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Henriques FS, Sertié RAL, Franco FO, Knobl P, Neves RX, Andreotti S, Lima FB, Guilherme A, Seelaender M, Batista ML. Early suppression of adipocyte lipid turnover induces immunometabolic modulation in cancer cachexia syndrome. FASEB J 2017; 31:1976-1986. [PMID: 28138038 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201601151r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is a multifactorial syndrome characterized by body weight loss, atrophy of adipose tissue (AT) and systemic inflammation. However, there is limited information regarding the mechanisms of immunometabolic response in AT from cancer cachexia. Male Wistar rats were inoculated with 2 × 107 of Walker 256 tumor cells [tumor bearing (TB) rats]. The mesenteric AT (MeAT) was collected on d 0, 4, 7 (early stage), and 14 (cachexia stage) after tumor cell injection. Surgical biopsies for MeAT were obtained from patients who had gastrointestinal cancer with cachexia. Lipolysis showed an early decrease in glycerol release in TB d 4 (TB4) rats in relation to the control, followed by a 6-fold increase in TB14 rats, whereas de novo lipogenesis was markedly lower in the incorporation of glucose into fatty acids in TB14 rats during the development of cachexia. CD11b and CD68 were positive in TB7 and TB14 rats, respectively. In addition, we found cachexia stage results similar to those of animals in MeAT from patients: an increased presence of CD68+, iNOS2+, TNFα+, and HSL+ cells. In summary, translational analysis of MeAT from patients and an animal model of cancer cachexia enabled us to identify early disruption in Adl turnover and subsequent inflammatory response during the development of cancer cachexia.-Henriques, F. S., Sertié, R. A. L., Franco, F. O., Knobl, P., Neves, R. X., Andreotti, S., Lima, F. B., Guilherme, A., Seelaender, M., Batista, M. L., Jr. Early suppression of adipocyte lipid turnover induces immunometabolic modulation in cancer cachexia syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Santos Henriques
- Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Integrated Group of Biotechnology, University of Mogi das Cruzes, Mogi das Cruzes, São Paulo, Brazil.,Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Felipe Oliveira Franco
- Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Integrated Group of Biotechnology, University of Mogi das Cruzes, Mogi das Cruzes, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pamela Knobl
- Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Integrated Group of Biotechnology, University of Mogi das Cruzes, Mogi das Cruzes, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Xavier Neves
- Cancer Metabolism Research Group, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandra Andreotti
- Laboratory of Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; and
| | - Fabio Bessa Lima
- Laboratory of Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; and
| | - Adilson Guilherme
- Laboratory of Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; and
| | - Marilia Seelaender
- Cancer Metabolism Research Group, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Miguel Luiz Batista
- Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Integrated Group of Biotechnology, University of Mogi das Cruzes, Mogi das Cruzes, São Paulo, Brazil;
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2
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Raab AK, Mönkemüller K, Kandulski A, Weber E, Malfertheiner P, Wex T. Expression pattern of cathepsin W isoforms in peripheral blood and gastroesophageal mucosa of patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease. Biol Chem 2012; 392:1167-72. [PMID: 22050231 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2011.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin W is exclusively expressed in immune cells, and a novel isoform was identified previously. To characterize the expression pattern of the wildtype and isoform Ins10, specific polymerase chain reaction assays were generated and used to study respective transcript levels in peripheral blood cells and gastric biopsies in healthy subjects. The wildtype-encoding transcript levels were 3- and 9-fold higher in mucosal samples and peripheral immune cells, respectively (p<0.05). The predominant expression of wildtype form by infiltrating immune cells was confirmed in 116 patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease and 27 reflux-negative individuals demonstrating that cathepsin W expression is not altered in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Kathrin Raab
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Strasse 44, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany
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3
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Yokoyama Y, Ramakrishnan S. Addition of an aminopeptidase N-binding sequence to human endostatin improves inhibition of ovarian carcinoma growth. Cancer 2005; 104:321-31. [PMID: 15952188 PMCID: PMC7162337 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.21149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blood vessels in tumors express higher level of aminopeptidase N (APN) compared with normal tissues. It has been reported that peptides that contain asparagine-glycine-arginine (NGR) sequence home to APN in tumor vasculature. Increased expression of APN in tumor vascular endothelium, therefore, offers an opportunity to target NGR peptide-linked therapeutic reagents to tumors. METHODS To determine whether an additional NGR sequence could improve endothelial homing and biologic activity, human endostatin was modified genetically to introduce an NGR motif (NGR-endostatin) and was expressed in yeast. In vitro biologic activity of NGR-endostatin was compared with the native protein in endothelial cell proliferation and migration. NGR-modified endostatin was used in tumor localization studies. Finally, the effects of endostatin and NGR-endostatin on tumor growth were determined in two model systems. RESULTS Human endostatin has an internal NGR sequence, which is not accessible to bind APN. However, the addition of an NGR-sequence at the amino terminus resulted in strong binding and inhibition of endothelial cell APN. NGR-endostatin showed increased binding to endothelial cells compared with the native protein. Increased binding of endostatin also coincided with improved antiangiogenic properties of endostatin. NGR modification improved tumor localization and, as a consequence, effectively inhibited ovarian carcinoma growth in athymic nude mice. CONCLUSIONS These studies demonstrated that human endostatin can be modified genetically to improve its ability to inhibit tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Yokoyama
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Sundaram Ramakrishnan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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4
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Gabrilovac J, Breljak D, Cupić B, Ambriović-Ristov A. Regulation of aminopeptidase N (EC 3.4.11.2; APN; CD13) by interferon-gamma on the HL-60 cell line. Life Sci 2005; 76:2681-97. [PMID: 15792835 PMCID: PMC7094246 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2004.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2004] [Accepted: 09/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Membrane-bound peptidases play important roles in the regulation of local concentrations of various signalling peptides such as the growth factors, hormones, chemokines and cytokines. That is accomplished by means of their enzyme activity. Recently, membrane-bound peptidases have also been shown to act as receptors, receiving signals from as yet undefined ligands and transducing them into the cell interior. By using either or both of these mechanisms, peptidases interact with fundamental cellular functions: growth, differentiation, activation and death. This study addressed the effects of a T-cell derived cytokine, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) on the activity of aminopeptidase N (APN), an ectoenzyme processing several signal peptides. Cells of a myelo-monocytic cell line HL-60 were used as a model system, and APN was assayed at the levels of mRNA, its membrane marker CD13, and the enzyme activity. Regulation of CD13/APN by IFN-gamma was found at all three levels. The direction of regulation was time-dependent: an initial down-regulation seen 24 and 48 hrs after the onset of treatment with IFN-gamma was replaced by an up-regulation after 72 and/or 96 hrs. Up-regulation of CD13/APN observed after 96 hrs was preceded by an up-regulation of APN mRNA reaching its maximum after 72 hrs. The IFN-gamma-induced regulation of APN was due to membrane aminopeptidase N, since it could be completely abrogated by an APN blocking antibody WM-15. The delayed up-regulation of CD13/APN (observed after 72 and/or 96 hrs), required de novo protein synthesis as it could be abrogated by cycloheximide, an inhibitor of protein synthesis. Possible role of endogenous (IFN-gamma-induced) TGF-beta in mediating CD13/APN up-regulation could be excluded, since no TGF-beta was found in supernatants of IFN-gamma treated HL-60 cells. Thus, our data show regulation of CD13/APN on cells of myelo-monocytic origin by a T-cell derived cytokine, IFN-gamma. A similar mechanism might play a role in inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelka Gabrilovac
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruder Bosković Institute, Laboratory of Experimental Haematology, Immunology and Oncology Bijenicka c. 54 HR-10002 Zagreb, POB 180, Croatia.
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5
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Meinhardt C, Peitz U, Treiber G, Wilhelmsen S, Malfertheiner P, Wex T. Identification of a novel isoform predominantly expressed in gastric tissue and a triple-base pair polymorphism of the cathepsin W gene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 321:975-80. [PMID: 15358123 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2004] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In order to investigate the prevalence of potential polymorphisms of the cathepsin W gene, the complete cDNA of 50 dyspeptic patients was analyzed. From those 37 (74%) revealed the wildtype sequence, 6 samples (12%) contained independent single base pair changes including 4 silent and 2 with amino acid changes. Furthermore, a triple-base pair polymorphism was found in 7 samples (14%, 4x heterozygous, 3x homozygous) leading to the following changes: F(217)S, H(248)Y, and I(250)T. Furthermore, a novel alternative splice variant concerning intron 10 was identified in 6 samples (12%). Notably, this novel isoform was only found in samples of gastric mucosa lymphocytes, whereas peripheral NK cells expressed cathepsin W wildtype only. Taken together, this study demonstrated for the fist time that a genetic variant and a novel isoform of cathepsin W are present in about 14% and 12%, respectively, within the Caucasian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Meinhardt
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Street 44, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany
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6
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Bukowska A, Tadje J, Arndt M, Wolke C, Kähne T, Bartsch J, Faust J, Neubert K, Hashimoto Y, Lendeckel U. Transcriptional regulation of cytosol and membrane alanyl-aminopeptidase in human T cell subsets. Biol Chem 2003; 384:657-65. [PMID: 12751795 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2003.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Aminopeptidase inhibitors strongly affect the proliferation and function of immune cells in man and animals and are promising agents for the pharmacological treatment of inflammatory or autoimmune diseases. Membrane alanyl-aminopeptidase (mAAP) has been considered as the major target of these anti-inflammatory aminopeptidase inhibitors. Recent evidence also points to a role of the cytosol alanyl-aminopeptidase (cAAP) in the immune response. In this study we used quantitative RT-PCR to determine the mRNA expression of both cAAP and mAAP in resting and activated peripheral T cells and also in CD4+, CD8+, Th1, Th2 and Treg (CD4+ CD25+) subpopulations. Both mAAP and cAAP mRNAs were expressed in all cell types investigated, and in response to activation their expression appeared to be upregulated in CD8+ cells, but downregulated in Treg cells. In CD4+ cells, mAAP and cAAP mRNAs were affected in opposite ways in response to activation. The cAAP-specific inhibitor, PAQ-22, did not affect either cAAP or mAAP expression in activated CD4+ or CD8+ cells, whereas in activated Treg cells it markedly upregulated the mRNA levels of both aminopeptidases. The non-discriminatory inhibitor, phebestin, significantly increased the amount of mAAP and cAAP mRNA in CD4+ and that of cAAP in Treg cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Bukowska
- Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany
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7
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Alvarez MJ, Depino AM, Podhajcer OL, Pitossi FJ. Bias in estimations of DNA content by competitive polymerase chain reaction. Anal Biochem 2000; 287:87-94. [PMID: 11078587 DOI: 10.1006/abio.2000.4823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Competitive PCR is a highly sensitive method for specific DNA quantification. Despite the lack of studies related to the accuracy of the method it has been widely used. Here we present a simulation model for competitive PCR, which takes into account the efficiency decay as a linear relationship of the total product yield. The model helped us to study the kind and magnitude of errors that arise from quantitative and semiquantitative competitive PCR protocols and to find ways to minimize them. The simulation data suggest that differences in amplification efficiency between target and standard templates induce stronger biases in quantitative than in semiquantitative competitive PCR. Quantitative competitive PCR can only be used when both efficiencies are equal. In contrast, semiquantitative competitive PCR can be used even when the target is amplified with a higher efficiency than the standard, since under such conditions the method tends to underestimate the differences in initial DNA content. These predictions have been confirmed with experimental data and show that the estimation of the amplification efficiencies is a prerequisite for the use of quantitative and semiquantitative competitive PCR. A simple method for this estimation is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Alvarez
- Institute for Biochemical Research, Campomar Foundation, CONICET, Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires, 1405, Argentina.
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8
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Abstract
Aminopeptidase N (APN)/CD13 is a transmembrane ectoenzyme expressed on a wide variety of cells. With respect to haematopoietic cells, APN/CD13 has been considered specific for the myeloid lineage, because granulocytes and monocytes/macrophages, but not lymphocytes of peripheral blood, show a surface expression of CD13 antigen. However, we could recently show that cell-cell contact of lymphocytes with endothelial cells, monocytes, and fibroblast-like synoviocytes (SFCs) results in an increase of steady-state APN/CD13 mRNA and a rapid expression of cell-surface protein on the lymphocytes. In this study using the Dual-Luciferase reporter assay, we demonstrate that interaction of the T-cell line Jurkat with SFCs results in a higher activity of the APN/CD13 myeloid promoter in T cells. An enhancer located between the myeloid and epithelial APN/CD13 promoter increases the response of the promoter to the cell-cell contact-induced expression of APN/CD13 in lymphocytes. Adhesion of lymphocytes to extracellular matrix did not result in increased promoter activity. The lymphocytic promoter response induced by direct cell-cell contact with SFCs is not affected by mutations of a proximal promoter element (nucleotides -48 to -35), which has a possible functional role in the basal APN/CD13 gene expression in lymphocytes. Upregulated peptidase-promoter activity via cell-cell contact shown in this study for the first time is discussed as a general mechanism in peptidase induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kehlen
- Department of Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany.
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9
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Dybkaer K, Pedersen B, Skou Pedersen F, Schøler Kristensen J. Identification of acute myeloid leukemia patients with diminished expression of CD13 myeloid transcripts by competitive reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Leuk Res 2000; 24:497-506. [PMID: 10781684 PMCID: PMC7172791 DOI: 10.1016/s0145-2126(00)00021-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Normal myeloid cells of monocytic and granulocytic origin express the metallopeptidase cluster of differentiation 13 (CD13) on the surface just as leukemic blasts in most acute myeloid leukemias (AML). A minor percentage of AML patients, however, lack the surface expression of CD13 antigen. To study this difference in CD13 surface expression, specific CD13 mRNA from 44 individuals were quantified by competitive reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Absolute values for CD13 transcripts were normalised against glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) transcript levels to control for variations in sample preparation and mRNA degradation. By correlating normalised CD13 transcript levels and CD13 surface expression, a subgroup of AML patients was identified, having simultaneous diminished levels of myeloid CD13 transcripts and surface expression of the corresponding antigen. For this subgroup we suggest CD13/aminopeptidase N (APN) gene expression to be restricted primarily by limited amounts of transcripts. For the majority of AML patients determinants in addition to transcript levels must be involved in regulating CD13/APN gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Dybkaer
- Department of Hematology, Aarhus University Hospital, TageHansens Gade 2, DK 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
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10
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Lendeckel U, Kähne T, Arndt M, Frank K, Ansorge S. Inhibition of alanyl aminopeptidase induces MAP-kinase p42/ERK2 in the human T cell line KARPAS-299. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998; 252:5-9. [PMID: 9813136 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1998.9585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of alanyl aminopeptidase (EC 3.4.11.2, aminopeptidase N, CD13) expression, or activity compromise cell proliferation in a number of cell systems [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]. The underlying mechanisms and the molecular components involved have not been identified as yet. In this study we show that inhibition of alanyl aminopeptidase enzymatic activity decreases the proliferation rate of the CD13-positive T cell line Karpas-299. By using the ATLAS cDNA expression array (Clontech) we identified the p42/ERK2 MAP kinase as one downstream target of probestin, a potent inhibitor of alanyl aminopeptidase. Probestin and another specific aminopeptidase inhibitor, actinonin, in addition to their capability of inducing erk-2 mRNA levels, significantly increase p42 phosphorylation state. This is the first report on signal transduction components possibly mediating the growth-modulatory effects of alanyl aminopeptidase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Lendeckel
- Center of Internal Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, Magdeburg, D-39120, Germany.
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11
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Lendeckel U, Wex T, Arndt M, Frank K, Franke A, Ansorge S. Identification of point mutations in the aminopeptidase N gene by SSCP analysis and sequencing. Hum Mutat 1998; Suppl 1:S158-60. [PMID: 9452074 DOI: 10.1002/humu.1380110153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
MESH Headings
- Acute Disease
- Adult
- Aged
- Burkitt Lymphoma/enzymology
- Burkitt Lymphoma/genetics
- CD13 Antigens/genetics
- DNA/chemistry
- DNA/genetics
- DNA Mutational Analysis
- Female
- Humans
- Leukemia/enzymology
- Leukemia/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/enzymology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/enzymology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid/enzymology
- Leukemia, Myeloid/genetics
- Lymphoma/enzymology
- Lymphoma/genetics
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/enzymology
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/genetics
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Point Mutation
- Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
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Affiliation(s)
- U Lendeckel
- Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, University of Magdeburg Centre of Internal Medicine, Germany
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12
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Lendeckel U, Wex T, Reinhold D, Arndt M, Ittenson A, Frank K, Ansorge S. Activation-dependent induction of T cell alanyl aminopeptidase and its possible involvement in T cell growth. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1997; 421:59-66. [PMID: 9330680 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4757-9613-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- U Lendeckel
- Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
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13
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Wex T, Lendeckel U, Reinhold D, Kähne T, Arndt M, Frank K, Ansorge S. Antisense-mediated inhibition of aminopeptidase N (CD13) markedly decreases growth rates of hematopoietic tumour cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1997; 421:67-73. [PMID: 9330681 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4757-9613-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T Wex
- Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
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14
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Olsen J, Kokholm K, Norén O, Sjöström H. Structure and expression of aminopeptidase N. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1997; 421:47-57. [PMID: 9330679 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4757-9613-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Olsen
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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15
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Wex T, Bühling F, Arndt M, Frank K, Ansorge S, Lendeckel U. The activation-dependent induction of APN-(CD13) in T-cells is controlled at different levels of gene expression. FEBS Lett 1997; 412:53-6. [PMID: 9257688 PMCID: PMC7126794 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(97)00738-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/1997] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Recently, it was shown that aminopeptidase N (E.C. 3.4.11.2, CD13) is up-regulated during mitogenic stimulation of peripheral T-cells. In this study, we demonstrate that the half-life of APN mRNA was considerably prolonged in these cells leading to a 2.7-fold increase of APN transcript level. The apparent half-life time of the APN transcript was investigated by the RNA synthesis inhibitor-chase method using actinomycin D. The steady-state APN mRNA levels was determined by a competitive RT-PCR. The half-lives estimated in resting T-cells, natural killer cells and permanently growing tumour cells varied between 3.5 and 6 h. Finally, nuclear run-on assays revealed that the APN gene expression of stimulated T-cells is controlled by increased promoter activity as well. These studies suggest a control of APN gene expression at the post-transcriptional level in addition to promoter-mediated regulation.
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Key Words
- cd13
- e.c. 3.4.11.2
- actinomycin d
- half-life time
- apn, aminopeptidase n
- ala-pna, alanine-p-nitroanilid
- cd, cluster of differentation
- edta, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
- cpm, counts per minute
- mab, monoclonal antibody
- pbs, phosphate-buffered saline
- pha, phytohemagglutinine
- pma, phorbol 12-acetate 13-myristate
- rt-pcr, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction
- sds, sodium dodecyl sulfate
- ssc, standard sodium citrate
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Affiliation(s)
- T Wex
- Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Magdeburg, Germany.
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16
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Lendeckel U, Wex T, Ittenson A, Arndt M, Frank K, Mayboroda O, Schubert W, Ansorge S. Rapid mitogen-induced aminopeptidase N surface expression in human T cells is dominated by mechanisms independent of de novo protein biosynthesis. Immunobiology 1997; 197:55-69. [PMID: 9241531 PMCID: PMC7134486 DOI: 10.1016/s0171-2985(97)80057-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The membrane bound metalloprotease aminopeptidase N (APN, CD13, EC 3.4.11.2) is a well established marker of normal and malignant cells of the myelo-monocytic lineage. It is also expressed by leukaemic blasts of a small group of patients suffering from acute or chronic lymphoid leukaemia. Recently, the expression of the APN gene in T cell lines as well as the induction of APN gene and surface expression in human peripheral T cells by mitogenic activation have been demonstrated. Here, by means of cytofluorimetric analysis evidence is provided, that the induction of APN surface expression is partially resistent to the action of the inhibitors of protein biosynthesis, puromycin and cycloheximide, and is not prevented by tunicamycin, an inhibitor of glycosylation. These data suggest that the rapid mitogen-induced surface expression of APN, detectable 20 hours after stimulation is dominated by mechanisms not dependent on de novo protein biosynthesis or glycosylation. As shown by simultaneous analyses, the inhibitors used did also differently modify the induction of surface expression of other inducible glycosylated leukocyte surface antigens, namely CD25, CD69 and CD95.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Lendeckel
- Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
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17
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Olsen J, Kokholm K, Troelsen JT, Laustsen L. An enhancer with cell-type dependent activity is located between the myeloid and epithelial aminopeptidase N (CD 13) promoters. Biochem J 1997; 322 ( Pt 3):899-908. [PMID: 9148767 PMCID: PMC1218273 DOI: 10.1042/bj3220899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The 5' flanking region of the gene encoding the small intestinal brush-border peptidase aminopeptidase N (APN) was screened for the presence of enhancer regions. A 300 bp region with enhancer activity was identified 2.7 kb upstream of the transcriptional start site which is used in epithelial cells. The enhancer stimulated transcription from a heterologous promoter (the simian virus 40 early promoter) in a position- and orientation-independent manner. The activity of the enhancer is cell-type dependent and it is active in liver (HepG2), intestinal (Caco-2) and myeloid (K562) cells. As the epithelial APN promoter is active in the first two cell-types and the myeloid APN promoter in the last, the results may suggest that the enhancer, through a cooperation with either of the promoters, is important for the tissue-specific expression of APN. A detailed analysis of the enhancer led to the identification of four functionally important regions that are protected against DNase I digestion by Caco-2 nuclear extract. Sequence analysis suggests that two of the regions may interact with members of the Ets transcription factor family (Ets is a transformation-specific protein first discovered in the E26 avian erythroblastosis virus), one region with a CCAAT enhancer-binding protein and one region with Sp1, a transcriptional activator first described as a factor binding to the simian virus 40 early promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Olsen
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, Biochemistry Laboratory C, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
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18
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Wex T, Lendeckel U, Kähne T, Ittenson A, Frank K, Ansorge S. The main neutral aminopeptidase activity of human lymphoid tumour cell lines does not originate from the aminopeptidase N-(APN; CD13) gene. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1997; 1355:147-54. [PMID: 9042335 PMCID: PMC7125594 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4889(96)00132-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/1996] [Revised: 09/02/1996] [Accepted: 09/12/1996] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Lymphocytes and related cell lines are predominantly CD13-negative, however, there are reports describing neutral aminopeptidase activity in or on these cells. The aim of this study was to answer the question, whether this activity originates from APN-gene expression. The total cellular activities (Ala-pNA hydrolysis) of lymphoid cell lines are up to 15 times higher than that of normal lymphocytes. Despite weak or lacking CD13 surface expression all lymphoid cell lines tested contain APNmRNA as quantified by competitive RT-PCR as well as low enzymatic activity in their particulate fractions. By isoelectric focusing two enzyme species with isoelectric points of 5.4 or between 3.5 to 4.8, respectively, were detected. To investigate whether these activities result from APN-gene we established transfectants lacking cellular APN expression of the CD13-positive histiocytic cell line U937 and the CD13-negative T-cell line H9. Studies on these transfectants proved (I) that the main neutral aminopeptidase activity expressed in lymphoid cells is definitively not related to APN and (II) that APN is also expressed in lymphoid cells, although on a low level only.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Wex
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Magdeburg, Germany.
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19
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Lendeckel U, Wex T, Reinhold D, Kähne T, Frank K, Faust J, Neubert K, Ansorge S. Induction of the membrane alanyl aminopeptidase gene and surface expression in human T-cells by mitogenic activation. Biochem J 1996; 319 ( Pt 3):817-21. [PMID: 8920985 PMCID: PMC1217861 DOI: 10.1042/bj3190817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The metal-dependent membrane alanyl aminopeptidase (amino-peptidase N, APN, CD13; EC 3.4.11.2) is a well-established marker of normal and malignant cells of the myelo-monocytic lineage. It is also expressed by leukaemic blasts of a small group of patients suffering from acute or chronic lymphoid leukaemia. CD13-specific monoclonal antibodies do not bind to the surface of normal B lymphocytes, and APN mRNA was not detectable by Northern analysis in normal lymphocytes or in T-cell lines. Recently the expression of the APN gene in T-cell lines as well as the ability of these cells to cleave chromogenic substrates preferred by APN have been demonstrated [Lendeckel, Wex, Kähne, Frank, Reinhold and Ansorge (1994) Cell. Immunol. 153, 214-226]. Here, by means of dot-blot hybridization and RNase protection assay, evidence is provided that human peripheral T-cells as well as derived cell lines contain significant amounts of APN mRNA, comparable to that in the promyeloic cell line U937, and that mitogenic activation of peripheral human T-cells leads to a more than 4-fold increase in their APN mRNA content. In the course of activation, T-cells increase their total alanine p-nitroanilide-hydrolysing activity to approx. 7-fold that of resting cells. Furthermore these cells become immunoreactive towards CD13 to a significant extent (up to 51%) as shown by surface staining and confirmed by activity staining and immunostaining after isoelectric focusing (pI of T-cell APN = 4.6). In addition it is demonstrated by fluorescence microscopy that viable, activated T-cells effectively cleave the fluorogenic aminopeptidase substrate bis-glycyl-rhodamine 110 and that the corresponding aminopeptidase activity is associated with the cell surface. We show that specific inhibitors of APN, probestin and actinonin, strongly decrease DNA synthesis in phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated T-cells. In summary, evidence is presented that in the course of mitogenic activation human peripheral T-cells increase the expression of APN both at the transcriptional level and at the cell surface. This has been demonstrated both at the APN mRNA level and at the protein level with respect to aminopeptidase enzymic activity and CD13 immunoreactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Lendeckel
- University of Magdeburg, Center of Internal Medicine, Federal Republic of Germany
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