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Milazzotto MP, Ispada J, de Lima CB. Metabolism-epigenetic interactions on in vitro produced embryos. Reprod Fertil Dev 2022; 35:84-97. [PMID: 36592974 DOI: 10.1071/rd22203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolism and epigenetics, which reciprocally regulate each other in different cell types, are fundamental aspects of cellular adaptation to the environment. Evidence in cancer and stem cells has shown that the metabolic status modifies the epigenome while epigenetic mechanisms regulate the expression of genes involved in metabolic processes, thereby altering the metabolome. This crosstalk occurs as many metabolites serve as substrates or cofactors of chromatin-modifying enzymes. If we consider the intense metabolic dynamic and the epigenetic remodelling of the embryo, the comprehension of these regulatory networks will be important not only for understanding early embryonic development, but also to determine in vitro culture conditions that support embryo development and may insert positive regulatory marks that may persist until adult life. In this review, we focus on how metabolism may affect epigenetic reprogramming of the early stages of development, in particular acetylation and methylation of histone and DNA. We also present other metabolic modifications in bovine embryos, such as lactylation, highlighting the promising epigenetic and metabolic targets to improve conditions for in vitro embryo development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Pecora Milazzotto
- Laboratory of Embryo Metabolism and Epigenomic, Center of Natural and Human Science, Federal University of ABC, Santo Andre, SP, Brazil
| | - Jessica Ispada
- Laboratory of Embryo Metabolism and Epigenomic, Center of Natural and Human Science, Federal University of ABC, Santo Andre, SP, Brazil
| | - Camila Bruna de Lima
- Centre de Recherche en Reproduction, Développement et Santé Intergénérationnelle (CRDSI), Département des Sciences Animales, Faculté des Sciences de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
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2
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Pladevall-Morera D, Zylicz JJ. Chromatin as a sensor of metabolic changes during early development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1014498. [PMID: 36299478 PMCID: PMC9588933 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1014498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular metabolism is a complex network of biochemical reactions fueling development with energy and biomass; however, it can also shape the cellular epigenome. Indeed, some intermediates of metabolic reactions exert a non-canonical function by acting as co-factors, substrates or inhibitors of chromatin modifying enzymes. Therefore, fluctuating availability of such molecules has the potential to regulate the epigenetic landscape. Thanks to this functional coupling, chromatin can act as a sensor of metabolic changes and thus impact cell fate. Growing evidence suggest that both metabolic and epigenetic reprogramming are crucial for ensuring a successful embryo development from the zygote until gastrulation. In this review, we provide an overview of the complex relationship between metabolism and epigenetics in regulating the early stages of mammalian embryo development. We report on recent breakthroughs in uncovering the non-canonical functions of metabolism especially when re-localized to the nucleus. In addition, we identify the challenges and outline future perspectives to advance the novel field of epi-metabolomics especially in the context of early development.
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Lee SH, Liu X, Jimenez-Morales D, Rinaudo PF. Murine blastocysts generated by in vitro fertilization show increased Warburg metabolism and altered lactate production. eLife 2022; 11:e79153. [PMID: 36107481 PMCID: PMC9519152 DOI: 10.7554/elife.79153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro fertilization (IVF) has resulted in the birth of over 8 million children. Although most IVF-conceived children are healthy, several studies suggest an increased risk of altered growth rate, cardiovascular dysfunction, and glucose intolerance in this population compared to naturally conceived children. However, a clear understanding of how embryonic metabolism is affected by culture condition and how embryos reprogram their metabolism is unknown. Here, we studied oxidative stress and metabolic alteration in blastocysts conceived by natural mating or by IVF and cultured in physiologic (5%) or atmospheric (20%) oxygen. We found that IVF-generated blastocysts manifest increased reactive oxygen species, oxidative damage to DNA/lipid/proteins, and reduction in glutathione. Metabolic analysis revealed IVF-generated blastocysts display decreased mitochondria respiration and increased glycolytic activity suggestive of enhanced Warburg metabolism. These findings were corroborated by altered intracellular and extracellular pH and increased intracellular lactate levels in IVF-generated embryos. Comprehensive proteomic analysis and targeted immunofluorescence showed reduction of lactate dehydrogenase-B and monocarboxylate transporter 1, enzymes involved in lactate metabolism. Importantly, these enzymes remained downregulated in the tissues of adult IVF-conceived mice, suggesting that metabolic alterations in IVF-generated embryos may result in alteration in lactate metabolism. These findings suggest that alterations in lactate metabolism are a likely mechanism involved in genomic reprogramming and could be involved in the developmental origin of health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok Hee Lee
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Xiaowei Liu
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - David Jimenez-Morales
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Paolo F Rinaudo
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
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Molecular Characterisation of Uterine Endometrial Proteins during Early Stages of Pregnancy in Pigs by MALDI TOF/TOF. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136720. [PMID: 34201586 PMCID: PMC8267828 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanism underlying embryonic implantation is vital to understand the correct communications between endometrium and developing conceptus during early stages of pregnancy. This study’s objective was to determine molecular changes in the uterine endometrial proteome during the preimplantation and peri-implantation between 9 days (9D), 12 days (12D), and 16 days (16D) of pregnant Polish Large White (PLW) gilts. 2DE-MALDI-TOF/TOF and ClueGOTM approaches were employed to analyse the biological networks and molecular changes in porcine endometrial proteome during maternal recognition of pregnancy. A total of sixteen differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified using 2-DE gels and MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry. Comparison between 9D and 12D of pregnancy identified APOA1, CAPZB, LDHB, CCT5, ANXA4, CFB, TTR upregulated DEPs, and ANXA5, SMS downregulated DEPs. Comparison between 9D and 16D of pregnancy identified HP, APOA1, ACTB, CCT5, ANXA4, CFB upregulated DEPs and ANXA5, SMS, LDHB, ACTR3, HP, ENO3, OAT downregulated DEPs. However, a comparison between 12D and 16D of pregnancy identified HP, ACTB upregulated DEPs, and CRYM, ANXA4, ANXA5, CAPZB, LDHB, ACTR3, CCT5, ENO3, OAT, TTR down-regulated DEPs. Outcomes of this study revealed key proteins and their interactions with metabolic pathways involved in the recognition and establishment of early pregnancy in PLW gilts.
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Gardner DK. Lactate production by the mammalian blastocyst: manipulating the microenvironment for uterine implantation and invasion? Bioessays 2015; 37:364-71. [PMID: 25619853 PMCID: PMC4409083 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201400155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian blastocyst exhibits a high capacity for aerobic glycolysis, a metabolic characteristic of tumours. It has been considered that aerobic glycolysis is a means to ensure a high carbon flux to fulfil biosynthetic demands. Here, alternative explanations for this pattern of metabolism are considered. Lactate creates a microenvironment of low pH around the embryo to assist the disaggregation of uterine tissues to facilitate trophoblast invasion. Further it is proposed that lactate acts as a signalling molecule (especially at the reduced oxygen tension present at implantation) to elicit bioactive VEGF recruitment from uterine cells, to promote angiogenesis. Finally it is suggested that the region of high lactate/low pH created by the blastocyst modulates the activity of the local immune response, helping to create immune tolerance. Consequently, the mammalian blastocyst offers a model to study the role of microenvironments, and how metabolites and pH are used in signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K Gardner
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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Gardner DK, Harvey AJ. Blastocyst metabolism. Reprod Fertil Dev 2015; 27:638-54. [DOI: 10.1071/rd14421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian blastocyst exhibits an idiosyncratic metabolism, reflecting its unique physiology and its ability to undergo implantation. Glucose is the primary nutrient of the blastocyst, and is metabolised both oxidatively and through aerobic glycolysis. The production of significant quantities of lactate by the blastocyst reflects specific metabolic requirements and mitochondrial regulation; it is further proposed that lactate production serves to facilitate several key functions during implantation, including biosynthesis, endometrial tissue breakdown, the promotion of new blood vessel formation and induction of local immune-modulation of the uterine environment. Nutrient availability, oxygen concentration and the redox state of the blastocyst tightly regulate the relative activities of specific metabolic pathways. Notably, a loss of metabolic normality is associated with a reduction in implantation potential and subsequent fetal development. Even a transient metabolic stress at the blastocyst stage culminates in low fetal weights after transfer. Further, it is evident that there are differences between male and female embryos, with female embryos being characterised by higher glucose consumption and differences in their amino acid turnover, reflecting the presence of two active X-chromosomes before implantation, which results in differences in the proteomes between the sexes. In addition to the role of Hypoxia-Inducible Factors, the signalling pathways involved in regulating blastocyst metabolism are currently under intense analysis, with the roles of sirtuins, mTOR, AMP-activated protein kinase and specific amino acids being scrutinised. It is evident that blastocyst metabolism regulates more than the production of ATP; rather, it is apparent that metabolites and cofactors are important regulators of the epigenome, putting metabolism at centre stage when considering the interactions of the blastocyst with its environment.
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Gardner DK, Wale PL. Analysis of metabolism to select viable human embryos for transfer. Fertil Steril 2013; 99:1062-72. [PMID: 23312219 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2012.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Revised: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
As we move to reducing the number of embryos transferred in a given IVF cycle, ideally down to one, there is an ever-increasing need for noninvasive quantitative markers of embryo viability. Although stage-specific morphologic markers and grading systems have been developed, such an approach is unable to assess the physiological status of the embryo. Analysis of metabolism has proved to be a valuable marker of embryo viability after transfer in animal models. We therefore reviewed what is known about human embryo metabolism, how media systems can affect the patterns of nutrient utilization and the activities of metabolic pathways, and how this relates to the developmental competence of the embryo. It is proposed that a unifying hypothesis of metabolism for the entire preimplantation period is not realistic, given the dramatic changes in embryo physiology that occur from fertilization to blastocyst development, and that the concept of a "quiet metabolism" can be interpreted as stress induced by the presence of high oxygen in the embryo culture/analysis system. Further research is required to fully understand the origins of metabolic stress in embryos for it to be alleviated and to develop a comprehensive range of markers that not only reflect embryo viability, but also sex-specific differences in physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K Gardner
- Department of Zoology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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Jansen S, Pantaleon M, Kaye PL. Characterization and regulation of monocarboxylate cotransporters Slc16a7 and Slc16a3 in preimplantation mouse embryos. Biol Reprod 2008; 79:84-92. [PMID: 18385447 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.107.066811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Concurrent with compaction, preimplantation mouse embryos switch from the high pyruvate consumption that prevailed during cleavage stages to glucose consumption against a constant background of pyruvate uptake. However, zygotes exposed to and subsequently deprived of glucose can form blastocysts by increasing pyruvate uptake. This metabolic switch requires cleavage-stage exposure to glucose and is one aspect of metabolic differentiation that normally occurs in vivo. Monocarboxylates, such as pyruvate and lactate, are transported across membranes via the SLC16 family of H(+)-monocarboxylate cotransporter (MCT) proteins. Thus, the increase in pyruvate uptake in embryos developing without glucose must involve changes in activity and localization of MCT. In mouse embryos, continued expression of Slc16a1 (MCT1) requires glucose supply. Messenger RNA for Slc17a7 (MCT2) and Slc16a3 (MCT4) has been detected in mouse preimplantation embryos; however, protein function, localization, and regulation of expression at the basis of these net pyruvate uptake changes remain unclear. The expression and localization of SLC16A7 and SLC16A3 have therefore been examined to clarify their respective roles in embryos derived from the reproductive tract and cultured under varied conditions. SLC16A3 appears localized to the plasma membrane until the morula stage and also maintains a nuclear distribution throughout preimplantation development. However, continued Slc16a3 mRNA expression is dependent on prior exposure to glucose. SLC16A7 localizes to apical cortical regions with punctate, vesicular expression throughout blastomeres, partially colocalizing in peroxisomes with peroxisomal catalase (CAT). In contrast to SLC16A3 and SLC16A1, SLC16A7 and CAT demonstrate upregulation in the absence of glucose. These striking differences between the two isoforms in expression localization and regulation suggest unique roles for each in monocarboxylate transport and pH regulation during preimplantation development, and implicate peroxisomal SLC16A7 as an important redox regulator in the absence of glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Jansen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Queensland, Australia
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Abstract
The human embryo undergoes many changes in physiology during the first 4 days of life as it develops and differentiates from a fertilized oocyte to the blastocyst stage. Concomitantly, the embryo is exposed to gradients of nutrients within the female reproductive tract and exhibits changes in its own nutrient requirements and utilization. Determining the nature of such nutrient gradients in the female tract and the changing requirements of the embryo has facilitated the formulation of stage-specific culture media designed to support embryo development throughout the preimplantation period. Resultant implantation rates attained with the culture and transfer of human blastocysts are higher than those associated with the transfer of cleavage stage embryos to the uterus. Such increases in implantation rates have facilitated the establishment of high pregnancy rates while reducing the number of embryos transferred. With the introduction of new scoring systems for the blastocyst and the non-invasive assessment of metabolic activity of individual embryos, it should be possible to move to single blastocyst transfer for the majority of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K Gardner
- Colorado Center for Reproductive Medicine, 799 East Hampden Avenue, Suite 520, Englewood, CO 80110, USA.
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Lane M, Gardner DK. Lactate regulates pyruvate uptake and metabolism in the preimplantation mouse embryo. Biol Reprod 2000; 62:16-22. [PMID: 10611062 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod62.1.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was an investigation of the interaction of lactate on pyruvate and glucose metabolism in the early mouse embryo. Pyruvate uptake and metabolism by mouse embryos were significantly affected by increasing the lactate concentration in the culture medium. In contrast, glucose uptake was not affected by lactate in the culture medium. At the zygote stage, the percentage of pyruvate taken up and oxidized was significantly reduced in the presence of increasing lactate, while at the blastocyst stage, increasing the lactate concentration increased the percentage of pyruvate oxidized. Lactate oxidation was determined to be 3-fold higher (when lactate was present at 20 mM) at the blastocyst stage compared to the zygote. Analysis of the kinetics of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) determined that while the V(max) of LDH was higher at the zygote stage, the K(m) of LDH was identical for both stages of development, confirming that the LDH isozyme was the same. Furthermore, the activity of LDH isolated from both stages was reduced by 40% in the presence of 20 mM lactate. The observed differences in lactate metabolism between the zygote and blastocyst must therefore be attributed to in situ regulation of LDH. Activity of isolated LDH was found to be affected by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide(+) (NAD(+)) concentration. In the presence of increasing concentrations of lactate, zygotes exhibited an increase in autofluorescence consistent with a depletion of NAD(+) in the cytosol. No increase was observed for later-stage embryos. Therefore it is proposed that the differences in pyruvate and lactate metabolism at the different stages of development are due to differences in the in situ regulation of LDH by cytosolic redox potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lane
- Institute of Reproduction and Development, Monash University, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.
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11
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Gardner DK. Changes in requirements and utilization of nutrients during mammalian preimplantation embryo development and their significance in embryo culture. Theriogenology 1998; 49:83-102. [PMID: 10732123 DOI: 10.1016/s0093-691x(97)00404-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Along with the transition from maternal to embryonic genome control the mammalian preimplantation embryo undergoes significant changes in its physiology during development. Concomitant with these changes are altering patterns of nutrient uptake and differences in the subsequent fate of such nutrients. The most significant nutrients to the developing mammalian preimplantation embryo are carbohydrates and amino acids, which serve not only to provide energy but also to maintain embryo function by preventing cellular stress induced by suboptimal culture conditions in vitro. It is subsequently proposed that optimal development of the mammalian embryo in culture requires the use of two or more media, each designed to cater for the changing requirements of the embryo. Importantly, culture conditions that maintain the early embryo are not ideal for the embryo post-compaction, and conditions that support excellent development and differentiation of the blastocyst can actually be inhibitory to the zygote. A marker of in vitro-induced cellular stress to the embryo is the relative activity of the metabolic pathways used to generate energy for development. Quantification of embryo energy metabolism may therefore serve as a valuable marker of embryo development and viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Gardner
- Colorado Center for Reproductive Medicine, Denver 80110, USA
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12
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Hastings KE. Strong evolutionary conservation of broadly expressed protein isoforms in the troponin I gene family and other vertebrate gene families. J Mol Evol 1996; 42:631-40. [PMID: 8662015 DOI: 10.1007/bf02338796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
It is well established that different protein classes undergo molecular evolution at different rates, presumably reflecting differing functional constraints. However, it is also the case that different isoforms of the "same" protein, encoded by a multigene family, may evolve at different rates. Here I report a relationship within gene families between isoform evolutionary rate and gene expression profile: Broadly expressed isoforms show stronger sequence conservation than do narrowly expressed isoforms. This observation emerged initially from cDNA cloning and sequencing studies, described here, of a vertebrate gene family encoding three differentially expressed isoforms of the muscle protein troponin I. However, the expression breadth/sequence conservation relationship applies to vertebrate gene families in general. In a broad and arbitrary survey sampling of sequence data on well-characterized vertebrate gene families, I found that in 14/15 families the most strongly conserved isoform was the most broadly expressed isoform, or one of several similarly broadly expressed isoforms. Broadly expressed isoforms are presumably subjected to greater negative selection pressure because they must function in a more diverse biochemical environment than do narrowly expressed isoforms. The expression breadth/evolutionary rate relationship has several interesting implications regarding the overall process of gene family evolution by duplication/divergence from ancestral genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Hastings
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University St., Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
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13
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Gardner RL. Cell lineage and differentiation during growth of the early mammalian embryo. Proc Nutr Soc 1990; 49:269-79. [PMID: 2236091 DOI: 10.1079/pns19900030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R L Gardner
- Imperial Cancer Research Fund Developmental Biology Unit, Department of Zoology, Oxford
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14
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de Almeida-Val VMF, Schwantes MLB, Val AL. LDH isozymes in amazon Fish—I. Electrophoretic studies on two species from serrasalmidae family: Mylossoma duriventris and Colossoma macropomum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(90)90251-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Fenerich-Verani N, Schwantes MLB, Schwantes AR. Patterns of gene expression during Prochilodus scrofa (Characiformes: Prochilodontidae) embryogenesis—I. Lactate dehydrogenase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(90)90275-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Schwarzpaul W, Petzoldt U. Influence of embryo size on lactate dehydrogenase isozyme expression in giant mouse chimaeras. ANATOMY AND EMBRYOLOGY 1988; 178:281-5. [PMID: 3414980 DOI: 10.1007/bf00318231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Chimaeras consisting of 2, 4, 8 and up to 16 mouse embryos were formed at day 3 and cultured in vitro up to day 8. The influence of size and cell number on the activation of the embryonic genome for LDH-5 was studied in non-attaching giant chimaeric blastocysts and compared to control embryos implanting in vivo or growing out in vitro. Day 5 chimaeric blastocysts consisting of 4 to 8 embryos had a similar size as early in vivo egg cylinders, but still expressed exclusively LDH-1 as normal preimplantation embryos do. Only during further ageing of non-attaching chimaeric blastocysts, a few samples were positive for LDH-5. There is no convincing evidence that the experimental increase of the cell number triggers a premature activation of the embryonic LDH genes. These results are discussed in comparison to other possible mechanisms regulating stage-specific activation of the embryonic genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Schwarzpaul
- Fachbereich Biologie-Zoologie der Philipps-Universität Marburg, Federal Republic of Germany
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17
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Masters C. The turnover characteristics of lactate dehydrogenase. CURRENT TOPICS IN CELLULAR REGULATION 1982; 21:205-59. [PMID: 6754269 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-152821-8.50013-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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18
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Brinkworth RI, Masters CJ. On the localization of lactate dehydrogenase in the ovaries and reproductive tracts of rats and mice. Mech Ageing Dev 1978; 8:299-310. [PMID: 732358 DOI: 10.1016/0047-6374(78)90030-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The localization of lactate dehydrogenase in the ovaries and reproductive tracts of rats and mice has been studied by a methodology which minimizes loss of this soluble enzyme by diffusion, and allows comment on the subunit composition of the cellular enzyme. The results differ significantly from previous data with conventional methodologies. In particular, the major localization of activity in the present study was identified in interstitial cells, and not the corpora lutea or granulosa cells; and it was noticeable that neither species exhibited massively greater expression of lactate dehydrogenase activity in the oocytes than in adjacent cell types of the reproductive tract. The goblet cells of the Fallopian tube stained intensively for activity of this enzyme. These results have been discussed in relation to the discordant data in the literature, the important role of lactate dehydrogenase in mammalian development, and the evidence for a masking of the activity of this enzyme in oocytes and pre-implantation ova.
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Peacock TA, Browder LW, Schultz GA. Lactate dehydrogenase in rabbit oocytes and eggs. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF GENETICS AND CYTOLOGY. JOURNAL CANADIEN DE GENETIQUE ET DE CYTOLOGIE 1978; 20:291-3. [PMID: 698882 DOI: 10.1139/g78-032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
It has recently been reported that the rabbit oocyte lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isozyme pattern shifts dramatically at ovulation. We have determined that both ovarian oocytes and ovulated eggs have predominantly LDH-5 with minor amounts of LDH-4. Therefore, no change occurs at ovulation. When oocytes or eggs are not treated to remove follicle cells, all five LDH isozymes are observed. Isolated follicle cells also have five isozymes. We suggest that failure to remove follicle cells can cause altered LDH isozyme patterns and may account for conflicting results in the literature.
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20
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Masters CJ. The ontogenic characteristics of lactate dehydrogenase isozymes in mammaliam pre-implantation ova. Mech Ageing Dev 1978; 7:455-64. [PMID: 353393 DOI: 10.1016/0047-6374(78)90086-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The onotgenic characteristics of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isozymes in mammalian pre-implantation ova have been reviewed. Evidence has been provided that the ova of mice and other mammalian species contain enzyme activity in a masked form, and display turnover processes which possess distinctive characteristics by comparison with those in adult tissues. Also, the extraordinary high levels of LDH in the extracellular secretion of the mammaliam oviduct have been commented on, along with the influence of reproductive hormones on the activity and type of this enzyme. In addition, attention has been drawn to the unique characteristics of the oval micro-evironment, and the influence which such factors may exert on the realization of enzyme phenotype during early mammalian development.
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21
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Spielmann H, Eibs HG, Jacob-Müller U, Bischoff R. Expression of lactate dehydrogenase isozyme 5 (LDH-5) in cultured mouse blastocysts in the absence of implantation and outgrowth. Biochem Genet 1978; 16:191-202. [PMID: 567063 DOI: 10.1007/bf00484077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Extensive extraction studies with Triton X-100 revealed only LDH-1 (B4) but no trace of LDH-5 (A4) in one-cell and two-cell mouse and rat embryos. The LDH isozyme pattern of preimplantation mouse embryos changes from the maternally inherited B subunit isozyme (LDH-1) to a pattern dominated by LDH-5 when mouse blastocysts are cultured under conditions that prevent hatching but allow trophoblast giant cell transformation. During differentiation of mouse blastocysts in vitro, implantation is therefore not essential for the appearance of the A subunit form of LDH (LDH-5) coded for by the embryonic genome. Mechanisms controlling the expression of LDH-5 in mouse blastocysts during in vivo development are discussed.
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22
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Trenfield K, Masters CJ. On the variation in enzyme activities during the growth of Burkitt's lymphoma cells in suspension culture. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1978; 9:823-8. [PMID: 738507 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(78)90031-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Miller RA, Ruddle FH. Teratocarcinoma X friend erythroleukemia cell hybrids resemble their pluripotent embryonal carcinoma parent. Dev Biol 1977; 56:157-73. [PMID: 264845 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(77)90159-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Monk M, Petzoldt U. Control of inner cell mass development in cultured mouse blastocysts. Nature 1977; 265:338-9. [PMID: 576335 DOI: 10.1038/265338a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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25
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Mangia F, Erickson RP, Epstein CJ. Synthesis of LDH-1 during mamalian oogenesis and early development. Dev Biol 1976; 54:146-50. [PMID: 1033883 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(76)90293-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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26
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Peacock TA, Schultz GA, Browder LW. Lactate dehydrogenase in one-cell rabbit embryos extracted with Triton X-100. Biochem Genet 1976; 14:523-5. [PMID: 971295 DOI: 10.1007/bf00486132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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27
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Engel W, Franke W. Maternal storage in the mammalian oocyte. CURRENT TOPICS IN PATHOLOGY. ERGEBNISSE DER PATHOLOGIE 1976; 62:29-52. [PMID: 1009788 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-66458-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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28
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Abstract
Unfertilized eggs and early embryos up to the 2-day (16-cell) cleavage stage of development in the rabbit contain predominantly the most cathodal lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme made up of A-type subunits. Following early cleavage there is a progressing increase in total LDH activity in the embryo as development proceeds through 4- and 6-day blastocyst stages. This is accompanied by an increase in the amount of B-type subunits and a concomitant shift in the lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme electrophoretic pattern toward the anodal isoenzyme types.
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29
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Markert CL, Shaklee JB, Whitt GS. Evolution of a gene. Multiple genes for LDH isozymes provide a model of the evolution of gene structure, function and regulation. Science 1975; 189:102-14. [PMID: 1138367 DOI: 10.1126/science.1138367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 358] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Erickson RP, Hoppe PC, Tennenbaum D, Spielmann H, Epstein CJ. Lactate dehydrogenase X: effects of antibody on mouse gametes but not on early development. Science 1975; 188:261-3. [PMID: 1167979 DOI: 10.1126/science.1167979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A rabbit antiserum specific for LDH-X, the spermatozoal form of mouse lactate dehydrogenase, was prepared. This antiserum had no effect on fertility of female mice when injected before or after insemination. Similarly, there was no toxicity to the embryo when high concentrations of the antiserum were added to cultures of 2-cell and 8- to 16-cell embryos. There was, however, a moderate inhibitory effect on fertilization in vitro, which may be attributable to a direct action of antiserum to LDH-X on sperm.
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31
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Poznakhirkina NA, Serov OL, Korochkin LI. A study of lactate dehydrogenase isozymes in rat ova. Biochem Genet 1975; 13:65-72. [PMID: 806287 DOI: 10.1007/bf00486007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The presence of subunits A and B has been demonstrated in mature rat ova by several means, including the immunohistochemical method of Coons, use of antisera against LDH-I (B4) and LDH-5 (A4) isozymes, and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
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32
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Repin VS, Akimova IM, Terovskii VB. Detection of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in single mammalian oocytes during cleavage by a micromodivication of disc electrophoresis. Bull Exp Biol Med 1975; 77:767-9. [PMID: 1115857 DOI: 10.1007/bf00799314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A micromodification of the method of disc-electrophoresis in glass capillary tubes is described. It can be used to study the protein composition and activity of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in single rat and mouse oocytes during clevage.
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33
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Faulhaber I, Lyra L. Ver�nderungen der Aktivit�t und des Isoenzymmusters der LDH (Laktatdehydrogenase) w�hrend der Entwicklung bei Urodelen und Anuren (Triturus alpestris undvulgaris, Ambystoma mexicanum, Xenopus laevis). Dev Genes Evol 1975; 176:191-205. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00576801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/1974] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Shaklee JB, Champion MJ, White GS. Developmental genetics of teleosts: a biochemical analysis of lake chubsucker ontogeny. Dev Biol 1974; 38:356-82. [PMID: 4364634 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(74)90013-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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35
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Engel W, Petzoldt U. Early developmental changes of the lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme pattern in mouse, rat, guinea-pig, Syrian hamster and rabbit. HUMANGENETIK 1973; 20:125-31. [PMID: 4785158 DOI: 10.1007/bf00284847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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36
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Engel W, Kreutz R. Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in the mammalian egg: investigations by micro disc electrophoresis in 15 species of the orders Rodentia, Lagomorpha, Carnivora, Artiodactyla and in man. HUMANGENETIK 1973; 19:253-60. [PMID: 4763929 DOI: 10.1007/bf00278398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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37
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38
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Holmes RS, Cooper DW, Vandeberg JL. Marsupial and monotreme lactate dehydrogenase isozymes: phylogeny, ontogeny, and homology with eutherian mammals. THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY 1973; 184:127-48. [PMID: 4695811 DOI: 10.1002/jez.1401840109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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39
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Graham CF. The necessary conditions for gene expression during early mammalian development. THE ... SYMPOSIUM. SOCIETY FOR DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY. SYMPOSIUM 1973; 31:201-24. [PMID: 4593173 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-612975-5.50012-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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40
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Solter D, Damjanov I, Skreb N. Demonstrability of some oxidative enzymes in early rodent embryos with and without fixation. Dev Biol 1972; 29:486-90. [PMID: 4120603 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(72)90086-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Wolf U, Engel W. Gene activation during early development of mammals. HUMANGENETIK 1972; 15:99-118. [PMID: 4558858 DOI: 10.1007/bf00295737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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43
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Engel W. Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in oocytes and unfertilized eggs of mammals. HUMANGENETIK 1972; 15:355-6. [PMID: 4634452 DOI: 10.1007/bf00281737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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44
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Brinster RL. The lactate dehydrogenase in preimplantation mouse embryos of quackenbush and swiss mice. FEBS Lett 1971; 17:41-44. [PMID: 11945992 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(71)80559-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R L. Brinster
- Laboratory of Reproductive Physiology, School of Veterinary Medicine University of Pennsylvania, 19104, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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45
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Epstein CJ, Kwok L, Smith S. The source of lactate dehydrogenase in preimplantation mouse embryos. FEBS Lett 1971; 13:45-48. [PMID: 11945628 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(71)80660-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C J. Epstein
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, 94122, San Francisco, California, USA
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46
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Karlsson BW, Palmer LS. Lactic dehydrogenase isozyme distruction in various tissue fractions of the developing mammalian liver. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1971. [DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(71)90008-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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47
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Margreth A, Angelini C, Valfrè C, Salviati G. Developmental patterns of LDH isozymes in fast and slow muscles of the rat. Arch Biochem Biophys 1970; 141:374-7. [PMID: 5480121 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(70)90147-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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48
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Georgiev P, Holmes RS, Masters CJ. Extracellular lactate dehydrogenase. Hormonal influences on the oviducal isoenzymes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1970; 222:155-62. [PMID: 5474530 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(70)90360-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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49
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Whitt GS. Development genetics of the lactate dehydrogenase isozymes of fish. THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY 1970; 175:1-35. [PMID: 4195899 DOI: 10.1002/jez.1401750102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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50
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Affiliation(s)
- C Gibson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Queensland, 4067, St. Lucia, Australia
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