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Nucleosides and emerging viruses: a new story. Drug Discov Today 2022; 27:1945-1953. [PMID: 35189369 PMCID: PMC8856764 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
With several US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs and high barriers to resistance, nucleoside and nucleotide analogs remain the cornerstone of antiviral therapies for not only herpesviruses, but also HIV and hepatitis viruses (B and C); however, with the exception of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), for which vaccines have been developed at unprecedented speed, there are no vaccines or small antivirals yet available for (re)emerging viruses, which are primarily RNA viruses. Thus, herein, we present an overview of ribonucleoside analogs recently developed and acting as inhibitors of the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). They are new lead structures that will be exploited for the discovery of new antiviral nucleosides.
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2
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Slusarczyk M, Serpi M, Pertusati F. Phosphoramidates and phosphonamidates (ProTides) with antiviral activity. Antivir Chem Chemother 2018; 26:2040206618775243. [PMID: 29792071 PMCID: PMC5971382 DOI: 10.1177/2040206618775243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Following the first report on the nucleoside phosphoramidate (ProTide) prodrug approach in 1990 by Chris McGuigan, the extensive investigation of ProTide technology has begun in many laboratories. Designed with aim to overcome limitations and the key resistance mechanisms associated with nucleoside analogues used in the clinic (poor cellular uptake, poor conversion to the 5'-monophosphate form), the ProTide approach has been successfully applied to a vast number of nucleoside analogues with antiviral and anticancer activity. ProTides consist of a 5'-nucleoside monophosphate in which the two hydroxyl groups are masked with an amino acid ester and an aryloxy component which once in the cell is enzymatically metabolized to deliver free 5'-monophosphate, which is further transformed to the active 5'-triphosphate form of the nucleoside analogue. In this review, the seminal contribution of Chris McGuigan's research to this field is presented. His technology proved to be extremely successful in drug discovery and has led to two Food and Drug Administration-approved antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michaela Serpi
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Fabrizio Pertusati
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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3
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McGuigan C, Cahard D, Salgado A, De Clercq E, Balzarini J. Phosphoramidates as Potent Prodrugs of anti-HIV Nucleotides: Studies in the Amino Region. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029600700106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Novel phosphoramidate derivatives of the anti-HIV nucleoside analogues AZT and d4T have been prepared by phosphorochloridate chemistry. These materials are designed to act as labile membrane-soluble prodrugs of the bio-active free nucleotides. All compounds were fully characterised by a range of methods and were subjected to evaluation in vitro of their anti-HIV efficacy. A notable feature of the current study was that any attempt to replace the amino acid moiety of the phosphoramidate with a simple amine lead to a marked, virtually total loss of activity. Such simple phenyl alkylamino phosphate derivatives of either d4T or AZT inhibit HIV replication at cytotoxic concentrations and have no detectable antiviral selectivity. This clearly highlights the vital role played by the amino acid in the antiviral efficacy of the blocked phosphoramidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. McGuigan
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, University of Wales Cardiff, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff, CF1 3XF, UK
| | - D. Cahard
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, University of Wales Cardiff, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff, CF1 3XF, UK
| | - A. Salgado
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, University of Wales Cardiff, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff, CF1 3XF, UK
| | - E. De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - J. Balzarini
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
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4
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McGuigan C, Salgado A, Yarnold C, Harries T, De Clercq E, Balzarini J. Novel Nucleoside Phosphoramidates as Inhibitors of HIV: Studies on the Stereochemical Requirements of the Phosphoramidate Amino Acid. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029600700402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Novel phosphoramidate derivatives of the anti-HIV nucleoside analogue d4T were designed to act as labile membrane-soluble prodrugs of the bio-active free nucleotide d4TMP. We herein reveal the very marked dependence of the antiviral activity of these phosphoramidates upon the stereochemistry of the amino acid attached to the phosphate centre; with a strong preference for the L-stereochemistry. These phosphate triesters were shown to liberate amino acid derivatives of the nucleotide intracellularly. These novel analogues, typified by alaninyl d4T monophosphate, may act as intracellular sources of the free nucleotides. The alaninyl d4T adducts themselves exert an antiviral effect when administered extracellularly, but again with clear distinctions between the L- and D-series. This evidence indicates that extracellularly administered blocked triesters derived from L-amino acids can generate d4TMP intracellularly, by a new pathway which is highly dependent on the amino acid stereochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. McGuigan
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, University of Wales Cardiff, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff, CF1 3XF, UK
| | - A. Salgado
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, University of Wales Cardiff, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff, CF1 3XF, UK
| | - C. Yarnold
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, University of Wales Cardiff, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff, CF1 3XF, UK
| | - T.Y. Harries
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, University of Wales Cardiff, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff, CF1 3XF, UK
| | - E. De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - J. Balzarini
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
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5
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Pradere U, Garnier-Amblard E, Coats SJ, Amblard F, Schinazi RF. Synthesis of nucleoside phosphate and phosphonate prodrugs. Chem Rev 2014; 114:9154-218. [PMID: 25144792 PMCID: PMC4173794 DOI: 10.1021/cr5002035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 374] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Pradere
- Center
for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department
of Pediatrics, Emory University School of
Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | | | | | - Franck Amblard
- Center
for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department
of Pediatrics, Emory University School of
Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Raymond F. Schinazi
- Center
for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department
of Pediatrics, Emory University School of
Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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6
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Pertenbreiter F, Balzarini J, Meier C. Nucleoside mono- and diphosphate prodrugs of 2',3'-dideoxyuridine and 2',3'-dideoxy-2',3'-didehydrouridine. ChemMedChem 2014; 10:94-106. [PMID: 25209965 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201402295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite their close structural similarity to nucleoside analogues such as the anti-HIV drugs AZT and d4T, 2',3'-dideoxyuridine (ddU) and 2',3'-dideoxy-2',3'-didehydrouridine (d4U) are entirely inactive against HIV in their nucleoside form. However, it has been shown that the corresponding triphosphates of these two nucleosides can effectively block HIV reverse transcriptase. Herein we report on two types of nucleotide prodrugs (cycloSal and DiPPro nucleotides) of ddU and d4U to investigate their ability to overcome insufficient intracellular phosphorylation, which may be the reason behind their low anti-HIV activity. The release of the corresponding mono- and diphosphates from these compounds was demonstrated by hydrolysis studies in phosphate buffer (pH 7.3) and human CD4 (+) T-lymphocyte CEM cell extracts. Surprisingly, however, these compounds showed low or no anti-HIV activity in tests with human CD4 (+) T-lymphocyte CEM cells. Studies of the conversion of ddUDP and d4UDP into their triphosphate metabolites by nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDPK) showed nearly no conversion of either diphosphate, which may be the reason for low intracellular triphosphate levels that result in low antiviral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Pertenbreiter
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg (Germany)
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7
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Ray AS, Hostetler KY. Application of kinase bypass strategies to nucleoside antivirals. Antiviral Res 2011; 92:277-91. [PMID: 21878354 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2011.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Revised: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoside and nucleotide analogs have served as the cornerstones of antiviral therapy for many viruses. However, the requirement for intracellular activation and side-effects caused by distribution to off-target sites of toxicity still limit the efficacy of the current generation of drugs. Kinase bypass strategies, where phosphorylated nucleosides are delivered directly into cells, thereby, removing the requirement for enzyme catalyzed phosphorylation steps, have already changed the face of antiviral therapy in the form of the acyclic nucleoside phosphonates, cidofovir, adefovir (given orally as its dipivoxil prodrug) and tenofovir (given orally as its disoproxil prodrug), currently used clinically. These strategies hold further promise to advance the field of antiviral therapy with at least 10 kinase bypass and tissue targeted prodrugs, representing seven distinct prodrug classes, currently in clinical trials. This article reviews the history of kinase bypass strategies applied to nucleoside antivirals and the evolution of different tissue targeted prodrug strategies, highlighting clinically relevant examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian S Ray
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA 94404, USA.
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McGuigan C, Hassan-Abdallah A, Srinivasan S, Wang Y, Siddiqui A, Daluge SM, Gudmundsson KS, Zhou H, McLean EW, Peckham JP, Burnette TC, Marr H, Hazen R, Condreay LD, Johnson L, Balzarini J. Application of phosphoramidate ProTide technology significantly improves antiviral potency of carbocyclic adenosine derivatives. J Med Chem 2007; 49:7215-26. [PMID: 17125274 DOI: 10.1021/jm060776w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report the application of phosphoramidate pronucleotide (ProTide) technology to the antiviral agent carbocyclic L-d4A (L-Cd4A). The phenyl methyl alaninyl parent ProTide of L-Cd4A was prepared by Grignard-mediated phosphorochloridate reaction and resulted in a compound with significantly improved anti-HIV (2600-fold) and HBV activity. We describe modifications of the aryl, ester, and amino acid regions of the ProTide and how these changes affect antiviral activity and metabolic stability. Separate and distinct SARs were noted for HIV and HBV. Additionally, ProTides were prepared from the D-nucleoside D-Cd4A and the dideoxy analogues L-CddA and D-CddA. These compounds showed more modest potency improvements over the parent drug. In conclusion, the ProTide approach is highly successful when applied to L-Cd4A with potency improvements in vitro as high as 9000-fold against HIV. With a view to preclinical candidate selection we carried out metabolic stability studies using cynomolgus monkey liver and intestinal S9 fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher McGuigan
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3XF, UK.
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Szymańska A, Szymczak M, Boryski J, Stawiński J, Kraszewski A, Collu G, Sanna G, Giliberti G, Loddo R, La Colla P. Aryl nucleoside H-phosphonates. Part 15: Synthesis, properties and, anti-HIV activity of aryl nucleoside 5′-α-hydroxyphosphonates. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:1924-34. [PMID: 16290162 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2005] [Revised: 10/19/2005] [Accepted: 10/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Aryl nucleoside 5'-H-phosphonates 4 bearing AZT or 2',3'-dideoxyuridine moieties were subjected to reaction with various aromatic aldehydes to produce nucleoside 5'-alpha-hydroxyphosphonate derivatives 2 as potential anti-HIV agents. Stability of the title compounds in cell culture media was investigated and three distinct decomposition pathways were identified. The anti-HIV activity of hydroxyphosphonates 2 correlates well with the type and extent of their chemical or enzymatic degradation in culture medium (RPMI 1640 containing 10% FBS), suggesting that aryl nucleoside 5'-hydroxyphosphonates 2 act as depot forms of the parent antiviral nucleosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Szymańska
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznań, Poland
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Lehsten DM, Baehr DN, Lobl TJ, Vaino AR. An Improved Procedure for the Synthesis of Nucleoside Phosphoramidates. Org Process Res Dev 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/op025562c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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McGuigan C, Barucki H, Carangio A, Blewett S, Srinivasan S, Andrei G, Snoeck R, De Clercq E, Balzarini J. Novel aryl substituted bicyclic furo nucleosides as extremely potent and selective anti-VZV agents. NUCLEOSIDES, NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2001; 20:287-96. [PMID: 11563040 DOI: 10.1081/ncn-100002299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C McGuigan
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff, CF1 3XF, U.K
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Abstract
To overcome the many hurdles preventing the use of antiviral and anticancer nucleosides as therapeutics, the development of a prodrug methodology (i.e., pronucleotide) for the in vivo delivery of nucleotides has been proposed as a solution. The ideal pronucleotide should be non-toxic, stable in plasma and blood, capable of being i. v. and/or orally dosed, and intracellularly convertible to the corresponding nucleotide. Although this goal has yet to be achieved, many clever and imaginative pronucleotide approaches have been developed, which are likely to be important pharmacological tools. This review will discuss the major advances and future directions of the emerging field of antiviral and anticancer pronucleotide design and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Wagner
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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13
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McGuigan C, Bidois L, Hiouni A, Ballatore C, De Clercq E, Balzarini J. Phosphoramidate derivatives of stavudine as inhibitors of HIV: unnatural amino acids may substitute for alanine. Antivir Chem Chemother 2000; 11:111-6. [PMID: 10819435 DOI: 10.1177/095632020001100203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Some novel phosphoramidate derivatives of the nucleoside analogue stavudine have been prepared as membrane-soluble prodrugs of the bioactive free phosphate forms. Phenyl phosphates linked via nitrogen to methyl esterified amino acid analogues were studied, where the amino acid was an unnatural alpha-alkyl (or aryl) glycine or an alpha,alpha-dialkyl glycine. All compounds were characterized by a range of spectroscopic, spectrometric and analytical methods and were subjected to in vitro evaluation of their anti-human immunodeficiency virus efficacy. It is notable that certain unnatural amino acid derivatives could substitute for alanine with only a relatively small loss of activity and, moreover, that this activity did not fall-off with increasing alkyl chain length for the C2-C4 mono-alkyl series. These data are further probed by the application of our recently reported 31P-NMR-based carboxyl esterase assay, with informative results.
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Affiliation(s)
- C McGuigan
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, UK.
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McGuigan C, Wedgwood OM, De Clercq E, Balzarini J. Phosphoramidate derivatives of 2′,3′-didehydro-2′,3′-dideoxyadenosine [d4A] have markedly improved anti-HIV potency and selectivity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-894x(96)00433-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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15
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A rapid synthesis of some 5′-amino- nucleosides and nucleotides as potential antiviral compounds. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-894x(96)00446-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Balzarini J, Karlsson A, Aquaro S, Perno CF, Cahard D, Naesens L, De Clercq E, McGuigan C. Mechanism of anti-HIV action of masked alaninyl d4T-MP derivatives. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 93:7295-9. [PMID: 8692986 PMCID: PMC38977 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.93.14.7295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
So324 is a 2',3'-dideoxy-2',3'-didehydrothymidine-5'-monophosphate (d4T-MP) prodrug containing at the phosphate moiety a phenyl group and the methylester of alanine linked to the phosphate through a phosphoramidate linkage. So324 has anti-HIV activity in human CEM, MT4, and monocyte/macrophage cells that is superior to that of d4T. In contrast to d4T, So324 is also able to inhibit HIV replication in thymidine kinase-deficient CEM cells. After uptake of So324 by intact human lymphocytes, d4T-MP is released and subsequently converted intracellularly to d4T-TP. In addition, accumulation of substantial amounts of a novel d4T derivative has been found. This d4T metabolite has been characterized as alaninyl d4T-MP. The latter metabolite accumulates at approximately 13- to 200-fold higher levels than d4T-TP depending the experimental conditions. Alaninyl d4T-MP should be considered as an intra- and/or extracellular depot form of d4T and/or d4T-MP. These findings may explain the superior anti-retroviral activity of So324 over d4T in cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Balzarini
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
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Chapter 15. Antiviral Agents. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(08)60928-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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