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Miziak B, Błaszczyk B, Chrościńska-Krawczyk M, Czuczwar SJ. Caffeine and Its Interactions with Antiseizure Medications-Is There a Correlation between Preclinical and Clinical Data? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17569. [PMID: 38139396 PMCID: PMC10744211 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Experimental studies reveal that caffeine (trimethylxanthine) at subconvulsive doses, distinctly reduced the anticonvulsant activity of numerous antiseizure medications (ASMs) in rodents, oxcarbazepine, tiagabine and lamotrigine being the exceptions. Clinical data based on low numbers of patients support the experimental results by showing that caffeine (ingested in high quantities) may sharply increase seizure frequency, considerably reducing the quality of patients' lives. In contrast, this obviously negative activity of caffeine was not found in clinical studies involving much higher numbers of patients. ASMs vulnerable to caffeine in experimental models of seizures encompass carbamazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, valproate, gabapentin, levetiracetam, pregabalin and topiramate. An inhibition of R-calcium channels by lamotrigine and oxcarbazepine may account for their resistance to the trimethylxanthine. This assumption, however, is complicated by the fact that topiramate also seems to be a blocker of R-calcium channels. A question arises why large clinical studies failed to confirm the results of experimental and case-report studies. A possibility exists that the proportion of patients taking ASMs resistant to caffeine may be significant and such patients may be sufficiently protected against the negative activity of caffeine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Miziak
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Barbara Błaszczyk
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lipinski University, 25-734 Kielce, Poland;
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2
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Daniels SD, Boison D. Bipolar mania and epilepsy pathophysiology and treatment may converge in purine metabolism: A new perspective on available evidence. Neuropharmacology 2023; 241:109756. [PMID: 37820933 PMCID: PMC10841508 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Decreased ATPergic signaling is an increasingly recognized pathophysiology in bipolar mania disease models. In parallel, adenosine deficit is increasingly recognized in epilepsy pathophysiology. Under-recognized ATP and/or adenosine-increasing mechanisms of several antimanic and antiseizure therapies including lithium, valproate, carbamazepine, and ECT suggest a fundamental pathogenic role of adenosine deficit in bipolar mania to match the established role of adenosine deficit in epilepsy. The depletion of adenosine-derivatives within the purine cycle is expected to result in a compensatory increase in oxopurines (uric acid precursors) and secondarily increased uric acid, observed in both bipolar mania and epilepsy. Cortisol-based inhibition of purine conversion to adenosine-derivatives may be reflected in observed uric acid increases and the well-established contribution of cortisol to both bipolar mania and epilepsy pathology. Cortisol-inhibited conversion from IMP to AMP as precursor of both ATP and adenosine may represent a mechanism for treatment resistance common in both bipolar mania and epilepsy. Anti-cortisol therapies may therefore augment other treatments both in bipolar mania and epilepsy. Evidence linking (i) adenosine deficit with a decreased need for sleep, (ii) IMP/cGMP excess with compulsive hypersexuality, and (iii) guanosine excess with grandiose delusions may converge to suggest a novel theory of bipolar mania as a condition characterized by disrupted purine metabolism. The potential for disease-modification and prevention related to adenosine-mediated epigenetic changes in epilepsy may be mirrored in mania. Evaluating the purinergic effects of existing agents and validating purine dysregulation may improve diagnosis and treatment in bipolar mania and epilepsy and provide specific targets for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott D Daniels
- Hutchings Psychiatric Center, New York State Office of Mental Health, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Detlev Boison
- Dept. of Neurosurgery, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
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3
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Targeting the A 3 adenosine receptor to prevent and reverse chemotherapy-induced neurotoxicities in mice. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2022; 10:11. [PMID: 35093182 PMCID: PMC8800287 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-022-01315-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin is used to combat solid tumors. However, patients treated with cisplatin often develop cognitive impairments, sensorimotor deficits, and peripheral neuropathy. There is no FDA-approved treatment for these neurotoxicities. We investigated the capacity of a highly selective A3 adenosine receptor (AR) subtype (A3AR) agonist, MRS5980, to prevent and reverse cisplatin-induced neurotoxicities. MRS5980 prevented cisplatin-induced cognitive impairment (decreased executive function and impaired spatial and working memory), sensorimotor deficits, and neuropathic pain (mechanical allodynia and spontaneous pain) in both sexes. At the structural level, MRS5980 prevented the cisplatin-induced reduction in markers of synaptic integrity. In-situ hybridization detected Adora3 mRNA in neurons, microglia, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. RNAseq analysis identified 164 genes, including genes related to mitochondrial function, of which expression was changed by cisplatin and normalized by MRS5980. Consistently, MRS5980 prevented cisplatin-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and decreased signs of oxidative stress. Transcriptomic analysis showed that the A3AR agonist upregulates genes related to repair pathways including NOTCH1 signaling and chromatin modification in the cortex of cisplatin-treated mice. Importantly, A3AR agonist administration after completion of cisplatin treatment resolved cognitive impairment, neuropathy and sensorimotor deficits. Our results highlight the efficacy of a selective A3AR agonist to prevent and reverse cisplatin-induced neurotoxicities via preventing brain mitochondrial damage and activating repair pathways. An A3AR agonist is already in cancer, clinical trials and our results demonstrate management of neurotoxic side effects of chemotherapy as an additional therapeutic benefit.
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Choi H, Jacobson KA, Yu J, Jeong LS. Design and Synthesis of 2,6-Disubstituted-4'-Selenoadenosine-5'- N, N-Dimethyluronamide Derivatives as Human A 3 Adenosine Receptor Antagonists. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14040363. [PMID: 33920062 PMCID: PMC8071163 DOI: 10.3390/ph14040363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A new series of 4′-selenoadenosine-5′-N,N-dimethyluronamide derivatives as highly potent and selective human A3 adenosine receptor (hA3AR) antagonists, is described. The highly selective A3AR agonists, 4′-selenoadenosine-5′-N-methyluronamides were successfully converted into selective antagonists by adding a second N-methyl group to the 5′-uronamide position. All the synthesized compounds showed medium to high binding affinity at the hA3AR. Among the synthesized compounds, 2-H-N6-3-iodobenzylamine derivative 9f exhibited the highest binding affinity at hA3AR. (Ki = 22.7 nM). The 2-H analogues generally showed better binding affinity than the 2-Cl analogues. The cAMP functional assay with 2-Cl-N6-3-iodobenzylamine derivative 9l demonstrated hA3AR antagonist activity. A molecular modelling study suggests an important role of the hydrogen of 5′-uronamide as an essential hydrogen bonding donor for hA3AR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongseok Choi
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea;
| | - Kenneth A. Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Jinha Yu
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea;
- Chemical Kinomics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.Y.); (L.S.J.); Tel.: +82-2-880-7850 (L.S.J.)
| | - Lak Shin Jeong
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea;
- Correspondence: (J.Y.); (L.S.J.); Tel.: +82-2-880-7850 (L.S.J.)
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5
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Tescarollo FC, Rombo DM, DeLiberto LK, Fedele DE, Alharfoush E, Tomé ÂR, Cunha RA, Sebastião AM, Boison D. Role of Adenosine in Epilepsy and Seizures. J Caffeine Adenosine Res 2020; 10:45-60. [PMID: 32566903 DOI: 10.1089/caff.2019.0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine is an endogenous anticonvulsant and neuroprotectant of the brain. Seizure activity produces large quantities of adenosine, and it is this seizure-induced adenosine surge that normally stops a seizure. However, within the context of epilepsy, adenosine plays a wide spectrum of different roles. It not only controls seizures (ictogenesis), but also plays a major role in processes that turn a normal brain into an epileptic brain (epileptogenesis). It is involved in the control of abnormal synaptic plasticity and neurodegeneration and plays a major role in the expression of comorbid symptoms and complications of epilepsy, such as sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). Given the important role of adenosine in epilepsy, therapeutic strategies are in development with the goal to utilize adenosine augmentation not only for the suppression of seizures but also for disease modification and epilepsy prevention, as well as strategies to block adenosine A2A receptor overfunction associated with neurodegeneration. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the role of adenosine in epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio C Tescarollo
- Deptartment of Neurosurgery, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Diogo M Rombo
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Lisbon, Portugal.,Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Lindsay K DeLiberto
- Deptartment of Neurosurgery, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Denise E Fedele
- Deptartment of Neurosurgery, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Enmar Alharfoush
- Deptartment of Neurosurgery, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Ângelo R Tomé
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo A Cunha
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana M Sebastião
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Lisbon, Portugal.,Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Detlev Boison
- Deptartment of Neurosurgery, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
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6
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Yu Y, Nguyen DT, Jiang J. G protein-coupled receptors in acquired epilepsy: Druggability and translatability. Prog Neurobiol 2019; 183:101682. [PMID: 31454545 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2019.101682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
As the largest family of membrane proteins in the human genome, G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) constitute the targets of more than one-third of all modern medicinal drugs. In the central nervous system (CNS), widely distributed GPCRs in neuronal and nonneuronal cells mediate numerous essential physiological functions via regulating neurotransmission at the synapses. Whereas their abnormalities in expression and activity are involved in various neuropathological processes. CNS conditions thus remain highly represented among the indications of GPCR-targeted agents. Mounting evidence from a large number of animal studies suggests that GPCRs play important roles in the regulation of neuronal excitability associated with epilepsy, a common CNS disease afflicting approximately 1-2% of the population. Surprisingly, none of the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved (>30) antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) suppresses seizures through acting on GPCRs. This disparity raises concerns about the translatability of these preclinical findings and the druggability of GPCRs for seizure disorders. The currently available AEDs intervene seizures predominantly through targeting ion channels and have considerable limitations, as they often cause unbearable adverse effects, fail to control seizures in over 30% of patients, and merely provide symptomatic relief. Thus, identifying novel molecular targets for epilepsy is highly desired. Herein, we focus on recent progresses in understanding the comprehensive roles of several GPCR families in seizure generation and development of acquired epilepsy. We also dissect current hurdles hindering translational efforts in developing GPCRs as antiepileptic and/or antiepileptogenic targets and discuss the counteracting strategies that might lead to a potential cure for this debilitating CNS condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; Drug Discovery Center, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Davis T Nguyen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; Drug Discovery Center, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Jianxiong Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; Drug Discovery Center, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; Neuroscience Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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7
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Bosco DB, Zheng J, Xu Z, Peng J, Eyo UB, Tang K, Yan C, Huang J, Feng L, Wu G, Richardson JR, Wang H, Wu LJ. RNAseq analysis of hippocampal microglia after kainic acid-induced seizures. Mol Brain 2018; 11:34. [PMID: 29925434 PMCID: PMC6011524 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-018-0376-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia have been shown to be of critical importance to the progression of temporal lobe epilepsy. However, the broad transcriptional changes that these cells undergo following seizure induction is not well understood. As such, we utilized RNAseq analysis upon microglia isolated from the hippocampus to determine expression pattern alterations following kainic acid induced seizure. We determined that microglia undergo dramatic changes to their expression patterns, particularly with regard to mitochondrial activity and metabolism. We also observed that microglia initiate immunological activity, specifically increasing interferon beta responsiveness. Our results provide novel insights into microglia transcriptional regulation following acute seizures and suggest potential therapeutic targets specifically in microglia for the treatment of seizures and epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale B. Bosco
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Jiaying Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Zhiyan Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001 Jiangsu China
| | - Jiyun Peng
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Ukpong B. Eyo
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Ke Tang
- Admera Health LLC, South Plainfield, NJ 07080 USA
| | - Cheng Yan
- Admera Health LLC, South Plainfield, NJ 07080 USA
| | - Jun Huang
- Admera Health LLC, South Plainfield, NJ 07080 USA
| | - Lijie Feng
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032 Anhui China
| | - Gongxiong Wu
- One Harvard Street Institute of Health, Brookline, MA 02446 USA
| | - Jason R. Richardson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272 USA
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001 Jiangsu China
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA
| | - Long-Jun Wu
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA
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8
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Lynch JJ, Van Vleet TR, Mittelstadt SW, Blomme EAG. Potential functional and pathological side effects related to off-target pharmacological activity. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2017; 87:108-126. [PMID: 28216264 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2017.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Most pharmaceutical companies test their discovery-stage proprietary molecules in a battery of in vitro pharmacology assays to try to determine off-target interactions. During all phases of drug discovery and development, various questions arise regarding potential side effects associated with such off-target pharmacological activity. Here we present a scientific literature curation effort undertaken to determine and summarize the most likely functional and pathological outcomes associated with interactions at 70 receptors, enzymes, ion channels and transporters with established links to adverse effects. To that end, the scientific literature was reviewed using an on-line database, and the most commonly reported effects were summarized in tabular format. The resultant table should serve as a practical guide for research scientists and clinical investigators for the prediction and interpretation of adverse side effects associated with molecules interacting with components of this screening battery.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Lynch
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA.
| | | | | | - Eric A G Blomme
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
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9
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The chemokine CXCL16 modulates neurotransmitter release in hippocampal CA1 area. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34633. [PMID: 27721466 PMCID: PMC5056385 DOI: 10.1038/srep34633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines have several physio-pathological roles in the brain. Among them, the modulation of synaptic contacts and neurotransmission recently emerged as crucial activities during brain development, in adulthood, upon neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases. CXCL16 is a chemokine normally expressed in the brain, where it exerts neuroprotective activity against glutamate-induced damages through cross communication with astrocytes and the involvement of the adenosine receptor type 3 (A3R) and the chemokine CCL2. Here we demonstrated for the first time that CXCL16 exerts a modulatory activity on inhibitory and excitatory synaptic transmission in CA1 area. We found that CXCL16 increases the frequency of the miniature inhibitory synaptic currents (mIPSCs) and the paired-pulse ratio (PPR) of evoked IPSCs (eIPSCs), suggesting a presynaptic modulation of the probability of GABA release. In addition, CXCL16 increases the frequency of the miniature excitatory synaptic currents (mEPSCs) and reduces the PPR of evoked excitatory transmission, indicating that the chemokine also modulates and enhances the release of glutamate. These effects were not present in the A3RKO mice and in WT slices treated with minocycline, confirming the involvement of A3 receptors and introducing microglial cells as key mediators of the modulatory activity of CXCL16 on neurons.
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Świąder MJ, Kotowski J, Łuszczki JJ. Modulation of adenosinergic system and its application for the treatment of epilepsy. Pharmacol Rep 2014; 66:335-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Chrościńska-Krawczyk M, Radzik I, Miziak B, Czuczwar SJ. Safety considerations for patients with epilepsy taking antiepileptic drugs alongside caffeine or other methylxanthine derivatives. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2014; 10:981-9. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2014.920822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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12
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Federico S, Ciancetta A, Sabbadin D, Paoletta S, Pastorin G, Cacciari B, Klotz KN, Moro S, Spalluto G. Exploring the directionality of 5-substitutions in a new series of 5-alkylaminopyrazolo[4,3-e]1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine as a strategy to design novel human a(3) adenosine receptor antagonists. J Med Chem 2012; 55:9654-68. [PMID: 23098605 DOI: 10.1021/jm300899q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The structure-activity relationship (SAR) of new 5-alkylaminopyrazolo[4,3-e]1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidines as antagonists of the A(3) adenosine receptor (AR) was explored with the principal aim to establish the directionality of 5-substitutions inside the orthosteric binding site of the A(3) AR. All the synthesized compounds showed affinity for the hA(3) AR from nanomolar to subnanomolar range. In particular, the most potent and selective antagonist presents an (S) α-phenylethylamino moiety at the 5 position (26, K(i) hA(3) = 0.3 nM). Using an in silico receptor-driven approach, we have determined the most favorable orientation of the substitutions at the 5 position of the pyrazolo[4,3-e]1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine (PTP) scaffold, opening the possibility for further derivatizations aimed at directing the N(5) position toward the extracellular environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Federico
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
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CXCL16 orchestrates adenosine A3 receptor and MCP-1/CCL2 activity to protect neurons from excitotoxic cell death in the CNS. J Neurosci 2012; 32:3154-63. [PMID: 22378888 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4046-11.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A role for chemokines as molecules mediating neuron-glia cross talk has emerged in recent years, both in physiological and pathological conditions. We demonstrate here for the first time that the chemokine CXCL16 and its unique receptor CXCR6 are functionally expressed in the CNS, and induce neuroprotection against excitotoxic damage due to excessive glutamate (Glu) exposure and oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD). In mice and rats we found that, to exert neuroprotection, CXCL16 requires the presence of extracellular adenosine (ADO), and that pharmacological or genetic inactivation of the ADO A(3) receptor, A(3)R, prevents CXCL16 effect. In experiments with astrocytes cocultured with cxcr6(gfp/gfp) hippocampal cells, we demonstrate that CXCL16 acts directly on astrocytes to release soluble factors that are essential to mediate neuroprotection. In particular, we report that (1) upon stimulation with CXCL16 astrocytes release monocyte chemoattractant protein-1/CCL2 and (2) the neuroprotective effect of CXCL16 is reduced in the presence of neutralizing CCL2 antibody. In conclusion, we found that chemokine CXCL16 is able to mediate cross talk between astrocytes and neighboring neurons and, in pathological conditions such as excessive Glu or OGD exposure, is able to counteract neuronal cell death through an ADO-dependent chemokine-induced chemokine-release mechanism.
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15
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Baraldi PG, Saponaro G, Aghazadeh Tabrizi M, Baraldi S, Romagnoli R, Moorman AR, Varani K, Borea PA, Preti D. Pyrrolo- and pyrazolo-[3,4-e][1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidines as adenosine receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 20:1046-59. [PMID: 22204739 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Revised: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The discovery and development of adenosine receptor antagonists have represented for years an attractive field of research from the perspective of identifying new drugs for the treatment of widespread disorders such as inflammation, asthma and Parkinson's disease. The present work can be considered as an extension of our structure-activity relationship studies on the pyrazolo[4,3-e][1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine (PTP) nucleus, extensively investigated by us as a useful template, in particular, for the identification of A(2A) and A(3) adenosine receptor antagonists. In order to explore the role of the nitrogen at the 7-position, we performed a new synthetic strategy for the preparation of pyrrolo[3,4-e][1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine derivatives which can be considered as 7-deaza analogues of the parent PTPs. We also synthesised a novel series of pyrazolo[3,4-e][1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidines as junction isomers of the reference compounds. In both cases we obtained some examples of potent antagonists (K(i) in the low nanomolar range) with variable selectivity profiles in relation to the nature of substituents introduced at the C(5)-, N(8)- and/or N(9)-positions. The pyrrolo-triazolo-pyrimidine derivative 9b appeared to be a potent A(3) adenosine receptor antagonist (K(i)=10 nM) with good selectivity over hA(1) (74-fold) and hA(2A) (20-fold) adenosine receptors combined with low activity at the hA(2B) subtype (IC(50)=906 nM). Moreover, some examples of high-affinity A(1)/A(2A) dual antagonists have been identified in both series. This work constitutes a new and important contribution for the comprehension of the interaction between PTPs and adenosine receptors.
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Ren T, Grants I, Alhaj M, McKiernan M, Jacobson M, Hassanain HH, Frankel W, Wunderlich J, Christofi FL. Impact of disrupting adenosine A₃ receptors (A₃⁻/⁻ AR) on colonic motility or progression of colitis in the mouse. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011; 17:1698-713. [PMID: 21744424 PMCID: PMC3116114 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 10/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pharmacological studies suggest that adenosine A₃AR influences motility and colitis. Functional A₃⁻/⁻AR knockout mice were used to prove whether A₃AR activation is involved in modulating either motility or colitis. METHODS A₃AR was probed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) genotyping, Western blot, and immunochemistry. Motility was assessed in vivo by artificial bead-expulsion, stool-frequency, and FITC-dextran transit. Colitis was induced with dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) in A₃⁻/⁻AR or wildtype (WT) age- and sex-matched controls. Progression of colitis was evaluated by histopathology, changes in myeloperoxidase (MPO), colon length, CD4(+) -cells, weight-loss, diarrhea, and the guaiac test. RESULTS Goat anti-hu-A₃ antiserum identified a 66 kDa immunogenic band in colon. A₃AR-immunoreactivity is expressed in SYN(+) -nerve varicosities, s-100(+) -glia, and crypt cells, but not 5-HT(+) (EC), CD4(+) (T), tryptase(+) (MC), or muscle cells. A₃AR immunoreactivity in myenteric ganglia of distal colon >> proximal colon by a ratio of 2:1. Intestinal transit and bead expulsion were accelerated in A₃⁻/⁻AR mice compared to WT; stool retention was lower by 40%-60% and stool frequency by 67%. DSS downregulated A₃AR in epithelia. DSS histopathology scores indicated less mucosal damage in AA₃⁻/⁻AR mice than WT. A₃⁻/⁻AR phenotype protected against DSS-induced weight loss, neutrophil (MPO), or CD4(+) -T cell infiltration, colon shortening, change in splenic weight, diarrhea, or occult-fecal blood. CONCLUSIONS Functional disruption of A₃AR in A₃⁻/⁻AR mice alters intestinal motility. We postulate that ongoing release of adenosine and activation of presynaptic-inhibitory A₃AR can slow down transit and inhibit the defecation reflex. A₃AR may be involved in gliotransmission. In separate studies, A₃⁻/⁻AR protects against DSS colitis, consistent with a novel hypothesis that A₃AR activation contributes to development of colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhua Ren
- The Ohio State University, Dept of Anesthesiology, Columbus, Ohio, 43210
| | - Iveta Grants
- The Ohio State University, Dept of Anesthesiology, Columbus, Ohio, 43210
| | - Mazin Alhaj
- The Ohio State University, Dept of Anesthesiology, Columbus, Ohio, 43210
| | - Matt McKiernan
- The Ohio State University, Dept of Anesthesiology, Columbus, Ohio, 43210
| | | | - Hamdy H. Hassanain
- The Ohio State University, Dept of Anesthesiology, Columbus, Ohio, 43210
| | - Wendy Frankel
- The Ohio State University, Dept of Pathology, Columbus, Ohio, 43210
| | | | - Fievos L. Christofi
- The Ohio State University, Dept of Anesthesiology, Columbus, Ohio, 43210,Correspondence to: Fievos L. Christofi, Ph.D., Professor and Vice Chair of Research, Department of Anesthesiology, Professor of Physiology & Cell Biology, College of Medicine and Public Health, The Ohio State University, 226 Tzagournis Medical Research Facility, 420 West 12 Avenue, Columbus, OH, U.S.A. 43210, Phone: 614-688-3802, Fax: 614-688-4894,
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Boison D, Masino SA, Geiger JD. Homeostatic bioenergetic network regulation - a novel concept to avoid pharmacoresistance in epilepsy. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2011; 6:713-724. [PMID: 21731576 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2011.575777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Despite epilepsy being one of the most prevalent neurological disorders, one third of all patients with epilepsy cannot adequately be treated with available antiepileptic drugs. One of the significant causes for the failure of conventional pharmacotherapeutic treatment is the development of pharmacoresistance in many forms of epilepsy. The problem of pharmacoresistance has called for the development of new conceptual strategies that improve future drug development efforts. AREAS COVERED: A thorough review of the recent literature on pharmacoresistance in epilepsy was completed and select examples were chosen to highlight the mechanisms of pharmacoresistance in epilepsy and to demonstrate how those mechanistic findings might lead to improved treatment of pharmacoresistant epilepsy. The reader will gain a thorough understanding of pharmacoresistance in epilepsy and an appreciation of the limitations of conventional drug development strategies. EXPERT OPINION: Conventional drug development efforts aim to achieve specificity of symptom control by enhancing the selectivity of drugs acting on specific downstream targets; this conceptual strategy bears the undue risk of development of pharmacoresistance. Modulation of homeostatic bioenergetic network regulation is a novel conceptual strategy to affect whole neuronal networks synergistically by mobilizing multiple endogenous biochemical and receptor-dependent molecular pathways. In our expert opinion we conclude that homeostatic bioenergetic network regulation might thus be used as an innovative strategy for the control of pharmacoresistant seizures. Recent focal adenosine augmentation strategies support the feasibility of this strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Detlev Boison
- RS Dow Neurobiology Laboratories, Legacy Research Institute, Portland, OR 97232, USA
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Chrościńska-Krawczyk M, Jargiełło-Baszak M, Wałek M, Tylus B, Czuczwar SJ. Caffeine and the anticonvulsant potency of antiepileptic drugs: experimental and clinical data. Pharmacol Rep 2011; 63:12-8. [DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(11)70394-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2010] [Revised: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Yaziji V, Rodríguez D, Gutiérrez-de-Terán H, Coelho A, Caamaño O, García-Mera X, Brea J, Loza MI, Cadavid MI, Sotelo E. Pyrimidine derivatives as potent and selective A3 adenosine receptor antagonists. J Med Chem 2010; 54:457-71. [PMID: 21186795 DOI: 10.1021/jm100843z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Two regioisomeric series of diaryl 2- or 4-amidopyrimidines have been synthesized and their adenosine receptor affinities were determined in radioligand binding assays at the four human adenosine receptors (hARs). Some of the ligands prepared herein exhibit remarkable affinities (K(i) < 10 nm) and, most noticeably, the absence of activity at the A(1), A(2A), and A(2B) receptors. The structural determinants that support the affinity and selectivity profiles of the series were highlighted through an integrated computational approach, combining a 3D-QSAR model built on the second generation of GRid INdependent Descriptors (GRIND2) with a novel homology model of the hA(3) receptor. The robustness of the computational model was subsequently evaluated by the design of new derivatives exploring the alkyl substituent of the exocyclic amide group. The synthesis and evaluation of the novel compounds validated the predictive power of the model, exhibiting excellent agreement between predicted and experimental activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Yaziji
- Combinatorial Chemistry Unit (COMBIOMED), Institute of Industrial Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
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20
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Whateley TL. Literature Alerts. Drug Deliv 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/10717549609031381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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21
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22
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Cosyn L, Palaniappan KK, Kim SK, Duong HT, Gao ZG, Jacobson KA, Van Calenbergh S. 2-triazole-substituted adenosines: a new class of selective A3 adenosine receptor agonists, partial agonists, and antagonists. J Med Chem 2006; 49:7373-83. [PMID: 17149867 PMCID: PMC4968940 DOI: 10.1021/jm0608208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
"Click chemistry" was explored to synthesize two series of 2-(1,2,3-triazolyl)adenosine derivatives (1-14). Binding affinity at the human A(1), A(2A), and A(3)ARs (adenosine receptors) and relative efficacy at the A(3)AR were determined. Some triazol-1-yl analogues showed A(3)AR affinity in the low nanomolar range, a high ratio of A(3)/A(2A) selectivity, and a moderate-to-high A(3)/A(1) ratio. The 1,2,3-triazol-4-yl regiomers typically showed decreased A(3)AR affinity. Sterically demanding groups at the adenine C2 position tended to reduce relative A(3)AR efficacy. Thus, several 5'-OH derivatives appeared to be selective A(3)AR antagonists, i.e., 10, with 260-fold binding selectivity in comparison to the A(1)AR and displaying a characteristic docking mode in an A(3)AR model. The corresponding 5'-ethyluronamide analogues generally showed increased A(3)AR affinity and behaved as full agonists, i.e., 17, with 910-fold A(3)/A(1) selectivity. Thus, N(6)-substituted 2-(1,2,3-triazolyl)adenosine analogues constitute a novel class of highly potent and selective nucleoside-based A(3)AR antagonists, partial agonists, and agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Kenneth A. Jacobson
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. For K.A.J.: phone, 301-496-9024; fax, 301-480-8422; . For S.V.C.: phone, +32(0)9 264 81 24; fax, +32(0)9 264 81 46;
| | - Serge Van Calenbergh
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. For K.A.J.: phone, 301-496-9024; fax, 301-480-8422; . For S.V.C.: phone, +32(0)9 264 81 24; fax, +32(0)9 264 81 46;
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Guinzberg R, Cortés D, Díaz-Cruz A, Riveros-Rosas H, Villalobos-Molina R, Piña E. Inosine released after hypoxia activates hepatic glucose liberation through A3 adenosine receptors. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2006; 290:E940-51. [PMID: 16352677 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00173.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Inosine, an endogenous nucleoside, has recently been shown to exert potent effects on the immune, neural, and cardiovascular systems. This work addresses modulation of intermediary metabolism by inosine through adenosine receptors (ARs) in isolated rat hepatocytes. We conducted an in silico search in the GenBank and complete genomic sequence databases for additional adenosine/inosine receptors and for a feasible physiological role of inosine in homeostasis. Inosine stimulated glycogenolysis (approximately 40%, EC50 4.2 x 10(-9) M), gluconeogenesis (approximately 40%, EC50 7.8 x 10(-9) M), and ureagenesis (approximately 130%, EC50 7.0 x 10(-8) M) compared with basal values; these effects were blunted by the selective A3 AR antagonist 9-chloro-2-(2-furanyl)-5-[(phenylacetyl)amino][1,2,4]-triazolo[1,5-c]quinazoline (MRS 1220) but not by selective A1, A2A, and A2B AR antagonists. In addition, MRS 1220 antagonized inosine-induced transient increase (40%) in cytosolic Ca2+ and enhanced (90%) glycogen phosphorylase activity. Inosine-induced Ca2+ mobilization was desensitized by adenosine; in a reciprocal manner, inosine desensitized adenosine action. Inosine decreased the cAMP pool in hepatocytes when A1, A2A, and A2B AR were blocked by a mixture of selective antagonists. Inosine-promoted metabolic changes were unrelated to cAMP decrease but were Ca2+ dependent because they were absent in hepatocytes incubated in EGTA- or BAPTA-AM-supplemented Ca2+-free medium. After in silico analysis, no additional cognate adenosine/inosine receptors were found in human, mouse, and rat. In both perfused rat liver and isolated hepatocytes, hypoxia/reoxygenation produced an increase in inosine, adenosine, and glucose release; these actions were quantitatively greater in perfused rat liver than in isolated cells. Moreover, all of these effects were impaired by the antagonist MRS 1220. On the basis of results obtained, known higher extracellular inosine levels under ischemic conditions, and inosine's higher sensitivity for stimulating hepatic gluconeogenesis, it is suggested that, after tissular ischemia, inosine contributes to the maintenance of homeostasis by releasing glucose from the liver through stimulation of A3 ARs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Guinzberg
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. Postal 70159, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
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Cosyn L, Gao ZG, Van Rompaey P, Lu C, Jacobson KA, Van Calenbergh S. Synthesis of hypermodified adenosine derivatives as selective adenosine A3 receptor ligands. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:1403-12. [PMID: 16266807 PMCID: PMC8611933 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.09.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2005] [Revised: 09/21/2005] [Accepted: 09/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the A(3)AR affinity and selectivity of a series of 2-substituted 3'-azido and 3'-amino adenosine derivatives as well as some 5'-uronamide derivatives thereof. All compounds showed high A(3)AR selectivity. While the 3'-azides appeared to be A(3)AR antagonists with moderate A(3)AR affinity, their 3'-amino congeners exhibit significantly improved A(3)AR affinity and behave as partial agonists. For both the 3'-azides and the 3'-amines, the 5'-methylcarbamoyl modification improved the overall affinity. Introduction of a 2-phenylethynyl substituent provided high affinity for the A(3)AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesbet Cosyn
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry (FFW), UGent, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000, Belgium
| | - Zhan-Guo Gao
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), DHHS, Bldg. 8A, Rm. B1 A-19, NIH, NIDDK, LBC, Bethesda, MD 20892-0810, USA
| | - Philippe Van Rompaey
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry (FFW), UGent, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000, Belgium
| | - Changrui Lu
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), DHHS, Bldg. 8A, Rm. B1 A-19, NIH, NIDDK, LBC, Bethesda, MD 20892-0810, USA
| | - Kenneth A. Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), DHHS, Bldg. 8A, Rm. B1 A-19, NIH, NIDDK, LBC, Bethesda, MD 20892-0810, USA
| | - Serge Van Calenbergh
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry (FFW), UGent, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000, Belgium
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Guinzberg R, Uribe S, Díaz-Cruz A, Hernández Cruz A, Piña E. In rat hepatocytes, different adenosine receptor subtypes use different secondary messengers to increase the rate of ureagenesis. Life Sci 2006; 79:382-90. [PMID: 16494901 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2006.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2005] [Revised: 12/01/2005] [Accepted: 01/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In rat hepatocytes, the role of cAMP and Ca(2+) as secondary messengers in the ureagenic response to stimulation of specific adenosine receptor subtypes was explored. Analyzed receptor subtypes were: A(1), A(2A), A(2B) and A(3). Each receptor subtype was stimulated with a specific agonist while blocking all other receptor subtypes with a battery of specific antagonists. For the A(1) and A(3) adenosine receptor subtypes, the secondary messenger was the cytoplasmic Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](cyt)). Accordingly, the A(1) or A(3)-mediated increase in [Ca(2+)](cyt) and in ureagenic activity were both inhibited by chelating Ca(2+) with either EGTA or BAPTA-AM. Also, Gd(3+) blocked both the increase in [Ca(2+)](cyt) and ureagenesis, suggesting that a Ca(2+) channel may be involved in the response to both A(1) and A(3). A partial effect was observed with the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase inhibitor thapsigargin. The concentration of cyclic AMP ([cAMP]) increased in response to stimulation of either the A(2A) or the A(2B) adenosine receptor subtypes, while it decreased slightly in response to stimulation of either A(1) or A(3). The stimulation of either the A(2A) or A(2B) adenosine receptor subtypes resulted in an increase in [cAMP] and an ureagenic response which were not sensitive to EGTA, BAPTA-AM, Gd(3+) or to thapsigargin. In addition, the adenylyl cyclase inhibitor MDL12,330A blocked the ureagenic response to A(2A) and A(2B), but not the response to either A(1) or A(3). Our results indicate that in the ureagenic liver response to adenosine, the secondary messenger for both, the A(1) and A(3) adenosine receptor subtypes is [Ca(2+)](cyt), while the message from the A(2A) and A(2B) adenosine receptor subtypes is relayed by [cAMP].
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Guinzberg
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, National Autonomous University of México, Apdo Postal 70-159, México D.F., 04510, Mexico
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Biagi G, Bianucci AM, Coi A, Costa B, Fabbrini L, Giorgi I, Livi O, Micco I, Pacchini F, Santini E, Leonardi M, Nofal FA, Salerni OL, Scartoni V. 2,9-disubstituted-N6-(arylcarbamoyl)-8-azaadenines as new selective A3 adenosine receptor antagonists: synthesis, biochemical and molecular modelling studies. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:4679-93. [PMID: 15908217 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.04.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2004] [Revised: 04/22/2005] [Accepted: 04/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A number of N6-(N-arylcarbamoyl)-2-substituted-9-benzyl-8-azaadenines, obtained by a modification of the synthetic scheme used to prepare selective A1 ligands, by only three or two steps, are described. At first we prepared a series of 2-phenyl-9-benzyl-8-azaadenines having as N6 substituent a variously substituted N-phenylcarbamoyl group. Some of these derivatives demonstrated good affinity towards the A3 subtype but low selectivity. Compounds having p-CF3, p-F and p-OCH3, as substituents on the phenylcarbamoyl group were selected as lead compounds for the second part of this study. Without modifying the N6 substituent, which would assure A3 affinity, we varied the 9 and 2 positions on these molecules to enhance selectivity. Some compounds having a p-methyl group on the 2-phenyl substituent showed a very good affinity and selectivity for the A3 subtype, revealing the first class of A3 adenosine receptor selective antagonists with a bicyclic structure strictly correlated to the adenine nucleus. The molecular modelling work, carried out using the DOCK program, supplied two models which may be useful for a better understanding of the binding modes. Both models highlighted the preferred interacting tautomeric forms of the antagonists for human A1 and A3 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliana Biagi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Pisa, via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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González MP, Terán C, Teijeira M, Besada P. Geometry, topology, and atom-weights assembly descriptors to predicting A1 adenosine receptors agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:2641-5. [PMID: 15863334 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2005] [Revised: 03/02/2005] [Accepted: 03/07/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The GEometry, Topology, and Atom-Weights AssemblY (GETAWAY) approach has been applied to the study of the A1 adenosine receptors agonist effect of 32 adenosine analogues: N6-arylcarbamoyl, 2-arylalkynyl-N6-arylcarbamoyl, and N6-carboxamido derivatives. A model, able to describe more than 77% of the variance in the experimental activity, was developed with the use of the above mentioned approach. Five different approaches (Topological, Galvez Topological Charges indexes, Randic Molecular Profiles, Geometrical, and WHIM descriptors) failed to give satisfactory models (R2=0.70) for this property with the same number of variables in the equation. Although statistically significant models were derived containing descriptors other than GETAWAY, the best fitted out model was still found with these descriptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maykel Pérez González
- Service Unit, Experimental Sugar Cane Station Villa Clara-Cienfuegos, Ranchuelo, Villa Clara C.P. 53100, Cuba.
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Baraldi PG, Cacciari B, Romagnoli R, Spalluto G. A1 and A3 adenosine receptor agonists: an overview. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.9.5.515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Shanley TP, Bshesh K. Therapeutic targeting of adenosine receptors in inflammatory diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.4.4.447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Van Rompaey P, Jacobson KA, Gross AS, Gao ZG, Van Calenbergh S. Exploring human adenosine A3 receptor complementarity and activity for adenosine analogues modified in the ribose and purine moiety. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:973-83. [PMID: 15670905 PMCID: PMC3460517 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2004.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2004] [Revised: 11/18/2004] [Accepted: 11/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this paper we investigated the influence on affinity, selectivity and intrinsic activity upon modification of the adenosine agonist scaffold at the 3'- and 5'-positions of the ribofuranosyl moiety and the 2- and N6-positions of the purine base. This resulted in the synthesis of various analogues, that is, 3-12 and 24-33, with good hA3AR selectivity and moderate-to-high affinities (as in 32, Ki=27 nM). Interesting was the ability to tune the intrinsic activity depending on the substituent introduced at the 3'-position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Van Rompaey
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (FFW), Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Kenneth A. Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892-0810, USA
| | - Ariel S. Gross
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892-0810, USA
| | - Zhan-Guo Gao
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892-0810, USA
| | - Serge Van Calenbergh
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (FFW), Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
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Fredholm BB, Chen JF, Cunha RA, Svenningsson P, Vaugeois JM. Adenosine and Brain Function. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2005; 63:191-270. [PMID: 15797469 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(05)63007-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 494] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bertil B Fredholm
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Sweden
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Etherington LAV, Frenguelli BG. Endogenous adenosine modulates epileptiform activity in rat hippocampus in a receptor subtype-dependent manner. Eur J Neurosci 2004; 19:2539-50. [PMID: 15128407 DOI: 10.1111/j.0953-816x.2004.03355.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The purine nucleoside adenosine is released during seizure activity and exerts an anticonvulsant influence through inhibition of glutamate release and hyperpolarization of neurons via adenosine A(1) receptors. However, activation of adenosine A(2A) and A(3) receptors may counteract the inhibitory effects of A(1) receptors. We have therefore examined the extent to which endogenous adenosine released during seizure activity activates the different adenosine receptor subtypes and the implications for seizure activity in the rat hippocampus in vitro. Brief trains of high-frequency stimulation in nominally Mg(2+)-free artificial cerebrospinal fluid evoked epileptiform activity and resulted in a transient depression of the simultaneously recorded CA1 field excitatory postsynaptic potential. In the presence of 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine (CPT), an adenosine A(1) receptor antagonist, the occurrence of spontaneous seizure activity was greatly increased as was the duration and intensity of evoked seizures, whilst the postictal depression of basal synaptic transmission was greatly attenuated. Application of ZM 241385, an adenosine A(2A) receptor antagonist, shortened the duration of epileptiform activity, whereas administration of MRS 1191, an adenosine A(3) receptor antagonist, both decreased the duration and intensity of seizures. Combined application of the A(2A) and A(3) receptor antagonists also resulted in a reduction in seizure duration and intensity. However, no evidence was found for a role for protein kinase C in the regulation of seizure activity by endogenous adenosine. Our data confirm the dominant anticonvulsant role that endogenous and tonic adenosine play via the A(1) receptor, and suggest that the additional adenosine receptor subtypes may compromise this anticonvulsant property through promotion of seizure activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori-An V Etherington
- Neurosciences Institute, Division of Pathology and Neuroscience, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK
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Cowan FM, Broomfield CA, Lenz DE, Smith WJ. Putative role of proteolysis and inflammatory response in the toxicity of nerve and blister chemical warfare agents: implications for multi-threat medical countermeasures. J Appl Toxicol 2003; 23:177-86. [PMID: 12794939 DOI: 10.1002/jat.901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Despite the contrasts in chemistry and toxicity, for blister and nerve chemical warfare agents there may be some analogous proteolytic and inflammatory mediators and pathological pathways that can be pharmacological targets for a single-drug multi-threat medical countermeasure. The dermal-epidermal separation caused by proteases and bullous diseases compared with that observed following exposure to the blister agent sulfur mustard (2,2'-dichlorodiethyl sulfide) has fostered the hypothesis that sulfur mustard vesication involves proteolysis and inflammation. In conjunction with the paramount toxicological event of cholinergic crisis that causes acute toxicity and precipitates neuronal degeneration, both anaphylactoid reactions and pathological proteolytic activity have been reported in nerve-agent-intoxicated animals. Two classes of drugs already have demonstrated multi-threat activity for both nerve and blister agents. Serine protease inhibitors can prolong the survival of animals intoxicated with the nerve agent soman and can also protect against vesication caused by the blister agent sulfur mustard. Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors can reduce both soman-induced neuronal degeneration and sulfur-mustard-induced epidermal necrosis. Protease and PARP inhibitors, like many of the other countermeasures for blister and nerve agents, have potent primary or secondary anti-inflammatory pharmacology. Accordingly, we hypothesize that drugs with anti-inflammatory actions against either nerve or blister agent might also display multi-threat efficacy for the inflammatory pathogenesis of both classes of chemical warfare agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Cowan
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5400, USA.
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35
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Zhao TC, Kukreja RC. Late preconditioning elicited by activation of adenosine A(3) receptor in heart: role of NF- kappa B, iNOS and mitochondrial K(ATP) channel. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2002; 34:263-77. [PMID: 11945020 DOI: 10.1006/jmcc.2001.1510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Activation of adenosine A(3) receptor (A(3)AR) protects against ischemia/reperfusion injury in the heart. However, the downstream signaling mechanisms leading to its delayed anti-ischemic effects remain unclear. We hypothesized that A(3)AR stimulation protects the heart via activation of nuclear transcription factor kappa B (NF-kappa B) and synthesis of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Mice were treated with selective A(3)AR agonist, N(6)-(3-iodobenzyl) adenosine-5;-N-methyluronamide (IB-MECA). Twenty-four h later, hearts were perfused in Langendorff mode and subjected to 30 min of global ischemia and 30 min of reperfusion. IB-MECA caused post-ischemic reduction in necrosis and improvement in myocardial performance which was abolished by A(3)AR antagonist, MRS1191. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay demonstrated increased NF-kappa B binding in nuclear extracts following A(3)AR stimulation, which was diminished by MRS1191 and NF-kappa B inhibitor, pyrrolidinediethyldithiocarbamate (PDTC). The cardioprotection was abrogated by PDTC and targeted ablation of p50 subunit of NF-kappa B in mice. The inhibition of iNOS with S-methylisothiourea and targeted disruption of the iNOS gene also abolished the protective effect of A(3)AR stimulation. Expression of iNOS mRNA and NO production were enhanced after 6 and 24 h respectively of IB-MECA treatment. MRS1191 and PDTC blocked IB-MECA induced NO production after A(3)AR stimulation. MitoK(ATP) channel blocker, 5-hydroxydecanoate abolished the protective effect of A(3)AR. For the first time, we have provided direct evidence of an essential role of NF- kappa B activation and iNOS in A(3)AR-induced late preconditioning. Selective activation of A(3)AR with IB-MECA can be used to trigger long-lasting ischemic protection in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting C Zhao
- Division of Cardiology, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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Kim SG, Ravi G, Hoffmann C, Jung YJ, Kim M, Chen A, Jacobson KA. p53-Independent induction of Fas and apoptosis in leukemic cells by an adenosine derivative, Cl-IB-MECA. Biochem Pharmacol 2002; 63:871-80. [PMID: 11911839 PMCID: PMC4811183 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(02)00839-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A(3) adenosine receptor (A(3)AR) agonists have been reported to influence cell death and survival. The effects of an A(3)AR agonist, 1-[2-chloro-6-[[(3-iodophenyl)methyl]amino]-9H-purin-9-yl]-1-deoxy-N-methyl-beta-D-ribofuranonamide (Cl-IB-MECA), on apoptosis in two human leukemia cell lines, HL-60 and MOLT-4, were investigated. Cl-IB-MECA (> or =30 microM) increased the apoptotic fractions, as determined using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis, and activated caspase 3 and poly-ADP-ribose-polymerase. Known messengers coupled to A(3)AR (phospholipase C and intracellular calcium) did not seem to play a role in the induction of apoptosis. Neither dantrolene nor BAPTA-AM affected the Cl-IB-MECA-induced apoptosis. Cl-IB-MECA failed to activate phospholipase C in HL-60 cells, while UTP activated it through endogenous P2Y(2) receptors. Induction of apoptosis during a 48hr exposure to Cl-IB-MECA was not prevented by the A(3)AR antagonists [5-propyl-2-ethyl-4-propyl-3-(ethylsulfanylcarbonyl)-6-phenylpyridine-5-carboxylate] (MRS 1220) or N-[9-chloro-2-(2-furanyl)[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]quinazolin-5-yl]benzeneacetamide (MRS 1523). Furthermore, higher concentrations of MRS 1220, which would also antagonize A(1) and A(2A) receptors, were ineffective in preventing the apoptosis. Although Cl-IB-MECA has been shown in other systems to cause apoptosis through an A(3)AR-mediated mechanism, in these cells it appeared to be an adenosine receptor-independent effect, which required prolonged incubation. In both HL-60 and MOLT-4 cells, Cl-IB-MECA induced the expression of Fas, a death receptor. This induction of Fas was not dependent upon p53, because p53 is not expressed in an active form in either HL-60 or MOLT-4 cells. Cl-IB-MECA-induced apoptosis in HL-60 cells was augmented by an agonistic Fas antibody, CH-11, and this increase was suppressed by the antagonistic anti-Fas antibody ZB-4. Therefore, Cl-IB-MECA induced apoptosis via a novel, p53-independent up-regulation of Fas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Gon Kim
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Building 8A, Room B1A-19, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Gnana Ravi
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Building 8A, Room B1A-19, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Carsten Hoffmann
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Building 8A, Room B1A-19, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yun-Jin Jung
- Medicine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Min Kim
- Medicine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Aishe Chen
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Building 8A, Room B1A-19, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kenneth A. Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Building 8A, Room B1A-19, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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van Muijlwijk-Koezen JE, Timmerman H, Ijzerman AP. The adenosine A3 receptor and its ligands. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2002; 38:61-113. [PMID: 11774799 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(08)70092-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J E van Muijlwijk-Koezen
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacochemistry, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Appel E, Kazimirsky G, Ashkenazi E, Kim SG, Jacobson KA, Brodie C. Roles of BCL-2 and caspase 3 in the adenosine A3 receptor-induced apoptosis. J Mol Neurosci 2001; 17:285-92. [PMID: 11859924 PMCID: PMC5567771 DOI: 10.1385/jmn:17:3:285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Selective A3 adenosine receptor agonists have been shown to induce apoptosis in a variety of cell types. In this study we examined the effects of adenosine receptor agonists selective for A1, A2A, or A3 receptors on the induction of apoptosis in primary cultures of rat astrocytes and in C6 glial cells. Treatment of the cells with the A3 receptor agonist Cl-IB-MECA (10 microM) induced apoptosis in both cell types. The effects of Cl-IB-MECA were partially antagonized by the A3 receptor-selective antagonist MRS 1191. In contrast, the A1 and A2A receptor agonists, CPA and CGS 21680, respectively, did not have significant effects on apoptosis in these cells. Cl-IB-MECA reduced the expression of endogenous Bcl-2, whereas it did not affect the expression of Bax. Overexpression of Bcl-2 in C6 cells abrogated the induction of apoptosis induced by the A3 agonist. Cl-IB-MECA also induced an increase in caspase 3 activity and caspase inhibitors decreased the apoptosis induced by the A3 agonist. These findings suggest that intense activation of the A3 receptor is pro-apoptotic in glial cells via bcl2 and caspase-3 dependent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Appel
- Gonda (Goldschmied) Medical Diagnosis Research Center, Faculty of Life Science, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel 52900
| | - Gila Kazimirsky
- Gonda (Goldschmied) Medical Diagnosis Research Center, Faculty of Life Science, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel 52900
| | - Ely Ashkenazi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hadassa Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Seong Gon Kim
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-0810
| | - Kenneth A. Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-0810
| | - Chaya Brodie
- Gonda (Goldschmied) Medical Diagnosis Research Center, Faculty of Life Science, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel 52900
- Author to whom all correspondence and reprint requests should be addressed.
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Fishman P, Bar-Yehuda S, Barer F, Madi L, Multani AS, Pathak S. The A3 adenosine receptor as a new target for cancer therapy and chemoprotection. Exp Cell Res 2001; 269:230-6. [PMID: 11570815 DOI: 10.1006/excr.2001.5327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine, a purine nucleoside, acts as a regulatory molecule, by binding to specific G-protein-coupled A(1), A(2A), A(2B), and A(3) cell surface receptors. We have recently demonstrated that adenosine induces a differential effect on tumor and normal cells. While inhibiting in vitro tumor cell growth, it stimulates bone marrow cell proliferation. This dual activity was mediated through the A3 adenosine receptor. This study showed that a synthetic agonist to the A3 adenosine receptor, 2-chloro-N(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-adenosine-5'-N-methyl-uronamide (Cl-IB-MECA), at nanomolar concentrations, inhibited tumor cell growth through a cytostatic pathway, i.e., induced an increase number of cells in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle and decreased the telomeric signal. Interestingly, Cl-IB-MECA stimulates murine bone marrow cell proliferation through the induction of granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor. Oral administration of Cl-IB-MECA to melanoma-bearing mice suppressed the development of melanoma lung metastases (60.8 +/- 6.5% inhibition). In combination with cyclophosphamide, a synergistic anti-tumor effect was achieved (78.5 +/- 9.1% inhibition). Furthermore, Cl-IB-MECA prevented the cyclophosphamide-induced myelotoxic effects by increasing the number of white blood cells and the percentage of neutrophils, demonstrating its efficacy as a chemoprotective agent. We conclude that A3 adenosine receptor agonist, Cl-IB-MECA, exhibits systemic anticancer and chemoprotective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Fishman
- Laboratory of Clinical and Tumor Immunology, Rabin Medical Center, Petach-Tikva, 49100, Israel.
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40
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Lee HT, Emala CW. Systemic adenosine given after ischemia protects renal function via A(2a) adenosine receptor activation. Am J Kidney Dis 2001; 38:610-8. [PMID: 11532695 DOI: 10.1053/ajkd.2001.26888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia and reperfusion during renal transplant and aortic surgery result in renal ischemic-reperfusion injury. Previously, we showed that preischemic adenosine treatment protects renal function via A(1) adenosine receptor (AR) activation. In contrast, in the cardiac and pulmonary systems, postischemic adenosine has potent anti-inflammatory attributes and is protective against reperfusion injury via activation of A(2a) ARs. We questioned whether adenosine given after an ischemic insult protects renal function in rats, and we sought to determine the AR subtype and intracellular second messengers involved. Rats were randomized to a sham operation, 45 minutes of renal ischemia and reperfusion and treatments with systemic adenosine or selective AR agonists and antagonists, or treatments of dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) after 45 minutes of renal ischemia but before reperfusion. Forty-five minutes of renal ischemia followed by 24 hours of reperfusion led to severe renal dysfunction as indicated by marked rises in creatinine and histologically evident renal tubular damage. Adenosine treatment after ischemia protected renal function and improved tubular histology. This protection was mediated via A(2a) AR activation because the A(2a)-selective AR agonist [4-((N-ethyl-5'-carbamoyadenos-2-yl)-aminoethyl)-phenylpropionic acid (CGS-21680)] mimics adenosine-induced renal protection, and the A(2a)-selective AR antagonist [8-(3-chlorostyryl)caffeine (CSC)] blocks adenosine-induced renal protection. A(1) or A(3) AR agonists and antagonists did not mimic and block adenosine-induced renal protection. The signaling intermediates of A(2a) AR-mediated renal protection appear to include cAMP because dibutyryl cAMP mimicked adenosine and CGS-21680 mediated renal protection. Rat kidneys can be protected against reperfusion injury via postischemic A(2a) AR activation or cAMP. These data suggest that A(2a) adenosine agonists may have clinically beneficial implications when renal ischemia is unavoidable.
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Affiliation(s)
- H T Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.
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41
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Baraldi PG, Cacciari B, Romagnoli R, Spalluto G, Varani K, Gessi S, Merighi S, Borea PA. Pyrazolo[4,3-e]1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine derivatives: A new pharmacological tool for the characterization of the human A3 adenosine receptor. Drug Dev Res 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.1141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Trincavelli ML, Tuscano D, Cecchetti P, Falleni A, Benzi L, Klotz KN, Gremigni V, Cattabeni F, Lucacchini A, Martini C. Agonist-induced internalization and recycling of the human A(3) adenosine receptors: role in receptor desensitization and resensitization. J Neurochem 2000; 75:1493-501. [PMID: 10987829 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2000.0751493.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A(3) adenosine receptors have been proposed to play an important role in the pathophysiology of cerebral ischemia with a regimen-dependent nature of the therapeutic effects probably related to receptor desensitization and down-regulation. Here we studied the agonist-induced internalization of human A(3) adenosine receptors in transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells, and then we evaluated the relationship between internalization and signal desensitization and resensitization. Binding of N(6)-(4-amino-3-[(125)I]iodobenzyl)adenosine-5'-N-methyluronamide to membranes from Chinese hamster ovary cells stably transfected with the human A(3) adenosine receptor showed a profile typical of these receptors in other cell lines (K:(D) = 1.3+/-0.08 nM; B(max) = 400+/-28 fmol/mg of proteins). The iodinated agonist, bound at 4 degrees C to whole transfected cells, was internalized by increasing the temperature to 37 degrees C with a rate constant of 0.04+/-0.034 min(-1). Agonist-induced internalization of A(3) adenosine receptors was directly demonstrated by immunogold electron microscopy, which revealed the localization of these receptors in plasma membranes and intracellular vesicles. Moreover, short-term exposure of these cells to the agonist caused rapid desensitization as tested in adenylyl cyclase assays. Subsequent removal of the agonist led to restoration of the receptor function and recycling of the receptors to the cell surface. The rate constant of receptor recycling was 0.02+/-0.0017 min(-1). Blockade of internalization and recycling demonstrated that internalization did not affect signal desensitization, whereas recycling of internalized receptors was implicated in the signal resensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Trincavelli
- Dipartimento di Psichiatria, Neurobiologia, Farmacologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italia
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Berman RF, Fredholm BB, Aden U, O'Connor WT. Evidence for increased dorsal hippocampal adenosine release and metabolism during pharmacologically induced seizures in rats. Brain Res 2000; 872:44-53. [PMID: 10924674 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(00)02441-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
There is growing pharmacological evidence from several animal models of seizure disorder that adenosine possesses endogenous anticonvulsant activity. In order to further evaluate the role of adenosine in seizure activity, we monitored adenosine and its major biochemical metabolites inosine, xanthine, and hypoxanthine in the dorsal hippocampus by in vivo microdialysis before and during the induction of generalized seizures. Seizures were induced pharmacologically in groups of urethane-anesthetized rats by the administration of bicuculline (0.5 mg/kg, i.v.), kainic acid (12.0 mg/kg, i.v.) or pentylenetetrazol (100-250 mg/kg, i.p). Seizure activity was monitored electrophysiologically from the dorsal hippocampus. Dialysate hippocampal purine levels increased during all three seizure types. The largest increases were for the adenosine metabolites hypoxanthine and inosine, with smaller increases observed for adenosine and xanthine. Intra-hippocampal perfusion with the adenosine deaminase inhibitor erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl-adenine, (EHNA, 300 microM), only slightly increased basal hippocampal adenosine. Guanosine levels in the hippocampus, a purine not directly related to adenosine metabolism, were unaffected by all treatments. These findings demonstrate that an increase in hippocampal adenosine release and metabolism is associated with seizure activity and support the hypothesis that the increased adenosine levels may attenuate hippocampal seizure activity, possibly by terminating ongoing seizures and altering the pattern of subsequent seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Berman
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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44
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Borowicz KK, Kleinrok Z, Czuczwar SJ. N(6)-2-(4-aminophenyl)ethyl-adenosine enhances the anticonvulsive action of conventional antiepileptic drugs in the kindling model of epilepsy in rats. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2000; 10:237-43. [PMID: 10871705 DOI: 10.1016/s0924-977x(00)00081-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
APNEA [(N(6)-2-(4-aminophenyl)ethyl-adenosine; a non-selective adenosine A(3) receptor agonist; 2-4 mgkg(-1)] had no significant effect on seizure parameters (seizure severity, seizure duration and afterdischarge duration) in amygdala-kindled rats. Subsequently, APNEA was combined with antiepileptic drugs administered at doses ineffective in fully kindled rats. Co-administration of APNEA (0.5-2 mg kg(-1)) with carbamazepine (2.5-20 mg kg(-1)) resulted in the significant reduction of all studied seizure parameters. Moreover, 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine 8-CPX (a selective adenosine A(1) receptor antagonist; 5 mg kg(-1)) partially reduced the anticonvulsive activity of a combination of APNEA (2 mg kg(-1)) with carbamazepine (20 mg kg(-1)), but not that of carbamazepine (20 mgkg(-1))+APNEA (0.5 mg kg(-1)). When APNEA (2 mg kg(-1)) was combined with phenobarbital (20 mg kg(-1)), valproate (75 mg kg(-1)) or clonazepam (0.003 mg kg(-1)), seizure and afterdischarge durations were significantly shortened. 8-CPX (5 mg kg(-1)) totally reversed the APNEA (2 mg kg(-1))-induced enhancement of the anticonvulsive action of valproate. However, when the non-selective adenosine A(3) receptor agonist was administered together with diphenylhydantoin, no protection was observed in the kindling model of epilepsy. The interaction at the pharmacokinetic level can be excluded because APNEA did not interfere with the free plasma level of antiepileptics used in this study. It may be concluded that the interaction of APNEA with carbamazepine involves A(3) adenosine receptor-dependent events.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Borowicz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Lublin Medical University School, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-090, Lublin, Poland
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Baraldi PG, Cacciari B, Romagnoli R, Merighi S, Varani K, Borea PA, Spalluto G. A(3) adenosine receptor ligands: history and perspectives. Med Res Rev 2000; 20:103-28. [PMID: 10723024 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-1128(200003)20:2<103::aid-med1>3.0.co;2-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine regulates many physiological functions through specific cell membrane receptors. On the basis of pharmacological studies and molecular cloning, four different adenosine receptors have been identified and classified as A(1), A(2A), A(2B), and A(3). These adenosine receptors are members of the G-protein-coupled receptor family. While adenosine A(1) and A(2A) receptor subtypes have been pharmacologically characterized through the use of selective ligands, the A(3) adenosine receptor subtype is presently under study in order to better understand its physio-pathological functions. Activation of adenosine A(3) receptors has been shown to stimulate phospholipase C and D and to inhibit adenylate cyclase. Activation of A(3) adenosine receptors also causes the release of inflammatory mediators such as histamine from mast cells. These mediators are responsible for processes such as inflammation and hypotension. It has also been suggested that the A(3) receptor plays an important role in brain ischemia, immunosuppression, and bronchospasm in several animal models. Based on these results, highly selective A(3) adenosine receptor agonists and/or antagonists have been indicated as potential drugs for the treatment of asthma and inflammation, while highly selective agonists have been shown to possess cardioprotective effects. The updated material related to this field of research has been rationalized and arranged in order to offer an overview of the topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Baraldi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Universitá di Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, I-44100 Ferrara, Italy.
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Lee HT, Emala CW. Protective effects of renal ischemic preconditioning and adenosine pretreatment: role of A(1) and A(3) receptors. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2000; 278:F380-7. [PMID: 10710542 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.2000.278.3.f380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal ischemia and reperfusion during aortic and renal transplant surgery result in ischemic-reperfusion injury. Ischemic preconditioning and adenosine infusion before ischemia protect against ischemic-reperfusion injury in cardiac and skeletal muscle, but these protective phenomena have not been demonstrated in the kidney. Rats were randomized to sham operation, 45-min renal ischemia, ischemic preconditioning with four cycles of 8-min renal ischemia and 5-min reperfusion followed by 45-min renal ischemia, systemic adenosine pretreatment before 45-min renal ischemia, or pretreatments with selective adenosine receptor subtype agonists or antagonists before 45-min renal ischemia. Forty-five minutes of renal ischemia followed by 24 h of reperfusion resulted in marked rises in blood urea nitrogen and creatinine. Ischemic preconditioning and adenosine pretreatment protected renal function and improved renal morphology. A(1) adenosine receptor activation mimics and A(1) adenosine antagonism blocks adenosine-induced protection. In addition, A(3) adenosine receptor activation before renal ischemia worsens renal ischemic-reperfusion injury, and A(3) adenosine receptor antagonism protects renal function. We demonstrate for the first time that rat kidneys can be preconditioned to attenuate ischemic-reperfusion injury and adenosine infusion before ischemic insult protects renal function via A(1) adenosine receptor activation. Our data suggest that an A(1) adenosine agonist and A(3) adenosine antagonist may have clinically beneficial implications where renal ischemia is unavoidable.
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Affiliation(s)
- H T Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA.
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47
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Baraldi PG, Cacciari B, Romagnoli R, Varani K, Merighi S, Gessi S, Borea PA, Leung E, Hickey SL, Spalluto G. Synthesis and preliminary biological evaluation of [3H]-MRE 3008-F20: the first high affinity radioligand antagonist for the human A3 adenosine receptors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2000; 10:209-11. [PMID: 10698437 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(99)00674-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and the preliminary biological evaluation of the first high affinity radioligand antagonist for the human A3 adenosine receptor, named [3H]-MRE 3008-F20 are reported. [3H]-MRE 3008-20 bound human A3 receptors expressed in CHO cells with K(D) and Bmax value of 0.82 +/- 0.08 nM and 297 +/- 28 fmol/mg of protein, respectively. [3H]-MRE 3008-F20 represents a useful tool for a further characterization of A3 adenosine receptor subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Baraldi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Ferrara, Italy.
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48
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De Sarro G, De Sarro A, Di Paola ED, Bertorelli R. Effects of adenosine receptor agonists and antagonists on audiogenic seizure-sensible DBA/2 mice. Eur J Pharmacol 1999; 371:137-45. [PMID: 10357250 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(99)00132-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We have studied the effects of selective and non-selective adenosine receptor agonists and antagonists in audiogenic-seizure-sensitive DBA/2 mice, an animal model of generalized reflex epilepsy. With the exception of the adenosine A3 receptor agonist, N6-(3-iodobenzyl)-5'-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine (IB-MECA), all the agonists studied prevented the development of audiogenic seizures in a dose-dependent manner. The ED50 values against the clonic phase of the audiogenic seizures were low, that is: 0.06 mg/kg, i.p., for the adenosine A1 receptor agonist, 2-chloro-N6-cyclopentyladenosine (CCPA), 0.02 and 0.03 mg/kg, i.p., for the adenosine A2A receptor agonists, 2-(4-(2-carboxyethyl)-phenylamino)-5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (CGS 21680) and 2-hexynyl-5'-N-ethyl-carboxamidoadenosine (2-HE-NECA), and 0.7 mg/kg, i.p., for the adenosine A1/A3 receptor agonist, N6-2-(4-aminophenyl)ethyladenosine (APNEA). Conversely, the non-selective agonist, N-ethyl-carboxamidoadenosine (NECA), was highly potent, the ED50 being 0.0005 mg/kg, i.p. In the absence of auditory stimulation, the adenosine receptor antagonists increased the incidence of both clonic and tonic seizures in DBA/2 mice. The ED50 values were: for caffeine, 207.5 mg/kg, i.p., for the adenosine A1 receptor antagonist, 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX), 327.8 mg/kg i.p., for the adenosine A2A receptor antagonists, 3,7-dimethyl-1-propylxanthine (DPMX), 86.7 mg/kg i.p., for the (E,18%-Z,82%)7-methyl-8-(3,4-dimethoxystyryl)-1,3-dipropylxanthine (KF 17837), 69.1 mg/kg i.p., and 5-amino-7-(2-phenylethyl)-2-(2-furyl)-pyrazolo-(4,3-c)1,2,4-triazolo(1,5 -c)-pyrimidine (SCH 58261), 321.8 mg/kg i.p. The rank order of convulsant potency in our epileptic model, following intracerebroventricular administration, was DPCPX > DMPX > 1,3,7-trimethyl-8-(3-chlorostyryl)xanthine (CSC) > KF 17837 > Caffeine > SCH 58261 > 5-amino-9-chloro-2-(2-furyl)-1,2,4-triazolo(1,5-c)quinazoline (CGS 15943). Following a subconvulsant audiogenic stimulus of 83 dB, all adenosine receptor antagonists induced both tonic and clonic seizures. The ED50 values for such proconvulsant effects were: for caffeine 0.04 mg/kg, i.p., for the adenosine A receptor antagonist, DPCPX, 5.84 mg/kg, i.p., for the adenosine A2A receptor antagonists, DMPX, 0.02 mg/kg, i.p., CGS 15943, 0.29 mg/kg i.p., KF 17837, 0.57 mg/kg, i.p., CSC 0.12 mg/kg, i.p. and SCH 58261 0.07 mg/kg, i.p., respectively. These data suggest that stimulation of adenosine A1 and A2A receptors is involved in the suppression of seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- G De Sarro
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Catanzaro, Italy.
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Abstract
The adenosine A2A receptor subtype is one of the four adenosine receptors that have been identified in the mammalian organism. In addition to being found in blood vessels, platelets and polymorphonuclear leukocytes, the A2A receptors are abundant in the central nervous system, especially in the striatum. The recent development of selective A2A receptor ligands, in particular of receptor antagonists, makes it possible to elucidate the function of A2A receptors in normal and altered conditions. Pharmacological studies have shown that A2A receptor antagonists are potentially effective for treatment of neurodegenerative processes such as Parkinson's disease. Their activity is attributed to the close anatomical and functional links between A2A receptors and dopaminergic pathways in the basal ganglia. More recently, A2A receptor antagonists have proved to be active in models of cerebral ischemia. While the mechanisms underlying the role of A2A receptors in the hypoxia/ ischemia processes remains to be clarified, it is recognized that A2A receptor antagonists counteract the effects of excitatory aminoacids, which are massively released after cerebral ischemia. Another function of A2A receptors is related to protection from seizures, but further studies are needed to elucidate their specific interaction, if any, with neuronal excitability. Altogether, the great advance recently made with the discovery of selective A2A receptor ligands provides increasing information on the function of A2A receptors and opens new perspectives for treatment of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Ongini
- Schering-Plough Research Institute, Milan, Italy.
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