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Bacelar PAA, Santos JPD, Calegar DA, Silva DDAE, Leal DN, Evangelista BBC, Reis ERCD, Mallet JRDS, Carvalho-Costa FA, Jaeger LH, Monteiro KJL. A molecular and morphological study of Ascaris suum in a human-pig contact scenario in northeastern Brazil. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA = BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY : ORGAO OFICIAL DO COLEGIO BRASILEIRO DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2023; 32:e005623. [PMID: 37851714 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612023057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to assess morphologic and genetic data on ascariasis in swine (Sus scrofa domesticus) and humans in low-resource rural and periurban communities in the state of Piauí, Brazil. Our cross-sectional survey included 100 fecal samples obtained from swine and 682 samples from humans. Fifteen pigs were necropsied. Human and porcine fecal samples were examined to identify Ascaris eggs. Parasites obtained in the swine necropsies were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the mitochondrial gene encoding the cytochrome oxidase 1 (cox1) enzyme was partially amplified and sequenced for molecular taxonomy and phylogenetic analyses. The overall prevalence of Ascaris eggs in the swine fecal samples was 16/100 (16%). No Ascaris eggs were identified in the human fecal samples. SEM of six worms recovered from pigs demonstrated morphological characteristics of A. suum. Cox1 sequences were compatible with A. suum reference sequences. Original and reference (GenBank) nucleotide sequences were organized into clusters that did not segregate the parasites by host species or and region. The largest haplogroups were dominated by haplotypes H01, H02 and H31. In the communities studied, there was no epidemiological evidence of the zoonotic transmission of ascariasis at the human-swine interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polyanna Araújo Alves Bacelar
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia e Sistemática Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Molecular, Escritório Regional Fiocruz Piauí, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Teresina, PI, Brasil
| | - Jéssica Pereira Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Molecular, Escritório Regional Fiocruz Piauí, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Teresina, PI, Brasil
| | - Deiviane Aparecida Calegar
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia e Sistemática Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Denilson de Araújo E Silva
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Molecular, Escritório Regional Fiocruz Piauí, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Teresina, PI, Brasil
| | - Daniella Nobre Leal
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Molecular, Escritório Regional Fiocruz Piauí, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Teresina, PI, Brasil
| | - Brenda Bulsara Costa Evangelista
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Molecular, Escritório Regional Fiocruz Piauí, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Teresina, PI, Brasil
| | | | - Jacenir Reis Dos Santos Mallet
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Molecular, Escritório Regional Fiocruz Piauí, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Teresina, PI, Brasil
- Laboratório de Vigilância Entomológica em Díptera e Hemíptera, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Filipe Anibal Carvalho-Costa
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia e Sistemática Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Lauren Hubert Jaeger
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora - UFJF, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil
| | - Kerla Joeline Lima Monteiro
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Molecular, Escritório Regional Fiocruz Piauí, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Teresina, PI, Brasil
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Development of allele-specific PCR methodology (AS-PCR) to screening A. lumbricoides and A. suum. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:2389-2397. [PMID: 35710846 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07572-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Ascaris lumbricoides and Ascaris suum are described as helminths that infect humans and pigs, respectively. It is estimated that infection by A. lumbricoides affects about 447 million individuals living in tropical regions of developing countries. However, there is an increasing number of cases of human ascariasis in countries with no recent history of autochthonous infection by A. lumbricoides. In these places, pigs have been incriminated as the main source of human infection. Conventional parasitological diagnosis does not allow species-specific identification, and the real epidemiological scenario of human and swine ascariasis is still uncertain. Therefore, this work presents the application of a species-specific molecular diagnosis, based on the allele-specific PCR methodology (AS-PCR), using the Internal Transcript Space 1 (ITS-1) of the ribosomal DNA, as a target for differentiating between the two species, using DNA obtained from eggs. To validate the methodology, stool samples positive for Ascaris spp, were obtained from 68 humans from seven Brazilian states and from six pigs from the state of Minas Gerais. All samples obtained from humans were genotyped as A. lumbricoides and all samples obtained from swine were genotyped as A. suum. These results are in agreement with the literature, which demonstrates that in most endemic regions, transmission cycles are separate. Therefore, the execution of this work allowed the availability of a useful methodology for the differential diagnosis of the species, which may contribute to the characterization of the real epidemiological profile of human and swine ascariasis, and to the implementation of future control strategies.
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Nkouayep VR, McManus DP, Mbida M, Gordon CA, Nejsum P. Molecular epidemiology of Ascaris species recovered from humans and pigs in Cameroon. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2022; 116:949-958. [PMID: 35385862 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trac020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Cameroon, considerable research has been conducted on human ascariasis, but no studies have been undertaken to determine whether pigs contribute to the persistence of the infection in children or to unravel the evolutionary relationship between human-derived and pig-derived Ascaris. METHODS DNA was extracted from adult Ascaris worms collected from humans and pigs. Segments of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (nad1) genes were sequenced and analysed for 83 worms to dissect the local transmission dynamics of Ascaris in Cameroon. RESULTS The data showed high genetic diversity and revealed demographically expanding populations in the human and pig Ascaris samples. A restricted gene flow between Ascaris lumbricoides and Ascaris suum populations correlating with the preference for humans and pigs, respectively, as hosts was evident. Phylogenetic analyses and haplotype networks split the haplotypes into two major clusters, A and B. However, support for cross-transmission between hosts and hybridization were revealed through shared haplotypes among worms from both hosts. CONCLUSIONS This study provides useful baseline information for future studies of the genetics of Ascaris in Cameroon and suggests that effective and sustainable control of human ascariasis should target both human and pig hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa R Nkouayep
- Research Unit of Biology and Applied Ecology, Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 067, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Donald P McManus
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Mpoame Mbida
- Research Unit of Biology and Applied Ecology, Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 067, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Catherine A Gordon
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Peter Nejsum
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
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Real-time detection and identification of nematode eggs genus and species through optical imaging. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7219. [PMID: 32350308 PMCID: PMC7190725 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63747-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nematode eggs are pervasive pathogens that infect billions of people and livestock every year. Adult parasitic nematode worms can be distinguished based on their size and morphology. However, their eggs, particularly their species Ascaris lumbricoides and Ascaris suum cannot be identified from each other. Identifying eggs of helminths from wastewater and sludge is important from a public health perspective to minimize the spread of Ascaris infections. Numerous methods exist for nematode identification, from a morphological-based approach to high throughput sequencing technology. However, these techniques are not consistent and often laborious and time-consuming. In this study, we demonstrate that non-invasive real-time identification of eggs is possible based on their intrinsic fluorescence. Using confocal microscopy, we investigate the autofluorescence properties of five species of nematode eggs and observe clear differences between genus and for the first time their species in sludge samples. This non-invasive imaging technique could lead to better understanding of these species and may assist in early control of diseases.
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Abstract
Abstract
Ascariasis is a neglected tropical disease, caused by Ascaris lumbricoides, affecting 800 million people worldwide. Studies focused on the early stage of parasite infection, occurring in the gut, liver and lungs, require the use of a mouse model. In these models, the porcine ascarid, Ascaris suum, is often used. The results obtained from these studies are then used to draw conclusions about A. lumbricoides infections in humans. In the present study, we sought to compare larval migration of A. suum and A. lumbricoides in mouse models. We used a previously developed mouse model of ascariasis, which consists of two mouse strains, where one mouse strain – C57BL/6J – is a model for relative susceptibility and the other – CBA/Ca – for relative resistance. Mice of both strains were infected with either A. suum or A. lumbricoides. The larval burden was assessed in two key organs, the liver and lungs, starting at 6 h post infection (p.i.) and ending on day 8 p.i. Additionally, we measured the larval size of each species (μm) at days 6, 7 and 8 p.i. in the lungs. We found that larval burden in the liver is significantly higher for A. lumbricoides than for A. suum. However, the inverse is true in the lungs. Additionally, our results showed a reduced larval size for A. lumbricoides compared to A. suum.
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Eskew WH, Ledger ML, Lloyd A, Pyles G, Gosker J, Mitchell PD. Intestinal Parasites in an Ottoman Period Latrine from Acre (Israel) Dating to the Early 1800s CE. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2019; 57:575-580. [PMID: 31914507 PMCID: PMC6960243 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2019.57.6.575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to determine the species of parasites that affected the inhabitants of the city of Acre on the coast of the eastern Mediterranean during the Ottoman Period. This is the first archaeological study of parasites in the Ottoman Empire. We analysed sediment from a latrine dating to the early 1800s for the presence of helminth eggs and protozoan parasites which caused dysentery. The samples were examined using light microscopy and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. We found evidence for roundworm (Ascaris lumbricoides), whipworm (Trichuris trichiura), fish tapeworm (Dibothriocephalus sp.), Taenia tapeworm (Taenia sp.), lancet liver fluke (Dicrocoelium dendriticum), and the protozoa Giardia duodenalis and Entamoeba histolytica. The parasite taxa recovered demonstrate the breadth of species present in this coastal city. We consider the effect of Ottoman Period diet, culture, trade and sanitation upon risk of parasitism in this community living 200 years ago.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Abigail Lloyd
- Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Grace Pyles
- Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, UK
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Monteiro KJL, Calegar DA, Santos JP, Bacelar PAA, Coronato-Nunes B, Reis ERC, Boia MN, Carvalho-Costa FA, Jaeger LH. Genetic diversity of Ascaris spp. infecting humans and pigs in distinct Brazilian regions, as revealed by mitochondrial DNA. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218867. [PMID: 31233550 PMCID: PMC6590885 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we assessed the genetic diversity of Ascaris lumbricoides / Ascaris suum circulating in humans and pigs, exploring potential zoonotic cycles in endemic areas in Brazil. We carried out cross-sectional surveys in four municipalities: Santa Isabel do Rio Negro (SIRN-AM) (n = 328); Nossa Senhora de Nazaré (NSN-PI) and Teresina (TER-PI) (n = 605 and n = 297, respectively); and Cachoeiras de Macacu (CAM-RJ) (n = 543). We also studied 61 fecal samples/adult worms obtained from pigs (n = 53 in NSN-PI and n = 8 in TER-PI). A ~450 bp fragment of the Ascaris cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) and ~400 bp of the NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (nad1) were amplified and sequenced. Maximum-likelihood (ML) tree and Median-joining (MJ) haplotype network analyses were performed. We also performed scanning electron micrographs of adult specimens. Positivity rates were 93/328 (28.4%) in SIRN-AM, 6/297 (2.0%) in TER-PI, 0/605 (0%) in NSN-PI, and 6/543 (1.1%) in CAM-RJ. In NSN-PI it reached 11/53 (20.7%) in pigs. The MJ network based on cox1 locus (383 bp) revealed three main clusters, one centered around haplotypes H01/H28/H32 and the other around H07/H11. The cox1 haplotypes had a heterogeneous distribution, showing no pattern by geographic region, and high haplotype diversity. The ML trees based on cox1 and nad1 loci showed a similar topology with each other, and with the haplotype networks. Three distinct clusters were observed. Sequences of cox1 and nad1 from humans and animals were distributed throughout the tree and it was not possible to differentiate specimens of human and swine origin. Ascaris populations obtained from humans and swine in different Brazilian regions are not discriminable through the genetic markers used, which indicates the potential for zoonotic transmission and the need for better control of these infections in swine herds, mainly when created in a peridomestic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerla J. L. Monteiro
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia e Sistemática Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Escritório Técnico Regional, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Deiviane A. Calegar
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia e Sistemática Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jessica P. Santos
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia e Sistemática Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Escritório Técnico Regional, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Polyanna A. A. Bacelar
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia e Sistemática Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Escritório Técnico Regional, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Coronato-Nunes
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia e Sistemática Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Elis Regina C. Reis
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia e Sistemática Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Márcio N. Boia
- Laboratório de Biologia e Parasitologia de Mamíferos Silvestres Reservatórios, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro,Brazil
| | - Filipe A. Carvalho-Costa
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia e Sistemática Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Escritório Técnico Regional, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Lauren H. Jaeger
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia e Sistemática Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Li L, Gibson DI, Zhang LP. An annotated catalogue of the ascaridoid nematode parasites of Chinese vertebrates. Syst Parasitol 2016; 93:1-35. [PMID: 26739284 DOI: 10.1007/s11230-015-9617-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A catalogue, based on both examined specimens and the published literature, of all the ascaridoid nematodes recorded in China is presented. A total of 95 recognised species, representing 26 genera in five families, are reported. Detailed information on the type-host, type-locality, original reference, synonyms, annotated subsequent references of taxonomic importance, other host records, site of infection, location of type-specimens and distribution are listed for each recognised species. Additional comments on the taxonomic status of some species are also given. Moreover, some nomenclatural changes are proposed: (i) Toxascaris selenarctis Wang, 1965 and T. ailuri Wu, He & Hu, 1987 are placed in synonymy with Baylisascaris transfuga (Rudolphi, 1819); (ii) Raphidascaris lophii Wang & Wu, 1991 is a secondary homonym of R. lophii (Wu, 1949) and a replacement name, R. wangi nom. nov., is proposed for the former species; (iii) Aliascaris aetoplatea Luo, 2001 is transferred to Terranova Leiper & Atkinson, 1914, as T. aetoplatea (Luo, 2001) n. comb., and should be considered a species inquirenda; (iv) Ophidascaris orientalis (Wang, 1965) is resurrected as a valid species; (v) Phocascaris longispiculum Wang & Wu, 1991 and Ophidascaris agkistrodontis Wang, 1979 are treated as incertae sedis; and (vi) Hysterothylacium sauridae Li, Xu & Zhang, 2008 is listed as a nomen nudum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - David I Gibson
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Lu-Ping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
Soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) infect over one billion people worldwide. Ascariasis may mimic a number of conditions, and individual clinical diagnosis often requires a thorough work-up. Kato-Katz thick smears are the standard detection method for Ascaris and, despite low sensitivity, are often used for mapping and monitoring and evaluation of national control programmes. Although increased sampling (number of stools) and diagnostic (number of examinations per stool) efforts can improve sensitivity, Kato-Katz is less sensitive than other microscopy methods such as FLOTAC®. Antibody-based diagnostics may be a sensitive diagnostic tool; however, their usefulness is limited to assessing transmission in areas aiming for elimination. Molecular diagnostics are highly sensitive and specific, but high costs limit their use to individual diagnosis, drug - efficacy studies and identification of Ascaris suum. Increased investments in research on Ascaris and other STHs are urgently required for the development of diagnostic assays to support efforts to reduce human suffering caused by these infections.
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Oh CS, Seo M, Hong JH, Chai JY, Oh SW, Park JB, Shin DH. Ancient mitochondrial DNA analyses of ascaris eggs discovered in coprolites from joseon tomb. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2015; 53:237-42. [PMID: 25925186 PMCID: PMC4416368 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2015.53.2.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of ancient DNA (aDNA) extracted from Ascaris is very important for understanding the phylogenetic lineage of the parasite species. When aDNAs obtained from a Joseon tomb (SN2-19-1) coprolite in which Ascaris eggs were identified were amplified with primers for cytochrome b (cyt b) and 18S small subunit ribosomal RNA (18S rRNA) gene, the outcome exhibited Ascaris specific amplicon bands. By cloning, sequencing, and analysis of the amplified DNA, we obtained information valuable for comprehending genetic lineage of Ascaris prevalent among pre-modern Joseon peoples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Seok Oh
- Bioanthropology and Paleopathology Lab, Institute of Forensic Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - Min Seo
- Department of Parasitology and Research Center for Mummy, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-715, Korea
| | - Jong Ha Hong
- Bioanthropology and Paleopathology Lab, Institute of Forensic Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - Jong-Yil Chai
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - Seung Whan Oh
- Hangang Institute of Cultural Heritage, Seoul 143-904, Korea
| | | | - Dong Hoon Shin
- Bioanthropology and Paleopathology Lab, Institute of Forensic Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea
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Tenora F. Taxonomic status of several sibling species - parasites in man and in other vertebrates. ACTA UNIVERSITATIS AGRICULTURAE ET SILVICULTURAE MENDELIANAE BRUNENSIS 2014. [DOI: 10.11118/actaun200755050235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Assessing the zoonotic potential ofAscaris suumandTrichuris suis: looking to the future from an analysis of the past. J Helminthol 2012; 86:148-55. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x12000193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe two geohelminths,Ascaris lumbricoidesandTrichuris trichiura, infect more than a billion people worldwide but are only reported sporadically in the developed part of the world. In contrast, the closely related speciesA. suumandT. suisin pigs have a truly global distribution, with infected pigs found in most production systems. In areas where pigs and humans live in close proximity or where pig manure is used as fertilizer on vegetables for human consumption, there is a potential risk of cross-infections. We therefore review this relationship betweenAscarisandTrichurisin the human and pig host, with special focus on recent evidence concerning the zoonotic potential of these parasites, and identify some open questions for future research.
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Leles D, Gardner SL, Reinhard K, Iñiguez A, Araujo A. Are Ascaris lumbricoides and Ascaris suum a single species? Parasit Vectors 2012; 5:42. [PMID: 22348306 PMCID: PMC3293767 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-5-42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the original description and naming of Ascaris lumbricoides from humans by Linnaeus in 1758 and later of Ascaris suum from pigs by Goeze 1782, these species have been considered to be valid. Four hypotheses relative to the conspecificity or lack thereof (and thus origin of these species) are possible: 1) Ascaris lumbricoides (usually infecting humans) and Ascaris suum (recorded mostly from pigs) are both valid species, with the two species originating via a speciation event from a common ancestor sometime before the domestication of pigs by humans, or 2) Ascaris lumbricoides in humans is derived directly from the species A. suum found in pigs with A. suum then existing as a persistent ancestor after formation of A. lumbricoides, or 3) Ascaris suum is derived directly from A. lumbricoides with the persistent ancestor being A. lumbricoides and A. suum being the newly derived species, and finally, 4) Ascaris lumbricoides and A. suum are the same species, this hypothesis being supported by studies showing both low morphological and low genetic divergence at several genes. We present and discuss paleoparasitological and genetic evidence that complement new data to evaluate the origin and evolution of Ascaris spp. in humans and pigs, and the uniqueness of the species in both hosts. Finally, we conclude that Ascaris lumbricoides and A. suum are a single species and that the name A. lumbricoides Linnaeus 1758 has taxonomic priority; therefore A. suum Goeze 1782 should be considered a synonym of A. lumbricoides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Leles
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, MIP-UFF, Rua Professor Hernani Melo 101, São Domingos, Niterói, 24210-130, RJ, Brazil
| | - Scott L Gardner
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska- Lincoln, Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology W 529 Nebraska Hall University of Nebraska-Lincoln Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0514 USA
| | - Karl Reinhard
- School of Natural Resource Sciences, University of Nebraska at Lincoln, 6940 Van Dorn Street Ste 105, Lincoln, Nebraska 68506, USA
| | - Alena Iñiguez
- Intituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, 21045-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - Adauto Araujo
- Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rua Leopoldo Bulhões 1480, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, 21041-210, RJ, Brazil
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Liu GH, Wu CY, Song HQ, Wei SJ, Xu MJ, Lin RQ, Zhao GH, Huang SY, Zhu XQ. Comparative analyses of the complete mitochondrial genomes of Ascaris lumbricoides and Ascaris suum from humans and pigs. Gene 2011; 492:110-6. [PMID: 22075400 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2011.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Revised: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ascaris lumbricoides and Ascaris suum are parasitic nematodes living in the small intestine of humans and pigs, and can cause the disease ascariasis. For long, there has been controversy as to whether the two ascaridoid taxa represent the same species due to their significant resemblances in morphology. However, the complete mitochondrial (mt) genome data have been lacking for A. lumbricoides in spite of human and animal health significance and socio-economic impact globally of these parasites. In the present study, we sequenced the complete mt genomes of A. lumbricoides and A. suum (China isolate), which was 14,303 bp and 14,311 bp in size, respectively. The identity of the mt genomes was 98.1% between A. lumbricoides and A. suum (China isolate), and 98.5% between A. suum (China isolate) and A. suum (USA isolate). Both genomes are circular, and consist of 36 genes, including 12 genes for proteins, 2 genes for rRNA and 22 genes for tRNA, which are consistent with that of all other species of ascaridoid studied to date. All genes are transcribed in the same direction and have a nucleotide composition high in A and T (71.7% for A. lumbricoides and 71.8% for A. suum). The AT bias had a significant effect on both the codon usage pattern and amino acid composition of proteins. Phylogenetic analyses of A. lumbricoides and A. suum using concatenated amino acid sequences of 12 protein-coding genes, with three different computational algorithms (Bayesian analysis, maximum likelihood and maximum parsimony) all clustered in a clade with high statistical support, indicating that A. lumbricoides and A. suum was very closely related. These mt genome data and the results provide some additional genetic evidence that A. lumbricoides and A. suum may represent the same species. The mt genome data presented in this study are also useful novel markers for studying the molecular epidemiology and population genetics of Ascaris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Hua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, PR China
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16
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Helminth parasites in pigs: New challenges in pig production and current research highlights. Vet Parasitol 2011; 180:72-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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17
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Shalaby HA, Abdel-Shafy S, Derbala AA. The role of dogs in transmission of Ascaris lumbricoides for humans. Parasitol Res 2010; 106:1021-6. [PMID: 20162430 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-010-1755-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2009] [Accepted: 01/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The dog's role as a definitive host for a number of zoonotic parasites has been widely studied and recognized as being a significant public health problem worldwide. This study aimed to report, for the first time, our investigation into the role of dogs as a biological transmitter for Ascaris lumbricoides, via necropsy of a sample of rural stray dogs in a developing community in Giza governorate, Egypt, where promiscuous defecation by human was common, and examination for A. lumbricoides worms as well as other ascaridiod nematodes of dogs. The recovered worms were identified in the laboratory after observing cephalic alae and egg morphology under a microscope, as well as scanning electron microscopy of their anterior ends. Of the 25 dogs examined, 14 were infected with Toxocara canis (56.0%), two with Toxascaris leonina (8.0%), and two with A. lumbricoides (8.0%). One dog was co-infected with T. canis and T. leonina. A. lumbricoides eggs were shown to be viable and 75-80% of eggs embryonated following 3 weeks of incubation at 28 degrees C. The present study suggested that dogs could act as reservoir hosts of A. lumbricoides and environmental contaminators that increase risk of infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Shalaby
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, National Research Center, Giza, Egypt.
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Peng W, Yuan K, Hu M, Gasser RB. Recent insights into the epidemiology and genetics of Ascaris in China using molecular tools. Parasitology 2006; 134:325-30. [PMID: 17052373 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182006001521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2006] [Revised: 08/16/2006] [Accepted: 08/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Ascaris is a large parasitic roundworm (nematode) of the small intestine of humans and pigs, which causes the socio-economically important disease, ascariasis. To better understand the relationship of Ascaris between the 2 host species, recent studies in China have focused on investigating the genetics and epidemiology of Ascaris from humans and pigs using a mutation scanning-based approach. Findings provided support for a low level of gene flow between the human and porcine Ascaris populations. Extending the studies of genotypic variability within Ascaris from humans and pigs, experimental infections of mice and pigs with selected genotypes of Ascaris were carried out. Initial results indicate that there is a significant difference in the ability of Ascaris eggs of genotype G1 (derived from human) and G3 (derived from pig) to infect and establish as adults in pigs, supporting the difference in the frequencies of these genotypes in natural Ascaris populations between pigs and humans in China. Taken together, current information supports that there is limited cross-infection of Ascaris between humans and pigs in endemic regions and that pigs are not a significant reservoir of human infection with the adult nematode in such areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Peng
- Department of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia.
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Peng W, Yuan K, Hu M, Peng G, Zhou X, Hu N, Gasser RB. Experimental infections of pigs and mice with selected genotypes of Ascaris. Parasitology 2006; 133:651-7. [PMID: 16834792 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182006000643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2006] [Revised: 05/13/2006] [Accepted: 05/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Extending a previous investigation of the genotypic variability within Ascaris from humans and pigs, experimental infections of mice and pigs with selected genotypes of Ascaris were performed in the present study to explore possible host affiliation. Initial findings indicate that there is a significant difference in the ability of Ascaris eggs of genotype G1 (derived from human) and G3 (derived from pig) to infect and establish as larvae in mice and as adults in pigs, supporting the difference in the frequencies of the genotypes reported previously in natural Ascaris populations in pigs and humans in areas in China endemic for ascariasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Peng
- Jiangxi Medical Science Research Institute, Nanchang University, 461 Ba Yi Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, People's Republic of China.
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Peng W, Yuan K, Hu M, Zhou X, Gasser RB. Mutation scanning-coupled analysis of haplotypic variability in mitochondrial DNA regions reveals low gene flow between human and porcineAscaris in endemic regions of China. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:4317-26. [PMID: 16287175 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Haplotypic variation within and among the Ascaris populations representing six provinces in China was investigated. Mitochondrial DNA regions in the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (nad1) genes were amplified by PCR from total genomic DNA samples (n > 720) from Ascaris individuals from humans and pigs, and subjected to mutation scanning and subsequent selective sequencing. For the cox1, ten different electrophoretic profiles were recorded for human Ascaris, and the same number for pig Ascaris, one of them being common to both host species. For the nad1, 11 different profiles were detected for human Ascaris, and 15 for pig Ascaris. Having defined all haplotypes (20 for pcox1 and 26 for pnad1) by sequencing, their frequencies were estimated in each of the two host species and each of the six provinces. For each mitochondrial region, the frequency of the different haplotypes varied considerably, depending on host species and geographical origin. Analysis of the sequence data (representing all haplotypes for each mitochondrial locus) by F-statistics indicated restricted gene flow between human Ascaris and pig Ascaris, and supported the conclusions from previous molecular epidemiological investigations that pigs are not a significant source of Ascaris infection in humans in endemic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Peng
- Department of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
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Loreille O, Bouchet F. Evolution of ascariasis in humans and pigs: a multi-disciplinary approach. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2003; 98 Suppl 1:39-46. [PMID: 12687761 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762003000900008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The nematode parasite Ascaris lumbricoides infects the digestive tracts of over 1.4 billion people worldwide, and its sister species, Ascaris suum, has infected a countless number of domesticated and feral pigs. It is generally thought that the putative ancestor to these worms infected either humans or pigs, but with the advent of domestication, they had ample opportunity to jump to a new host and subsequently specialize and evolve into a new species. While nuclear DNA makers decisively separate the two populations, mitochondrial sequences reveal that three major haplotypes are found in A. suum and in A. lumbricoides, indicating either occasional hybridization, causing introgression of gene trees, or retention of polymorphism dating back to the original ancestral species. This article provides an illustration of the combined contribution of parasitology, archaeoparasitology, genetics and paleogenetics to the history of ascariasis. We specifically investigate the molecular history of ascariasis in humans by sequencing DNA from the eggs of Ascaris found among ancient archeological remains. The findings of this paleogenetic survey will explain whether the three mitochondrial haplotypes result from recent hybridization and introgression, due to intensive human-pig interaction, or whether their co-occurrence predates pig husbandry, perhaps dating back to the common ancestor. We hope to show how human-pig interaction has shaped the recent evolutionary history of this disease, perhaps revealing the identify of the ancestral host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odile Loreille
- Institute of Evolutionary and Ecological Sciences, University of Leiden, PO Box 9516, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Zhu X, Chilton NB, Jacobs DE, Boes J, Gasser RB. Characterisation of Ascaris from human and pig hosts by nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences. Int J Parasitol 1999; 29:469-78. [PMID: 10333331 DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7519(98)00226-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The sequences of the nuclear ribosomal DNA region spanning the first internal transcribed spacer, the 5.8S rRNA gene and the second internal transcribed spacer were determined for Ascaris samples from pigs and humans from different geographical regions. The sequences of the 5.8S gene and the second internal transcribed spacer were the same for all samples examined, whereas all Ascaris samples from humans had six (1.3%) nucleotide differences in the first internal transcribed spacer compared with those from pigs. These differences provided some support for the existence of separate species of Ascaris or population variation within this genus. Using a nucleotide difference within a site for the restriction enzyme HaeIII, a PCR-linked restriction fragment length polymorphism method was established which allowed the delineation of the Ascaris samples from pigs and humans used herein. Exploiting the sequence differences in the first internal transcribed spacer, a PCR-based single-strand conformation polymorphism method was established for future analysis of the genetic structure of pig and human Ascaris populations in sympatric and allopatric zones.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Ascariasis/parasitology
- Ascariasis/veterinary
- Ascaris/classification
- Ascaris/genetics
- Ascaris/isolation & purification
- Base Sequence
- DNA, Helminth/chemistry
- DNA, Helminth/genetics
- DNA, Ribosomal/chemistry
- DNA, Ribosomal/genetics
- Genes, rRNA
- Humans
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length
- Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational
- RNA, Ribosomal, 5.8S/genetics
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Swine
- Swine Diseases/parasitology
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Affiliation(s)
- X Zhu
- Department of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
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Anderson TJ, Romero-Abal ME, Jaenike J. Genetic structure and epidemiology of Ascaris populations: patterns of host affiliation in Guatemala. Parasitology 1993; 107 ( Pt 3):319-34. [PMID: 7901831 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182000079294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In Guatemalan villages people commonly rear pigs, and both hosts may be infected with Ascaris. This study was designed to ask whether both humans and pigs are potential hosts in a single parasite transmission cycle in such villages, or alternatively, if there are two separate transmission cycles, one involving pigs and one involving human hosts. Parasites were collected from both host species from locations in the north and south of Guatemala. Allelic variation in the nuclear genome of Ascaris was measured using enzyme electrophoresis, while mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence variation was quantified using restriction mapping. Low levels of enzyme polymorphism were found in Ascaris, but allele frequencies at two loci, mannose phosphate isomerase and esterase, suggest that there is little gene exchange between parasite populations from humans and pigs. MtDNA haplotypes fall into two distinct clusters which differ in sequence by 3-4%; the two clusters broadly correspond to worms collected from humans and those collected from pigs. However, some parasites collected from humans have mtDNA characteristic of the 'pig Ascaris' haplotype cluster, while some parasites collected from pigs have mtDNA characteristic of the 'human Ascaris' haplotype cluster. These shared haplotypes are unlikely to represent contemporary cross-infection events. Patterns of phylogenetic similarity and geographical distribution of these haplotypes suggest, instead, that they are the result of two historical introgressions of mtDNA between the two host-associated Ascaris populations. The results clearly demonstrate that Ascaris from humans and pigs are involved in separate transmission cycles in Guatemala.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Anderson
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, NY 14627
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Ansel M, Thibaut M. [NO TITLE AVAILABLE]. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 1975. [DOI: 10.1590/s0037-86821975000400003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chelicerae de Amblyomma cajennense foram examinados em microscopia de varredura. Esta técnica mostrou detalhes não evidenciáveis ao poder de resolução do microscópio ótico.
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