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Heinz A. Elastases and elastokines: elastin degradation and its significance in health and disease. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 55:252-273. [PMID: 32530323 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2020.1768208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Elastin is an important protein of the extracellular matrix of higher vertebrates, which confers elasticity and resilience to various tissues and organs including lungs, skin, large blood vessels and ligaments. Owing to its unique structure, extensive cross-linking and durability, it does not undergo significant turnover in healthy tissues and has a half-life of more than 70 years. Elastin is not only a structural protein, influencing the architecture and biomechanical properties of the extracellular matrix, but also plays a vital role in various physiological processes. Bioactive elastin peptides termed elastokines - in particular those of the GXXPG motif - occur as a result of proteolytic degradation of elastin and its non-cross-linked precursor tropoelastin and display several biological activities. For instance, they promote angiogenesis or stimulate cell adhesion, chemotaxis, proliferation, protease activation and apoptosis. Elastin-degrading enzymes such as matrix metalloproteinases, serine proteases and cysteine proteases slowly damage elastin over the lifetime of an organism. The destruction of elastin and the biological processes triggered by elastokines favor the development and progression of various pathological conditions including emphysema, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, atherosclerosis, metabolic syndrome and cancer. This review gives an overview on types of human elastases and their action on human elastin, including the formation, structure and biological activities of elastokines and their role in common biological processes and severe pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Heinz
- Department of Pharmacy, LEO Foundation Center for Cutaneous Drug Delivery, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Crisford H, Sapey E, Stockley RA. Proteinase 3; a potential target in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and other chronic inflammatory diseases. Respir Res 2018; 19:180. [PMID: 30236095 PMCID: PMC6149181 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-018-0883-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a common, multifactorial lung disease which results in significant impairment of patients' health and a large impact on society and health care burden. It is believed to be the result of prolonged, destructive neutrophilic inflammation which results in progressive damage to lung structures. During this process, large quantities of neutrophil serine proteinases (NSPs) are released which initiate the damage and contribute towards driving a persistent inflammatory state.Neutrophil elastase has long been considered the key NSP involved in the pathophysiology of COPD. However, in recent years, a significant role for Proteinase 3 (PR3) in disease development has emerged, both in COPD and other chronic inflammatory conditions. Therefore, there is a need to investigate the importance of PR3 in disease development and hence its potential as a therapeutic target. Research into PR3 has largely been confined to its role as an autoantigen, but PR3 is involved in triggering inflammatory pathways, disrupting cellular signalling, degrading key structural proteins, and pathogen response.This review summarises what is presently known about PR3, explores its involvement particularly in the development of COPD, and indicates areas requiring further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Crisford
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2GW, UK.
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, University of Birmingham Research Laboratories, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Mindelsohn Way, Birmingham, B15 2WB, UK.
| | - Elizabeth Sapey
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2GW, UK
| | - Robert A Stockley
- University Hospital Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2GW, UK
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4
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Heinz A, Jung MC, Jahreis G, Rusciani A, Duca L, Debelle L, Weiss AS, Neubert RHH, Schmelzer CEH. The action of neutrophil serine proteases on elastin and its precursor. Biochimie 2011; 94:192-202. [PMID: 22030899 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2011.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the degradation of the natural substrates tropoelastin and elastin by the neutrophil-derived serine proteases human leukocyte elastase (HLE), proteinase 3 (PR3) and cathepsin G (CG). Focus was placed on determining their cleavage site specificities using mass spectrometric techniques. Moreover, the release of bioactive peptides from elastin by the three proteases was studied. Tropoelastin was comprehensively degraded by all three proteases, whereas less cleavage occurred in mature cross-linked elastin. An analysis of the cleavage site specificities of the three proteases in tropoelastin and elastin revealed that HLE and PR3 similarly tolerate hydrophobic and/or aliphatic amino acids such as Ala, Gly and Val at P(1), which are also preferred by CG. In addition, CG prefers the bulky hydrophobic amino acid Leu and accepts the bulky aromatic amino acids Phe and Tyr. CG shows a strong preference for the charged amino acid Lys at P(1) in tropoelastin, whereas Lys was not identified at P(1) in CG digests of elastin due to extensive cross-linking at Lys residues in mature elastin. All three serine proteases showed a clear preference for Pro at P(2) and P(4)'. With respect to the liberation of potentially bioactive peptides from elastin, the study revealed that all three serine proteases have a similar ability to release bioactive sequences, with CG producing the highest number of these peptides. In bioactivity studies, potentially bioactive peptides that have not been investigated on their bioactivity to date, were tested. Three new bioactive GxxPG motifs were identified; GVYPG, GFGPG and GVLPG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Heinz
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Faculty of Natural Sciences I, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Str. 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
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Korkmaz B, Horwitz MS, Jenne DE, Gauthier F. Neutrophil elastase, proteinase 3, and cathepsin G as therapeutic targets in human diseases. Pharmacol Rev 2011; 62:726-59. [PMID: 21079042 DOI: 10.1124/pr.110.002733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 581] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymorphonuclear neutrophils are the first cells recruited to inflammatory sites and form the earliest line of defense against invading microorganisms. Neutrophil elastase, proteinase 3, and cathepsin G are three hematopoietic serine proteases stored in large quantities in neutrophil cytoplasmic azurophilic granules. They act in combination with reactive oxygen species to help degrade engulfed microorganisms inside phagolysosomes. These proteases are also externalized in an active form during neutrophil activation at inflammatory sites, thus contributing to the regulation of inflammatory and immune responses. As multifunctional proteases, they also play a regulatory role in noninfectious inflammatory diseases. Mutations in the ELA2/ELANE gene, encoding neutrophil elastase, are the cause of human congenital neutropenia. Neutrophil membrane-bound proteinase 3 serves as an autoantigen in Wegener granulomatosis, a systemic autoimmune vasculitis. All three proteases are affected by mutations of the gene (CTSC) encoding dipeptidyl peptidase I, a protease required for activation of their proform before storage in cytoplasmic granules. Mutations of CTSC cause Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome. Because of their roles in host defense and disease, elastase, proteinase 3, and cathepsin G are of interest as potential therapeutic targets. In this review, we describe the physicochemical functions of these proteases, toward a goal of better delineating their role in human diseases and identifying new therapeutic strategies based on the modulation of their bioavailability and activity. We also describe how nonhuman primate experimental models could assist with testing the efficacy of proposed therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brice Korkmaz
- INSERM U-618 Protéases et Vectorisation Pulmonaires, Université François Rabelais, Faculté de médecine, 10 Boulevard Tonnellé, Tours, France.
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Hajjar E, Broemstrup T, Kantari C, Witko-Sarsat V, Reuter N. Structures of human proteinase 3 and neutrophil elastase--so similar yet so different. FEBS J 2010; 277:2238-54. [PMID: 20423453 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2010.07659.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Proteinase 3 and neutrophil elastase are serine proteinases of the polymorphonuclear neutrophils, which are considered to have both similar localization and ligand specificity because of their high sequence similarity. However, recent studies indicate that they might have different and yet complementary physiologic roles. Specifically, proteinase 3 has intracellular specific protein substrates resulting in its involvement in the regulation of intracellular functions such as proliferation or apoptosis. It behaves as a peripheral membrane protein and its membrane expression is a risk factor in chronic inflammatory diseases. Moreover, in contrast to human neutrophil elastase, proteinase 3 is the preferred target antigen in Wegener's granulomatosis, a particular type of vasculitis. We review the structural basis for the different ligand specificities and membrane binding mechanisms of both enzymes, as well as the putative anti-neutrophil cytoplasm autoantibody epitopes on human neutrophil elastase 3. We also address the differences existing between murine and human enzymes, and their consequences with respect to the development of animal models for the study of human proteinase 3-related pathologies. By integrating the functional and the structural data, we assemble many pieces of a complicated puzzle to provide a new perspective on the structure-function relationship of human proteinase 3 and its interaction with membrane, partner proteins or cleavable substrates. Hence, precise and meticulous structural studies are essential tools for the rational design of specific proteinase 3 substrates or competitive ligands that modulate its activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Hajjar
- Dipartimento di Fisica, University of Cagliari (CA), Italy
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Wysocka M, Lesner A, Majkowska G, Łęgowska A, Guzow K, Rolka K, Wiczk W. The new fluorogenic substrates of neutrophil proteinase 3 optimized in prime site region. Anal Biochem 2010; 399:196-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2010.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2009] [Revised: 01/06/2010] [Accepted: 01/08/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Utilization of the 1,2,3,5-thiatriazolidin-3-one 1,1-dioxide scaffold in the design of potential inhibitors of human neutrophil proteinase 3. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 18:1093-102. [PMID: 20061159 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.12.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2009] [Revised: 12/15/2009] [Accepted: 12/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The S' subsites of human neutrophil proteinase 3 (Pr 3) were probed by constructing diverse libraries of compounds based on the 1,2,3,5-thiatriazolidin-3-one 1,1-dioxide using combinational and click chemistry methods. The multiple points of diversity embodied in the heterocyclic scaffold render it well-suited to the exploration of the S' subsites of Pr 3. Molecular modeling studies suggest that further exploration of the S' subsites of Pr 3 using the aforementioned heterocyclic scaffold may lead to the identification of highly selective, reversible competitive inhibitors of Pr 3.
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Li Y, Dou D, He G, Lushington GH, Groutas WC. Mechanism-based inhibitors of serine proteases with high selectivity through optimization of S' subsite binding. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:3536-42. [PMID: 19394830 PMCID: PMC2853036 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2009] [Revised: 04/08/2009] [Accepted: 04/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A series of mechanism-based inhibitors designed to interact with the S' subsites of serine proteases was synthesized and their inhibitory activity toward the closely-related serine proteases human neutrophil elastase (HNE) and proteinase 3 (PR 3) was investigated. The compounds were found to be time-dependent inhibitors of HNE and were devoid of any inhibitory activity toward PR 3. The results suggest that highly selective inhibitors of serine proteases whose primary substrate specificity and active sites are similar can be identified by exploiting differences in their S' subsites. The best inhibitor (compound 16) had a k(inact)/K(I) value of 4580 M(-1)s(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, Wichita, Kansas 67260
| | - Dengfeng Dou
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, Wichita, Kansas 67260
| | - Guijia He
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, Wichita, Kansas 67260
| | - Gerald H. Lushington
- Molecular Graphics and Modeling Laboratory, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045
| | - William C. Groutas
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, Wichita, Kansas 67260
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Edwards P. The use of combinatorial chemistry libraries for the discovery of biologically active substances. Drug Discov Today 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2009.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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11
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Yang Q, Li Y, Dou D, Gan X, Mohan S, Groutas CS, Stevenson LE, Lai Z, Alliston KR, Zhong J, Williams TD, Groutas WC. Inhibition of serine proteases by a new class of cyclosulfamide-based carbamylating agents. Arch Biochem Biophys 2008; 475:115-20. [PMID: 18457652 PMCID: PMC2492831 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2008.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2008] [Revised: 04/15/2008] [Accepted: 04/16/2008] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A new class of carbamylating agents based on the cyclosulfamide scaffold is reported. These compounds were found to be efficient time-dependent inhibitors of human neutrophil elastase (HNE). Exploitation of the three sites of diversity present in the cyclosulfamide scaffold yielded compounds which inhibited HNE but not proteinase 3 (PR 3) or bovine trypsin. The findings reported herein suggest that the introduction of appropriate recognition elements into the cyclosulfamide scaffold may lead to highly selective agents of potential value in the design of activity-based probes suitable for investigating proteases associated with the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingliang Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, 1845 N Fairmount Avenue, Wichita, KS 67260, USA
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Wysocka M, Lesner A, Guzow K, Mackiewicz L, Legowska A, Wiczk W, Rolka K. Design of selective substrates of proteinase 3 using combinatorial chemistry methods. Anal Biochem 2008; 378:208-15. [PMID: 18445466 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2008.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2008] [Revised: 03/31/2008] [Accepted: 04/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, chemical synthesis of the selective chromogenic/fluorogenic substrates for proteinase 3 is described. The substrates' sequence was obtained using combinatorial chemistry methods. Deconvolution of the tripeptide library against proteinase 3 with general formula ABZ-X3-X2-X1-ANB-NH2 yielded the active sequence. Selected peptide was further modified on its C terminus to investigate the impact of chromophore moiety modification on enzyme-substrate interaction. To determine specificity, activity of selected substrates was characterized against proteinase 3 and neutrophil elastase. Finally, the peptide ABZ-Tyr-Tyr-Abu-ANB-NH2 displayed the highest value of specificity constant (k(cat)/K(M)=189 x 10(3) M(-1) s(-1)) for proteinase 3. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first short peptide that undergoes selective proteolysis by proteinase 3 and displays no significant hydrolysis in the presence of human neutrophil elastase and cathepsin G.
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Huang W, Yamamoto Y, Li Y, Dou D, Alliston KR, Hanzlik RP, Williams TD, Groutas WC. X-ray snapshot of the mechanism of inactivation of human neutrophil elastase by 1,2,5-thiadiazolidin-3-one 1,1-dioxide derivatives. J Med Chem 2008; 51:2003-8. [PMID: 18318470 DOI: 10.1021/jm700966p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of action of a general class of mechanism-based inhibitors of serine proteases, including human neutrophil elastase (HNE), has been elucidated by determining the X-ray crystal structure of an enzyme-inhibitor complex. The captured intermediate indicates that processing of inhibitor by the enzyme generates an N-sulfonyl imine functionality that is tethered to Ser195, in accordance with the postulated mechanism of action of this class of inhibitors. The identity of the HNE-N-sulfonyl imine species was further corroborated using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS 67260, USA
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14
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Korkmaz B, Hajjar E, Kalupov T, Reuter N, Brillard-Bourdet M, Moreau T, Juliano L, Gauthier F. Influence of Charge Distribution at the Active Site Surface on the Substrate Specificity of Human Neutrophil Protease 3 and Elastase. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:1989-97. [PMID: 17088257 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m608700200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The biological functions of human neutrophil protease 3 (Pr3) differ from those of neutrophil elastase despite their close structural and functional resemblance. Although both proteases are strongly cationic, their sequences differ mainly in the distribution of charged residues. We have used these differences in electrostatic surface potential in the vicinity of their active site to produce fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) peptide substrates for investigating individual Pr3 subsites. The specificities of subsites S5 to S3' were investigated both kinetically and by molecular dynamic simulations. Subsites S2, S1', and S2' were the main definers of Pr3 specificity. Combinations of results for each subsite were used to deduce a consensus sequence that was complementary to the extended Pr3 active site and was not recognized by elastase. Similar sequences were identified in natural protein substrates such as NFkappaB and p21 that are specifically cleaved by Pr3. FRET peptides derived from these natural sequences were specifically hydrolyzed by Pr3 with specificity constants k(cat)/K(m) in the 10(6) m(-1) s(-1) range. The consensus Pr3 sequence may also be used to predict cleavage sites within putative protein targets like the proform of interleukin-18, or to develop specific Pr3 peptide-derived inhibitors, because none is available for further studies on the physiopathological function of this protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brice Korkmaz
- INSERM U618, Faculty of Medicine, 10 Bd. Tonnellé, 37032 Tours Cedex, France
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15
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Hajjar E, Korkmaz B, Gauthier F, Brandsdal BO, Witko-Sarsat V, Reuter N. Inspection of the binding sites of proteinase3 for the design of a highly specific substrate. J Med Chem 2006; 49:1248-60. [PMID: 16480262 DOI: 10.1021/jm051018t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Proteinase3 (PR3) and human neutrophil elastase (HNE) are homologous proteases from the polymorphonuclear neutrophils and have been thought for a long time to have close enzymatic specificity. We have used molecular dynamics simulations to investigate and compare the interactions between different peptides and the two enzymes. The important role played especially by the C-terminal part of the peptides is confirmed. We provide a map of the subsites of PR3 and a description of the interaction scheme for six ligands. The main difference between HNE and PR3 concerns S2, S1', S2', and S3'. The recognition subsites in PR3 are interconnected; in particular, Lys99 participates to a hydrophobic (S4) and a polar (S2) pocket. On the basis of the simulations, we suggest that VADVKDR is a highly specific sequence for PR3; enzymatic assays confirm that it is cleaved by PR3 with a high specificity constant (k(cat)/K(m) = 3,400,000 M(-1) s(-1)) and not by HNE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Hajjar
- Computational Biology Unit, BCCS, University of Bergen, N-5008 Bergen, Norway
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16
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Dublet B, Ruello A, Pederzoli M, Hajjar E, Courbebaisse M, Canteloup S, Reuter N, Witko-Sarsat V. Cleavage of p21/WAF1/CIP1 by Proteinase 3 Modulates Differentiation of a Monocytic Cell Line. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:30242-53. [PMID: 15975933 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m414609200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteinase 3 (PR3), also called myeloblastin, is involved in the control of myeloid cell growth, but the underlying molecular mechanisms have not been elucidated. In U937/PR3, stably transfected with PRCRSV/PR3 to overexpress PR3, PMA-induced p21 expression was significantly decreased as compared with control U937, and this phenomenon was reversed in the presence of the serine proteinase inhibitor, pefabloc. Conversely, when PR3 was inactivated by small interfering RNA, p21 protein was increased, and PMA-induced monocytic differentiation was potentiated. Mass spectrometry analysis identified Ala45 as the primary cleavage site on p21, and the recombinant mutated p21A45R, generated by site-directed mutagenesis and expressed in Escherichia coli, was resistant to in vitro PR3 cleavage. The U937 cells were then stably transfected with either PRCRSV/p21 or PRCRSV/p21A45R, to ectopically express wild type p21 or PR3-resistant p21, respectively. In U937/p21A45R treated with PS-341, a selective proteasome inhibitor, a significant decrease in the S phase and a blockade in the G0-G1 phase of cell cycle were observed when compared with U937/p21 or control U937. This suggested that both PR3 and the proteasome are efficiently involved in the proteolytic regulation of p21 expression in myeloid cells. Moreover, PMA-induced p21 expression was more pronounced in U937/p21A45R compared with U937/p21 and was concomitant with the morphological features of early differentiation. Our data demonstrated that p21 is one specific target of PR3 and that PR3-mediated p21 cleavage prevents monocytic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Dublet
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse des Protéines, Institut de Biologie Structurale Jean-Pierre Ebel, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique-CNRS-Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble 38000, France
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Duranton J, Bieth JG. Inhibition of proteinase 3 by [alpha]1-antitrypsin in vitro predicts very fast inhibition in vivo. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2003; 29:57-61. [PMID: 12600819 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2002-0258oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil proteinase 3 (Pr3) cleaves elastin and other matrix proteins, and is thought to cause lung tissue destruction in emphysema and cystic fibrosis. Its deleterious action is theoretically prevented by alpha1-antitrypsin, a serpin present in lung secretions. We have evaluated the anti-Pr3 activity of this inhibitor to decide whether it may play a physiologic proteolysis-preventing function in vivo. We show that (i). the oxidized inhibitor does not inhibit Pr3; (ii). the inhibitor competes favorably with elastin for the binding of Pr3, but is less efficient for inhibiting elastin-bound proteinase than for complexing free enzyme; and (iii). the inhibition takes place in at least two steps: the enzyme and the inhibitor first form a high-affinity reversible inhibitory complex EI* with an equilibrium dissociation constant K*i of 38 nM; EI* subsequently transforms into an irreversible complex EI with a first-order rate constant k2 of 0.04 s-1. Because the alpha1-antitrypsin concentration in the epithelial lining fluid is much higher than K*i, any Pr3 molecule released from neutrophils will be taken up as an EI* complex within much less than 1 s, indicating very efficient inhibition in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Duranton
- Laboratoire d"Enzymologie, INSERM U 392, Universitĕ Louis Pasteur de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
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18
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Koehl C, Knight CG, Bieth JG. Compared action of neutrophil proteinase 3 and elastase on model substrates. Favorable effect of S'-P' interactions on proteinase 3 catalysts. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:12609-12. [PMID: 12538645 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m210074200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil proteinase 3 (Pr3) and elastase (NE) may cause lung tissue destruction in emphysema and cystic fibrosis. These serine proteinases have similar P(1) specificities. We have compared their catalytic activity using acyl-tetrapeptide-p-nitroanilides, which occupy the S(5)-S'(1) subsites of their substrate binding site, and intramolecularly quenched fluorogenic heptapeptides, which bind at S(5)-S'(4). Most p-nitroanilide substrates are turned over slowly by Pr3 as compared with NE. These differences disappear with the fluorogenic heptapeptides, some of which are hydrolyzed even faster by Pr3 than by NE. Elongation of substrates strongly increases the catalytic efficiency of Pr3, whereas it has little effect on NE catalysis. These different sensitivities to S'-P' interactions show that Pr3 and NE are not interchangeable enzymes despite their similar P(1) specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Koehl
- Laboratoire d'Enzymologie, INSERM U392, Université Louis Pasteur de Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch, France
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Groutas WC, He S, Kuang R, Ruan S, Tu J, Chan HK. Inhibition of serine proteases by functionalized sulfonamides coupled to the 1,2,5-thiadiazolidin-3-one 1,1 dioxide scaffold. Bioorg Med Chem 2001; 9:1543-8. [PMID: 11408173 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(01)00037-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A challenge associated with drug design is the development of selective inhibitors of proteases (serine or cysteine) that exhibit the same primary substrate specificity, that is, show a preference for the same P(1) residue. While these proteases have similar active sites, nevertheless there are subtle differences in their S and S' subsites which can be exploited. We describe herein for the first time the use of functionalized sulfonamides as a design and diversity element which, when coupled to the 1,2,5-thiadiazolidin-3-one 1,1 dioxide scaffold yields potent, time-dependent inhibitors of the serine proteases human leukocyte elastase (HLE), proteinase 3 (PR 3) and cathepsin G(Cat G). Our preliminary findings suggest that (a) appending to the 1,2,5-thiadiazolidin-3-one 1,1 dioxide scaffold recognition and diversity elements that interact with both the S and S' subsites of a target protease may result in optimal enzyme selectivity and potency and, (b) functionalized sulfonamides constitute a powerful design and diversity element with low intrinsic chemical reactivity and potentially wide applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- W C Groutas
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS 67260, USA.
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van der Geld YM, Limburg PC, Kallenberg CGM. Proteinase 3, Wegener’s autoantigen: from gene to antigen. J Leukoc Biol 2001. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.69.2.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Y. M. van der Geld
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - P. C. Limburg
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - C. G. M. Kallenberg
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Groningen, The Netherlands
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21
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He S, Kuang R, Venkataraman R, Tu J, Truong TM, Chan HK, Groutas WC. Potent inhibition of serine proteases by heterocyclic sulfide derivatives of 1,2,5-thiadiazolidin-3-one 1,1 dioxide. Bioorg Med Chem 2000; 8:1713-7. [PMID: 10976518 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(00)00101-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The existence of subtle differences in the Sn' subsites of closely-related (chymo)trypsin-like serine proteases, and the fact that the 1,2,5-thiadiazolidin-3-one 1,1 dioxide scaffold docks to the active site of (chymo)trypsin-like enzymes in a substrate-like fashion, suggested that the introduction of recognition elements that can potentially interact with the Sn' subsites of these proteases might provide an effective means for optimizing enzyme potency and selectivity. Accordingly, a series of heterocyclic sulfide derivatives based on the 1,2,5-thiadiazolidin-3-one 1,1 dioxide scaffold (I) was synthesized and the inhibitory activity and selectivity of these compounds toward human leukocyte elastase (HLE), proteinase 3 (PR 3) and cathepsin G (Cat G) were then determined. Compounds with P1 = isobutyl were found to be potent, time-dependent inhibitors of HLE and, to a lesser extent PR 3, while those with P1 = benzyl inactivated Cat G rapidly and irreversibly. This study has demonstrated that 1,2,5-thiadiazolidin-3-one 1,1 dioxide-based heterocyclic sulfides are effective inhibitors of (chymo)trypsin-like serine proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S He
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, KS 67260, USA
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22
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Kuang R, Epp JB, Ruan S, Chong LS, Venkataraman R, Tu J, He S, Truong TM, Groutas WC. Utilization of the 1,2,5-thiadiazolidin-3-one 1,1 dioxide scaffold in the design of potent inhibitors of serine proteases: SAR studies using carboxylates. Bioorg Med Chem 2000; 8:1005-16. [PMID: 10882012 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(00)00038-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A series of carboxylate derivatives based on the 1,2,5-thiadiazolidin-3-one 1,1 dioxide and isothiazolidin-3-one 1,1 dioxide scaffolds has been synthesized and the inhibitory profile of these compounds toward human leukocyte elastase (HLE), cathepsin G (Cat G) and proteinase 3 (PR 3) was then determined. Most of the compounds were found to be potent, time-dependent inhibitors of elastase, with some of the compounds exhibiting k(inact)/K1 values as high as 4,928,300 M(-1) s(-1). The inhibitory potency of carboxylate derivatives based on the 1,2,5-thiadiazolidin-3-one 1,1 dioxide platform was found to be influenced by both the pKa and the inherent structure of the leaving group. Proper selection of the primary specificity group (R(I)) was found to lead to selective inhibition of HLE over Cat G, however, those compounds that inhibited HLE also inhibited PR 3, albeit less efficiently. The predictable mode of binding of these compounds suggests that, among closely-related serine proteases, highly selective inhibitors of a particular serine protease can be fashioned by exploiting subtle differences in their S' subsites. This study has also demonstrated that the degradative action of elastase on elastin can be abrogated in the presence of inhibitor 17.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kuang
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, KS 67260, USA
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23
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Coeshott C, Ohnemus C, Pilyavskaya A, Ross S, Wieczorek M, Kroona H, Leimer AH, Cheronis J. Converting enzyme-independent release of tumor necrosis factor alpha and IL-1beta from a stimulated human monocytic cell line in the presence of activated neutrophils or purified proteinase 3. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96:6261-6. [PMID: 10339575 PMCID: PMC26869 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.11.6261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Two important cytokines mediating inflammation are tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) and IL-1beta, both of which require conversion to soluble forms by converting enzymes. The importance of TNFalpha-converting enzyme and IL-1beta-converting enzyme in the production of circulating TNFalpha and IL-1beta in response to systemic challenges has been demonstrated by the use of specific converting enzyme inhibitors. Many inflammatory responses, however, are not systemic but instead are localized. In these situations release and/or activation of cytokines may be different from that seen in response to a systemic stimulus, particularly because associations of various cell populations in these foci allows for the exposure of procytokines to the proteolytic enzymes produced by activated neutrophils, neutrophil elastase (NE), proteinase 3 (PR3), and cathepsin G (Cat G). To investigate the possibility of alternative processing of TNFalpha and/or IL-1beta by neutrophil-derived proteinases, immunoreactive TNFalpha and IL-1beta release from lipopolysaccharide-stimulated THP-1 cells was measured in the presence of activated human neutrophils. Under these conditions, TNFalpha and IL-1beta release was augmented 2- to 5-fold. In the presence of a specific inhibitor of NE and PR3, enhanced release of both cytokines was largely abolished; however, in the presence of a NE and Cat G selective inhibitor, secretory leucocyte proteinase inhibitor, reduction of the enhanced release was minimal. This finding suggested that the augmented release was attributable to PR3 but not NE nor Cat G. Use of purified enzymes confirmed this conclusion. These results indicate that there may be alternative pathways for the production of these two proinflammatory cytokines, particularly in the context of local inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Coeshott
- Cortech, Inc., 6850 North Broadway, Denver, CO 80221, USA
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24
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Witko-Sarsat V, Halbwachs-Mecarelli L, Schuster A, Nusbaum P, Ueki I, Canteloup S, Lenoir G, Descamps-Latscha B, Nadel JA. Proteinase 3, a potent secretagogue in airways, is present in cystic fibrosis sputum. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1999; 20:729-36. [PMID: 10101005 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb.20.4.3371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the roles of proteinase 3 (PR3) and human neutrophil elastase (HNE), two neutrophil serine proteinases in the mechanisms leading to airway inflammation and hypersecretion in cystic fibrosis (CF). Using specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), we found higher levels of PR3 than HNE in sputum from CF patients. Using two inhibitors, ICI (Imperial Chemical Industries) 200,355 (which inhibits both HNE and PR3) and secretory leukoproteinase inhibitor (SLPI) (which inhibits only HNE), we showed that PR3 was enzymatically active in sputum, and its activity, as assessed by SLPI-resistant serine proteinase activity, correlated highly with its antigenic concentration measured by ELISA. Interestingly, sputum pellet-associated serine proteinase activity was mostly due to HNE. PR3 purified from neutrophil azurophil granules triggered airway gland secretion, as measured by the release of radiolabeled molecules from cultured bovine tracheal serous cells pulse-labeled with Na235SO4. This secretory activity was inhibited by ICI 200,355. PR3 concentration in CF sputum was highly correlated with taurine concentration, a reliable marker of airway inflammation and respiratory scores (e.g., FEV1%), whereas no significant correlation was observed with HNE. We verified that Pseudomonas aeruginosa proteinases did not interfere with the assessment of PR3 and HNE. Indeed, the PR3/HNE ratio was greatest in patients chronically infected by P. aeruginosa. We suggest that PR3 may play a role in the hypersecretory process that is characteristic of CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Witko-Sarsat
- INSERM U 90, Hôpital des Enfants Malades, Paris, France.
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25
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Polanowska J, Krokoszynska I, Czapinska H, Watorek W, Dadlez M, Otlewski J. Specificity of human cathepsin G. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1998; 1386:189-98. [PMID: 9675278 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(98)00085-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A series of tetrapeptide p-nitroanilide substrates of the general formula: suc-Ala-Ala-Pro-Aaa-p-nitroanilide was used to map the S1 binding pocket of human cathepsin G. Based on the kcat/Km parameter, the following order of preference was found: Lys=Phe>Arg=Leu>Met>Nle=Nva>Ala>Asp. Thus, the enzyme exhibits clear dual and equal trypsin- and chymotrypsin-like specificities. Particularly deleterious were beta-branched side chains of Ile and Val. The P1 substrate preferences found for cathepsin G are distinctly different from many other serine proteinases, including fiddler crab collagenase and chymotrypsin. The kcat/Km values obtained for P1 Lys, Phe, Arg and Leu substrates correlate well with those determined for analogous P1 mutants of basic pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI) obtained through recombinant techniques. To characterise the subsite specificity of the enzyme, a series of Cucurbita maxima trypsin inhibitor I (CMTI I) mutants were used comprising P2-P3' and P12' positions. All the mutants obtained were inhibitors of cathepsin G with association constants in the range: 105-109 M-1. Some of the mutations destabilised complex formation. In particular, Met8-->Arg substitution at P3', which increased association constant for chymotrypsin 46-fold, led to a 7-fold decrease of binding with cathepsin G. In addition, mutation of Ile6 at position P1' either to Val or Asp was deleterious for cathepsin G. In two cases (Ala18-->Gly (P12') and Pro4-->Thr (P2)), about a 10-fold increase in association constants was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Polanowska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Wroclaw, Tamka 2, 50-137 Wroclaw, Poland
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26
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Groutas WC, Kuang R, Ruan S, Epp JB, Venkataraman R, Truong TM. Potent and specific inhibition of human leukocyte elastase, cathepsin G and proteinase 3 by sulfone derivatives employing the 1,2,5-thiadiazolidin-3-one 1,1 dioxide scaffold. Bioorg Med Chem 1998; 6:661-71. [PMID: 9681132 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(98)00006-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the results of structure-activity relationship studies in a series of heterocyclic mechanism-based inhibitors based on the 1,2,5-thiadiazolidin-3-one 1,1 dioxide scaffold I and capable of interacting with the Sn and Sn' subsites of a serine proteinase. Sulfone derivatives of I were found to be highly effective, time-dependent inhibitors of human leukocyte elastase (HLE), cathepsin G (Cat G) and proteinase 3 (PR 3). The judicious selection of an R1 group (accommodated at the primary specificity site S1) that is based on the known substrate specificity of a target serine proteinase, was found to yield highly selective inhibitors. The presence of a benzyl group (R2 = benzyl) at the S2 subsite was found to lead to a pronounced enhancement in inhibitory potency. Furthermore, the effective use of computer graphics and modeling has led to the design of potent, water-soluble inhibitors. The results of these studies demonstrate that the 1,2,5-thiadiazolidin-3-one 1,1, dioxide platform provides an effective means for appending recognition elements in a well-defined vector relationship, and in fashioning highly-selective and potent inhibitors of serine proteinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- W C Groutas
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, KS 67260, USA.
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27
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Lützelschwab C, Huang MR, Kullberg MC, Aveskogh M, Hellman L. Characterization of mouse mast cell protease-8, the first member of a novel subfamily of mouse mast cell serine proteases, distinct from both the classical chymases and tryptases. Eur J Immunol 1998; 28:1022-33. [PMID: 9541598 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4141(199803)28:03<1022::aid-immu1022>3.0.co;2-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Using a recently developed PCR-based strategy, a cDNA encoding a novel mouse mast cell (MC) serine protease (MMCP-8) was isolated and characterized. The MMCP-8 mRNA contains an open reading frame of 247 amino acids (aa), divided into a signal sequence of 18 aa followed by a 2-aa activation peptide (Gly-Glu) and a mature protease of 227 aa. The mature protease has an M(r) of 25072, excluding post-translational modifications, a net positive charge of +12 and six potential N-glycosylation sites. MMCP-8 showed a high degree of homology with mouse granzyme B in the critical regions for determining substrate cleavage specificity, indicating that MMCP-8, similar to granzyme B, preferentially cleaves after Asp residues. A comparative analysis of the aa sequence of MMCP-8 with other hematopoietic serine proteases shows that it is more closely related to cathepsin G and T cell granzymes than to the MC chymases. We therefore conclude that MMCP-8 belongs to a novel subfamily of mouse MC proteases distinct from both the classical chymases and tryptases. Southern blot analysis of BALB/c genomic DNA indicated that only one MMCP-8 gene (or MMCP-8 like gene) is present in the mouse genome. Northern blot analysis of rodent hematopoietic cell lines revealed high levels of MMCP-8 mRNA in a mouse connective tissue MC-like tumor line. However, MMCP-8 mRNA could not be detected in mouse liver, intestine, lung or ears, indicating very low expression in normal tissues. Analysis of the expression of different MMCP in the tissues of Schistosoma mansoni-infected BALB/c mice showed a strong increase in MMCP-8 levels in the lungs but not in the intestines of infected animals, suggesting the presence of a novel subpopulation of MC in the lungs that expressed MMCP-8, either alone or in combination with MMCP-5 and carboxypeptidase A. The dramatic increase in MMCP-1 and MMCP-2 levels but not of MMCP-8 in the intestines of parasitized animals also shows that MMCP-8 is not expressed in mucosal MC in the mouse. This latter is in clear contrast to what has been observed in the rat where the MMCP-8 homologues, RMCP-8, -9 and -10, can be considered as true mucosal MC proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lützelschwab
- Department of Medical Immunology and Microbiology, University of Uppsala, Sweden
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28
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Groutas WC, Ruan S, Kuang R, Hook JB, Sands H. Inhibition of human leukocyte proteinase 3 by a novel recombinant serine proteinase inhibitor (LEX032). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997; 233:697-9. [PMID: 9168917 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1997.6526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of a bioengineered serpin (LEX032) with human leukocyte proteinase 3 (PR 3) has been investigated. LEX032 was found to be a time-dependent inhibitor of PR 3, forming a highly-stable enzyme-inhibitor complex (Ki 12 nM).
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Affiliation(s)
- W C Groutas
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, Kansas 67260, USA
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29
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Witko-Sarsat V, Halbwachs-Mecarelli L, Almeida RP, Nusbaum P, Melchior M, Jamaleddine G, Lesavre P, Descamps-Latscha B, Gabay JE. Characterization of a recombinant proteinase 3, the autoantigen in Wegener's granulomatosis and its reactivity with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies. FEBS Lett 1996; 382:130-6. [PMID: 8612734 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(96)00152-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Using the baculovirus/insect cells system, we have expressed a recombinant proteinase 3 (PR3) -- the neutrophil-derived serine protease autoantigen in Wegener's granulomatosis -- as a glycosylated intracellular and membrane-associated protein. Oligosaccharides accounted for the difference in molecular weights between recombinant (34 kDa) and neutrophil-PR3 (29 kDa). Whereas rabbit-anti-PR3 IgG recognized both recombinant and neutrophil-derived PR3, autoantibodies from Wegener patient sera recognized only neutrophil-derived PR3. Although oligosaccharides were not involved in PR3 epitope recognition, autoantibodies did not recognize the amino acid primary structure of recombinant PR3. Improper disulfide bond formation and/or lack of post-translational events in insect cells, may affect the conformation and/or lack of post-translational events in insect cells, may affect the conformation of PR3, precluding its reactivity with sera from WG patients.
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30
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Robache-Gallea S, Morand V, Bruneau JM, Schoot B, Tagat E, Réalo E, Chouaib S, Roman-Roman S. In vitro processing of human tumor necrosis factor-alpha. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:23688-92. [PMID: 7559538 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.40.23688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha is initially synthesized as a membrane-bound, cell-associated 26-kDa protein that is further cleaved to yield the soluble 17-kDa form. By using a radiolabeled in vitro translated TNF-alpha precursor we detected a serine proteinase processing activity present in crude membrane preparations of monocytic cells able to generate a 17-kDa active protein. A similar processing pattern was obtained using purified neutral serine proteinase proteinase-3 (PR-3). Moreover, while a secretory leukocyte proteinase inhibitor (a natural serine anti-proteinase) did not affect the in vitro TNF-alpha processing, IgG preparations containing high titers of anti-PR-3 autoantibodies completely blocked this activity. The NH2-terminal sequencing of the reaction products obtained with either membrane preparations or PR-3 showed that cleavage occurs in both cases between Val77 and Arg78. These results together with cellular expression and localization of PR-3 suggest a potential role for this enzyme as an accessory TNF-alpha processing enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Robache-Gallea
- Domaine Thérapeutique Immunologie, Roussel Uclaf, Romainville, France
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31
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Groutas WC, Venkataraman R, Chong LS, Yoder JE, Epp JB, Stanga MA, Kim EH. Isoxazoline derivatives as potential inhibitors of the proteolytic enzymes human leukocyte elastase, cathepsin G and proteinase 3: a structure-activity relationship study. Bioorg Med Chem 1995; 3:125-8. [PMID: 7796046 DOI: 10.1016/0968-0896(95)00006-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- W C Groutas
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, KS 67260, USA
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32
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Groutas WC, Chong LS, Venkataraman R, Epp JB, Kuang R, Houser-Archield N, Hoidal JR. The Gabriel-Colman rearrangement in biological systems: design, synthesis and biological evaluation of phthalimide and saccharin derivatives as potential mechanism-based inhibitors of human leukocyte elastase, cathepsin G and proteinase 3. Bioorg Med Chem 1995; 3:187-93. [PMID: 7796053 DOI: 10.1016/0968-0896(95)00013-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The results of a structure-activity relationship study focusing on the interaction of a series of phthalimide and saccharin derivatives with leukocyte elastase, cathepsin G and proteinase 3 are described. The phthalimide derivatives were found to be inactive while some of the saccharin derivatives were found to be fair inhibitors of these enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- W C Groutas
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, KS 67260-0051, USA
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33
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Dubin A, Potempa J, Travis J. Structural and functional characterization of elastases from horse neutrophils. Biochem J 1994; 300 ( Pt 2):401-6. [PMID: 7516152 PMCID: PMC1138176 DOI: 10.1042/bj3000401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In order better to understand the pathophysiology of the equine form of emphysema, two elastinolytic enzymes from horse neutrophils, referred to as proteinases 2A and 2B, have been extensively characterized and compared with the human neutrophil proteinases, proteinase-3 and elastase. Specificity studies using both the oxidized insulin B-chain and synthetic peptides revealed that cleavage of peptide bonds with P1 alanine or valine residues was preferred. Further characterization of the two horse elastases by N-terminal sequence and reactive-site analyses indicated that proteinases 2A and 2B have considerable sequence similarity to each other, to proteinase-3 from human neutrophils (proteinase 2A), to human neutrophil elastase (proteinase 2B) and to a lesser extent to pig pancreatic elastase. Horse and human elastases differed somewhat in their interaction with some natural protein proteinase inhibitors. For example, in contrast with its action on human neutrophil elastase, aprotinin did not inhibit either of the horse proteinases. However, the Val15, alpha-aminobutyric acid-15 (Abu15), alpha-aminovaleric acid-15 (Nva15) and Ala15 reactive-site variants of aprotinin were good inhibitors of proteinase 2B (Ki < 10(-9) M) but only weak inhibitors of proteinase 2A (Ki > 10(-7) M). In summary, despite these differences, the horse neutrophil elastases were found to resemble closely their human counterparts, thus implicating them in the pathological degradation of connective tissue in chronic lung diseases in the equine species.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dubin
- Department of Animal Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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