 (CA 15-3) are reliable indicators of impending relapse, in which an increasing tumour marker level is associated with a very likelihood of developing recurrence. In the present study, 84 breast cancer patients were randomized to receive a daily supplement of 100 mg coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), 10 mg riboflavin and 50 mg niacin (CoRN) one dosage per day along with 10 mg tamoxifen (TAM) twice a day. Serum CEA and CA 15-3 levels were elevated in untreated breast cancer patients (group II) and their tumour marker levels significantly reduced upon tamoxifen therapy for more than 1 year (group III). Group III patients supplemented with CoRN for 45 d (group IV) and 90 d (group V) along with tamoxifen significantly reduced CEA and CA 15-3 levels. This study suggests supplementing CoRN to breast cancer patients along with tamoxifen reduces the serum tumour marker level and thereby reduce the risk of cancer recurrence and metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vummidi Giridhar Premkumar
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr. ALMP-GIBMS, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, and Department of Medical Oncology, Government Royapettah Hospital, Tamilnadu, India
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Kim NN, Stankovic M, Armagan A, Cushman TT, Goldstein I, Traish AM. Effects of tamoxifen on vaginal blood flow and epithelial morphology in the rat. BMC WOMENS HEALTH 2006; 6:14. [PMID: 16970814 PMCID: PMC1590006 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6874-6-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2006] [Accepted: 09/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Tamoxifen, a selective estrogen receptor modulator with both estrogenic and anti-estrogenic activity, is widely used as adjuvant therapy in breast cancer patients. Treatment with tamoxifen is associated with sexual side effects, such as increased vaginal dryness and pain/discomfort during sexual activity. There have been limited investigations of the effect of tamoxifen on estrogen-dependent peripheral genital arousal responses. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of tamoxifen on vaginal physiology in the rat. Methods Female Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to sham surgery or bilateral ovariectomy. After 2 weeks, sham-operated rats were implanted with subcutaneous osmotic infusion pumps containing vehicle (control) or tamoxifen (150 μg/day). Ovariectomized rats were similarly infused with vehicle. After an additional 2 weeks, vaginal blood flow responses to pelvic nerve stimulation were measured by laser Doppler flowmetry and vaginal tissue was collected for histological and biochemical assay. Results Tamoxifen treatment did not change plasma estradiol concentrations relative to control animals, while ovariectomized rats exhibited a 60% decrease in plasma estradiol. Tamoxifen treatment caused a significant decrease in mean uterine weight, but did not alter mean vaginal weight. Vaginal blood flow was significantly decreased in tamoxifen-infused rats compared to controls. Similar to ovariectomized animals, estrogen receptor binding was increased and arginase enzyme activity was decreased in tamoxifen-infused rats. However, different from control and ovariectomized animals, the vaginal epithelium in tamoxifen-infused rats appeared highly mucified. Periodic acid-Schiff staining confirmed a greater production of carbohydrate-rich compounds (e.g. mucin, glycogen) by the vaginal epithelium of tamoxifen-infused rats. Conclusion The observations suggest that tamoxifen exerts both anti-estrogenic and pro-estrogenic effects in the vagina. These physiological alterations may eventually lead to vaginal atrophy and compromise sexual function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel N Kim
- Institute for Sexual Medicine, Department of Urology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Miljan Stankovic
- Institute for Sexual Medicine, Department of Urology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Abdullah Armagan
- Department of Urology, Suleyman Demirel University Faculty of Medicine, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Tulay T Cushman
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Irwin Goldstein
- Institute for Sexual Medicine, Department of Urology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Abdulmaged M Traish
- Institute for Sexual Medicine, Department of Urology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Wong LJC, Dai P, Lu JF, Lou MA, Clarke R, Nazarov V. AIB1 gene amplification and the instability of polyQ encoding sequence in breast cancer cell lines. BMC Cancer 2006; 6:111. [PMID: 16670003 PMCID: PMC1468420 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-6-111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2005] [Accepted: 05/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The poly Q polymorphism in AIB1 (amplified in breast cancer) gene is usually assessed by fragment length analysis which does not reveal the actual sequence variation. The purpose of this study is to investigate the sequence variation of poly Q encoding region in breast cancer cell lines at single molecule level, and to determine if the sequence variation is related to AIB1 gene amplification. Methods The polymorphic poly Q encoding region of AIB1 gene was investigated at the single molecule level by PCR cloning/sequencing. The amplification of AIB1 gene in various breast cancer cell lines were studied by real-time quantitative PCR. Results Significant amplifications (5–23 folds) of AIB1 gene were found in 2 out of 9 (22%) ER positive cell lines (in BT-474 and MCF-7 but not in BT-20, ZR-75-1, T47D, BT483, MDA-MB-361, MDA-MB-468 and MDA-MB-330). The AIB1 gene was not amplified in any of the ER negative cell lines. Different passages of MCF-7 cell lines and their derivatives maintained the feature of AIB1 amplification. When the cells were selected for hormone independence (LCC1) and resistance to 4-hydroxy tamoxifen (4-OH TAM) (LCC2 and R27), ICI 182,780 (LCC9) or 4-OH TAM, KEO and LY 117018 (LY-2), AIB1 copy number decreased but still remained highly amplified. Sequencing analysis of poly Q encoding region of AIB1 gene did not reveal specific patterns that could be correlated with AIB1 gene amplification. However, about 72% of the breast cancer cell lines had at least one under represented (<20%) extra poly Q encoding sequence patterns that were derived from the original allele, presumably due to somatic instability. Although all MCF-7 cells and their variants had the same predominant poly Q encoding sequence pattern of (CAG)3CAA(CAG)9(CAACAG)3(CAACAGCAG)2CAA of the original cell line, a number of altered poly Q encoding sequences were found in the derivatives of MCF-7 cell lines. Conclusion These data suggest that poly Q encoding region of AIB1 gene is somatic unstable in breast cancer cell lines. The instability and the sequence characteristics, however, do not appear to be associated with the level of the gene amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee-Jun C Wong
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Pu Dai
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head Neck Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Jyh-Feng Lu
- Fu Jen Catholic University, School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mary Ann Lou
- Department of Surgery, Cardinal Tien Hospital, Hsintien Taipei Hsien, Taiwan
| | - Robert Clarke
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | - Viktor Nazarov
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA
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Fujimoto N, Nomura M, Matsumoto T. Tumour plasticity and extravascular circulation in ECV304 human bladder carcinoma cells. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2006; 6:59-71. [PMID: 16375645 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.6.1.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The concepts of vasculogenic mimicry and mosaic vessels have been proposed as novel modes of tumour neovascularisation. However, the presence and significance of these types of neovascularisation remain unclear. MATERIALS AND METHODS ECV304 human bladder carcinoma cells were used to determine how tumour cells take part in tumour neovascularisation. RESULTS Subcutaneous ECV304 xenografts in mice showed various vessel types, including angiogenic vessels, tumour cell-related vessels and extracellular matrix networks. A tracer experiment demonstrated perfusion of beads in these structures. ECV304 cells, cultured on collagen I gels, formed tube networks with expressions of several endothelial-related markers. In coculture models of ECV304 cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells, the two cells collaborated to form sprouts or networks. CONCLUSION ECV304 cells possess an endothelial character which confers the ability to mimic and collaborate with vascular endothelial cells and facilitates the acquisition of tumour microcirculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naohiro Fujimoto
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Iseigaoka Yahatanishi Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan.
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Marrero-Alonso J, García Marrero B, Gómez T, Díaz M. Functional inhibition of intestinal and uterine muscles by non-permeant triphenylethylene derivatives. Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 532:115-27. [PMID: 16466652 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2005] [Revised: 11/07/2005] [Accepted: 11/14/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that the triphenylethylene antiestrogen tamoxifen reversibly inhibited spontaneous contractile activity in isolated duodenal muscle. Now, we have synthesized different quaternary ammonium salts of tamoxifen by changing the substituents on the nitrogen of the alkylaminoethoxy side-chain, to obtain plasma membrane impermeable compounds. Synthesized molecules were N-desmethyl-tamoxifen-hydrochloride, ethylbromide-tamoxifen and butylbromide-tamoxifen, which differed in the size of their ionic side-chain. All compounds rapidly and reversibly inhibited spontaneous and CaCl(2)-induced contractions in mouse duodenum and uterus. Dose-response analyses revealed a structure-activity relationship where the larger the side-chain the higher the inhibitory potency. Fourier analyses on triphenylethylene-relaxed duodenal tissues showed that harmonic components of contractile activity were readily recovered upon exposure to the L-type calcium channel agonist 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-pyridine-3-carboxilic acid methyl ester (BAY-K644). Likewise, BAY-K644 completely reversed triphenylethylene-induced effects on uterine tonic tension. Our experiments suggest that impermeant tamoxifen derivatives relax visceral smooth muscle through a membrane-mediated non-genomic mechanism that involves inhibition of L-type calcium channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Marrero-Alonso
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Animal, Departamento de Biología Animal, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206 Tenerife, Spain
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Chan KH, Leong WK, Jaouen G, Leclerq L, Top S, Vessières A. Organometallic cluster analogues of tamoxifen: Synthesis and biochemical assay. J Organomet Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2005.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Fujimoto N, Chang C, Nomura M, Matsumoto T. Can we prevent prostate cancer? Rationale and current status of prostate cancer chemoprevention. Urol Int 2005; 74:289-97. [PMID: 15897691 DOI: 10.1159/000084425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer has been one of the most frequent cancers among men in Western countries for the past decade. Investigation of prostate cancer prevention is very attractive, because prostate cancer has a high incidence, long-term natural history, regional difference in incidence, and is effected by sex steroids. Chemoprevention is defined as the use of specific agents to suppress or reverse carcinogenesis and to prevent the development of cancer. The development of chemoprevention strategies against prostate cancer would be of medical and economic importance. Basic and clinical research of chemoprevention of prostate cancer are under active investigation. This article aims to summarize and review the basic evidence and clinical trials on prostate cancer chemoprevention. Recent research has demonstrated that many agents, such as agents altering sex steroid signaling, drugs inducing antiproliferation/differentiation, retinoids, anti-inflammatory drugs, and antioxidants, could be potential preventatives for prostate cancer. Large-scale clinical trials have suggested that 5alpha-reductase inhibitor finasteride, selenium, and vitamin E can function as a chemopreventive agent. Although no definitely effective strategies of prostate cancer prevention have been identified yet, increasing evidence will provide effective and safe strategies that bring clinical benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noahiro Fujimoto
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, Japan.
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Perumal SS, Shanthi P, Sachdanandam P. Therapeutic effect of tamoxifen and energy-modulating vitamins on carbohydrate-metabolizing enzymes in breast cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2005; 56:105-14. [PMID: 15726365 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-004-0943-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2004] [Accepted: 11/01/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer cells have an abnormal energetic metabolism. One of the earliest discovered hallmarks of cancer had its roots in bioenergetics, as many tumours were found in the 1920s to exhibit a high glycolytic phenotype. An animal with cancer shows significant and progressive energy loss from the host (i.e. noncancerous) tissues, which could occur by the establishment of a systemic energy-depriving cycle involving the interaction of tumour glycolysis and host gluconeogenesis. Tamoxifen (TAM) is a nonsteroidal antioestrogen that is widely used in adjuvant therapy for all stages of breast carcinoma. To improve the therapeutic efficacy of TAM and to expand its usage in the treatment of breast cancer, it is necessary to establish an energy-enhancing programme. In order to provide sufficient energy and to prevent cancer cachexia, TAM can be supplemented with energy-modulating vitamins (EMV). In this investigation the augmentation of the efficacy of TAM by the effects of EMV supplementation on carbohydrate-metabolizing enzymes, the mitochondrial Krebs cycle and respiratory enzymes was evaluated in the mammary gland of carcinoma-bearing rats. METHODS Female albino Sprague-Dawley rats were selected for the investigation. The experimental set-up included one control and four experimental groups. Mammary carcinoma was induced with 7,12- dimethyl benz(a)anthracene (25 mg), and TAM was administered orally (10 mg/kg body weight per day) along with EMV which comprised riboflavin (45 mg/kg per day), niacin (100 mg/kg per day) and coenzyme Q(10) (40 mg/kg per day). RESULTS Measurements were made on tumour tissue and surrounding normal tissue in all experimental groups. Tumour tissue showed significant (P<0.05) increases in the glycolytic enzymes hexokinase, phosphoglucoisomerase and aldolase, and significant decreases in the gluconeogenic enzymes glucose-6-phosphatase and fructose-1,6-biphosphatase. In contrast, the surrounding tissue showed significant decreases in glycolytic enzymes and significant increases in gluconeogenic enzymes. The activities of the mitochondrial Krebs cycle enzymes isocitrate dehydrogenase, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase, and respiratory chain enzymes NADH dehydrogenase and cytochrome c oxidase were significantly reduced in both tumour and surrounding tissue of the mammary carcinoma-bearing rats. These biochemical disturbances were effectively counteracted by supplementation with EMV, which restored the activities of all these enzyme to their respective control levels. CONCLUSION Combination therapy of TAM with EMV not only alters carbohydrate metabolism but can also prevent body weight loss by enhancing the host energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selvanathan Saravana Perumal
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr. A.L. Mudaliar Postgraduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Taramani Campus, University of Madras, Chennai 600 113, India
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Perumal SS, Shanthi P, Sachdanandam P. Augmented efficacy of tamoxifen in rat breast tumorigenesis when gavaged along with riboflavin, niacin, and CoQ10: Effects on lipid peroxidation and antioxidants in mitochondria. Chem Biol Interact 2005; 152:49-58. [PMID: 15766922 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2005.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2004] [Revised: 01/20/2005] [Accepted: 01/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a major role in causing mitochondrial changes linked to cancer and metastasis. Uptake of antioxidants by tissue to reduce the ROS production could be instrumental in controlling cancer. Tamoxifen (TAM), a nonsteroidal anti-estrogen drug most used in the chemotherapy and chemoprevention of breast cancer. Riboflavin, niacin and coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) are proved to be potent antioxidants and protective agents against many diseases including cancer. The objective of this research is to determine the therapeutic efficacy of combinatorial therapy on mammary carcinoma bearing rats in terms of the mitochondrial lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status especially MnSOD. Female albino rats of Sprague-Dawley strain were selected for the investigation. Mammary carcinoma was induced with 7,12-dimethyl benz(a)anthracene (DMBA: 25 mg), and the treatment was started by the oral administration of TAM (10 mg/kg body weight/day) along with riboflavin (45 mg/kg body weight/day), niacin (100 mg/kg body weight/day) and CoQ10 (40 mg/kg body weight/day) for 28 days. The levels of lipid peroxides, activities of enzymic and non-enzymic antioxidants were measured in the mitochondria isolated from the mammary gland and liver of control and experimental rats. Rats treated with DMBA showed an increase in mitochondrial lipid peroxidation (mammary gland 52.3%; liver 25.1%) accompanied by high malondialdehyde levels along with lowered activities of mitochondrial enzymic antioxidants [superoxide dismutase (mammary gland 19.9%; liver 24.8%), catalase (mammary gland 50%; liver 19.7%), glutathione peroxidase (mammary gland 47.8%; liver 31.1%)] and non-enzymic antioxidants [reduced glutathione (mammary gland 14.3%; liver 13.3%), Vitamin C (mammary gland 6.49%; liver 21.4%) and E (mammary gland 20.3%; liver 22.2%)]. Administration of combinatorial therapy restored lipid peroxide level and the activities of enzymic and non-enzymic antioxidants to near normalcy. In addition, antitumour activity was also found to be enhanced which is evident from the increased expression of tumour suppressor gene MnSOD thereby preventing cancer cell proliferation. These results suggested that TAM treatment is the most effective during co-administration of riboflavin, niacin and CoQ10 in terms of mitochondrial antioxidant and antitumour activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selvanathan Saravana Perumal
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr. A.L. Mudaliar Post-Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai 600 113, India
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Fisher B, Jeong JH, Anderson S, Wolmark N. Treatment of axillary lymph node-negative, estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer: updated findings from National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project clinical trials. J Natl Cancer Inst 2004; 96:1823-31. [PMID: 15601638 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djh338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Results from three National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project sequentially conducted randomized trials of postoperative chemotherapy in women with estrogen receptor-negative tumors and negative axillary lymph nodes have demonstrated that a combination of methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil (MF) is more effective than surgery alone, that cyclophosphamide with MF (CMF) is more effective than MF, and that CMF and doxorubicin (Adriamycin) with cyclophosphamide (AC) are equally beneficial. This report presents updated findings from those trials, relates the results to age and menopausal status, and estimates the extent of progress made in treating such patients. METHODS Patients were randomly assigned as follows: in B-13, 760 patients were assigned to surgery only or to MF; in B-19, 1095 patients were assigned to MF or CMF; in B-23, 2008 patients were assigned to CMF or AC. Recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) were estimated according to age and menopausal status. Smoothed recurrence rates were used to evaluate patterns of recurrence as a continuous function of age. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to test for interactions between treatment and covariates and to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) for pairwise group comparisons. RESULTS In B-13, through 16 years of follow-up, an overall benefit was seen with MF relative to surgery alone (RFS: HR = 0.59, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.44 to 0.78, P<0.001; OS: HR = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.58 to 0.98, P = 0.03). In B-19, through 13 years of follow-up, an overall benefit was seen for CMF relative to MF (RFS: HR = 0.59, 95% CI = 0.45 to 0.77, P<0.001; OS: HR = 0.71; 95% CI = 0.55 to 0.92; P = 0.01). In both trials, all age and menopausal groups demonstrated an RFS benefit, and most demonstrated an OS benefit. In B-23, through 8 years of follow-up, there were no statistically significant differences between the CMF and AC groups (RFS: HR = 1.00, 95% CI = 0.79 to 1.27, P = 0.97; OS, HR = 0.92, 95% CI = 0.73 to 1.17; P = 0.51). When women in the CMF or AC groups (B-19, B-23) were compared with those who were in the surgery-alone group (B-13), through 8 years of follow-up there was a 58% reduction in recurrence and a 40% reduction in mortality as a result of the chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS Outcomes in CMF- or AC-treated women with estrogen receptor-negative tumors and negative axillary lymph nodes were similar in all age groups. The decreased benefit from chemotherapy observed with increasing age was a result of a better outcome associated with advancing age in women who underwent surgery alone rather than a poorer outcome resulting from the use of chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Fisher
- National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project, Operations Center, USA.
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Luxo C, Jurado AS, Madeira VMC, Silva MT. Tamoxifen induces ultrastructural alterations in membranes of Bacillus Stearothermophilus. Toxicol In Vitro 2004; 17:623-8. [PMID: 14599454 DOI: 10.1016/s0887-2333(03)00113-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Tamoxifen (TAM), a non-steroid antiestrogen, is the mostly used drug for chemotherapy and chemoprevention of breast cancer. However, the mechanisms by which TAM inhibits cell proliferation in breast cancer are not fully understood. TAM strongly incorporates in biomembranes and a variety of effects have been assigned to biophysical and biochemical interactions with membranes. Therefore, a better understanding of the physicochemical basis of interaction of TAM with biomembranes is essential to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of action. A strain of Bacillus stearothermophilus has been used as a model to clarify the interaction of TAM with the cell membrane. TAM effects on the ultrastructure of membranes of this bacterium were evaluated by electron microscopy. Important ultrastructural alterations were observed in B. stearothermophilus treated with TAM, namely change in the geometry of the membrane profile from asymmetric to symmetric, disaggregation of ribosomes, coagulation of the cytoplasmic matrix, occurrence of mesossomes, appearance of fractures in membranes and the alteration of the ultrastructure of cell wall. These ultrastructural alterations confirm that TAM is a membrane-active drug and that membrane damage may be involved in molecular mechanisms of cell death induced by this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Luxo
- Laboratório de Microbiologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Rua Couraça dos Apóstolos, no. 51, r/c, Universidade de Coimbra, 3000 Coimbra, Portugal.
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Lower BH, Potters MB, Kennelly PJ. A phosphoprotein from the archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus with protein-serine/threonine kinase activity. J Bacteriol 2004; 186:463-72. [PMID: 14702316 PMCID: PMC305749 DOI: 10.1128/jb.186.2.463-472.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2003] [Accepted: 10/03/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfolobus solfataricus contains a membrane-associated protein kinase activity that displays a strong preference for threonine as the phospho-acceptor amino acid residue. When a partially purified detergent extract of the membrane fraction from the archaeon S. solfataricus that had been enriched for this activity was incubated with [gamma-(32)P]ATP, radiolabeled phosphate was incorporated into roughly a dozen polypeptides, several of which contained phosphothreonine. One of the phosphothreonine-containing proteins was identified by mass peptide profiling as the product of open reading frame [ORF] sso0469. Inspection of the DNA-derived amino acid sequence of the predicted protein product of ORF sso0469 revealed the presence of sequence characteristics faintly reminiscent of the "eukaryotic" protein kinase superfamily. ORF sso0469 therefore was cloned, and its polypeptide product was expressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant protein formed insoluble aggregates that could be dispersed using urea or detergents. The solubilized polypeptide phosphorylated several exogenous proteins in vitro, including casein, myelin basic protein, and bovine serum albumin. Mutagenic alteration of amino acids predicted to be essential for catalytic activity abolished or severely reduced catalytic activity. Phosphorylation of exogenous substrates took place on serine and, occasionally, threonine. This new archaeal protein kinase displayed no catalytic activity when GTP was substituted for ATP as the phospho-donor substrate, while Mn(2+) was the preferred cofactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian H Lower
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
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Feng Y, Fratkins JD, LeBlanc MH. Treatment with tamoxifen reduces hypoxic–ischemic brain injury in neonatal rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2004; 484:65-74. [PMID: 14729383 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2003.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Tamoxifen, an estrogen receptor modulator, is neuroprotective in adult rats. Does tamoxifen reduce brain injury in the rat pup? Seven-day-old rat pups had the right carotid artery permanently ligated followed by 2.5 h of hypoxia (8% oxygen). Tamoxifen (10 mg/kg) or vehicle was given i.p. 5 min prior to hypoxia, or 5 min after reoxygenation, with a second dose given 6 h after the first. Brain damage was evaluated by weight deficit of the right hemisphere 22 days following hypoxia and gross and microscopic morphology. Tamoxifen pre-treatment reduced brain weight loss from 21.5+/-4.0% in vehicle pups (n=27) to 2.6+/-2.5% in the treated pups (n=22, P<0.05). Treatment 5 min after reoxygenation reduced brain weight loss from 27.5+/-4.0% in vehicle pups (n=42) to 12.0+/-3.9% in the treated pups (n=30, P<0.05). Tamoxifen reduces brain injury in the neonatal rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangzheng Feng
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, 39216-4505, Jackson, MS, USA.
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Cifuentes E, Mataraza JM, Yoshida BA, Menon M, Sacks DB, Barrack ER, Reddy GPV. Physical and functional interaction of androgen receptor with calmodulin in prostate cancer cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 101:464-9. [PMID: 14695896 PMCID: PMC327170 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0307161101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ca(2+) and calmodulin (CaM) play a critical role in proliferation and viability of a wide variety of cells, including prostate cancer cells. We examined two prostate cancer cell lines, androgen-sensitive LNCaP and androgen-independent PC-3. Proliferation of LNCaP cells was six to eight times more sensitive to the inhibitory effect of the CaM antagonist N-(6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalenesulfonamide hydrochloride (W-7) than were PC-3 cells. Because LNCaP cell proliferation is sensitive to stimulation by androgen, we assessed the physical and functional interaction between androgen receptor (AR) and CaM. We observed tight binding of AR to CaM when LNCaP cell extracts were subjected to CaM-affinity column chromatography. AR binding to CaM was Ca(2+)-dependent and was inhibited by pretreatment of the cell extracts with W-7. Using immunofluorescence staining and confocal microscopy, we demonstrated colocalization of AR and CaM in the nucleus of LNCaP cells. Furthermore, the functional relevance of AR-CaM interactions in intact cells was revealed by the observation that W-7 was as effective as Casodex, an antiandrogen, in blocking AR-regulated expression of prostate-specific antigen in LNCaP cells. AR seems to interact with CaM directly because purified human AR could bind to CaM-agarose, and CaM could be detected in AR-immunoprecipitate prepared from purified soluble proteins. These studies provide direct evidence for physical and functional interaction between AR and CaM and suggest the potential usefulness of CaM antagonists in blocking AR activity in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Cifuentes
- Vattikuti Urology Institute, Henry Ford Health Sciences Center, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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Lower BH, Kennelly PJ. Open reading frame sso2387 from the archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus encodes a polypeptide with protein-serine kinase activity. J Bacteriol 2003; 185:3436-45. [PMID: 12754243 PMCID: PMC155377 DOI: 10.1128/jb.185.11.3436-3445.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2002] [Accepted: 03/21/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The predicted polypeptide product of open reading frame sso2387 from the archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus, SsoPK2, displayed several of the sequence features conserved among the members of the "eukaryotic" protein kinase superfamily. sso2387 was cloned, and its polypeptide product was expressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant protein, rSsoPK2, was recovered in insoluble aggregates that could be dispersed by using high concentrations (5 M) of urea. The solubilized polypeptide displayed the ability to phosphorylate itself as well as several exogenous proteins, including mixed histones, casein, bovine serum albumin, and reduced carboxyamidomethylated and maleylated lysozyme, on serine residues. The source of this activity resided in that portion of the protein displaying homology to the catalytic domain of eukaryotic protein kinases. By use of mass spectrometry, the sites of autophosphorylation were found to be located in two areas, one immediately N terminal to the region corresponding to subdomain I of eukaryotic protein kinases, and the second N terminal to the presumed activation loop located between subdomains VII and VIII. Autophosphorylation of rSsoPK2 could be uncoupled from the phosphorylation of exogenous proteins by manipulation of the temperature or mutagenic alteration of the enzyme. Autophosphorylation was detected only at temperatures >or=60 degrees C, whereas phosphorylation of exogenous proteins was detectable at 37 degrees C. Similarly, replacement of one of the potential sites of autophosphorylation, Ser(548), with alanine blocked autophosphorylation but not phosphorylation of an exogenous protein, casein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian H Lower
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
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Steiner MS, Raghow S. Antiestrogens and selective estrogen receptor modulators reduce prostate cancer risk. World J Urol 2003; 21:31-6. [PMID: 12756492 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-002-0316-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2002] [Accepted: 11/29/2002] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of chemoprevention strategies against prostate cancer would have the greatest overall impact both medically and economically against prostate cancer. Estrogens are required for prostate carcinogenesis. Estrogenic stimulation through estrogen receptor alpha in a milieu of decreasing androgens contributes significantly to the genesis of benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostate dysplasia, and prostate cancer. The ability of antiestrogens and selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) to delay and to suppress prostate carcinogenesis is supported by preclinical, clinical, and epidemiological studies. SERMs have many features that make them attractive candidates for prostate cancer chemoprevention including their favorable safety profile and efficacy in preclinical prostate cancer models. The true clinical benefits of SERMs for chemoprevention to prevent prostate cancer, however, should continue to be investigated through human clinical trials. A phase IIb/III human clinical trial is currently evaluating safety and efficacy of toremifene, a SERM, in men who have high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell S Steiner
- Department of Urology, University of Tennessee, 1211 Union Avenue, Memphis, TN 38104, USA.
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Hentschke M, Schulze C, Süsens U, Borgmeyer U. Characterization of calmodulin binding to the orphan nuclear receptor Errgamma. Biol Chem 2003; 384:473-82. [PMID: 12715898 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2003.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The estrogen receptor-related receptor gamma (ERRgamma/ ERR3/NR3B3), a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, activates transcription in the absence of ligands. In order to identify ligand-independent mechanisms of activation, we tested whether calmodulin (CaM), a key regulator of numerous cellular processes and a predominant intracellular receptor for Ca2+-signals, interacts with ERRgamma. In vitro pull-down experiments with calmodulin-Sepharose demonstrated a Ca2+-dependent interaction with cellularly expressed ERRgamma. As shown by truncation analysis, the CaM binding site is highly unusual in that it is composed of two discontinuous elements. Moreover, by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor technology, we detected a direct interaction of immobilized bacterially expressed ERR-gamma fusion protein with Ca2+-calmodulin. This is best described by a model which assumes a conformational change of the initially formed complex to a more stable form. Whereas in vitro DNA binding was calmodulin-independent, transient transfection analysis revealed a Ca2+-influx-dependent ERRgamma-mediated transcriptional activation of a luciferase reporter gene. Thus, we propose that CaM acts as a mediator in the Ca2+-dependent modulation of ERRgamma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Hentschke
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie Hamburg (ZMNH), Universität Hamburg, Martinistrasse 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
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Chesnoy-Marchais D. Potentiation of glycine responses by dideoxyforskolin and tamoxifen in rat spinal neurons. Eur J Neurosci 2003; 17:681-91. [PMID: 12603258 DOI: 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02481.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Dideoxyforskolin, a forskolin analogue unable to stimulate adenylate cyclase, and tamoxifen, an antioestrogen widely used against breast cancer, are both known to block some Cl- channels. Their effects on Cl- responses to glycine or GABA have been tested here by using whole-cell recording from cultured spinal neurons. Dideoxyforskolin (4 or 16 microm) and tamoxifen (0.2-5 microm) both potentiate responses to low glycine concentrations. They also induce blocking effects, predominant at high glycine concentrations. At 5 microm, tamoxifen increased responses to 15 microm glycine by a factor >4.5, reaching 20 in some neurons. Potentiation by extracellular dideoxyforskolin or tamoxifen persisted after intracellular application of the modulator and was not due to Zn2+ contamination. Potentiation by tamoxifen also persisted in a Ca2+-free extracellular solution, after intracellular Ca2+ buffering and protein kinase C blockade. Thus, the critical sites of action are not intracellular. The EC50 for glycine was lowered 6.6-fold by 5 microm tamoxifen. The kinetics and voltage-dependence of the effects of tamoxifen on glycine responses support the idea that this hydrophobic drug may act from a site located within the membrane. Tamoxifen (5 micro m) also increased responses to 2 micro m GABA by a factor of 3.5, but barely affected peak responses to 20 microm GABA. The demonstration that tamoxifen affects some of the main inhibitory receptors should be useful for better evaluating its neurological effects. Furthermore, the results identify a new class of molecules that potentiate glycine receptor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Chesnoy-Marchais
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR-8544, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 46 rue d'Ulm, 75005, Paris, France.
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Budtz PE. Role of proliferation and apoptosis in net growth rates of human breast cancer cells (MCF-7) treated with oestradiol and/or tamoxifen. Cell Prolif 2003; 32:289-302. [PMID: 10619490 PMCID: PMC6726337 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2184.1999.3250289.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies on growth regulation in vitro to a large extent rely on comparison of growth curves. However, these do not discriminate between the relative contributions of the mitotic rate and the apoptotic rate to the net growth rate. In the present study, differential effects of 17beta-oestradiol (E2, 10(-8) M) and/or tamoxifen (TAM, 10(-6) M) on proliferation and apoptosis have been examined and related to growth curves of a subline of the human breast cancer cell line MCF-7 adapted to grow at low serum concentrations. Counting of cells and scoring of labelling and apoptotic indices were performed at the start of the experiment and 3, 6 and 9 days after changing the experimental media. The results demonstrate that apoptosis in this subline is constitutively expressed, that E2 protects (at least partly) against apoptosis and stimulates proliferation, resulting in an increased (net) growth rate, and final cell pool size, and that TAM has a weak cytostatic effect and stimulates apoptosis strongly, resulting in a decreased (net) growth rate and final cell pool size. When E2 and TAM are added simultaneously to the medium, the cytotoxic effect of TAM is partly counterbalanced by the protective role of E2, resulting in a reduced apoptotic rate that, however, is at a higher level than in cultures grown with E2 only. As the cytostatic role of TAM is partly abolished by E2, the combined effect of E2 and TAM results in a final (net) growth rate and cell pool size intermediary to cells grown with E2 or TAM alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- P E Budtz
- August Krogh Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Koshida S, Narita T, Kato H, Yoshida S, Taga T, Ohta S, Takeuchi Y. Estrogen receptor expression and estrogen receptor-independent cytotoxic effects of tamoxifen on malignant rhabdoid tumor cells in vitro. Jpn J Cancer Res 2002; 93:1351-7. [PMID: 12495475 PMCID: PMC5926929 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2002.tb01244.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that the antiestrogen tamoxifen (TAM) can be used in the treatment of malignant neoplasms other than breast cancer. In the present study, we investigated the expression of estrogen receptor (ER) in six malignant rhabdoid tumor (MRT) cell lines. Alterations in MRT cell growth in response to estrogen or antiestrogens (4-hydroxytamoxifen (4-OHT), TAM, and ICI 182 780) were also investigated. RT-PCR and western blotting showed that ER-alpha was expressed in three of the six MRT cell lines. While 17-beta-estradiol (E2) did not significantly alter MRT cell line proliferation, the hydroxylated tamoxifen metabolite 4-OHT significantly inhibited the growth of all 6 MRT cell lines. However, the steroidal antiestrogen ICI 182 780 did not alter the proliferation of any of the MRT cell lines. 4-OHT induced apoptosis in both ER-alpha-negative and ER-alpha-positive MRT cell lines, as assessed by nuclear morphology and DNA fragmentation. Neither growth inhibition nor induction of apoptosis due to 4-OHT was blocked by the addition of excess E2. Our data suggested that 4-OHT induced cytotoxic effects against MRT cells, and that these effects were independent of ER expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeki Koshida
- Department of Pediatrics, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta, Ohtsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
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