1
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Gümüş E, Özen H. Glycogen storage diseases: An update. World J Gastroenterol 2023; 29:3932-3963. [PMID: 37476587 PMCID: PMC10354582 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i25.3932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycogen storage diseases (GSDs), also referred to as glycogenoses, are inherited metabolic disorders of glycogen metabolism caused by deficiency of enzymes or transporters involved in the synthesis or degradation of glycogen leading to aberrant storage and/or utilization. The overall estimated GSD incidence is 1 case per 20000-43000 live births. There are over 20 types of GSD including the subtypes. This heterogeneous group of rare diseases represents inborn errors of carbohydrate metabolism and are classified based on the deficient enzyme and affected tissues. GSDs primarily affect liver or muscle or both as glycogen is particularly abundant in these tissues. However, besides liver and skeletal muscle, depending on the affected enzyme and its expression in various tissues, multiorgan involvement including heart, kidney and/or brain may be seen. Although GSDs share similar clinical features to some extent, there is a wide spectrum of clinical phenotypes. Currently, the goal of treatment is to maintain glucose homeostasis by dietary management and the use of uncooked cornstarch. In addition to nutritional interventions, pharmacological treatment, physical and supportive therapies, enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) and organ transplantation are other treatment approaches for both disease manifestations and long-term complications. The lack of a specific therapy for GSDs has prompted efforts to develop new treatment strategies like gene therapy. Since early diagnosis and aggressive treatment are related to better prognosis, physicians should be aware of these conditions and include GSDs in the differential diagnosis of patients with relevant manifestations including fasting hypoglycemia, hepatomegaly, hypertransaminasemia, hyperlipidemia, exercise intolerance, muscle cramps/pain, rhabdomyolysis, and muscle weakness. Here, we aim to provide a comprehensive review of GSDs. This review provides general characteristics of all types of GSDs with a focus on those with liver involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ersin Gümüş
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ihsan Dogramaci Children’s Hospital, Ankara 06230, Turkey
| | - Hasan Özen
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ihsan Dogramaci Children’s Hospital, Ankara 06230, Turkey
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2
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Younger DS. Critical illness-associated weakness and related motor disorders. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2023; 195:707-777. [PMID: 37562893 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-98818-6.00031-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Weakness of limb and respiratory muscles that occurs in the course of critical illness has become an increasingly common and serious complication of adult and pediatric intensive care unit patients and a cause of prolonged ventilatory support, morbidity, and prolonged hospitalization. Two motor disorders that occur singly or together, namely critical illness polyneuropathy and critical illness myopathy, cause weakness of limb and of breathing muscles, making it difficult to be weaned from ventilatory support, commencing rehabilitation, and extending the length of stay in the intensive care unit, with higher rates of morbidity and mortality. Recovery can take weeks or months and in severe cases, and may be incomplete or absent. Recent findings suggest an improved prognosis of critical illness myopathy compared to polyneuropathy. Prevention and treatment are therefore very important. Its management requires an integrated team approach commencing with neurologic consultation, creatine kinase (CK) measurement, detailed electrodiagnostic, respiratory and neuroimaging studies, and potentially muscle biopsy to elucidate the etiopathogenesis of the weakness in the peripheral and/or central nervous system, for which there may be a variety of causes. These tenets of care are being applied to new cases and survivors of the coronavirus-2 disease pandemic of 2019. This chapter provides an update to the understanding and approach to critical illness motor disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Younger
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Neuroscience, CUNY School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine and Neurology, White Plains Hospital, White Plains, NY, United States.
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3
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Lin Y, Wang Y, Li PF. Mutual regulation of lactate dehydrogenase and redox robustness. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1038421. [PMID: 36407005 PMCID: PMC9672381 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1038421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The nature of redox is electron transfer; in this way, energy metabolism brings redox stress. Lactate production is associated with NAD regeneration, which is now recognized to play a role in maintaining redox homeostasis. The cellular lactate/pyruvate ratio could be described as a proxy for the cytosolic NADH/NAD ratio, meaning lactate metabolism is the key to redox regulation. Here, we review the role of lactate dehydrogenases in cellular redox regulation, which play the role of the direct regulator of lactate–pyruvate transforming. Lactate dehydrogenases (LDHs) are found in almost all animal tissues; while LDHA catalyzed pyruvate to lactate, LDHB catalyzed the reverse reaction . LDH enzyme activity affects cell oxidative stress with NAD/NADH regulation, especially LDHA recently is also thought as an ROS sensor. We focus on the mutual regulation of LDHA and redox robustness. ROS accumulation regulates the transcription of LDHA. Conversely, diverse post-translational modifications of LDHA, such as phosphorylation and ubiquitination, play important roles in enzyme activity on ROS elimination, emphasizing the potential role of the ROS sensor and regulator of LDHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijun Lin
- *Correspondence: Yijun Lin, ; Yan Wang, ; Pei-feng Li,
| | - Yan Wang
- *Correspondence: Yijun Lin, ; Yan Wang, ; Pei-feng Li,
| | - Pei-feng Li
- *Correspondence: Yijun Lin, ; Yan Wang, ; Pei-feng Li,
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4
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Serrano-Lorenzo P, Rabasa M, Esteban J, Hidalgo Mayoral I, Domínguez-González C, Blanco-Echevarría A, Garrido-Moraga R, Lucia A, Blázquez A, Rubio JC, Palma-Milla C, Arenas J, Martín MA. Clinical, Biochemical, and Molecular Characterization of Two Families with Novel Mutations in the LDHA Gene (GSD XI). Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13101835. [PMID: 36292720 PMCID: PMC9601687 DOI: 10.3390/genes13101835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) catalyzes the reversible conversion of L-lactate to pyruvate. LDH-A deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder (glycogenosis type XI, OMIM#612933) caused by mutations in the LDHA gene. We present two young adult female patients presenting with intolerance to anaerobic exercise, episodes of rhabdomyolysis, and, in one of the patients, psoriasis-like dermatitis. We identified in the LDHA gene a homozygous c.410C>A substitution that predicts a p.Ser137Ter nonsense mutation in Patient One and a compound heterozygous c.410C>A (p.Ser137Ter) and c.750G>A (p.Trp250Ter) nonsense mutation in Patient Two. The pathogenicity of the variants was demonstrated by electrophoretic separation of LDH isoenzymes. Moreover, a flat lactate curve on the forearm exercise test, along with the clinical combination of myopathy and psoriatic-like dermatitis, can also lead to the diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Serrano-Lorenzo
- Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Disorders Group, Hospital 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Rabasa
- Neurology Department, Hospital de Fuenlabrada, 28942 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Esteban
- Neuromuscular Unit, Department of Neurology, 12 de Octubre University Hospital, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Hidalgo Mayoral
- Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Disorders Group, Hospital 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Domínguez-González
- Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Disorders Group, Hospital 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Rocío Garrido-Moraga
- Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Disorders Group, Hospital 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Lucia
- Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Disorders Group, Hospital 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Blázquez
- Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Disorders Group, Hospital 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan C. Rubio
- Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Disorders Group, Hospital 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Palma-Milla
- Department of Genetics, 12 de Octubre University Hospital, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Joaquín Arenas
- Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Disorders Group, Hospital 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A. Martín
- Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Disorders Group, Hospital 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
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5
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Sawyer K, Leahy S, Wood KD. Progress with RNA Interference for the Treatment of Primary Hyperoxaluria. BioDrugs 2022; 36:437-441. [PMID: 35731461 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-022-00539-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Over the last few years, US Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs using RNA interference have come to the market. Many have treated liver-specific diseases utilizing N-acetyl galactosamine conjugation because of its effective delivery and limited off-target effects. The autosomal recessive disorder primary hyperoxaluria, specifically type 1, has benefited from these developments. Primary hyperoxaluria arises from mutations in the enzymes involved in endogenous oxalate synthesis. The severity of disease varies but can result in kidney failure and systemic oxalosis. Until recently, the treatment options were limited and focused primarily on supportive treatments, pyridoxine use in a subset of patients with primary hyperoxaluria type 1, and liver-kidney transplants in those who progressed to kidney failure. Two genes have been targeted with RNA interference; lumasiran targets glycolate oxidase and nedosiran targets lactate dehydrogenase A. Lumasiran was recently approved in the treatment of primary hyperoxaluria type 1 and nedosiran is in the approval process. Unfortunately, despite initial hopes that nedosiran may also be a treatment option for primary hyperoxaluria types 2 and 3, initial data suggest otherwise. The use of RNA interference liver-specific targeting for the treatment of primary hyperoxaluria type 1 will likely transform the natural history of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Sawyer
- Marnix E. Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Stephen Leahy
- Marnix E. Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Kyle D Wood
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Ave South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
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6
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Khan AA, Allemailem KS, Alhumaydhi FA, Gowder SJT, Rahmani AH. The Biochemical and Clinical Perspectives of Lactate Dehydrogenase: An Enzyme of Active Metabolism. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2021; 20:855-868. [PMID: 31886754 DOI: 10.2174/1871530320666191230141110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is a group of oxidoreductase isoenzymes catalyzing the reversible reaction between pyruvate and lactate. The five isoforms of this enzyme, formed from two subunits, vary in isoelectric points and these isoforms have different substrate affinity, inhibition constants and electrophoretic mobility. These diverse biochemical properties play a key role in its cellular, tissue and organ specificity. Though LDH is predominantly present in the cytoplasm, it has a multi-organellar location as well. OBJECTIVE The primary objective of this review article is to provide an update in parallel, the previous and recent biochemical views and its clinical significance in different diseases. METHODS With the help of certain inhibitors, its active site three-dimensional view, reactions mechanisms and metabolic pathways have been sorted out to a greater extent. Overexpression of LDH in different cancers plays a principal role in anaerobic cellular metabolism, hence several inhibitors have been designed to employ as novel anticancer agents. DISCUSSION LDH performs a very important role in overall body metabolism and some signals can induce isoenzyme switching under certain circumstances, ensuring that the tissues consistently maintain adequate ATP supply. This enzyme also experiences some posttranslational modifications, to have diversified metabolic roles. Different toxicological and pathological complications damage various organs, which ultimately result in leakage of this enzyme in serum. Hence, unusual LDH isoform level in serum serves as a significant biomarker of different diseases. CONCLUSION LDH is an important diagnostic biomarker for some common diseases like cancer, thyroid disorders, tuberculosis, etc. In general, LDH plays a key role in the clinical diagnosis of various common and rare diseases, as this enzyme has a prominent role in active metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad A Khan
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Science, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled S Allemailem
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Science, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia,Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Science, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad A Alhumaydhi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Science, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sivakumar J T Gowder
- Department for Management of Science and Technology Development, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City,
Vietnam,Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Vietnam
| | - Arshad H Rahmani
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Science, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
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7
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Forbes TA, Brown BD, Lai C. Therapeutic RNA interference: A novel approach to the treatment of primary hyperoxaluria. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2021; 88:2525-2538. [PMID: 34022071 PMCID: PMC9291495 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.14925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is a natural biological pathway that inhibits gene expression by targeted degradation or translational inhibition of cytoplasmic mRNA by the RNA induced silencing complex. RNAi has long been exploited in laboratory research to study the biological consequences of the reduced expression of a gene of interest. More recently RNAi has been demonstrated as a therapeutic avenue for rare metabolic diseases. This review presents an overview of the cellular RNAi machinery as well as therapeutic RNAi design and delivery. As a clinical example we present primary hyperoxaluria, an ultrarare inherited disease of increased hepatic oxalate production which leads to recurrent calcium oxalate kidney stones. In the most common form of the disease (Type 1), end‐stage kidney disease occurs in childhood or young adulthood, often necessitating combined kidney and liver transplantation. In this context we discuss nedosiran (Dicerna Pharmaceuticals, Inc.) and lumasiran (Alnylam Pharmaceuticals), which are both novel RNAi therapies for primary hyperoxaluria that selectively reduce hepatic expression of lactate dehydrogenase and glycolate oxidase respectively, reducing hepatic oxalate production and urinary oxalate levels. Finally, we consider future optimizations advances in RNAi therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Forbes
- Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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8
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Qing Y, Dong L, Gao L, Li C, Li Y, Han L, Prince E, Tan B, Deng X, Wetzel C, Shen C, Gao M, Chen Z, Li W, Zhang B, Braas D, Ten Hoeve J, Sanchez GJ, Chen H, Chan LN, Chen CW, Ann D, Jiang L, Müschen M, Marcucci G, Plas DR, Li Z, Su R, Chen J. R-2-hydroxyglutarate attenuates aerobic glycolysis in leukemia by targeting the FTO/m 6A/PFKP/LDHB axis. Mol Cell 2021; 81:922-939.e9. [PMID: 33434505 PMCID: PMC7935770 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2020.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
R-2-hydroxyglutarate (R-2HG), a metabolite produced by mutant isocitrate dehydrogenases (IDHs), was recently reported to exhibit anti-tumor activity. However, its effect on cancer metabolism remains largely elusive. Here we show that R-2HG effectively attenuates aerobic glycolysis, a hallmark of cancer metabolism, in (R-2HG-sensitive) leukemia cells. Mechanistically, R-2HG abrogates fat-mass- and obesity-associated protein (FTO)/N6-methyladenosine (m6A)/YTH N6-methyladenosine RNA binding protein 2 (YTHDF2)-mediated post-transcriptional upregulation of phosphofructokinase platelet (PFKP) and lactate dehydrogenase B (LDHB) (two critical glycolytic genes) expression and thereby suppresses aerobic glycolysis. Knockdown of FTO, PFKP, or LDHB recapitulates R-2HG-induced glycolytic inhibition in (R-2HG-sensitive) leukemia cells, but not in normal CD34+ hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells, and inhibits leukemogenesis in vivo; conversely, their overexpression reverses R-2HG-induced effects. R-2HG also suppresses glycolysis and downregulates FTO/PFKP/LDHB expression in human primary IDH-wild-type acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells, demonstrating the clinical relevance. Collectively, our study reveals previously unrecognized effects of R-2HG and RNA modification on aerobic glycolysis in leukemia, highlighting the therapeutic potential of targeting cancer epitranscriptomics and metabolism.
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MESH Headings
- Alpha-Ketoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenase FTO/antagonists & inhibitors
- Alpha-Ketoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenase FTO/genetics
- Alpha-Ketoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenase FTO/metabolism
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Female
- Fluorouracil/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Glutarates/pharmacology
- Glycolysis/drug effects
- Glycolysis/genetics
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- K562 Cells
- Lactate Dehydrogenases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Lactate Dehydrogenases/genetics
- Lactate Dehydrogenases/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/mortality
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Oxidative Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Phosphofructokinase-1, Type C/antagonists & inhibitors
- Phosphofructokinase-1, Type C/genetics
- Phosphofructokinase-1, Type C/metabolism
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- RNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- RNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Survival Analysis
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Qing
- Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Monrovia, CA 91016, USA; Irell and Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Lei Dong
- Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Monrovia, CA 91016, USA
| | - Lei Gao
- Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Monrovia, CA 91016, USA; Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Chenying Li
- Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Monrovia, CA 91016, USA; Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Malignancies, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 31003, China
| | - Yangchan Li
- Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Monrovia, CA 91016, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Li Han
- Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Monrovia, CA 91016, USA; School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China
| | - Emily Prince
- Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Monrovia, CA 91016, USA
| | - Brandon Tan
- Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Monrovia, CA 91016, USA
| | - Xiaolan Deng
- Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Monrovia, CA 91016, USA
| | - Collin Wetzel
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| | - Chao Shen
- Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Monrovia, CA 91016, USA
| | - Min Gao
- Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Monrovia, CA 91016, USA; School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High Efficiency, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineer (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zhenhua Chen
- Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Monrovia, CA 91016, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Monrovia, CA 91016, USA
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Hematologic Malignancies Translational Science, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Monrovia, CA 91016, USA; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Daniel Braas
- UCLA Metabolomics Center, Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Johanna Ten Hoeve
- UCLA Metabolomics Center, Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Gerardo Javier Sanchez
- UCLA Metabolomics Center, Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Huiying Chen
- Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Monrovia, CA 91016, USA
| | - Lai N Chan
- Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Monrovia, CA 91016, USA; Department of Internal Medicine (Hematology) and Center of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Chun-Wei Chen
- Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Monrovia, CA 91016, USA; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - David Ann
- Irell and Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Lei Jiang
- Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Markus Müschen
- Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Monrovia, CA 91016, USA; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; Department of Internal Medicine (Hematology) and Center of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Guido Marcucci
- Department of Hematologic Malignancies Translational Science, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Monrovia, CA 91016, USA; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - David R Plas
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| | - Zejuan Li
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Rui Su
- Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Monrovia, CA 91016, USA.
| | - Jianjun Chen
- Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Monrovia, CA 91016, USA; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
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9
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Ariceta G, Barrios K, Brown BD, Hoppe B, Rosskamp R, Langman CB. Hepatic Lactate Dehydrogenase A: An RNA Interference Target for the Treatment of All Known Types of Primary Hyperoxaluria. Kidney Int Rep 2021; 6:1088-1098. [PMID: 33912759 PMCID: PMC8071644 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2021.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Primary hyperoxaluria (PH) is a family of 3 rare genetic disorders of hepatic glyoxylate metabolism that lead to overproduction and increased renal excretion of oxalate resulting in progressive renal damage. LDHA inhibition of glyoxylate-to-oxalate conversion by RNA interference (RNAi) has emerged as a potential therapeutic option for all types of PH. LDHA is mainly expressed in the liver and muscles. Methods Nonclinical data in mice and nonhuman primates show that LDHA inhibition by RNAi reduces urinary oxalate excretion and that its effects are liver-specific without an impact on off-target tissues, such as the muscles. To confirm the lack of unintended effects in humans, we analyzed data from the phase I randomized controlled trial of single-dose nedosiran, an RNAi therapy targeting hepatic LDHA. We conducted a review of the literature on LDHA deficiency in humans, which we used as a baseline to assess the effect of hepatic LDHA inhibition. Results Based on a literature review of human LDHA deficiency, we defined the phenotype as mainly muscle-related with no liver manifestations. Healthy volunteers treated with nedosiran experienced no drug-related musculoskeletal adverse events. There were no significant alterations in plasma lactate, pyruvate, or creatine kinase levels in the nedosiran group compared with the placebo group, signaling the uninterrupted interconversion of lactate and pyruvate and normal muscle function. Conclusion Phase I clinical data on nedosiran and published nonclinical data together provide substantial evidence that LDHA inhibition is a safe therapeutic mechanism for the treatment of all known types of PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gema Ariceta
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Nefrología Pediátrica, Hospital Infantil, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Passeig de la Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kelly Barrios
- Dicerna Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Lexington, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bob D Brown
- Dicerna Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Lexington, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bernd Hoppe
- Dicerna Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Lexington, Massachusetts, USA.,German Hyperoxaluria Center Cologne/Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ralf Rosskamp
- Dicerna Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Lexington, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Craig B Langman
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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10
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The review of potential therapies in the treatment of hyperoxaluria is timely, given the current excitement with clinical trials and the mounting evidence of the importance of oxalate in both kidney stone and chronic kidney disease. RECENT FINDINGS Given the significant contribution of both endogenous and dietary oxalate to urinary oxalate excretions, it is not surprising therapeutic targets are being studied in both pathways. This article covers the existing data on endogenous and dietary oxalate and the current targets in these pathways. SUMMARY In the near future, there will likely be therapies targeting both endogenous and dietary oxalate, especially in subsets of kidney stone formers.
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Li H, Rai M, Buddika K, Sterrett MC, Luhur A, Mahmoudzadeh NH, Julick CR, Pletcher RC, Chawla G, Gosney CJ, Burton AK, Karty JA, Montooth KL, Sokol NS, Tennessen JM. Lactate dehydrogenase and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase cooperatively regulate growth and carbohydrate metabolism during Drosophila melanogaster larval development. Development 2019; 146:dev175315. [PMID: 31399469 PMCID: PMC6765128 DOI: 10.1242/dev.175315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The dramatic growth that occurs during Drosophila larval development requires rapid conversion of nutrients into biomass. Many larval tissues respond to these biosynthetic demands by increasing carbohydrate metabolism and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity. The resulting metabolic program is ideally suited for synthesis of macromolecules and mimics the manner by which cancer cells rely on aerobic glycolysis. To explore the potential role of Drosophila LDH in promoting biosynthesis, we examined how Ldh mutations influence larval development. Our studies unexpectedly found that Ldh mutants grow at a normal rate, indicating that LDH is dispensable for larval biomass production. However, subsequent metabolomic analyses suggested that Ldh mutants compensate for the inability to produce lactate by generating excess glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P), the production of which also influences larval redox balance. Consistent with this possibility, larvae lacking both LDH and G3P dehydrogenase (GPDH1) exhibit growth defects, synthetic lethality and decreased glycolytic flux. Considering that human cells also generate G3P upon inhibition of lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA), our findings hint at a conserved mechanism in which the coordinate regulation of lactate and G3P synthesis imparts metabolic robustness to growing animal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongde Li
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Madhulika Rai
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Kasun Buddika
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Maria C Sterrett
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Arthur Luhur
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | | | - Cole R Julick
- RNA Biology Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Rose C Pletcher
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Geetanjali Chawla
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Chelsea J Gosney
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Anna K Burton
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Jonathan A Karty
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Kristi L Montooth
- RNA Biology Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Nicholas S Sokol
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Jason M Tennessen
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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12
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Wood KD, Holmes RP, Erbe D, Liebow A, Fargue S, Knight J. Reduction in urinary oxalate excretion in mouse models of Primary Hyperoxaluria by RNA interference inhibition of liver lactate dehydrogenase activity. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:2203-2209. [PMID: 31055082 PMCID: PMC6613992 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The Primary Hyperoxaluria's (PH) are rare autosomal recessive disorders characterized by elevated oxalate production. PH patients suffer recurrent calcium oxalate kidney stone disease, and in severe cases end stage renal disease. Recent evidence has shown that RNA interference may be a suitable approach to reduce oxalate production in PH patients by knocking down key enzymes involved in hepatic oxalate synthesis. In the current study, wild type mice and mouse models of PH1 (AGT KO) and PH2 (GR KO) were treated with siRNA that targets hepatic LDHA. Although siRNA treatment substantially reduced urinary oxalate excretion [75%] in AGT KO animals, there was a relatively modest reduction [32%] in GR KO animals. Plasma and liver pyruvate levels significantly increased with siRNA treatment and liver organic acid analysis indicated significant changes in a number of glycolytic and TCA cycle metabolites, consistent with the known role of LDHA in metabolism. However, siRNA dosing data suggest that it may be possible to identify a dose that limits changes in liver organic acid levels, while maintaining a desired effect of reducing glyoxylate to oxalate synthesis. These results suggest that RNAi mediated reduction of hepatic LDHA may be an effective strategy to reduce oxalate synthesis in PH, and further analysis of its metabolic effects should be explored. Additional studies should also clarify in GR KO animals whether there are alternate enzymatic pathways in the liver to create oxalate and whether tissues other than liver contribute significantly to oxalate production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle D Wood
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Ross P Holmes
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - David Erbe
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Sonia Fargue
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - John Knight
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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13
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Abstract
Most of the glycogen metabolism disorders that affect skeletal muscle involve enzymes in glycogenolysis (myophosphorylase (PYGM), glycogen debranching enzyme (AGL), phosphorylase b kinase (PHKB)) and glycolysis (phosphofructokinase (PFK), phosphoglycerate mutase (PGAM2), aldolase A (ALDOA), β-enolase (ENO3)); however, 3 involve glycogen synthesis (glycogenin-1 (GYG1), glycogen synthase (GSE), and branching enzyme (GBE1)). Many present with exercise-induced cramps and rhabdomyolysis with higher-intensity exercise (i.e., PYGM, PFK, PGAM2), yet others present with muscle atrophy and weakness (GYG1, AGL, GBE1). A failure of serum lactate to rise with exercise with an exaggerated ammonia response is a common, but not invariant, finding. The serum creatine kinase (CK) is often elevated in the myopathic forms and in PYGM deficiency, but can be normal and increase only with rhabdomyolysis (PGAM2, PFK, ENO3). Therapy for glycogen storage diseases that result in exercise-induced symptoms includes lifestyle adaptation and carefully titrated exercise. Immediate pre-exercise carbohydrate improves symptoms in the glycogenolytic defects (i.e., PYGM), but can exacerbate symptoms in glycolytic defects (i.e., PFK). Creatine monohydrate in low dose may provide a mild benefit in PYGM mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Tarnopolsky
- Division of Neuromuscular & Neurometabolic Disorders, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences Centre, Rm 2H26, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada.
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Specific Inhibition of Hepatic Lactate Dehydrogenase Reduces Oxalate Production in Mouse Models of Primary Hyperoxaluria. Mol Ther 2018; 26:1983-1995. [PMID: 29914758 PMCID: PMC6094358 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2018.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary hyperoxalurias (PHs) are autosomal recessive disorders caused by the overproduction of oxalate leading to calcium oxalate precipitation in the kidney and eventually to end-stage renal disease. One promising strategy to treat PHs is to reduce the hepatic production of oxalate through substrate reduction therapy by inhibiting liver-specific glycolate oxidase (GO), which controls the conversion of glycolate to glyoxylate, the proposed main precursor to oxalate. Alternatively, diminishing the amount of hepatic lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) expression, the proposed key enzyme responsible for converting glyoxylate to oxalate, should directly prevent the accumulation of oxalate in PH patients. Using RNAi, we provide the first in vivo evidence in mammals to support LDH as the key enzyme responsible for converting glyoxylate to oxalate. In addition, we demonstrate that reduction of hepatic LDH achieves efficient oxalate reduction and prevents calcium oxalate crystal deposition in genetically engineered mouse models of PH types 1 (PH1) and 2 (PH2), as well as in chemically induced PH mouse models. Repression of hepatic LDH in mice did not cause any acute elevation of circulating liver enzymes, lactate acidosis, or exertional myopathy, suggesting further evaluation of liver-specific inhibition of LDH as a potential approach for treating PH1 and PH2 is warranted.
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Abstract
One large group of hereditary myopathies characterized by recurrent myoglobinuria, almost invariably triggered by exercise, comprises metabolic disorders of two main fuels, glycogen and long-chain fatty acids, or mitochondrial diseases of the respiratory chain. Differential diagnosis is required to distinguish the three conditions, although all cause a crisis of muscle energy. Muscle biopsy may be useful when performed well after the episode of rhabdomyolysis. Molecular genetics is increasingly the diagnostic test of choice to discover the underlying genetic basis.
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Abstract
Rhabdomyolysis is characterized by severe acute muscle injury resulting in muscle pain, weakness, and/or swelling with release of myofiber contents into the bloodstream. Symptoms develop over hours to days after an inciting factor and may be associated with dark pigmentation of the urine. Serum creatine kinase and urine myoglobin levels are markedly elevated. Clinical examination, history, laboratory studies, muscle biopsy, and genetic testing are useful tools for diagnosis of rhabdomyolysis, and they can help differentiate acquired from inherited causes of rhabdomyolysis. Acquired causes include substance abuse, medication or toxic exposures, electrolyte abnormalities, endocrine disturbances, and autoimmune myopathies. Inherited predisposition to rhabdomyolysis can occur with disorders of glycogen metabolism, fatty acid β-oxidation, and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Less common inherited causes of rhabdomyolysis include structural myopathies, channelopathies, and sickle-cell disease. This review focuses on the differentiation of acquired and inherited causes of rhabdomyolysis and proposes a practical diagnostic algorithm. Muscle Nerve 51: 793-810, 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R Nance
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew L Mammen
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Muscle Disease Unit, Laboratory of Muscle Stem Cells and Gene Regulation, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Building 50, Room 1146, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
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17
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Labadie S, Dragovich PS, Chen J, Fauber BP, Boggs J, Corson LB, Ding CZ, Eigenbrot C, Ge H, Ho Q, Lai KW, Ma S, Malek S, Peterson D, Purkey HE, Robarge K, Salphati L, Sideris S, Ultsch M, VanderPorten E, Wei B, Xu Q, Yen I, Yue Q, Zhang H, Zhang X, Zhou A. Optimization of 5-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-3-hydroxy-2-mercaptocyclohex-2-enones as potent inhibitors of human lactate dehydrogenase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 25:75-82. [PMID: 25466195 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Optimization of 5-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-3-hydroxy-2-mercaptocyclohex-2-enone using structure-based design strategies resulted in inhibitors with considerable improvement in biochemical potency against human lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA). These potent inhibitors were typically selective for LDHA over LDHB isoform (4–10 fold) and other structurally related malate dehydrogenases, MDH1 and MDH2 (>500 fold). An X-ray crystal structure of enzymatically most potent molecule bound to LDHA revealed two additional interactions associated with enhanced biochemical potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharada Labadie
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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18
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Dragovich PS, Fauber BP, Boggs J, Chen J, Corson LB, Ding CZ, Eigenbrot C, Ge H, Giannetti AM, Hunsaker T, Labadie S, Li C, Liu Y, Liu Y, Ma S, Malek S, Peterson D, Pitts KE, Purkey HE, Robarge K, Salphati L, Sideris S, Ultsch M, VanderPorten E, Wang J, Wei B, Xu Q, Yen I, Yue Q, Zhang H, Zhang X, Zhou A. Identification of substituted 3-hydroxy-2-mercaptocyclohex-2-enones as potent inhibitors of human lactate dehydrogenase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:3764-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.06.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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19
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Fauber BP, Dragovich PS, Chen J, Corson LB, Ding CZ, Eigenbrot C, Giannetti AM, Hunsaker T, Labadie S, Liu Y, Liu Y, Malek S, Peterson D, Pitts K, Sideris S, Ultsch M, VanderPorten E, Wang J, Wei B, Yen I, Yue Q. Identification of 2-amino-5-aryl-pyrazines as inhibitors of human lactate dehydrogenase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:5533-9. [PMID: 24012183 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.08.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A 2-amino-5-aryl-pyrazine was identified as an inhibitor of human lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) via a biochemical screening campaign. Biochemical and biophysical experiments demonstrated that the compound specifically interacted with human LDHA. Structural variation of the screening hit resulted in improvements in LDHA biochemical inhibition and pharmacokinetic properties. A crystal structure of an improved compound bound to human LDHA was also obtained and it explained many of the observed structure-activity relationships.
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20
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Identification of substituted 2-thio-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidines as inhibitors of human lactate dehydrogenase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:3186-94. [PMID: 23628333 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A novel 2-thio-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidine-containing inhibitor of human lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was identified by high-throughput screening (IC50=8.1 μM). Biochemical, surface plasmon resonance, and saturation transfer difference NMR experiments indicated that the compound specifically associated with human LDHA in a manner that required simultaneous binding of the NADH co-factor. Structural variation of the screening hit resulted in significant improvements in LDHA biochemical inhibition activity (best IC50=0.48 μM). A crystal structure of an optimized compound bound to human LDHA was obtained and explained many of the observed structure-activity relationships.
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21
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McCleland ML, Adler AS, Deming L, Cosino E, Lee L, Blackwood EM, Solon M, Tao J, Li L, Shames D, Jackson E, Forrest WF, Firestein R. Lactate dehydrogenase B is required for the growth of KRAS-dependent lung adenocarcinomas. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 19:773-84. [PMID: 23224736 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-2638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study is aimed to identify genes within the KRAS genomic amplicon that are both coupregulated and essential for cell proliferation when KRAS is amplified in lung cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We used an integrated genomic approach to identify genes that are coamplified with KRAS in lung adenocarcinomas and subsequently preformed an RNA interference (RNAi) screen to uncover functionally relevant genes. The role of lactate dehydrogenase B (LDHB) was subsequently investigated both in vitro and in vivo by siRNA and short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated knockdown in a panel of lung adenocarcinoma cells lines. LDHB expression was also investigated in patient tumors using microarray and immunohistochemistry analyses. RESULTS RNAi-mediated depletion of LDHB abrogated cell proliferation both in vitro and in xenografted tumors in vivo. We find that LDHB expression correlates to both KRAS genomic copy number gain and KRAS mutation in lung cancer cell lines and adenocarcinomas. This correlation between LDHB expression and KRAS status is specific for lung cancers and not other tumor types that harbor KRAS mutations. Consistent with a role for LDHB in glycolysis and tumor metabolism, KRAS-mutant lung tumors exhibit elevated expression of a glycolysis gene signature and are more dependent on glycolysis for proliferation compared with KRAS wild-type lung tumors. Finally, high LDHB expression was a significant predictor of shorter survival in patients with lung adenocarcinomas. CONCLUSION This study identifies LDHB as a regulator of cell proliferation in a subset of lung adenocarcinoma and may provide a novel therapeutic approach for treating lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark L McCleland
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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22
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McCleland ML, Adler AS, Shang Y, Hunsaker T, Truong T, Peterson D, Torres E, Li L, Haley B, Stephan JP, Belvin M, Hatzivassiliou G, Blackwood EM, Corson L, Evangelista M, Zha J, Firestein R. An Integrated Genomic Screen Identifies LDHB as an Essential Gene for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Cancer Res 2012; 72:5812-23. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-1098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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23
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Emerging glycolysis targeting and drug discovery from chinese medicine in cancer therapy. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 2012:873175. [PMID: 22844340 PMCID: PMC3403522 DOI: 10.1155/2012/873175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2011] [Revised: 05/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Molecular-targeted therapy has been developed for cancer chemoprevention and treatment. Cancer cells have different metabolic properties from normal cells. Normal cells mostly rely upon the process of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation to produce energy whereas cancer cells have developed an altered metabolism that allows them to sustain higher proliferation rates. Cancer cells could predominantly produce energy by glycolysis even in the presence of oxygen. This alternative metabolic characteristic is known as the “Warburg Effect.” Although the exact mechanisms underlying the Warburg effect are unclear, recent progress indicates that glycolytic pathway of cancer cells could be a critical target for drug discovery. With a long history in cancer treatment, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is recognized as a valuable source for seeking bioactive anticancer compounds. A great progress has been made to identify active compounds from herbal medicine targeting on glycolysis for cancer treatment. Herein, we provide an overall picture of the current understanding of the molecular targets in the cancer glycolytic pathway and reviewed active compounds from Chinese herbal medicine with the potentials to inhibit the metabolic targets for cancer treatment. Combination of TCM with conventional therapies will provide an attractive strategy for improving clinical outcome in cancer treatment.
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Sugai F, Baba K, Toyooka K, Liang WC, Nishino I, Yamadera M, Sumi H, Fujimura H, Nishikawa Y. Adult-onset multiple acyl CoA dehydrogenation deficiency associated with an abnormal isoenzyme pattern of serum lactate dehydrogenase. Neuromuscul Disord 2011; 22:159-61. [PMID: 21907580 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2011.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Revised: 08/06/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We report a case of a 37 year-old male with multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenation deficiency (MADD). The patient had suffered from exercise intolerance in his hip and thigh muscles for one year. Then, restriction of carbohydrates for a diet made his symptoms rapidly deteriorate. Blood test revealed compound heterozygosity for two novel missense mutations in the electron transfer flavoprotein dehydrogenase gene (ETFDH), and an abnormal LDH isoenzyme pattern: LDH-1 (60.0%) and LDH-2 (26.0%) predominated with abnormally elevated LDH-1/LDH-2 ratio (2.3), compared with muscle-derived LDH-5 (4.0%). Oral riboflavin treatment significantly improved his exercise intolerance and the LDH profile: LDH-1 (34.4%), LDH-2 (34.9%), LDH-5 (6.9%) and LDH-1/LDH-2 ratio (1.0). The abnormal LDH isoenzyme pattern may be one feature of adult-onset MADD selectively affecting type I muscle fibers with relatively high LDH-1 content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuminobu Sugai
- Department of Neurology, Otemae Hospital, Chuo-ku, Osaka, Japan.
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25
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Smith EC, El-Gharbawy A, Koeberl DD. Metabolic myopathies: clinical features and diagnostic approach. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2011; 37:201-17, vi. [PMID: 21444020 DOI: 10.1016/j.rdc.2011.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The rheumatologist is frequently called on to evaluate patients with complaints of myalgia, muscle cramps, and fatigue. The evaluation of these patients presents a diagnostic challenge given the nonspecific and intermittent nature of their complaints, often leading to inappropriate diagnostic testing. When these symptoms are associated with physical exertion, a metabolic myopathy should be suspected Although inflammatory myopathies may present with similar features, such a pattern should prompt a thorough evaluation for an underlying metabolic myopathy. This review discusses the most common causes of metabolic myopathies and reviews the current diagnostic options available to the clinician.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward C Smith
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, DUMC Box 3936, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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26
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Goldberg JS. Stereocomplexes Formed From Select Oligomers of Polymer d-lactic Acid (PDLA) and l-lactate May Inhibit Growth of Cancer Cells and Help Diagnose Aggressive Cancers-Applications of the Warburg Effect. PERSPECTIVES IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2011; 5:1-10. [PMID: 21487535 PMCID: PMC3072648 DOI: 10.4137/pmc.s6229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
It is proposed that select oligomers of polymer d-lactic acid (PDLA) will form a stereocomplex with l-lactate in vivo, producing lactate deficiency in tumor cells. Those cancer cells that utilize transport of lactate to maintain electrical neutrality may cease to multiply or die because of lactate trapping, and those cancer cells that benefit from utilization of extracellular lactate may be impaired. Intracellular trapping of lactate produces a different physiology than inhibition of LDH because the cell loses the option of shuttling pyruvate to an alternative pathway to produce an anion. Conjugated with stains or fluorescent probes, PDLA oligomers may be an agent for the diagnosis of tissue lactate and possibly cell differentiation in biopsy specimens. Preliminary experimental evidence is presented confirming that PDLA in high concentrations is cytotoxic and that l-lactate forms a presumed stereocomplex with PDLA. Future work should be directed at isolation of biologically active oligomers of PDLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel S Goldberg
- Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Duke University School of Medicine
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27
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McCarthy SD, Waters SM, Kenny DA, Diskin MG, Fitzpatrick R, Patton J, Wathes DC, Morris DG. Negative energy balance and hepatic gene expression patterns in high-yielding dairy cows during the early postpartum period: a global approach. Physiol Genomics 2010; 42A:188-99. [PMID: 20716645 PMCID: PMC3008362 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00118.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In high-yielding dairy cows the liver undergoes extensive physiological and biochemical changes during the early postpartum period in an effort to re-establish metabolic homeostasis and to counteract the adverse effects of negative energy balance (NEB). These adaptations are likely to be mediated by significant alterations in hepatic gene expression. To gain new insights into these events an energy balance model was created using differential feeding and milking regimes to produce two groups of cows with either a mild (MNEB) or severe NEB (SNEB) status. Cows were slaughtered and liver tissues collected on days 6–7 of the first follicular wave postpartum. Using an Affymetrix 23k oligonucleotide bovine array to determine global gene expression in hepatic tissue of these cows, we found a total of 416 genes (189 up- and 227 downregulated) to be altered by SNEB. Network analysis using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis revealed that SNEB was associated with widespread changes in gene expression classified into 36 gene networks including those associated with lipid metabolism, connective tissue development and function, cell signaling, cell cycle, and metabolic diseases, the three most significant of which are discussed in detail. SNEB cows displayed reduced expression of transcription activators and signal transducers that regulate the expression of genes and gene networks associated with cell signaling and tissue repair. These alterations are linked with increased expression of abnormal cell cycle and cellular proliferation associated pathways. This study provides new information and insights on the effect of SNEB on gene expression in high-yielding Holstein Friesian dairy cows in the early postpartum period.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D McCarthy
- Teagasc, Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Mellows Campus, Athenry, County Galway, Ireland
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28
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Xie H, Valera VA, Merino MJ, Amato AM, Signoretti S, Linehan WM, Sukhatme VP, Seth P. LDH-A inhibition, a therapeutic strategy for treatment of hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2009; 8:626-35. [PMID: 19276158 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-08-1049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The genetic basis for the hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer syndrome is germ-line inactivating mutation in the gene for the Krebs/tricarboxylic acid cycle enzyme, fumarate hydratase (FH), the enzyme that converts fumarate to malate. These individuals are predisposed to development of leiomyomas of the skin and uterus as well as highly aggressive kidney cancers. Inhibition of FH should result in significant decrease in oxidative phosphorylation necessitating that glycolysis followed by fermentation of pyruvate to lactate will be required to provide adequate ATP as well as to regenerate NAD+. Moreover, FH deficiency is known to up-regulate expression of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1alpha by enhancing the stability of HIF transcript. This leads to activation of various HIF-regulated genes including vascular endothelial growth factor and glucose transporter GLUT1 and increased expression of several glycolytic enzymes. Because lactate dehydrogenase-A (LDH-A), also a HIF-1alpha target, promotes fermentative glycolysis (conversion of pyruvate to lactate), a step essential for regenerating NAD+, we asked whether FH-deficient cells would be exquisitely sensitive to LDH-A blockade. Here, we report that hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer tumors indeed overexpress LDH-A, that LDH-A inhibition results in increased apoptosis in a cell with FH deficiency and that this effect is reactive oxygen species mediated, and that LDH-A knockdown in the background of FH knockdown results in significant reduction in tumor growth in a xenograft mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Xie
- Department of Medicine, Division of Interdisciplinary Medicine and Biotechnology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, and Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Dimauro S, Akman O, Hays AP. Disorders of carbohydrate metabolism. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2007; 86:167-82. [PMID: 18808999 DOI: 10.1016/s0072-9752(07)86007-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Hollander AS, Olney RC, Blackett PR, Marshall BA. Fatal malignant hyperthermia-like syndrome with rhabdomyolysis complicating the presentation of diabetes mellitus in adolescent males. Pediatrics 2003; 111:1447-52. [PMID: 12777570 DOI: 10.1542/peds.111.6.1447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This report describes a new fatal syndrome observed in adolescent males at the initial presentation of diabetes mellitus. The features include hyperglycemic hyperosmolar coma complicated by a malignant hyperthermia-like picture with fever, rhabdomyolysis, and severe cardiovascular instability. DESIGN Case series. SETTING Pediatric intensive care units of 3 tertiary care facilities in the United States. PATIENTS Six adolescent males, 5/6 obese with acanthosis nigricans, 4/6 black. RESULTS Four of 6 patients died. Four of 6 patients did not have significant ketosis. Six of 6 patients had increased temperature after the administration of insulin. CONCLUSIONS The underlying etiology of this syndrome remains unclear. Possibilities include an underlying metabolic disorder such as a fatty acid oxidation defect, an unrecognized infection, exposure to an unknown toxin, or a genetic predisposition to malignant hyperthermia. Evaluation for all these possibilities and empiric treatment with dantrolene should be considered for this type of patient until this syndrome is better characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abby S Hollander
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, Washington University School of Medicine and St Louis, Children's Hospital, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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31
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Wortmann RL, DiMauro S. Differentiating idiopathic inflammatory myopathies from metabolic myopathies. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2002; 28:759-78. [PMID: 12506771 DOI: 10.1016/s0889-857x(02)00022-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The metabolic myopathies are a heterogeneous group of diseases, including glycogenoses, disorders of lipid metabolism, and mitochondrial myopathies, that result primarily from inborn errors of metabolism. Most of these metabolic defects cause medical conditions that manifest early in life. Nevertheless, clinical presentations during the teenage years and adulthood are increasingly being recognized. Many of the clinical manifestations of these diseases are difficult to differentiate from those observed in the idiopathic inflammatory myopathies, especially polymyositis. A directed evaluation using the clinical, laboratory, and genetic approaches summarized in this article, however, should allow for the differentiation of most metabolic myopathies from polymyositis and other forms of idiopathic inflammatory myopathy. The diagnosis of a metabolic myopathy should be considered in patients who appear to have polymyositis but lack the characteristic changes of inflammation found on EMG, MRI, or muscle histology, or in such patients who are refractory to immunosuppressive therapy. The forearm ischemic exercise test is especially useful to screen for some inborn errors of glycogen metabolism or glycolysis and for myoadenylate deaminase deficiency. Thorough analysis of muscle tissue, including histology, histochemistry, biochemistry, and occasionally electron microscopy, is often necessary to make the diagnosis of a metabolic myopathy. Advances in molecular biology methods and knowledge of the precise genetic defects associated with these metabolic defects are dramatically increasing our capacity to diagnose patients with a widening range of myopathies. It is expected that, with further understanding of the mechanisms of the metabolic and idiopathic inflammatory myopathies, the differentiation of these disorders into their pathogenetic components, and the capacity to diagnose them will continue to improve. These are essential factors in improving genetic counseling and eventually the therapy of these serious, and currently incurable, disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Wortmann
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Oklahoma College of Medicine-Tulsa, 4502 East 41st Street, Tulsa, OK 74137, USA.
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Anai T, Urata K, Tanaka Y, Miyakawa I. Pregnancy complicated with lactate dehydrogenase M-subunit deficiency: the first case report. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2002; 28:108-11. [PMID: 12078970 DOI: 10.1046/j.1341-8076.2002.00015.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A woman with lactate dehydrogenase M-subunit deficiency underwent two cesarean sections because of the risk of dystocia due to decreased adenosine triphosphate production in anaerobic glycolysis including uterine muscles. Frequent pains with increased serum pyruvate levels were observed during the third trimester of her pregnancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanobu Anai
- School of Nursing, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oita Medical University, Japan.
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Takatani T, Takaoka N, Tatsumi M, Kawamoto H, Okuno Y, Morita K, Masutani T, Murakawa K, Okamoto Y. A novel missense mutation in human lactate dehydrogenase B-subunit gene. Mol Genet Metab 2001; 73:344-8. [PMID: 11509017 DOI: 10.1006/mgme.2001.3203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Reduced activity of serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH; EC 1.1.1.27) was found in a male medical student during practical examinations of his own blood. Serum LDH isoenzyme pattern showed reductions in activities of the isoenzymes with lower subunit A/B ratios such as LDH1 and LDH2. These findings were indicative of a partial LDH-B subunit deficiency, which was confirmed in erythrocyte hemolysates by Western blotting. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based DNA sequence analysis of the LDH-B subunit gene revealed a heterozygous nucleotide change: a guanine to adenine substitution in codon 69 (GGG --> GAG) at the third exon of the LDH-B subunit gene that resulted in a glycine to glutamic acid substitution (G69E). The mutation was confirmed by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis using a mismatched primer to introduce a new NcoI restriction site. The same heterozygous mutation was found in his mother but not in other family members. This mutation involves a residue belonging to alphaC helix in LDH-B subunit protein molecule that functions as an interface for other subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Takatani
- Central Clinical Laboratory, Nara Medical University Hospital, Shijo-Cho 840, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522, Japan
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34
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Abstract
There are 11 hereditary disorders of glycogen metabolism affecting muscle alone or together with other tissues, and they cause two main clinical syndromes: episodic, recurrent exercise intolerance with cramps, myalgia, and myoglobinuria; or fixed, often progressive weakness. Great strides have been made in our understanding of the molecular bases of these disorders, all of which show remarkable genetic heterogeneity. In contrast, the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying acute muscle breakdown and chronic weakness remain unclear. Although glycogen storage diseases have been studied for decades, new biochemical defects are still being discovered, especially in the glycolytic pathway. In addition, the pathogenesis of polyglucosan deposition is being clarified both in traditional glycogenoses and in disorders such as Lafora's disease. In some conditions, combined dietary and exercise regimens may be of help, and gene therapy, including recombinant enzyme replacement, is being actively pursued.
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Affiliation(s)
- S DiMauro
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, 4-420 College of Physicians and Surgeons, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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35
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Abstract
Major recent advances in the field of metabolic myopathies have helped delineate the genetic and biochemical basis of these disorders. This progress has also resulted in the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic methodologies. In this second part, we present an updated review of the main nonlysosomal and lysosomal glycogenoses and lipid metabolism defects that manifest with signs of transient or permanent muscle dysfunction. Our intent is to increase the pediatric neurologist's familiarity with these conditions and thus improve decision making in the areas of diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- B T Darras
- Neuromuscular Program, Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts, USA
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36
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Abstract
Myoglobinuria refers to an abnormal pathologic state in which an excessive amount of myoglobin is found in the urine, imparting a cola-like hue, usually in association with myonecrosis and a clinical picture of weakness, myalgias, and edema. Myoglobinuria is produced by multiple causes: any condition that accelerates the use or interferes with the availability of oxygen or energy substrates to muscle cells can result in myoglobinuria, as can events that produce direct muscle injury, either mechanical or chemical. Acute renal failure is the most serious complication, which can be prevented by prompt, aggressive treatment. In patients surviving acute attacks, recovery of muscle and renal function is usually complete.
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Affiliation(s)
- W S David
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55415, USA.
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37
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Abstract
The glycogen storage myopathies are caused by enzyme defects in the glycogenolytic or in the glycolytic pathway affecting skeletal muscle alone or in conjunction with other tissues. The authors review recent findings in this area, including a new entity, aldolase deficiency, and the wealth of molecular genetic data that are rapidly accumulating. Despite this progress, genotype-phenotyp3 correlations are still murky in most glycogen storage myopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tsujino
- Section Chief, Department of Inherited Metabolic Disease, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
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38
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Betti R, Gualandri L, Inselvini E, Crosti C. Annual recurrent annular acroerythema without lactate dehydrogenase M-subunit deficiency. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 1999; 12:270-2. [PMID: 10461655 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.1999.tb01046.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
Red blood cell enzyme activities are measured mainly to diagnose hereditary nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia associated with enzyme anomalies. At least 15 enzyme anomalies associated with hereditary hemolytic anemia have been reported. Some nonhematologic disease can also be diagnosed by the measurement of red blood cell enzyme activities in the case in which enzymes of red blood cells and the other organs are under the same genetic control. Progress in molecular biology has provided a new perspective. Techniques such as the polymerase chain reaction and single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis have greatly facilitated the molecular analysis of erythroenzymopathies. These studies have clarified the correlation between the functional and structural abnormalities of the variant enzymes. In general, the mutations that induce an alteration of substrate binding site and/or enzyme instability might result in markedly altered enzyme properties and severe clinical symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Fujii
- Department of Blood Transfusion Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical College, Japan
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40
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to evaluate the biochemical causes of recurrent rhabdomyolysis in Finland. MATERIAL AND METHODS We examined 22 patients with recurrent rhabdomyolysis, and 26 patients with one episode of rhabdomyolysis or other symptoms compatible with metabolic myopathy. Muscle histopathology and activities of phosphorylase (PHRL) (total and active), phosphofructokinase (PFK), carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) and myoadenylate deaminase (MAD) were studied. The limit of enzyme deficiency was defined as enzyme activity less than 5% of the mean of the control subjects. RESULTS We found 4 patients with muscle PHRL deficiency, 1 patient with PFK deficiency and 1 patient with evidence of phosphorylase kinase deficiency. One patient had Becker's muscle dystrophy, 2 patients had unspecified dystrophies, 1 patient had Miyoshi myopathy, and 1 patient had a form of mitochondrial encephalomyopathy (MELAS). CONCLUSION Enzyme defects were found in 23% of the patients with recurrent rhabdomyolysis. Other muscle diseases, muscular dystrophies or myopathies, were detected in 18% of these patients, emphasizing the value of clinical and histopathological examination of patients with previous rhabdomyolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Löfberg
- Institute of Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland
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41
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Pretsch W, Chatterjee B, Favor J, Merkle S, Sandulache R. Molecular, genetic and biochemical characterization of lactate dehydrogenase-A enzyme activity mutations in Mus musculus. Mamm Genome 1998; 9:144-9. [PMID: 9457676 DOI: 10.1007/s003359900705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Four independent heterozygous lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) mutations with approximately 60% of wild-type enzyme activity in whole blood have been recovered. The mutant line Ldh1a2Neu proved to be homozygous lethal, whereas for the three lines Ldh1a7Neu, Ldh1a11Neu, and Ldh1a12Neu homozygous mutants with about 20% residual activity occurred in the progeny of heterozygous inter se matings. However, the number of homozygous mutants was less than expected, suggesting an increased lethality of these animals. Various physicochemical and kinetic properties of LDH are altered. Exons of the Ldh1 gene were PCR amplified and sequenced to determine the molecular lesion in the mutant alleles. Ldh1a2Neu carried an A/T-->G/C transition in codon 112 (in exon 3), resulting in an Asn-->Asp substitution; Asn112 is part of the helix alpha D, which is involved in the coenzyme-binding domain. Ldh1a7Neu contained an A/T-->C/G transversion within the codon for residue 194 in exon 4, causing an Asp-->Ala substitution, which may affect the arrangement of the substrate-binding site. Three base substituions were discovered for the mutation Ldh1a11Neu in exon 7: the transition C/G-->T/A, a silent mutation, and two transversions C/G-->A/T and C/G-->G/C, both missense mutations, which led to the amino acid replacements A1a319-->Glu and Thr321-->Ser, respectively, located in the alpha H helix structure of the COOH tail of LDHA. We suggest that the mutation in the result of a gene conversion event between Ldh1a wild-type gene and the pseudogene Ldhl-ps. The alteration Ile-->Thr of codon 241 in exon 6 caused by the base pair change T/A-->C/G was identified in the mutation Ldh1a12Neu; Ile241 is included in the helix alpha 2G, a structure that is indirectly involved in coenzyme binding. Each of the sequence alterations has a potential impact on the structure of the LDHA protein, which is consistent with the decreased LDH activity and biochemical and physiological alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Pretsch
- GSF-National Research Center for Environment and Health, Institute for Mammalian Genetics, Neuherberg, Germany
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42
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Salplachta J. The sum of vectors method (SV) applied to lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes and creatine kinase isoforms. Clin Chim Acta 1997; 259:51-71. [PMID: 9086294 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-8981(96)06459-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The method of vectorisation and of summation of biochemical quantity vectors (SV), complemented by models, is suggested for description of data involving three or more quantities. By the SV method, the data of sample quantities are transformed into a vector which preserves sample quantity information. Examples are presented to demonstrate patient monitoring after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) by the SV method and by variously ordered sets of LD and CK patterns. Furthermore, compared with MM3/MM1 isoform ratios, the set of CK quantities (MM3, MM2, MM1) together with the basic model SV3 is able to monitor the processes of CK isoform changes and to indicate unusual quantity values compared with reference values. Similarly, the translation model SV3 with the set of MM3, MB2, MB1 quantities and dSV3 vectors, obtained by subtraction of the control vector from all resultant SV3 vectors, monitors individual deviations from the control values. In the case of inadequate SV ¿c¿ values, the SV3 translation model indicates a possibility of excess MM3 release from non-cardiac tissues. The SV method, with basic model SV5 and ordered set of LD quantities (1-5) enables AMI to be proved in the group of patients whose LD1/2 < 0.76 and activity of LD5 > 10%. In general, apart from isoenzyme data processing, the SV method can also be applied for processing other data object quantities.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Salplachta
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
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43
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Hochachka PW. Metabolic Defense Adaptations to Hypobaric Hypoxia in Man. Compr Physiol 1996. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.cp040248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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44
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Abstract
Disorders of glycogen, lipid or mitochondrial metabolism may cause two main clinical syndromes, namely (1) progressive weakness (eg, acid maltase, debrancher enzyme, and brancher enzyme deficiencies among the glycogenoses; long- and very-long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (LCAD, VLCAD), and trifunctional enzyme deficiencies among the fatty acid oxidation (FAO) defects; and mitochondrial enzyme deficiencies) or (2) acute, recurrent, reversible muscle dysfunction with exercise intolerance and acute muscle breakdown or myoglobinuria (with or without cramps) (eg, phosphorylase (PPL), phosphorylase b kinase (PBK), phosphofructokinase (PFK), phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK), phosphoglycerate mutase (PGAM), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) among the glycogenoses and carnitine palmitoyltransferase II (CPT II) deficiency among the disorders of FAO or (3) both (eg, PPL, PBK, PFK among the glycogenoses; LCAD, VLCAD, short-chain L-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (SCHAD), and trifunctional enzyme deficiencies among the FAO defects; and multiple mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) deletions). Myoadenylate deaminase deficiency, a purine nucleotide cycle defect, is somewhat controversial and is characterized by exercise-related cramps leading rarely to myoglobinuria.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Tein
- Division of Neurology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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45
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Abstract
The diagnosis of neuromuscular diseases can be challenging and successful in the majority of patients, due to advancements in electrophysiology, muscle and nerve biopsy immunohistochemistry, and cytogenetics. This article reviews diverse topics, highlighting these recent achievements, with an emphasis on how they affect the clinical and laboratory diagnosis of specific neuromuscular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Younger
- Neurological Institute of Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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46
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Abstract
The hereditary red cell enzymopathies are an uncommon but important cause of chronic haemolytic anaemia. Their clinical diversity is mirrored by increasingly evident heterogeneity at the molecular level. The structure, function, and expression of the genes encoding red cell enzymes and the nature of the gene defects in the deficient state are examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Arya
- Department of Haematological Medicine, King's College Hospital, London, UK
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47
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Miyajima H, Takahashi Y, Kaneko E. Characterization of the glycolysis in lactate dehydrogenase-A deficiency. Muscle Nerve 1995; 18:874-8. [PMID: 7630349 DOI: 10.1002/mus.880180812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Recurrent rhabdomyolysis due to decreased glycolysis occurred during strenuous exercise by patients with lactate dehydrogenase-A subunit (LDH-A; muscle) deficiency. We report the glycolytic features of 4 patients from 2 families in whom the severity of the disease differed. There was no difference in the gene abnormality. The enzyme activity of LDH in the muscle was less than 5% that of the control value. Glycolysis in the muscle showed that the respective sums of the pyruvate and lactate levels in the patients with mild and severe symptoms were reduced to approximately 65% and 35% that of the control value. Comparable amounts of glycerol 3-phosphate were produced. Glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in the muscles of patients with mild symptoms was three times the control value. These findings suggest that the disease severity in our patients may be related to the degree of NADH reoxidation by glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase substituting for LDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Miyajima
- First Department of Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Japan
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48
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Angelos S, Valberg SJ, Smith BP, McQuarrie PS, Shanske S, Tsujino S, DiMauro S, Cardinet GH. Myophosphorylase deficiency associated with rhabdomyolysis and exercise intolerance in 6 related Charolais cattle. Muscle Nerve 1995; 18:736-40. [PMID: 7783763 DOI: 10.1002/mus.880180710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A Charolais calf presented to the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital with a history of recumbency following forced exercise. The calf was unable to stand, and had severe rhabdomyolysis, dehydration, and electrolyte imbalance. Blood selenium concentrations were within normal limits. A complete absence of histochemical staining for phosphorylase was apparent in muscle biopsies. Five other animals in the herd also had exercise intolerance and had a complete absence of phosphorylase staining in muscle biopsies. Biochemical analyses confirmed a deficiency of myophosphorylase (range 0-0.3 mumol/g per minute: normals 15-27) with normal to slightly elevated muscle glycogen concentrations. Pedigrees from all affected animals showed a common ancestor on the sire's and dam's side of each phosphorylase-deficient animal, suggesting an autosomal recessive transmission. Although myophosphorylase deficiency was described in humans (McArdle's disease) over 40 years ago, these cattle represent the first animal model for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Angelos
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, USA
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49
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Kanno T, Maekawa M. Lactate dehydrogenase M-subunit deficiencies: clinical features, metabolic background, and genetic heterogeneities. Muscle Nerve 1995; 3:S54-60. [PMID: 7603529 DOI: 10.1002/mus.880181413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Lactate dehydrogenase M-subunit deficiency was first reported 1980 as an exertional myoglobinuria. Since then, 6 Japanese and 3 Caucasian families have been reported. Also, typical skin lesions were observed in 1 Japanese patient. Since then, 2 families, one Japanese and one Caucasian, have been found with this typical skin eruption. The metabolic background of exertional myoglobinuria was demonstrated as a result of the impaired reoxidation of NADH produced by glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase (G3PD) action. The excess NADH was partly reoxidized by the action of alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase abundant in cytosolic fraction of skeletal muscle. This enzyme reoxidizes excess NADH simultaneously draining out triose phosphate from the glycolytic pathway. Abortive glycolysis results in impaired ATP production followed by rhabdomyolysis. Genomic analysis revealed the heterogeneities of the mutations of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kanno
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Japan
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50
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Tsujino S, Shanske S, Brownell AK, Haller RG, DiMauro S. Molecular genetic studies of muscle lactate dehydrogenase deficiency in white patients. Ann Neurol 1994; 36:661-5. [PMID: 7944300 DOI: 10.1002/ana.410360418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We identified two new mutations in 2 white patients with muscle lactate dehydrogenase deficiency. Both patients had exercise intolerance, cramps, and recurrent myoglobinuria. One patient was homozygous for a 2-bp deletion in exon 5, resulting in a frameshift with premature termination of translation. The second patient was homozygous for a G-->A substitution at the 3' end of exon 2, leading to exon skipping and splicing of exon 1 to exon 3; the aberrantly spliced messenger RNA contains a frameshift, resulting in premature termination of translation. The present report provides evidence of molecular genetic heterogeneity in white patients with muscle lactate dehydrogenase deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tsujino
- H. Houston Merritt Clinical Research Center for Muscular Dystrophy and Related Diseases, Department of Neurology, Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
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