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Boma S, Vitouley SH, Somda MB, Bengaly Z, Houaga I, Lombo Y, Tchamdja E, Dayo GK. In vivo analysis of trypanocidal drug resistance in sahelian goats infected by Trypanosoma vivax strains collected in northern Togo. Vet Parasitol 2022; 306:109723. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2022.109723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Ooi CP, Schuster S, Cren-Travaillé C, Bertiaux E, Cosson A, Goyard S, Perrot S, Rotureau B. The Cyclical Development of Trypanosoma vivax in the Tsetse Fly Involves an Asymmetric Division. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 6:115. [PMID: 27734008 PMCID: PMC5039179 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma vivax is the most prevalent trypanosome species in African cattle. It is thought to be transmitted by tsetse flies after cyclical development restricted to the vector mouthparts. Here, we investigated the kinetics of T. vivax development in Glossina morsitans morsitans by serial dissections over 1 week to reveal differentiation and proliferation stages. After 3 days, stable numbers of attached epimastigotes were seen proliferating by symmetric division in the cibarium and proboscis, consistent with colonization and maintenance of a parasite population for the remaining lifespan of the tsetse fly. Strikingly, some asymmetrically dividing cells were also observed in proportions compatible with a continuous production of pre- metacyclic trypomastigotes. The involvement of this asymmetric division in T. vivax metacyclogenesis is discussed and compared to other trypanosomatids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cher-Pheng Ooi
- Trypanosome Transmission Group, Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur and INSERM U1201 Paris, France
| | - Sarah Schuster
- Trypanosome Transmission Group, Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur and INSERM U1201 Paris, France
| | - Christelle Cren-Travaillé
- Trypanosome Transmission Group, Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur and INSERM U1201 Paris, France
| | - Eloise Bertiaux
- Trypanosome Transmission Group, Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur and INSERM U1201 Paris, France
| | - Alain Cosson
- Trypanosomatids Infectious Processes Unit, Department of Infection and Epidemiology, Institut Pasteur Paris, France
| | - Sophie Goyard
- Trypanosomatids Infectious Processes Unit, Department of Infection and Epidemiology, Institut Pasteur Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Perrot
- Trypanosome Transmission Group, Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur and INSERM U1201 Paris, France
| | - Brice Rotureau
- Trypanosome Transmission Group, Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur and INSERM U1201 Paris, France
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Greif G, Rodriguez M, Reyna-Bello A, Robello C, Alvarez-Valin F. Kinetoplast adaptations in American strains from Trypanosoma vivax. Mutat Res 2015; 773:69-82. [PMID: 25847423 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The mitochondrion role changes during the digenetic life cycle of African trypanosomes. Owing to the low abundance of glucose in the insect vector (tsetse flies) the parasites are dependent upon a fully functional mitochondrion, capable of performing oxidative phosphorylation. Nevertheless, inside the mammalian host (bloodstream forms), which is rich in nutrients, parasite proliferation relies on glycolysis, and the mitochondrion is partially redundant. In this work we perform a comparative study of the mitochondrial genome (kinetoplast) in different strains of Trypanosoma vivax. The comparison was conducted between a West African strain that goes through a complete life cycle and two American strains that are mechanically transmitted (by different vectors) and remain as bloodstream forms only. It was found that while the African strain has a complete and apparently fully functional kinetoplast, the American T. vivax strains have undergone a drastic process of mitochondrial genome degradation, in spite of the recent introduction of these parasites in America. Many of their genes exhibit different types of mutations that are disruptive of function such as major deletions, frameshift causing indels and missense mutations. Moreover, all but three genes (A6-ATPase, RPS12 and MURF2) are not edited in the American strains, whereas editing takes place normally in all (editable) genes from the African strain. Two of these genes, A6-ATPase and RPS12, are known to play an essential function during bloodstream stage. Analysis of the minicircle population shows that its diversity has been greatly reduced, remaining mostly those minicircles that carry guide RNAs necessary for the editing of A6-ATPase and RPS12. The fact that these two genes remain functioning normally, as opposed to that reported in Trypanosoma brucei-like trypanosomes that restrict their life cycle to the bloodstream forms, along with other differences, is indicative that the American T. vivax strains are following a novel evolutionary pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Greif
- Unidad de Biología Molecular, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Matías Rodriguez
- Sección Biomatemática, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la Republica, Uruguay
| | - Armando Reyna-Bello
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Carrera en Ingeniería en Biotecnología, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas, Ecuador; Centro de Estudios Biomédicos y Veterinarios, Universidad Nacional Experimental Simón Rodríguez-IDECYT, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Carlos Robello
- Unidad de Biología Molecular, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Uruguay; Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República Uruguay
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Gibson W. The origins of the trypanosome genome strains Trypanosoma brucei brucei TREU 927, T. b. gambiense DAL 972, T. vivax Y486 and T. congolense IL3000. Parasit Vectors 2012; 5:71. [PMID: 22483376 PMCID: PMC3361472 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-5-71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 04/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The genomes of several tsetse-transmitted African trypanosomes (Trypanosoma brucei brucei, T. b. gambiense, T. vivax, T. congolense) have been sequenced and are available to search online. The trypanosome strains chosen for the genome sequencing projects were selected because they had been well characterised in the laboratory, but all were isolated several decades ago. The purpose of this short review is to provide some background information on the origins and biological characterisation of these strains as a source of reference for future users of the genome data. With high throughput sequencing of many more trypanosome genomes in prospect, it is important to understand the phylogenetic relationships of the genome strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Gibson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1UG, UK.
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D'Archivio S, Medina M, Cosson A, Chamond N, Rotureau B, Minoprio P, Goyard S. Genetic engineering of Trypanosoma (Dutonella) vivax and in vitro differentiation under axenic conditions. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2011; 5:e1461. [PMID: 22216367 PMCID: PMC3246432 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma vivax is one of the most common parasites responsible for animal trypanosomosis, and although this disease is widespread in Africa and Latin America, very few studies have been conducted on the parasite's biology. This is in part due to the fact that no reproducible experimental methods had been developed to maintain the different evolutive forms of this trypanosome under laboratory conditions. Appropriate protocols were developed in the 1990s for the axenic maintenance of three major animal Trypanosoma species: T. b. brucei, T. congolense and T. vivax. These pioneer studies rapidly led to the successful genetic manipulation of T. b. brucei and T. congolense. Advances were made in the understanding of these parasites' biology and virulence, and new drug targets were identified. By contrast, challenging in vitro conditions have been developed for T. vivax in the past, and this per se has contributed to defer both its genetic manipulation and subsequent gene function studies. Here we report on the optimization of non-infective T. vivax epimastigote axenic cultures and on the process of parasite in vitro differentiation into metacyclic infective forms. We have also constructed the first T. vivax specific expression vector that drives constitutive expression of the luciferase reporter gene. This vector was then used to establish and optimize epimastigote transfection. We then developed highly reproducible conditions that can be used to obtain and select stably transfected mutants that continue metacyclogenesis and are infectious in immunocompetent rodents. Trypanosoma vivax is a major parasite of domestic animals in Africa and Americas. Most studies on this parasite have focused on gathering epidemiological data in the field. Studies on its biology, metabolism and interaction with the host immune system have been hindered by a lack of suitable tools for its maintenance in vitro and its genetic engineering. The work presented herein focused on determining axenic conditions for culturing and growing insect (epimastigote) forms of T. vivax and prompting their differentiation into metacyclic forms that are infectious for the mammalian host. In addition, we describe the development of appropriate vectors for parasite transgenesis and selection in vitro and their use in analyzing genetically modified parasite lines. Finally, we report on the construction of the first T. vivax recombinant strain that stably expresses a foreign gene that maintains its infectivity in immunocompetent mice. Our work is a significant breakthrough in the field as it should lead, in the future, to the identification of parasite genes that are relevant to its biology and fate, and to work that may shed light on the intricacies of T. vivax–host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon D'Archivio
- Laboratoire des Processus Infectieux à Trypanosoma, Department of Infection and Epidemiology, Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Medina
- Laboratoire des Processus Infectieux à Trypanosoma, Department of Infection and Epidemiology, Paris, France
| | - Alain Cosson
- Laboratoire des Processus Infectieux à Trypanosoma, Department of Infection and Epidemiology, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Chamond
- Laboratoire des Processus Infectieux à Trypanosoma, Department of Infection and Epidemiology, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Cristallographie et RMN Biologiques - Université Paris Descartes France, CNRS UMR 8015, Paris, France
| | - Brice Rotureau
- Unité de Biologie Cellulaire des Trypanosomes, CNRS URA 2581, Department of Parasitology, Paris, France
| | - Paola Minoprio
- Laboratoire des Processus Infectieux à Trypanosoma, Department of Infection and Epidemiology, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Sophie Goyard
- Laboratoire des Processus Infectieux à Trypanosoma, Department of Infection and Epidemiology, Paris, France
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Chamond N, Cosson A, Blom-Potar MC, Jouvion G, D'Archivio S, Medina M, Droin-Bergère S, Huerre M, Goyard S, Minoprio P. Trypanosoma vivax infections: pushing ahead with mouse models for the study of Nagana. I. Parasitological, hematological and pathological parameters. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2010; 4:e792. [PMID: 20706595 PMCID: PMC2919405 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2009] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
African trypanosomiasis is a severe parasitic disease that affects both humans and livestock. Several different species may cause animal trypanosomosis and although Trypanosoma vivax (sub-genus Duttonella) is currently responsible for the vast majority of debilitating cases causing great economic hardship in West Africa and South America, little is known about its biology and interaction with its hosts. Relatively speaking, T. vivax has been more than neglected despite an urgent need to develop efficient control strategies. Some pioneering rodent models were developed to circumvent the difficulties of working with livestock, but disappointedly were for the most part discontinued decades ago. To gain more insight into the biology of T. vivax, its interactions with the host and consequently its pathogenesis, we have developed a number of reproducible murine models using a parasite isolate that is infectious for rodents. Firstly, we analyzed the parasitical characteristics of the infection using inbred and outbred mouse strains to compare the impact of host genetic background on the infection and on survival rates. Hematological studies showed that the infection gave rise to severe anemia, and histopathological investigations in various organs showed multifocal inflammatory infiltrates associated with extramedullary hematopoiesis in the liver, and cerebral edema. The models developed are consistent with field observations and pave the way for subsequent in-depth studies into the pathogenesis of T. vivax - trypanosomosis. While most research efforts have focused on T. b. brucei trypanosomosis, infections caused by T. vivax and T. congolense which predominate in livestock and small ruminants have been subject to little study. In order to circumvent the major constraints inherent to studying T. vivax/host interactions in the field, we developed in vivo murine models of T. vivax trypanosomosis. We show here that the mouse experimental model reproduce most features of the infection in cattle. More than reflecting only the main parasitological parameters of the animal infection, the mouse model can be used to elucidate the immunopathological mechanisms involved in parasite evasion and persistence, and the tissue damage seen during infection and disease. Studies planned for the future will allow us to further investigate T. vivax–induced immunopathology in an experimental context for which all the necessary tools are now available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Chamond
- Laboratoire d'Immunobiologie des Infections à Trypanosoma, Département d'Immunologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Alain Cosson
- Laboratoire d'Immunobiologie des Infections à Trypanosoma, Département d'Immunologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Marie Christine Blom-Potar
- Laboratoire d'Immunobiologie des Infections à Trypanosoma, Département d'Immunologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Grégory Jouvion
- Unité de Recherche et d'Expertise Histotechnologie et Pathologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Simon D'Archivio
- Laboratoire d'Immunobiologie des Infections à Trypanosoma, Département d'Immunologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Medina
- Laboratoire d'Immunobiologie des Infections à Trypanosoma, Département d'Immunologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Sabrina Droin-Bergère
- Unité de Recherche et d'Expertise Histotechnologie et Pathologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Michel Huerre
- Unité de Recherche et d'Expertise Histotechnologie et Pathologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Goyard
- Laboratoire d'Immunobiologie des Infections à Trypanosoma, Département d'Immunologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Paola Minoprio
- Laboratoire d'Immunobiologie des Infections à Trypanosoma, Département d'Immunologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Recent biological investigations of the African trypanosomes have been moving away from their previous preoccupation with the phenomenon of antigenic variation. The feeling has arisen that antigenic variation, as demonstrated by the Trypanozoon and Nannomonas subgenera of trypanosomes, is too extensive, the number of serodemes too large and the coexistence of different species in many areas too complicated, to allow any immunoprophylaxis based on antibodies to variable antigens. This is, of course, not to rule out possible biochemical intervention in the biosynthesis or export of VSG molecules by trypanosomes. However, in the case of T. vivax, more information is required concerning antigenic variation and coat structure in this organism before these avenues of investigation are discarded. Ways of improving the yield of mature metacyclic trypanosomes in vitro must be found, so that the contribution of metacyclic variable antigens to the induction of immunity in T. vivax infection can be elucidated. The number of bloodstream VATs must be determined (perhaps by genetic rather than serological means), as there is evidence both for VAT exhaustion contributing to the self-cure of infected hosts, and for a possible limit to the number of VATs which can be expressed in infections in Africa. In South America nothing is known of the number of serodemes of T. vivax which exist, although such knowledge is obviously required, especially if immunity to bloodstream variants is the more important mechanism of inducing immunity to this trypanosome and true cyclical transmission is rare in, or absent from, that subcontinent. Further, in a fragile organism, with a coat of suspect integrity, the method of VSG packing and the relative exposure of underlying surface molecules seems to hold out even more hope for an immunological intervention based on cell surface but invariant molecules than is the case with T. brucei or T. congolense, although this is being attempted with the latter species. In T. brucei infections the appearance of the non-dividing stumpy population acts as a stimulus to the induction of humoral immune responses. In ruminants, antibody responses to T. vivax, at least as judged from lysis tests, lag behind the appearance of the different VATs by some days. It would be important to determine, therefore, whether, if late bloodstream forms could be induced more frequently in the ruminant, the speed of anti-VAT responses could be enhanced. Whilst self-cure appears to be relatively common in T. vivax infections, it is unlikely that it results in sterile immunity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Gardiner
- International Laboratory for Research on Animal Diseases, Nairobi, Kenya
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Abstract
Morphological changes were observed in the blood forms of Trypanosoma vivax strain Y486 in mice on Days 12-13 of infection, following the peak parasitaemia. During this period elongate trypomastigotes, 25-40 micron long, were observed, most showing an anterior movement of the kinetoplast towards the nucleus and some having a blunt posterior end. In a few parasites a complete transformation to the epimastigote form, 40-42 micron long, was observed. Small sphaeromastigotes were also present, especially in the fine capillaries of various organs. Smears and electron microscopy suggested the presence of extra-vascular forms in the spleen.
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Agu WE. The effect of isometamidium chloride on Trypanosoma vivax occurring within the insect vector (Glossina). ZEITSCHRIFT FUR PARASITENKUNDE (BERLIN, GERMANY) 1984; 70:431-5. [PMID: 6147941 DOI: 10.1007/bf00926682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The effect of chemoprophylaxis on developing and mature Trypanosoma vivax in Glossina tachinoides and G. palpalis palpalis was evaluated. Newly emerged G. tachinoides and G.p. palpalis flies were infected with T. vivax by allowing them to feed on parasitaemic animals. Three experiments were conducted and in each the flies were divided into two groups. One group of infected flies was fed on animals treated 1 day previously with isometamidium (1 mg/kg body wt. in a 4% soln.) after which the surviving flies were dissected and examined for trypanosomes. The other group was fed on untreated animals. Out of a total number of 123 flies which fed on treated animals, none were found to be infected, while 51 of 127 flies which fed on untreated animals were infected. It was concluded that prophylactic treatment of animals with isometamidium would eliminate T. vivax infections from the insect vector. The potential significance of this finding in the control of trypanosomiasis in the field is discussed.
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Anosa VO. Diseases produced by Trypanosoma vivax in ruminants, horses and rodents. ZENTRALBLATT FUR VETERINARMEDIZIN. REIHE B. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. SERIES B 1983; 30:717-41. [PMID: 6367315 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.1983.tb01898.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Moloo SK. Studies on the infection rates of a West African stock of Trypanosoma vivax in Glossina morsitans morsitans and G. m. centralis. ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY 1982; 76:355-9. [PMID: 7125759 DOI: 10.1080/00034983.1982.11687552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Moloo SK. Studies on the transmission of a West African stock of Trypanosoma vivax to rabbits, rats, mice and goats by Glossina morsitans morsitans and G. m. centralis. Int J Parasitol 1981; 11:191-6. [PMID: 7275475 DOI: 10.1016/0020-7519(81)90048-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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de Gee AL, Shah SD, Doyle JJ. Trypanosoma vivax: sequence of antigenic variants in mice and goats. Exp Parasitol 1979; 48:352-8. [PMID: 510439 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4894(79)90119-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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MIERT AVAN, DUIN CTVAN, BUSSER F, PERIEA N, INGH TSGAMVANDEN, NEYS-BACKERS MHHDE. The effect of flurbiprofen, a potent non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent, upon Trypanosoma vivax infection in goats. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 1978. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.1978.tb00306.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Slots JM, van Miert AS, Akkerman JW, de Gee AL. Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosoma vivax: antigen-antibody complexes as a cause of platelet serotonin release in vitro and in vivo. Exp Parasitol 1977; 43:211-9. [PMID: 891705 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4894(77)90025-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Clinico-pathological and pathomorphological observations in trypanosoma vivax infection cattle. Vet Parasitol 1976. [DOI: 10.1016/0304-4017(76)90082-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Veenendaal G, van Miert A, van den Ingh T, Schotman A, Zwart D. A comparison of the role of kinins and serotonin in endotoxin induced fever and Trypanosoma vivax infections in the goat. Res Vet Sci 1976. [DOI: 10.1016/s0034-5288(18)33335-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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