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Cernackova A, Tillinger A, Bizik J, Mravec B, Horvathova L. Dynamics of cachexia-associated inflammatory changes in the brain accompanying intra-abdominal fibrosarcoma growth in Wistar rats. J Neuroimmunol 2023; 376:578033. [PMID: 36738563 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2023.578033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Accumulated data indicate that inflammation affecting brain structures participates in the development of cancer-related cachexia. However, the mechanisms responsible for the induction and progression of cancer-related neuroinflammation are still not fully understood. Therefore, we studied the time-course of neuroinflammation in selected brain structures and cachexia development in tumor-bearing rats. After tumor cells inoculation, specifically on the 7th, 14th, 21st, and 28th day of tumor growth, we assessed the presence of cancer-associated cachexia in rats. Changes in gene expression of inflammatory factors were studied in selected regions of the hypothalamus, brain stem, and circumventricular organs. We showed that the initial stages of cancer growth (7th and 14th day after tumor cells inoculation), are not associated with cachexia, or increased expression of inflammatory molecules in the brain. Even when we did not detect cachexia in tumor-bearing rats by the 21st day of the experiment, the inflammatory brain reaction had already started, as we found elevated levels of interleukin 1 beta, interleukin 6, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and glial fibrillary acidic protein mRNA levels in the nucleus of the solitary tract. Furthermore, we found increased interleukin 1 beta expression in the locus coeruleus and higher allograft inflammatory factor 1 expression in the vascular organ of lamina terminalis. Ultimately, the most pronounced manifestations of tumor growth were present on the 28th day post-inoculation of tumor cells. In these animals, we detected cancer-related cachexia and significant increases in interleukin 1 beta expression in all brain areas studied. We also observed significantly decreased expression of the glial cell activation markers allograft inflammatory factor 1 and glial fibrillary acidic protein in most brain areas of cachectic rats. In addition, we showed increased expression of cluster of differentiation 163 and cyclooxygenase 2 mRNA in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, A1/C1 neurons, and area postrema of cachectic rats. Our data indicate that cancer-related cachexia is associated with complex neuroinflammatory changes in the brain. These changes can be found in both hypothalamic as well as extrahypothalamic structures, while their extent and character depend on the stage of tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Cernackova
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia; Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia; Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Andrej Tillinger
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jozef Bizik
- Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Boris Mravec
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia; Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Lubica Horvathova
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
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Blomqvist A. Prostaglandin E 2 Production by Brain Endothelial Cells and the Generation of Fever. DNA Cell Biol 2023; 42:107-112. [PMID: 36720071 PMCID: PMC10024267 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2022.0662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently demonstrated that prostaglandin production in brain endothelial cells is both necessary and sufficient for the generation of fever during systemic immune challenge. I here discuss this finding in light of the previous literature and point to some unresolved issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Blomqvist
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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Cheng Y, Xu J, Zeng R, Zhao X, Gao W, Quan J, Hu X, Shen Z, Zhang J. The Role of Prostaglandin E2 Synthesized in Rat Lateral Parabrachial Nucleus in LPS-Induced Fever. Neuroendocrinology 2022; 112:399-416. [PMID: 34348333 DOI: 10.1159/000518491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPBN) is considered to be a brain site of the pyrogenic action of prostaglandin (PG) E2 outside of the preoptic area. Yet, the role of the LPBN in fever following a systemic immune challenge remains poorly understood. METHODS We examined the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and microsomal PGE synthase-1 (mPGES-1) in the LPBN after the intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We investigated the effects of LPBN NS-398 (COX-2 inhibitor) on LPS-induced fever, the effects of direct LPBN PGE2 administration on the energy expenditure (EE), brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis, neck muscle electromyographic activity and tail temperature, and the effects of PGE2 on the spontaneous firing activity and thermosensitivity of in vitro LPBN neurons in a brain slice. RESULTS The COX-2 and mPGES-1 enzymes were upregulated at both mRNA and protein levels. The microinjection of NS-398 in the LPBN attenuated the LPS-induced fever. Direct PGE2 administration in the LPBN resulted in a febrile response by a coordinated response of increased EE, BAT thermogenesis, shivering, and possibly decreased heat loss through the tail. The LPBN neurons showed a clear anatomical distinction in the firing rate response to PGE2, with the majority of PGE2-excited or -inhibited neurons being located in the external lateral or dorsal subnucleus of the LPBN, respectively. However, neither the firing rate nor the thermal coefficient response to PGE2 showed any difference between warm-sensitive, cold-sensitive, and temperature-insensitive neurons in the LPBN. CONCLUSIONS PGE2 synthesized in the LPBN was at least partially involved in LPS-induced fever via its different modulations of the firing rate of neurons in different LPBN subnuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjing Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Thermoregulation and Inflammation of Sichuan Higher Education Institutes, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianhui Xu
- Key Laboratory of Thermoregulation and Inflammation of Sichuan Higher Education Institutes, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruixin Zeng
- School of Dentistry, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Xi Zhao
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenmin Gao
- Key Laboratory of Thermoregulation and Inflammation of Sichuan Higher Education Institutes, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Junru Quan
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaosong Hu
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Ziling Shen
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Thermoregulation and Inflammation of Sichuan Higher Education Institutes, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
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A hypothalamomedullary network for physiological responses to environmental stresses. Nat Rev Neurosci 2021; 23:35-52. [PMID: 34728833 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-021-00532-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Various environmental stressors, such as extreme temperatures (hot and cold), pathogens, predators and insufficient food, can threaten life. Remarkable progress has recently been made in understanding the central circuit mechanisms of physiological responses to such stressors. A hypothalamomedullary neural pathway from the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH) to the rostral medullary raphe region (rMR) regulates sympathetic outflows to effector organs for homeostasis. Thermal and infection stress inputs to the preoptic area dynamically alter the DMH → rMR transmission to elicit thermoregulatory, febrile and cardiovascular responses. Psychological stress signalling from a ventromedial prefrontal cortical area to the DMH drives sympathetic and behavioural responses for stress coping, representing a psychosomatic connection from the corticolimbic emotion circuit to the autonomic and somatic motor systems. Under starvation stress, medullary reticular neurons activated by hunger signalling from the hypothalamus suppress thermogenic drive from the rMR for energy saving and prime mastication to promote food intake. This Perspective presents a combined neural network for environmental stress responses, providing insights into the central circuit mechanism for the integrative regulation of systemic organs.
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Andreadou EG, Katsipis G, Tsolaki M, Pantazaki AA. Involvement and relationship of bacterial lipopolysaccharides and cyclooxygenases levels in Alzheimer's Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment patients. J Neuroimmunol 2021; 357:577561. [PMID: 34091099 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study reports elevated levels of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) and cyclooxygenases (COX-1/2) in blood serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) patients compared to cognitively healthy individuals, indicating LPSs as promising biomarkers, especially in serum. LPSs, in both fluids, positively correlate with COX-1/2, Αβ42 and tau and negatively with mental state. Furthermore, COX-2 is the main determinant of LPSs presence in serum, whereas COX-1 in CSF. These results underline the significance of microbial/ inflammatory involvement in dementia and offer novel perspectives on the roles of LPSs and COX in pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni G Andreadou
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases (LND), 57001 Thermi, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Georgios Katsipis
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases (LND), 57001 Thermi, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Magda Tsolaki
- First Neurology Department, "AHEPA" University General Hospital of Thessaloniki, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; Greek Association of Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders - GAADRD, Greece; Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases (LND), 57001 Thermi, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anastasia A Pantazaki
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases (LND), 57001 Thermi, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Chronic Systemic Inflammation Exacerbates Neurotoxicity in a Parkinson's Disease Model. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:4807179. [PMID: 32015787 PMCID: PMC6982359 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4807179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Systemic inflammation is a crucial factor for microglial activation and neuroinflammation in neurodegeneration. This work is aimed at assessing whether previous exposure to systemic inflammation potentiates neurotoxic damage by the neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and how chronic systemic inflammation participates in the physiopathological mechanisms of Parkinson's disease. Two different models of systemic inflammation were employed to explore this hypothesis: a single administration of lipopolysaccharide (sLPS; 5 mg/kg) and chronic exposure to low doses (mLPS; 100 μg/kg twice a week for three months). After three months, both groups were challenged with MPTP. With the sLPS administration, Iba1 staining increased in the striatum and substantia nigra, and the cell viability lowered in the striatum of these mice. mLPS alone had more impact on the proinflammatory profile of the brain, steadily increasing TNFα levels, activating microglia, reducing BDNF, cell viability, and dopamine levels, leading to a damage profile similar to the MPTP model per se. Interestingly, mLPS increased MAO-B activity possibly conferring susceptibility to MPTP damage. mLPS, along with MPTP administration, exacerbated the neurotoxic effect. This effect seemed to be coordinated by microglia since minocycline administration prevented brain TNFα increase. Coadministration of sLPS with MPTP only facilitated damage induced by MPTP without significant change in the inflammatory profile. These results indicate that chronic systemic inflammation increased susceptibility to MPTP toxic effect and is an adequate model for studying the impact of systemic inflammation in Parkinson's disease.
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Horvathova L, Tillinger A, Padova A, Bizik J, Mravec B. Changes in gene expression in brain structures related to visceral sensation, autonomic functions, food intake, and cognition in melanoma-bearing mice. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 51:2376-2393. [PMID: 31883212 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The brain exerts complex effects on the initiation and progression of cancer in the body. However, the influence of cancer localized in peripheral tissues on the brain has been only partially described. Therefore, we investigated gene expression in brain structures that participate in transmitting viscerosensory signals, regulating autonomic functions and food intake, as well as cognition in C57Bl/6J mice with B16-F10 melanoma. In addition, we investigated the relationship between peripheral inflammation and neuroinflammation. We found increased neuronal activity in the nucleus of the solitary tract of tumor-bearing mice, whereas neuronal activity in the A1/C1 catecholaminergic cell group, parabrachial nucleus, lateral hypothalamic area, ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus, paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, and hippocampus was decreased. In the majority of investigated brain structures, we found increased gene expression of IL-1β, whereas gene expression of IL-6 and NF-κB was reduced or unchanged compared with controls. Melanoma-bearing mice also showed increased gene expression of tyrosine hydroxylase in the A1/C1 catecholaminergic cell group, nucleus of the solitary tract, and locus coeruleus, as well as reduced mRNA levels of hypocretin neuropeptide precursor protein in the lateral hypothalamic area, and proopiomelanocortin in the arcuate nucleus. In addition, we found reduced mRNA levels of Bcl-2, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and doublecortin in the hippocampus. Our data indicate that skin melanoma induces complex changes in the brain, and these changes are most probably caused by cancer-related signals mediated by pro-inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubica Horvathova
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Andrej Tillinger
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Alexandra Padova
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jozef Bizik
- Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Boris Mravec
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
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8
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Morgan A, Kondev V, Bedse G, Baldi R, Marcus D, Patel S. Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition reduces anxiety-like behavior and normalizes enhanced amygdala glutamatergic transmission following chronic oral corticosterone treatment. Neurobiol Stress 2019; 11:100190. [PMID: 31467944 PMCID: PMC6710559 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2019.100190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic stress increases the probability of receiving an anxiety, depression, or chronic illness diagnosis. Pharmacological interventions that reduce the behavioral and physiological effects of chronic stress in animal models may represent novel approaches for the treatment of stress-related psychiatric disorders. Here, we examined the effects of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibition on anxiety-like behaviors and amygdala glutamatergic signaling after chronic non-invasive oral corticosterone (CORT) administration in mice. Treatment with the highly selective COX-2 inhibitor Lumiracoxib (LMX) reversed anxiety-like behavior induced by chronic CORT. Specifically, acute and repeated administration of LMX 5 mg kg−1 reduced chronic CORT-induced anxiety-like behavior measured using the elevated-plus maze, elevated-zero maze, and light-dark box tests. In contrast, LMX did not affect anxiety-like behaviors in naïve mice. Ex vivo electrophysiology studies revealed that repeated LMX treatment normalized chronic CORT-induced increases in spontaneous excitatory glutamatergic currents recorded from anterior, but not posterior, basolateral amygdala neurons. These data indicate COX-2 inhibition can reverse chronic CORT-induced increases in anxiety-like behaviors and amygdala glutamatergic signaling, and support further clinical investigation of selective COX-2 inhibitors for the treatment of affective and stress-related psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Morgan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Veronika Kondev
- The Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Gaurav Bedse
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Rita Baldi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - David Marcus
- The Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Sachin Patel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.,Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.,The Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, TN, 37232, USA
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Prajitha N, Athira SS, Mohanan PV. Pyrogens, a polypeptide produces fever by metabolic changes in hypothalamus: Mechanisms and detections. Immunol Lett 2018; 204:38-46. [PMID: 30336182 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fever is one of the cardinal symptoms of onset of an infection or inflammation and is the common clinical indicator for medical consultation in mammalian host worldwide. Simply, fever manifested with elevation of body temperature from normal physiological range represents adaptive response of immune system on challenge with an infectious and non-infectious circumstance. Fever usually initiated in the periphery as a result of interaction of immune cells with exogenous or endogenous pyrogens. Peripheral pyrogenic signals gain access to the central nervous system via humoral and neural route. Humoral pathway was initiated with production of pyrogenic cytokines and prostaglandins from immune cells of blood as well as liver, transmitted directly to pre-optic area of hypothalamus through the circumventricular organ of brain. On the other hand an alternative pathway was initiated by the same cytokines indirectly via stimulating the vagal sensory neurons result in pyrogenic fever; so-called neuronal pathway. If the magnitude of pyrogens associated fever is very high, it will lead to severe illness ranging from septic shock to death. So it is necessary to evaluate the presence of pyrogens in implants, medical devices, drugs and biological materials to ensure safety in biomedical applications and therapeutics. Classification, route of administration, mechanism of action and detection of pyrogens and associated products are the major subject of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Prajitha
- Toxicology Division, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Poojapura, Trivandrum 695 012, Kerala, India
| | - S S Athira
- Toxicology Division, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Poojapura, Trivandrum 695 012, Kerala, India
| | - P V Mohanan
- Toxicology Division, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Poojapura, Trivandrum 695 012, Kerala, India.
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Duan L, Zhang XD, Miao WY, Sun YJ, Xiong G, Wu Q, Li G, Yang P, Yu H, Li H, Wang Y, Zhang M, Hu LY, Tong X, Zhou WH, Yu X. PDGFRβ Cells Rapidly Relay Inflammatory Signal from the Circulatory System to Neurons via Chemokine CCL2. Neuron 2018; 100:183-200.e8. [PMID: 30269986 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Acute infection, if not kept in check, can lead to systemic inflammatory responses in the brain. Here, we show that within 2 hr of systemic inflammation, PDGFRβ mural cells of blood vessels rapidly secrete chemokine CCL2, which in turn increases total neuronal excitability by promoting excitatory synaptic transmission in glutamatergic neurons of multiple brain regions. By single-cell RNA sequencing, we identified Col1a1 and Rgs5 subgroups of PDGFRβ cells as the main source of CCL2. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- or Poly(I:C)-treated pericyte culture medium induced similar effects in a CCL2-dependent manner. Importantly, in Pdgfrb-Cre;Ccl2fl/fl mice, LPS-induced increase in excitatory synaptic transmission was significantly attenuated. These results demonstrate in vivo that PDGFRβ cells function as initial sensors of external insults by secreting CCL2, which relays the signal to the central nervous system. Through their gateway position in the brain, PDGFRβ cells are ideally positioned to respond rapidly to environmental changes and to coordinate responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihui Duan
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiao-Di Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wan-Ying Miao
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yun-Jun Sun
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Guoliang Xiong
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qiuzi Wu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Guangying Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Ping Yang
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, China
| | - Hang Yu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Humingzhu Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Li-Yuan Hu
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, China
| | - Xiaoping Tong
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Wen-Hao Zhou
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, China
| | - Xiang Yu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
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11
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Abstract
Fever is a common symptom of infectious and inflammatory disease. It is well-established that prostaglandin E2 is the final mediator of fever, which by binding to its EP3 receptor subtype in the preoptic hypothalamus initiates thermogenesis. Here, we review the different hypotheses on how the presence of peripherally released pyrogenic substances can be signaled to the brain to elicit fever. We conclude that there is unequivocal evidence for a humoral signaling pathway by which proinflammatory cytokines, through their binding to receptors on brain endothelial cells, evoke fever by eliciting prostaglandin E2 synthesis in these cells. The evidence for a role for other signaling routes for fever, such as signaling via circumventricular organs and peripheral nerves, as well as transfer into the brain of peripherally synthesized prostaglandin E2 are yet far from conclusive. We also review the efferent limb of the pyrogenic pathways. We conclude that it is well established that prostaglandin E2 binding in the preoptic hypothalamus produces fever by disinhibition of presympathetic neurons in the brain stem, but there is yet little understanding of the mechanisms by which factors such as nutritional status and ambient temperature shape the response to the peripheral immune challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Blomqvist
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - David Engblom
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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12
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Firmino M, Weis SN, Souza JMF, Gomes BRB, Mól AR, Mortari MR, Souza GEP, Coca GC, Williams TCR, Fontes W, Ricart CAO, de Sousa MV, Veiga-Souza FH. Label-free quantitative proteomics of rat hypothalamus under fever induced by LPS and PGE 2. J Proteomics 2018; 187:182-199. [PMID: 30056254 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2018.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Fever is a brain-mediated increase in body temperature mainly during inflammatory or infectious challenges. Although there is considerable data regarding the inflammation pathways involved in fever, metabolic alterations necessary to orchestrate the complex inflammatory response are not totally understood. We performed proteomic analysis of rat hypothalamus using label-free LC-MS/MS in a model of fever induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). In total, 7021 proteins were identified. As far as we know, this is the largest rat hypothalamus proteome dataset available to date. Pathway analysis showed proteins from both stimuli associated with inflammatory and metabolic pathways. Concerning metabolic pathways, rats exposed to LPS or PGE2 presented lower relative abundance of proteins involved in glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway and tricarboxylic acid cycle. Mitochondrial function may also be altered by both stimuli because significant downregulation of several proteins was found, mainly in complexes I and IV. LPS was able to induce downregulation of important proteins in the enzymatic antioxidant system, thereby contributing to oxidative stress. The results offered comprehensive information about fever responses and helped to reveal new insights into proteins potentially involved in inflammatory signaling and metabolic changes in the hypothalamus during systemic LPS and central PGE2 administration. SIGNIFICANCE The evolutionary persistence of fever, despite the elevated cost for maintenance of this response, suggests that elevation in core temperature may represent an interesting strategy for survival. Fever response is achieved through the integrated behavioral, physiological, immunological and biochemical processes that determine the balance between heat generation and elimination. The development of such complex response arouses interest in studying how the cell metabolism responds or even contributes to promote fever. Our results offered comprehensive information about fever responses, including metabolic and inflammatory pathways, providing new insights into candidate proteins potentially involved in inflammatory signaling and metabolic changes in the hypothalamus during fever induced by systemic LPS and central PGE2 perturbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Firmino
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasília, DF 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Simone N Weis
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasília, DF 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Jaques M F Souza
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasília, DF 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Bruna R B Gomes
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasília, DF 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Alan R Mól
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasília, DF 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Márcia R Mortari
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasília, DF 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Gloria E P Souza
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Guilherme C Coca
- Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Botany, University of Brasilia, Brasília, DF 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Thomas C R Williams
- Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Botany, University of Brasilia, Brasília, DF 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Wagner Fontes
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasília, DF 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Carlos André O Ricart
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasília, DF 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Marcelo V de Sousa
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasília, DF 70910-900, Brazil.
| | - Fabiane H Veiga-Souza
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasília, DF 70910-900, Brazil; School of Ceilandia, University of Brasilia, Brasília, DF 72220-275, Brazil.
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Prostaglandin Transporter OATP2A1/ SLCO2A1 Is Essential for Body Temperature Regulation during Fever. J Neurosci 2018; 38:5584-5595. [PMID: 29899035 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3276-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in the hypothalamus is a principal mediator of the febrile response. However, the role of organic anion transporting polypeptide 2A1 (OATP2A1/SLCO2A1), a prostaglandin transporter, in facilitating this response is unknown. Here, we investigated the effect of Slco2a1 deficiency on the body core temperature (Tc) and on the PGE2 concentration in hypothalamus interstitial fluid (Cisf) and CSF (Ccsf) of lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 100 μg/kg, i.p.)-treated mice of both sexes. Slco2a1-/- mice did not develop a febrile response. Ccsf was increased in Slco2a1+/+ and Slco2a1-/- mice, and Ccsf of Slco2a1-/- mice was well maintained at 5 h after LPS injection (1160 pg/ml) compared with Slco2a1+/+ mice (316 pg/ml). A microdialysis study revealed that Cisf peaked at 2 h after LPS injection in Slco2a1+/+ mice (841 pg/ml), whereas the increase in Cisf was negligible in Slco2a1-/- mice. The PGE2 plasma concentration in Slco2a1-/- mice (201 pg/ml) was significantly higher than that in Slco2a1+/+ mice (54 pg/ml) at 1 h after LPS injection, whereas the two groups showed similar PGE2 concentrations in the hypothalamus. Strong Oatp2a1 immunoreactivity was observed in F4/80-positive microglia and perivascular cells and in brain capillary endothelial cells. The changes in Tc and Cisf seen in LPS-injected Slco2a1+/+ mice were partially attenuated in monocyte-/macrophage-specific Slco2a1-/- (Slco2a1Fl/Fl/LysMCre/+) mice. Thus, OATP2A1 facilitates the LPS-induced febrile response by maintaining a high level of Cisf, possibly by regulating PGE2 secretion from F4/80-positive glial cells and/or facilitating PGE2 transport across the blood-brain barrier. These findings suggest that OATP2A1 is a useful therapeutic target for neuroinflammation.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Fever is a physiological response caused by pyrogen-induced release of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in the hypothalamus, which plays a central role in regulating the set-point of body temperature. However, it is unclear whether the prostaglandin transporter OATP2A1/SLCO2A1 is involved in this response. We show here that LPS-induced fever is associated with increased PGE2 concentration in hypothalamus interstitial fluid (Cisf), but not in CSF (Ccsf), by means of a microdialysis study in global Slco2a1-knock-out mice and monocyte-/macrophage-specific Slco2a1-knock-out mice. The results suggest that OATP2A1 serves as a regulator of Cisf in F4/80-positive glial cells. OATP2A1 was detected immunohistochemically in brain capillary endothelial cells and, therefore, may also play a role in PGE2 transport across the blood-brain barrier.
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Nam SM, Kim JW, Yoo DY, Jung HY, Chung JY, Kim DW, Hwang IK, Yoon YS. Hypothyroidism increases cyclooxygenase-2 levels and pro-inflammatory response and decreases cell proliferation and neuroblast differentiation in the hippocampus. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:5782-5788. [PMID: 29436670 PMCID: PMC5866021 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of hypothyroidism on cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and pro‑inflammatory cytokines in the dentate gyrus to elucidate the roles of COX‑2 in the hypothyroid hippocampus. Hypothyroidism was induced in rats by treating with 0.03% 2‑mercapto‑1‑methyl‑imidazole dissolved in drinking water for 5 weeks. The animals were sacrificed at 12 weeks of age. Hypothyroidism rats exhibited decreased triiodothyronine and thyroxine levels in the serum, while the levels of thyroid‑stimulating hormone and the weight of thyroid glands were significantly higher in the hypothyroid rats compared with those in the vehicle‑treated group. COX‑2 immunoreactivity was significantly increased in the hippocampal CA2/3 region and the dentate gyrus compared with the vehicle‑treated group. Levels of pro‑inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)‑1β, IL‑6 and tumor necrosis factor‑α were significantly higher in the hippocampal homogenates of hypothyroid rats. Cell proliferation and neuroblast differentiation based on Ki67 and doublecortin immunohistochemistry were decreased in the dentate gyrus of hypothyroid rats compared with those in the vehicle‑treated group. These results suggested that hypothyroidism‑mediated COX‑2 expression affected hippocampal plasticity by upregulating the levels of pro‑inflammatory cytokines in the hippocampus. Therefore, COX‑2 may be suggested as a candidate molecule for preventing hypothyroidism‑induced neurological side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Min Nam
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Whi Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Young Yoo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Young Jung
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Young Chung
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Won Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Institute of Oral Sciences, College of Dentistry, Gangneung‑Wonju National University, Gangneung, Gangwon 25457, Republic of Korea
| | - In Koo Hwang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeo Sung Yoon
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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15
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Chen CL, Chen JT, Liang CM, Tai MC, Lu DW, Chen YH. Silibinin treatment prevents endotoxin-induced uveitis in rats in vivo and in vitro. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174971. [PMID: 28376126 PMCID: PMC5380317 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Uveitis, an intraocular inflammatory disease, occurs mostly in young people and can result in the loss of socioeconomic capabilities. Silibinin has been shown to exert anti-inflammatory effects in human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. The present study investigated the anti-inflammatory effect of silibinin pretreatment on endotoxin-induced uveitis (EIU) in rats and the mechanisms by which it exerts these effects. Uveitis was induced via injection of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) into Lewis rats. Twenty-four hours after the LPS injection, histological examination showed that silibinin decreased inflammatory cell infiltration in the anterior segment of the eyes of LPS-treated rats. Analyses of the aqueous humor showed that silibinin decreased cell infiltration, protein concentration, nitric oxide (NO), and prostaglandin (PG)-E2 production. Western blot analysis indicated that silibinin decreased the expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase (COX-2), and phosphorylated IkB in the iris-ciliary body (ICB). Immunohistochemistry showed that silibinin decreased intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM-1) expression in the ICB. In addition, western blot analysis showed that silibinin attenuated the expression of iNOS, COX-2, ICAM-1, and nuclear p65 in LPS-treated RAW cells. In conclusion, silibinin pretreatment prevents EIU and the subsequent production of proinflammatory mediators and ICAM-1, at least in part, by blocking the NF-κB–dependent signaling pathway both in vivo and in vitro. These effects may contribute to the silibinin-mediated preventive effects on intraocular inflammatory diseases such as acute uveitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Long Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jiann-Torng Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Min Liang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Cheng Tai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Da-Wen Lu
- Graduate Institute of Medical Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hao Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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16
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Varatharaj A, Galea I. The blood-brain barrier in systemic inflammation. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 60:1-12. [PMID: 26995317 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 657] [Impact Index Per Article: 93.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) plays a key role in maintaining the specialized microenvironment of the central nervous system (CNS), and enabling communication with the systemic compartment. BBB changes occur in several CNS pathologies. Here, we review disruptive and non-disruptive BBB changes in systemic infections and other forms of systemic inflammation, and how these changes may affect CNS function in health and disease. We first describe the structure and function of the BBB, and outline the techniques used to study the BBB in vitro, and in animal and human settings. We then summarise the evidence from a range of models linking BBB changes with systemic inflammation, and the underlying mechanisms. The clinical relevance of these BBB changes during systemic inflammation are discussed in the context of clinically-apparent syndromes such as sickness behaviour, delirium, and septic encephalopathy, as well as neurological conditions such as Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis. We review emerging evidence for two novel concepts: (1) a heightened sensitivity of the diseased, versus healthy, BBB to systemic inflammation, and (2) the contribution of BBB changes induced by systemic inflammation to progression of the primary disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aravinthan Varatharaj
- Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Mailpoint 806, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom.
| | - Ian Galea
- Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Mailpoint 806, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom.
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17
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Cyclooxygenase Isoform Exchange Blocks Brain-Mediated Inflammatory Symptoms. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166153. [PMID: 27861574 PMCID: PMC5115700 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is the main source of inducible prostaglandin E2 production and mediates inflammatory symptoms including fever, loss of appetite and hyperalgesia. COX-1 is dispensable for fever, anorexia and hyperalgesia but is important for several other functions both under basal conditions and during inflammation. The differential functionality of the COX isoforms could be due to differences in the regulatory regions of the genes, leading to different expression patterns, or to differences in the coding sequence, resulting in distinct functional properties of the proteins. To study the molecular underpinnings of the functional differences between the two isoforms in the context of inflammatory symptoms, we used mice in which the coding sequence of COX-2 was replaced by the corresponding sequence of COX-1. In these mice, COX-1 mRNA was induced by inflammation but COX-1 protein expression did not fully mimic inflammation-induced COX-2 expression. Just like mice globally lacking COX-2, these mice showed a complete lack of fever and inflammation-induced anorexia as well as an impaired response to inflammatory pain. However, as previously reported, they displayed close to normal survival rates, which contrasts to the high fetal mortality in COX-2 knockout mice. This shows that the COX activity generated from the hybrid gene was strong enough to allow survival but not strong enough to mediate the inflammatory symptoms studied, making the line an interesting alternative to COX-2 knockouts for the study of inflammation. Our results also show that the functional differences between COX-1 and COX-2 in the context of inflammatory symptoms are not only dependent on the features of the promoter regions. Instead they indicate that there are fundamental differences between the isoforms at translational or posttranslational levels.
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Ryan KM, Griffin ÉW, Ryan KJ, Tanveer R, Vanattou-Saifoudine N, McNamee EN, Fallon E, Heffernan S, Harkin A, Connor TJ. Clenbuterol activates the central IL-1 system via the β2-adrenoceptor without provoking inflammatory response related behaviours in rats. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 56:114-29. [PMID: 26928198 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The long-acting, highly lipophilic, β2-adrenoceptor agonist clenbuterol may represent a suitable therapeutic agent for the treatment of neuroinflammation as it drives an anti-inflammatory response within the CNS. However, clenbuterol is also known to increase the expression of IL-1β in the brain, a potent neuromodulator that plays a role in provoking sickness related symptoms including anxiety and depression-related behaviours. Here we demonstrate that, compared to the immunological stimulus lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 250μg/kg), clenbuterol (0.5mg/kg) selectively up-regulates expression of the central IL-1 system resulting in a mild stress-like response which is accompanied by a reduction in locomotor activity and food consumption in rats. We provide further evidence that clenbuterol-induced activation of the central IL-1 system occurs in a controlled and selective manner in tandem with its negative regulators IL-1ra and IL-1RII. Furthermore, we demonstrate that peripheral β2-adrenoceptors mediate the suppression of locomotor activity and food consumption induced by clenbuterol and that these effects are not linked to the central induction of IL-1β. Moreover, despite increasing central IL-1β expression, chronic administration of clenbuterol (0.03mg/kg; twice daily for 21days) fails to induce anxiety or depressive-like behaviour in rats in contrast to reports of the ability of exogenously administered IL-1 to induce these symptoms in rodents. Overall, our findings suggest that clenbuterol or other selective β2-adrenoceptor agonists could have the potential to combat neuroinflammatory or neurodegenerative disorders without inducing unwanted symptoms of depression and anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Ryan
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Physiology & School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Éadaoin W Griffin
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Physiology & School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Katie J Ryan
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Physiology & School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Riffat Tanveer
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Physiology & School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Natacha Vanattou-Saifoudine
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Eoin N McNamee
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Physiology & School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Emer Fallon
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Physiology & School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Sheena Heffernan
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Physiology & School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Andrew Harkin
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Thomas J Connor
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Physiology & School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
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19
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Auraptene Acts as an Anti-Inflammatory Agent in the Mouse Brain. Molecules 2015; 20:20230-9. [PMID: 26569206 PMCID: PMC6332135 DOI: 10.3390/molecules201119691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The anti-inflammatory activity of auraptene (AUR), a citrus coumarin, in peripheral tissues is well-known, and we previously demonstrated that AUR exerts anti-inflammatory effects in the ischemic brain; the treatment of mice with AUR for eight days immediately after ischemic surgery suppressed demise and neuronal cell death in the hippocampus, possibly through its anti-inflammatory effects in the brain. We suggested that these effects were at least partly mediated by the suppression of inflammatory mediators derived from astrocytes. The present study showed that (1) AUR, as a pretreatment for five days before and another three days after ischemic surgery, suppressed microglial activation, cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression in astrocytes, and COX-2 mRNA expression in the hippocampus; (2) AUR suppressed the lipopolysaccharide-induced expression of COX-2 mRNA and the mRNA of pro-inflammatory cytokines in cultured astrocytes; (3) AUR was still detectable in the brain 60 min after its intraperitoneal administration. These results support our previous suggestion that AUR directly exerts anti-inflammatory effects on the brain.
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20
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Zampronio AR, Soares DM, Souza GEP. Central mediators involved in the febrile response: effects of antipyretic drugs. Temperature (Austin) 2015; 2:506-21. [PMID: 27227071 PMCID: PMC4843933 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2015.1102802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fever is a complex signal of inflammatory and infectious diseases. It is generally initiated when peripherally produced endogenous pyrogens reach areas that surround the hypothalamus. These peripheral endogenous pyrogens are cytokines that are produced by leukocytes and other cells, the most known of which are interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-6. Because of the capacity of these molecules to induce their own synthesis and the synthesis of other cytokines, they can also be synthesized in the central nervous system. However, these pyrogens are not the final mediators of the febrile response. These cytokines can induce the synthesis of cyclooxygenase-2, which produces prostaglandins. These prostanoids alter hypothalamic temperature control, leading to an increase in heat production, the conservation of heat, and ultimately fever. The effect of antipyretics is based on blocking prostaglandin synthesis. In this review, we discuss recent data on the importance of prostaglandins in the febrile response, and we show that some endogenous mediators can still induce the febrile response even when known antipyretics reduce the levels of prostaglandins in the central nervous system. These studies suggest that centrally produced mediators other than prostaglandins participate in the genesis of fever. Among the most studied central mediators of fever are corticotropin-releasing factor, endothelins, chemokines, endogenous opioids, and substance P, which are discussed herein. Additionally, recent evidence suggests that these different pathways of fever induction may be activated during different pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksander R Zampronio
- Department of Pharmacology; Biological Sciences Section; Federal University of Paraná ; Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Denis M Soares
- Department of Medicament; Faculty of Pharmacy; Federal University of Bahia ; Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Glória E P Souza
- Discipline of Pharmacology; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto; University of São Paulo ; Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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21
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Zampronio AR, Soares DM, Souza GEP. Central mediators involved in the febrile response: effects of antipyretic drugs. Temperature (Austin) 2015. [PMID: 27227071 DOI: 10.1080/23328940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Fever is a complex signal of inflammatory and infectious diseases. It is generally initiated when peripherally produced endogenous pyrogens reach areas that surround the hypothalamus. These peripheral endogenous pyrogens are cytokines that are produced by leukocytes and other cells, the most known of which are interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-6. Because of the capacity of these molecules to induce their own synthesis and the synthesis of other cytokines, they can also be synthesized in the central nervous system. However, these pyrogens are not the final mediators of the febrile response. These cytokines can induce the synthesis of cyclooxygenase-2, which produces prostaglandins. These prostanoids alter hypothalamic temperature control, leading to an increase in heat production, the conservation of heat, and ultimately fever. The effect of antipyretics is based on blocking prostaglandin synthesis. In this review, we discuss recent data on the importance of prostaglandins in the febrile response, and we show that some endogenous mediators can still induce the febrile response even when known antipyretics reduce the levels of prostaglandins in the central nervous system. These studies suggest that centrally produced mediators other than prostaglandins participate in the genesis of fever. Among the most studied central mediators of fever are corticotropin-releasing factor, endothelins, chemokines, endogenous opioids, and substance P, which are discussed herein. Additionally, recent evidence suggests that these different pathways of fever induction may be activated during different pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksander R Zampronio
- Department of Pharmacology; Biological Sciences Section; Federal University of Paraná ; Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Denis M Soares
- Department of Medicament; Faculty of Pharmacy; Federal University of Bahia ; Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Glória E P Souza
- Discipline of Pharmacology; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto; University of São Paulo ; Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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22
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Roth J, Blatteis CM. Mechanisms of fever production and lysis: lessons from experimental LPS fever. Compr Physiol 2015; 4:1563-604. [PMID: 25428854 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c130033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Fever is a cardinal symptom of infectious or inflammatory insults, but it can also arise from noninfectious causes. The fever-inducing agent that has been used most frequently in experimental studies designed to characterize the physiological, immunological and neuroendocrine processes and to identify the neuronal circuits that underlie the manifestation of the febrile response is lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Our knowledge of the mechanisms of fever production and lysis is largely based on this model. Fever is usually initiated in the periphery of the challenged host by the immediate activation of the innate immune system by LPS, specifically of the complement (C) cascade and Toll-like receptors. The first results in the immediate generation of the C component C5a and the subsequent rapid production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). The second, occurring after some delay, induces the further production of PGE2 by induction of its synthesizing enzymes and transcription and translation of proinflammatory cytokines. The Kupffer cells (Kc) of the liver seem to be essential for these initial processes. The subsequent transfer of the pyrogenic message from the periphery to the brain is achieved by neuronal and humoral mechanisms. These pathways subserve the genesis of early (neuronal signals) and late (humoral signals) phases of the characteristically biphasic febrile response to LPS. During the course of fever, counterinflammatory factors, "endogenous antipyretics," are elaborated peripherally and centrally to limit fever in strength and duration. The multiple interacting pro- and antipyretic signals and their mechanistic effects that underlie endotoxic fever are the subjects of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Roth
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany; Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
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p38α (MAPK14) critically regulates the immunological response and the production of specific cytokines and chemokines in astrocytes. Sci Rep 2014; 4:7405. [PMID: 25502009 PMCID: PMC4264013 DOI: 10.1038/srep07405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In CNS lesions, “reactive astrocytes” form a prominent cellular response. However, the nature of this astrocyte immune activity is not well understood. In order to study astrocytic immune responses to inflammation and injury, we generated mice with conditional deletion of p38α (MAPK14) in GFAP+ astrocytes. We studied the role of p38α signaling in astrocyte immune activation both in vitro and in vivo, and simultaneously examined the effects of astrocyte activation in CNS inflammation. Our results showed that specific subsets of cytokines (TNFα, IL-6) and chemokines (CCL2, CCL4, CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL10) are critically regulated by p38α signaling in astrocytes. In an in vivo CNS inflammation model of intracerebral injection of LPS, we observed markedly attenuated astrogliosis in conditional GFAPcre p38α−/− mice. However, GFAPcre p38α−/− mice showed marked upregulation of CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CXCL2, CXCL10, TNFα, and IL-1β compared to p38αfl/fl cohorts, suggesting that in vivo responses to LPS after GFAPcre p38α deletion are complex and involve interactions between multiple cell types. This finding was supported by a prominent increase in macrophage/microglia and neutrophil recruitment in GFAPcre p38α−/− mice compared to p38αfl/fl controls. Together, these studies provide important insights into the critical role of p38α signaling in astrocyte immune activation.
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Deletion of prostaglandin E2 synthesizing enzymes in brain endothelial cells attenuates inflammatory fever. J Neurosci 2014; 34:11684-90. [PMID: 25164664 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1838-14.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fever is a hallmark of inflammatory and infectious diseases. The febrile response is triggered by prostaglandin E2 synthesis mediated by induced expression of the enzymes cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and microsomal prostaglandin E synthase 1 (mPGES-1). The cellular source for pyrogenic PGE2 remains a subject of debate; several hypotheses have been forwarded, including immune cells in the periphery and in the brain, as well as the brain endothelium. Here we generated mice with selective deletion of COX-2 and mPGES1 in brain endothelial cells. These mice displayed strongly attenuated febrile responses to peripheral immune challenge. In contrast, inflammation-induced hypoactivity was unaffected, demonstrating the physiological selectivity of the response to the targeted gene deletions. These findings demonstrate that PGE2 synthesis in brain endothelial cells is critical for inflammation-induced fever.
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Kovács Z, Dobolyi Á, Juhász G, Kékesi KA. Lipopolysaccharide induced increase in seizure activity in two animal models of absence epilepsy WAG/Rij and GAERS rats and Long Evans rats. Brain Res Bull 2014; 104:7-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Shin JW, Ma SH, Lee JW, Kim DK, Do K, Sohn NW. Ginsenoside Rg1 Attenuates Neuroinflammation Following Systemic Lipopolysaccharide Treatment in Mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.6116/kjh.2013.28.6.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Neuropsychiatric autoimmune encephalitis without VGKC-complex, NMDAR, and GAD autoantibodies: case report and literature review. Cogn Behav Neurol 2013; 26:36-49. [PMID: 23538571 DOI: 10.1097/wnn.0b013e31828b6531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We report a patient with a seronegative autoimmune panencephalitis, adding a subtype to the emerging spectrum of seronegative autoimmune encephalitis, and we review the sparse literature on isolated psychiatric presentations of autoimmune encephalitis. (A PubMed search for "seronegative autoimmune encephalitis," "nonvasculitic autoimmune inflammatory meningoencephalitis," and related terms revealed <25 cases.) A 15-year-old girl developed an acute-onset isolated psychosis with prominent negative symptoms and intermittent encephalopathy. Despite clinical worsening, her brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans remained normal for 7 years. Serology was negative for voltage-gated potassium channel (VGKC)-complex, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) autoantibodies. We excluded genetic, metabolic, paraneoplastic, degenerative, and infectious etiologies. The patient's symptoms remitted fully with immune therapy, but recurred in association with widespread bihemispheric brain lesions. Brain biopsy revealed mild nonvasculitic inflammation and prominent vascular hyalinization. Immune therapy with plasma exchanges cleared the MRI abnormalities but, 10 years after onset, the patient still suffers neuropsychiatric sequelae. We conclude that autoimmune panencephalitis seronegative for VGKC-complex, NMDAR, and GAD autoantibodies is a subtype of autoimmune encephalitis that can present with pure neuropsychiatric features and a normal brain MRI. Immunologic mechanisms may account for psychiatric symptoms in a subset of patients now diagnosed with classical psychotic disorders. Delay in starting immune therapy can lead to permanent neuropsychiatric sequelae. We propose a standardized classification system for the autoimmune encephalitides, integrating earlier pathology-oriented terms with more recently defined serologic and clinical phenotypes.
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Nigrostriatal damage after systemic rotenone and/or lipopolysaccharide and the effect of cannabis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-013-1788-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Oenothein B suppresses lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in the mouse brain. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:9767-78. [PMID: 23652834 PMCID: PMC3676811 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14059767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2013] [Revised: 04/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oenothein B has been recently evaluated for its ability to affect inflammatory responses in peripheral tissues. In this study, we examined its effect on the damage to the central nervous system due to systemic inflammation. For this purpose, ICR mice were injected with an intraperitoneal (i.p.) dose of lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 1 mg/kg mouse). When oenothein B was administered per os (p.o.), it suppressed (1) LPS-induced abnormal behavior in open field; (2) LPS-induced microglial activation in the hippocampus and striatum; and (3) LPS-induced cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 production in the hippocampus and striatum of these mice. These results suggest that oenothein B had the ability to reduce neuroinflammation in the brain during systemic inflammation.
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Intercellular signaling pathway among Endothelia, astrocytes and neurons in excitatory neuronal damage. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:8345-57. [PMID: 23591846 PMCID: PMC3645746 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14048345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurons interact closely with astrocytes via glutamate; this neuron-glia circuit may play a pivotal role in synaptic transmission. On the other hand, astrocytes contact vascular endothelial cells with their end-feet. It is becoming obvious that non-neuronal cells play a critical role in regulating the neuronal activity in the brain. We find that kainic acid (KA) administration induces the expression of microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1) in venous endothelial cells and the prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) receptor prostaglandin E receptor (EP)-3 on astrocytes. Endothelial mPGES-1 exacerbates KA-induced neuronal damage in in vivo experiments. In in vitro experiments, mPGES-1 produces PGE2, which enhances astrocytic Ca2+ levels via the EP3 receptor and increases Ca2+-dependent glutamate release, thus aggravating neuronal injury. This novel endothelium-astrocyte-neuron signaling pathway may be crucial for driving neuronal damage after repetitive seizures and could be a new therapeutic target for epilepsy and other brain disorders.
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Holmes C. Review: Systemic inflammation and Alzheimer's disease. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2013; 39:51-68. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2012.01307.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Holmes
- University of Southampton; Division of Clinical and Experimental Science; Memory Assessment and Research Centre; Moorgreen Hospital; Southampton; UK
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Yamamoto K, Asano K, Ito Y, Matsukawa N, Kim S, Yamatodani A. Involvement of hypothalamic cyclooxygenase-2, interleukin-1β and melanocortin in the development of docetaxel-induced anorexia in rats. Toxicology 2012; 302:190-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2012.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Revised: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Lee JS, Song JH, Sohn NW, Shin JW. Inhibitory Effects of Ginsenoside Rb1 on Neuroinflammation Following Systemic Lipopolysaccharide Treatment in Mice. Phytother Res 2012; 27:1270-6. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.4852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joon-Suk Lee
- Department of Oriental Medical Science, Graduate School of East-west Medical Science; Kyung Hee University; Yongin; 446-701; South Korea
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Wan J, Gong X, Jiang R, Zhang Z, Zhang L. Antipyretic and Anti-inflammatory Effects of Asiaticoside in Lipopolysaccharide-treated Rat through Up-regulation of Heme Oxygenase-1. Phytother Res 2012; 27:1136-42. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.4838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- JingYuan Wan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology; Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing; 400016; China
| | - Xia Gong
- Department of Anatomy; Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing; 400016; China
| | - Rong Jiang
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering; Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing; 400016; China
| | - Zhuo Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology; Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing; 400016; China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology; Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing; 400016; China
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Wang J, Wu Y, Heegaard S, Kolko M. Cyclooxygenase-2 expression in the normal human eye and its expression pattern in selected eye tumours. Acta Ophthalmol 2011; 89:681-5. [PMID: 19925514 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.2009.01765.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is an enzyme involved in neoplastic processes. The purpose of the present study is to investigate COX-2 expression in the normal human eye and the expression pattern in selected eye tumours involving COX-2 expressing cells. METHODS Immunohistochemical staining using antibodies against COX-2 was performed on paraffin sections of normal human eyes and selected eye tumours arising from cells expressing COX-2. RESULTS Cyclooxygenase-2 expression was found in various structures of the normal eye. Abundant expression was seen in the cornea, iris, ciliary body and retina. The COX-2 expression was less in tumours deriving from the ciliary epithelium and also in retinoblastoma. CONCLUSION Cyclooxygenase-2 is constitutively expressed in normal human eyes. The expression of COX-2 is much lower in selected eye tumours involving COX-2 expressing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinmei Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Eye Pathology Section, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Imanishi J, Morita Y, Yoshimi E, Kuroda K, Masunaga T, Yamagami K, Kuno M, Hamachi E, Aoki S, Takahashi F, Nakamura K, Miyata S, Ohkubo Y, Mutoh S. Pharmacological profile of FK881(ASP6537), a novel potent and selective cyclooxygenase-1 inhibitor. Biochem Pharmacol 2011; 82:746-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2011] [Revised: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Sang N, Yun Y, Yao GY, Li HY, Guo L, Li GK. SO2-Induced Neurotoxicity Is Mediated by Cyclooxygenases-2-Derived Prostaglandin E2 and its Downstream Signaling Pathway in Rat Hippocampal Neurons. Toxicol Sci 2011; 124:400-13. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfr224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Abdel-Salam OME, Salem NA, Hussein JS. Effect of Aspartame on Oxidative Stress and Monoamine Neurotransmitter Levels in Lipopolysaccharide-Treated Mice. Neurotox Res 2011; 21:245-55. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-011-9264-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Revised: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Increase of core temperature induced by corticotropin-releasing factor and urocortin: A comparative study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 165:191-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2010.07.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2009] [Revised: 06/23/2010] [Accepted: 07/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Bilbo SD, Wieseler JL, Barrientos RM, Tsang V, Watkins LR, Maier SF. Neonatal bacterial infection alters fever to live and simulated infections in adulthood. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2010; 35:369-81. [PMID: 19682802 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2009] [Revised: 07/20/2009] [Accepted: 07/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Fever is a critical component of the host immune response to infection. An emerging literature demonstrates that experience with infectious organisms early in life, during the perinatal period, may permanently program immune responses later in life, including fever. We explored the influence of neonatal infection with Escherichia coli on fever responses to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and E. coli in adulthood. Fever to a low dose of LPS in adulthood did not significantly differ as a consequence of early-life infection. Eight days after the LPS injection, the same group of rats received a high dose of live E. coli. This time, neonatally infected rats exhibited a markedly longer fever than controls. In a subsequent experiment, fever to a single high dose of E. coli without prior LPS in adulthood did not differ by group, suggesting that the previous difference was a lack of tolerance to the dual challenges in early-infected rats. Finally, both groups exhibited decreased tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and toll-like-receptor (TLR) 4 production to dual LPS challenges in isolated splenocytes, whereas only rats infected as neonates exhibited increased cyclooxygenase-2 within the hypothalamus in response to adult infection, suggesting that early infection-induced changes in fever regulation may involve a change in central mechanisms. Taken together, these data indicate that early-life infection is associated with marked changes in host temperature regulation in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Staci D Bilbo
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, United States.
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De Almeida Barros TA, De Freitas LAR, Filho JMB, Nunes XP, Giulietti AM, De Souza GE, Dos Santos RR, Soares MBP, Villarreal CF. Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties of 7-hydroxycoumarin in experimental animal models: potential therapeutic for the control of inflammatory chronic pain. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 62:205-13. [DOI: 10.1211/jpp.62.02.0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
In the present study we investigated the antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic effects of 7-hydroxycoumarin (7-HC) in animal models.
Methods
The effects of oral 7-HC were tested against acetic acid-induced writhing, formalin test, tail flick test, complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced hypernociception, carrageenan-induced paw oedema, lipopolysaccharide-induced fever and the rota rod test.
Key findings
7-HC (3–60 mg/kg) produced a dose-related antinociception against acetic acid-induced writhing in mice and in the formalin test. In contrast, treatment with 7-HC did not prevent thermal nociception in the tail flick test. A single treatment with 7-HC, 60 mg/kg, produced a long-lasting antinociceptive effect against CFA-induced hypernociception, a chronic inflammatory pain stimulus. Notably, at 60 mg/kg per day over 4 days the administration of 7-HC produced a continuous antinociceptive effect against CFA-induced hypernociception. 7-HC (30–120 mg/kg) produced anti-inflammatory and antipyretic effects against carrageenan-induced inflammation and lipopolysaccharide-induced fever, respectively. Moreover, 7-HC was found to be safe with respect to ulcer induction. In the rota rod test, 7-HC-treated mice did not show any motor performance alterations.
Conclusions
The prolonged antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of 7-HC, in association with its low ulcerogenic activity, indicate that this molecule might be a good candidate for development of new drugs for the control of chronic inflammatory pain and fever.
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Igarashi K, Akira S, Imaki J, Takeshita T. Systemic endotoxin induces gene expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in fetal rat brain. J NIPPON MED SCH 2009; 76:232-9. [PMID: 19915306 DOI: 10.1272/jnms.76.232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies have examined the response of the fetus under stress, such as with maternal infection. Recent work has indicated that nitric oxide (NO) modulates corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) secretion by the hypothalamus, but details of the action of NO on the fetus remain unclear. Therefore, we investigated the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA and the response pattern following lipopolysaccharide (LPS) loading using a rat model of fetal infection. METHODS Fetuses were delivered by cesarean section on day 20 of gestation and immediately placed in a chamber maintained at 37 degrees C and 100% relative humidity. The LPS group (n=12) was given 400 microg of LPS/100 g body weight, and the physiologic saline group (n=12) was given physiologic saline. Fetuses were then incubated for a further 3 hours. Fetuses were decapitated, the trunk blood was collected immediately after cesarean section or after 3 hours of incubation, and the fetal brains were fixed in formaldehyde and cryopreserved. Coronal cryosections of the brains were prepared, and a (35)S-uridine triphosphate-labeled antisense RNA probe for iNOS was then prepared. In situ hybridization was performed, and iNOS expression was evaluated semiquantitatively on the basis of optical density. In both groups, plasma corticosterone levels were determined with radioimmunoassay. RESULTS Expression of iNOS mRNA was not noted in the physiologic saline group (3 hours postpartum). In the LPS group, iNOS mRNA expression was observed in the subfornical organ, but not in the paraventricular nucleus. Plasma corticosterone levels were significantly elevated in the LPS group. CONCLUSIONS In 20-day-old rat fetuses, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis was already mobilized in response to LPS-induced stress. These results suggest that iNOS is not involved in the acute response of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis to LPS challenge in 20-day-old rat fetuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Igarashi
- Division of Reproductive Medicine, Perinatology and Gynecologic Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Systemic administration of lipopolysaccharide induces cyclooxygenase-2 immunoreactivity in endothelium and increases microglia in the mouse hippocampus. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2009; 30:531-41. [PMID: 19908141 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-009-9477-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2009] [Accepted: 10/24/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we observed the effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on neurodegeneration and immune response in the hippocampus. LPS is a gram-negative bacterial cell surface proteoglycan and known as a bacterial endotoxin. For this, we investigated the optimal concentration of LPS influencing the ICR mouse hippocampus to measure the LPS receptor, e.g., toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), expression in mouse hippocampal homogenates. TLR4 expression was significantly and prominently increased in the hippocampal homogenates of the LPS (1 mg/kg)-treated group. Next, we examined pro-inflammatory response in the hippocampus using cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2, a marker for inflammatory response) immunohistochemistry after LPS treatment. COX-2 immunoreactivity was significantly increased in the endothelium of blood vessels in the hippocampus 6 h after LPS treatment, judging from double immunofluorescence study with platelet-derived endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1, a marker for endothelial cells): it decreased 12 h and disappeared 24 h after LPS treatment. In addition, the ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba-1)-immunoreactive ((+)) microglia were morphologically activated in the mouse hippocampus after LPS treatment. At 24 h after LPS treatment, Iba-1(+) microglia of activated forms were abundant in the hippocampus. However, NeuN (a neuron-specific soluble nuclear antigen)(+) neurons were not significantly changed in the hippocampus after LPS treatment. Fluoro-jade B (a marker for neuronal degeneration)(+) cells were not detected in the hippocampus at any time after LPS treatment. In addition, there were no significant differences in permeability of blood-brain barriers at any time points after LPS treatment. In brief, our results indicate that intraperitoneal administration of 1 mg/kg LPS effectively induces LPS receptor (TLR4) expression in the hippocampus, and the treatment increases corticosterone levels, inflammation in the blood vessels, and microglial activation in the hippocampus without any neuronal damage.
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Knox AMI, Li XF, Kinsey-Jones JS, Wilkinson ES, Wu XQ, Cheng YS, Milligan SR, Lightman SL, O'Byrne KT. Neonatal lipopolysaccharide exposure delays puberty and alters hypothalamic Kiss1 and Kiss1r mRNA expression in the female rat. J Neuroendocrinol 2009; 21:683-9. [PMID: 19500221 PMCID: PMC2817439 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2009.01885.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Immunological challenge experienced in early life can have long-term programming effects on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis that permanently influence the stress response. Similarly, neonatal exposure to immunological stress enhances stress-induced suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary gonadal (HPG) axis in adulthood, but may also affect earlier development, including the timing of puberty. To investigate the timing of the critical window for this programming of the HPG axis, neonatal female rats were injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 50 microg/kg i.p.) or saline on postnatal days 3 + 5, 7 + 9, or 14 + 16 and monitored for vaginal opening and first vaginal oestrus as markers of puberty. We also investigated the effects of neonatal programming on the development of the expression patterns of kisspeptin (Kiss1) and its receptor (Kiss1r) in hypothalamic sites known to contain kisspeptin-expressing neuronal populations critical to reproductive function: the medial preoptic area (mPOA) and the arcuate nucleus in neonatally-stressed animals. We determined that the critical period for a significant delay in puberty as a result of neonatal LPS exposure is before 7 days of age in the female rat, and demonstrated that Kiss1, but not Kiss1r mRNA, expression in the mPOA is down-regulated in pre-pubertal females. These data suggest that the mPOA population of kisspeptin neurones play a pivotal role in controlling the onset of puberty, and that their function can be affected by neonatal stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M I Knox
- Division of Reproduction & Endocrinology, King's College London, London, UK
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Yoo KY, Hwang IK, Kim JD, Kang IJ, Park J, Yi JS, Kim JK, Bae YS, Won MH. Antiinflammatory effect of the ethanol extract of Berberis koreana in a gerbil model of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. Phytother Res 2008; 22:1527-32. [PMID: 18688884 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Berberis koreana extract (BE) has a strong neuroprotective effect after ischemic stroke in gerbils, which is associated with the inhibition of the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor. The present study examined the antiinflammatory mechanism of BE after ischemic damage in vitro and in vivo. The BE used contained on average 7.39 +/- 0.78 mg/g of berberine. In PC12 cells with inflammation, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production was significantly reduced by BE. About 75% of pyramidal cells in the hippocampal CA1 region of gerbils exposed to 5 min of transient ischemia were protected from ischemic damage by BE. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) immunoreactivity and its protein level in the CA1 region of vehicle-treated animals exposed to an ischemic insult increased with time post-ischemia, whereas no such changes were observed in BE-treated animals exposed to ischemia. PGE2 production in BE-treated ischemic animals was significantly lower than that observed in vehicle-treated ischemic animals. Summarizing, the potent neuroprotective effect of BE was found to be due to the inhibitions of COX-2 expression and PGE2 production and its antiinflammatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Yeon Yoo
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
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Soares DM, Machado RR, Yamashiro LH, Melo MC, Souza GE. Cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC)-1 induces fever by a prostaglandin-dependent mechanism in rats. Brain Res 2008; 1233:79-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.07.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2008] [Revised: 07/11/2008] [Accepted: 07/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Takano M, Satoh C, Kunimatsu N, Otani M, Hamada-Kanazawa M, Miyake M, Ming K, Yayama K, Okamoto H. Lipopolysaccharide activates the kallikrein–kinin system in mouse choroid plexus cell line ECPC4. Neurosci Lett 2008; 434:310-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.01.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2007] [Revised: 01/29/2008] [Accepted: 01/31/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Kobayashi MS, Asai S, Ishikawa K, Nishida Y, Nagata T, Takahashi Y. Global profiling of influence of intra-ischemic brain temperature on gene expression in rat brain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 58:171-91. [PMID: 18440647 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2008.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2007] [Revised: 02/08/2008] [Accepted: 03/08/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mild to moderate differences in brain temperature are known to greatly affect the outcome of cerebral ischemia. The impact of brain temperature on ischemic disorders has been mainly evaluated through pathological analysis. However, no comprehensive analyses have been conducted at the gene expression level. Using a high-density oligonucleotide microarray, we screened 24000 genes in the hippocampus under hypothermic (32 degrees C), normothermic (37 degrees C), and hyperthermic (39 degrees C) conditions in a rat ischemia-reperfusion model. When the ischemic group at each intra-ischemic brain temperature was compared to a sham-operated control group, genes whose expression levels changed more than three-fold with statistical significance could be detected. In our screening condition, thirty-three genes (some of them novel) were obtained after screening, and extensive functional surveys and literature reviews were subsequently performed. In the hypothermic condition, many neuroprotective factor genes were obtained, whereas cell death- and cell damage-associated genes were detected as the brain temperature increased. At all intra-ischemic brain temperatures, multiple molecular chaperone genes were obtained. The finding that intra-ischemic brain temperature affects the expression level of many genes related to neuroprotection or neurotoxicity coincides with the different pathological outcomes at different brain temperatures, demonstrating the utility of the genetic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Sugahara Kobayashi
- Division of Genomic Epidemiology and Clinical Trials, Advanced Medical Research Center, Nihon University School of Medicine, Oyaguchi-Kami Machi, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
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Strauss KI. Antiinflammatory and neuroprotective actions of COX2 inhibitors in the injured brain. Brain Behav Immun 2008; 22:285-98. [PMID: 17996418 PMCID: PMC2855502 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2007.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2007] [Revised: 09/14/2007] [Accepted: 09/20/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of COX2 appears to be both a marker and an effector of neural damage after a variety of acquired brain injuries, and in natural or pathological aging of the brain. COX2 inhibitors may be neuroprotective in the brain by reducing prostanoid and free radical synthesis, or by directing arachidonic acid down alternate metabolic pathways. The arachidonic acid shunting hypothesis proposes that COX2 inhibitors' neuroprotective effects may be mediated by increased formation of potentially beneficial eicosanoids. Under conditions where COX2 activity is inhibited, arachidonic acid accumulates or is converted to eicosanoids via lipoxygenases and cytochrome P450 (CYP) epoxygenases. Several P450 eicosanoids have been demonstrated to have beneficial effects in the brain and/or periphery. We suspect that arachidonic acid shunting may be as important to functional recovery after brain injuries as altered prostanoid formation per se. Thus, COX2 inhibition and arachidonic acid shunting have therapeutic implications beyond the suppression of prostaglandin synthesis and free radical formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth I. Strauss
- Mayfield Neurotrauma Research Lab, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 231 Albert Sabin Way, ML515, Cincinnati, OH 45267 ()
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Ueta Y, Hashimoto H, Onuma E, Takuwa Y, Ogata E. Hypothalamic neuropeptides and appetite response in anorexia-cachexia animal. Endocr J 2007; 54:831-8. [PMID: 17827790 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.kr-111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Ueta
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
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