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Omondi ZN, Caner A, Arserim SK. Trypanosomes and Gut Microbiota Interactions in Triatomine bugs and Tsetse Flies: A vectorial perspective. Med Vet Entomol 2024. [PMID: 38651684 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Triatomines (kissing bugs) and tsetse flies (genus: Glossina) are natural vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma brucei, respectively. T. cruzi is the causative agent of Chagas disease, endemic in Latin America, while T. brucei causes African sleeping sickness disease in sub-Saharan Africa. Both triatomines and tsetse flies are host to a diverse community of gut microbiota that co-exist with the parasites in the gut. Evidence has shown that the gut microbiota of both vectors plays a key role in parasite development and transmission. However, knowledge on the mechanism involved in parasite-microbiota interaction remains limited and scanty. Here, we attempt to analyse Trypanosoma spp. and gut microbiota interactions in tsetse flies and triatomines, with a focus on understanding the possible mechanisms involved by reviewing published articles on the subject. We report that interactions between Trypanosoma spp. and gut microbiota can be both direct and indirect. In direct interactions, the gut microbiota directly affects the parasite via the formation of biofilms and the production of anti-parasitic molecules, while on the other hand, Trypanosoma spp. produces antimicrobial proteins to regulate gut microbiota of the vector. In indirect interactions, the parasite and gut bacteria affect each other through host vector-activated processes such as immunity and metabolism. Although we are beginning to understand how gut microbiota interacts with the Trypanosoma parasites, there is still a need for further studies on functional role of gut microbiota in parasite development to maximize the use of symbiotic bacteria in vector and parasite control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeph Nelson Omondi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ayşe Caner
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
- Department of Basic Oncology, Institute of Health Sciences, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Suha Kenan Arserim
- Vocational School of Health Sciences, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
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2
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Spencer N, Santee M, Wetherhold A, Rio RVM. Draft genome sequence of Wigglesworthia glossinidia "palpalis gambiensis" isolate. Microbiol Resour Announc 2024; 13:e0091223. [PMID: 38206026 PMCID: PMC10868223 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00912-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The 0.719 Mb genome of the tsetse endosymbiont, Wigglesworthia glossinidia, from Glossina palpalis gambiensis is presented. This Wigglesworthia genome retains 611 protein-coding sequences and a 25.3% GC content. A cryptic plasmid is conserved, between Wigglesworthia isolates, suggesting functional significance. This genome adds a further dimension to characterize Wigglesworthia lineage-based differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Spencer
- Department of Biology, Eberly College of Arts and Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- Biodesign Center for Mechanisms of Evolution and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Mathilda Santee
- Department of Biology, Eberly College of Arts and Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Adam Wetherhold
- Department of Biology, Eberly College of Arts and Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Rita V. M. Rio
- Department of Biology, Eberly College of Arts and Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
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3
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Tsagmo JM, Njiokou F, Dziedziech A, Rofidal V, Hem S, Geiger A. Protein abundance in the midgut of wild tsetse flies (Glossina palpalis palpalis) naturally infected by Trypanosoma congolense s.l. Med Vet Entomol 2023; 37:723-736. [PMID: 37357577 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Tsetse flies (Glossina spp.) are major vectors of African trypanosomes, causing either Human or Animal African Trypanosomiasis (HAT or AAT). Several approaches have been developed to control the disease, among which is the anti-vector Sterile Insect Technique. Another approach to anti-vector strategies could consist of controlling the fly's vector competence through hitherto unidentified regulatory factors (genes, proteins, biological pathways, etc.). The present work aims to evaluate the protein abundance in the midgut of wild tsetse flies (Glossina palpalis palpalis) naturally infected by Trypanosoma congolense s.l. Infected and non-infected flies were sampled in two HAT/AAT foci in Southern Cameroon. After dissection, the proteomes from the guts of parasite-infected flies were compared to that of uninfected flies to identify quantitative and/or qualitative changes associated with infection. Among the proteins with increased abundance were fructose-1,6-biphosphatase, membrane trafficking proteins, death proteins (or apoptosis proteins) and SERPINs (inhibitor of serine proteases, enzymes considered as trypanosome virulence factors) that displayed the highest increased abundance. The present study, together with previous proteomic and transcriptomic studies on the secretome of trypanosomes from tsetse fly gut extracts, provides data to be explored in further investigations on, for example, mammal host immunisation or on fly vector competence modification via para-transgenic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Marc Tsagmo
- INTERTRYP, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaounde, Cameroon
- Trypanosome Transmission Group, Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors and INSERM U1201, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Flobert Njiokou
- Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Alexis Dziedziech
- Biology of Host-Parasite Interactions Unit, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Valerie Rofidal
- IPSiM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Sonia Hem
- IPSiM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Anne Geiger
- INTERTRYP, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaounde, Cameroon
- Center for Research on Filariasis and Other Tropical Diseases (CRFilMT), Yaounde, Cameroon
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4
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El Yamlahi Y, Bel Mokhtar N, Maurady A, Britel MR, Batargias C, Mutembei DE, Nyingilili HS, Malulu DJ, Malele II, Asimakis E, Stathopoulou P, Tsiamis G. Characterization of the Bacterial Profile from Natural and Laboratory Glossina Populations. Insects 2023; 14:840. [PMID: 37999039 PMCID: PMC10671886 DOI: 10.3390/insects14110840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Tsetse flies (Glossina spp.; Diptera: Glossinidae) are viviparous flies that feed on blood and are found exclusively in sub-Saharan Africa. They are the only cyclic vectors of African trypanosomes, responsible for human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) and animal African trypanosomiasis (AAT). In this study, we employed high throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene to unravel the diversity of symbiotic bacteria in five wild and three laboratory populations of tsetse species (Glossina pallidipes, G. morsitans, G. swynnertoni, and G. austeni). The aim was to assess the dynamics of bacterial diversity both within each laboratory and wild population in relation to the developmental stage, insect age, gender, and location. Our results indicated that the bacterial communities associated with the four studied Glossina species were significantly influenced by their region of origin, with wild samples being more diverse compared to the laboratory samples. We also observed that the larval microbiota was significantly different than the adults. Furthermore, the sex and the species did not significantly influence the formation of the bacterial profile of the laboratory colonies once these populations were kept under the same rearing conditions. In addition, Wigglesworthia, Acinetobacter, and Sodalis were the most abundant bacterial genera in all the samples, while Wolbachia was significantly abundant in G. morsitans compared to the other studied species. The operational taxonomic unit (OTU) co-occurrence network for each location (VVBD insectary, Doma, Makao, and Msubugwe) indicated a high variability between G. pallidipes and the other species in terms of the number of mutual exclusion and copresence interactions. In particular, some bacterial genera, like Wigglesworthia and Sodalis, with high relative abundance, were also characterized by a high degree of interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssef El Yamlahi
- Laboratory of Innovative Technologies, National School of Applied Sciences of Tangier, Abdelmalek Essaâdi University, Tétouan 93000, Morocco; (Y.E.Y.); (N.B.M.); (A.M.); (M.R.B.)
- Faculty of Sciences and Technics of Tangier, Abdelmalek Essaâdi University, Tétouan 93000, Morocco
- Laboratory of Systems Microbiology and Applied Genomics, Department of Sustainable Agriculture, University of Patras, 2 Seferi St, 30131 Agrinio, Greece; (E.A.); (P.S.)
| | - Naima Bel Mokhtar
- Laboratory of Innovative Technologies, National School of Applied Sciences of Tangier, Abdelmalek Essaâdi University, Tétouan 93000, Morocco; (Y.E.Y.); (N.B.M.); (A.M.); (M.R.B.)
- Laboratory of Systems Microbiology and Applied Genomics, Department of Sustainable Agriculture, University of Patras, 2 Seferi St, 30131 Agrinio, Greece; (E.A.); (P.S.)
| | - Amal Maurady
- Laboratory of Innovative Technologies, National School of Applied Sciences of Tangier, Abdelmalek Essaâdi University, Tétouan 93000, Morocco; (Y.E.Y.); (N.B.M.); (A.M.); (M.R.B.)
- Faculty of Sciences and Technics of Tangier, Abdelmalek Essaâdi University, Tétouan 93000, Morocco
| | - Mohammed R. Britel
- Laboratory of Innovative Technologies, National School of Applied Sciences of Tangier, Abdelmalek Essaâdi University, Tétouan 93000, Morocco; (Y.E.Y.); (N.B.M.); (A.M.); (M.R.B.)
| | - Costas Batargias
- Department of Biology, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece;
| | - Delphina E. Mutembei
- Vector & Vector Borne Diseases, Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency (TVLA), Tanga P.O. Box 1026, Tanzania; (D.E.M.); (H.S.N.); (D.J.M.)
| | - Hamisi S. Nyingilili
- Vector & Vector Borne Diseases, Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency (TVLA), Tanga P.O. Box 1026, Tanzania; (D.E.M.); (H.S.N.); (D.J.M.)
| | - Deusdedit J. Malulu
- Vector & Vector Borne Diseases, Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency (TVLA), Tanga P.O. Box 1026, Tanzania; (D.E.M.); (H.S.N.); (D.J.M.)
| | - Imna I. Malele
- Directorate of Research and Technology Development, TVLA, Dar Es Salaam P.O. Box 9254, Tanzania;
| | - Elias Asimakis
- Laboratory of Systems Microbiology and Applied Genomics, Department of Sustainable Agriculture, University of Patras, 2 Seferi St, 30131 Agrinio, Greece; (E.A.); (P.S.)
| | - Panagiota Stathopoulou
- Laboratory of Systems Microbiology and Applied Genomics, Department of Sustainable Agriculture, University of Patras, 2 Seferi St, 30131 Agrinio, Greece; (E.A.); (P.S.)
| | - George Tsiamis
- Laboratory of Systems Microbiology and Applied Genomics, Department of Sustainable Agriculture, University of Patras, 2 Seferi St, 30131 Agrinio, Greece; (E.A.); (P.S.)
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Weiss BL, Rio RVM, Aksoy S. Microbe Profile: Wigglesworthia glossinidia: the tsetse fly's significant other. Microbiology (Reading) 2022; 168:001242. [PMID: 36129743 PMCID: PMC10723186 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Wigglesworthia glossinidia is an obligate, maternally transmitted endosymbiont of tsetse flies. The ancient association between these two organisms accounts for many of their unique physiological adaptations. Similar to other obligate mutualists, Wigglesworthia's genome is dramatically reduced in size, yet it has retained the capacity to produce many B-vitamins that are found at inadequate quantities in the fly's vertebrate blood-specific diet. These Wigglesworthia-derived B-vitamins play essential nutritional roles to maintain tsetse's physiological homeostasis as well as that of other members of the fly's microbiota. In addition to its nutritional role, Wigglesworthia contributes towards the development of tsetse's immune system during the larval period. Tsetse produce amidases that degrade symbiotic peptidoglycans and prevent activation of antimicrobial responses that can damage Wigglesworthia. These amidases in turn exhibit antiparasitic activity and decrease tsetse's ability to be colonized with parasitic trypanosomes, which reduce host fitness. Thus, the Wigglesworthia symbiosis represents a fine-tuned association in which both partners actively contribute towards achieving optimal fitness outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian L. Weiss
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Rita V. M. Rio
- Department of Biology, Eberly College of Arts and Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Serap Aksoy
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
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6
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Boulangé A, Lejon V, Berthier D, Thévenon S, Gimonneau G, Desquesnes M, Abah S, Agboho P, Chilongo K, Gebre T, Fall AG, Kaba D, Magez S, Masiga D, Matovu E, Moukhtar A, Neves L, Olet PA, Pagabeleguem S, Shereni W, Sorli B, Taioe MO, Tejedor Junco MT, Yagi R, Solano P, Cecchi G. The COMBAT project: controlling and progressively minimizing the burden of vector-borne animal trypanosomosis in Africa. Open Res Eur 2022; 2:67. [PMID: 37645305 PMCID: PMC10445831 DOI: 10.12688/openreseurope.14759.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Vector-borne diseases affecting livestock have serious impacts in Africa. Trypanosomosis is caused by parasites transmitted by tsetse flies and other blood-sucking Diptera. The animal form of the disease is a scourge for African livestock keepers, is already present in Latin America and Asia, and has the potential to spread further. A human form of the disease also exists, known as human African trypanosomosis or sleeping sickness. Controlling and progressively minimizing the burden of animal trypanosomosis (COMBAT) is a four-year research and innovation project funded by the European Commission, whose ultimate goal is to reduce the burden of animal trypanosomosis (AT) in Africa. The project builds on the progressive control pathway (PCP), a risk-based, step-wise approach to disease reduction or elimination. COMBAT will strengthen AT control and prevention by improving basic knowledge of AT, developing innovative control tools, reinforcing surveillance, rationalizing control strategies, building capacity, and raising awareness. Knowledge gaps on disease epidemiology, vector ecology and competence, and biological aspects of trypanotolerant livestock will be addressed. Environmentally friendly vector control technologies and more effective and adapted diagnostic tools will be developed. Surveillance will be enhanced by developing information systems, strengthening reporting, and mapping and modelling disease risk in Africa and beyond. The socio-economic burden of AT will be assessed at a range of geographical scales. Guidelines for the PCP and harmonized national control strategies and roadmaps will be developed. Gender equality and ethics will be pivotal in all project activities. The COMBAT project benefits from the expertise of African and European research institutions, national veterinary authorities, and international organizations. The project consortium comprises 21 participants, including a geographically balanced representation from 13 African countries, and it will engage a larger number of AT-affected countries through regional initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Boulangé
- CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, Bouaké, 01 BP 1500, Cote d'Ivoire
- CIRAD, IRD, INTERTRYP, Univ of Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34398, France
| | - Veerle Lejon
- CIRAD, IRD, UMR INTERTRYP, Univ of Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34398, France
| | - David Berthier
- CIRAD, IRD, INTERTRYP, Univ of Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34398, France
- CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, Montpellier, F-34398, France
| | - Sophie Thévenon
- CIRAD, IRD, INTERTRYP, Univ of Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34398, France
- CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, Montpellier, F-34398, France
| | - Geoffrey Gimonneau
- CIRAD, IRD, INTERTRYP, Univ of Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34398, France
- CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, Dakar-Hann, BP 2057, Senegal
| | - Marc Desquesnes
- CIRAD, IRD, INTERTRYP, Univ of Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34398, France
- CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, Toulouse, F-31076, France
| | - Samuel Abah
- Mission Spéciale D'Eradication des Glossines (MSEG), Ministère de l'Elevage, des Pêches et des Industries Animales, Ngaoundéré, BP 263, Cameroon
| | - Prudenciène Agboho
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l’Elevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo-Dioulasso, 01 BP 454, Burkina Faso
| | - Kalinga Chilongo
- Tsetse and Trypanosomosis Control Unit (TTCU), Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, P.O Box 50197, Lusaka, 10101, Zambia
| | - Tsegaye Gebre
- National Institute for Control and Eradication of Tsetse and Trypanosomosis (NICETT), P.O Box 19917, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Assane Gueye Fall
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles (ISRA), Dakar-Hann, BP 2057, Senegal
| | - Dramane Kaba
- Institut Pierre Richet (IPR), Institut National de Santé Publique, Bouaké, 01 BP 1500, Cote d'Ivoire
| | - Stefan Magez
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, B-1050, Belgium
| | - Daniel Masiga
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | | | - Aldjibert Moukhtar
- Institut de Recherche en Elevage pour le Développement (IRED), N'Djamena, Route de Farcha, BP 433, Chad
| | - Luis Neves
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, 00200, Mozambique
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - Pamela A. Olet
- Kenya Tsetse and Trypanosomosis Eradication Council (KENTTEC), Nairobi, 00800, Kenya
| | - Soumaïla Pagabeleguem
- Insectarium de Bobo-Dioulasso – Campagne d'Eradication de la mouche Tsé-tsé et de la Trypanosomose (IBD-CETT), Ministère des ressources animales et halieutiques, Bobo-Dioulasso, 01 BP 1087, Burkina Faso
| | - William Shereni
- Division of Tsetse Control Services (TCD), Ministry of Lands, Agriculture, Fisheries, Water and Rural Development, P.O Box CY52, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Brice Sorli
- Institut d'Electronique et des Systèmes (IES), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34090, France
| | - Moeti O. Taioe
- Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Agricultural Research Council (ARC), Pretoria, 0110, South Africa
| | | | - Rehab Yagi
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory (CVRL), Animal Resources Research Corporation, Khartoum, 12217, Sudan
| | - Philippe Solano
- CIRAD, IRD, UMR INTERTRYP, Univ of Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34398, France
| | - Giuliano Cecchi
- Animal Production and Health Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, 00153, Italy
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7
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Boulangé A, Lejon V, Berthier D, Thévenon S, Gimonneau G, Desquesnes M, Abah S, Agboho P, Chilongo K, Gebre T, Fall AG, Kaba D, Magez S, Masiga D, Matovu E, Moukhtar A, Neves L, Olet PA, Pagabeleguem S, Shereni W, Sorli B, Taioe MO, Tejedor Junco MT, Yagi R, Solano P, Cecchi G. The COMBAT project: controlling and progressively minimizing the burden of vector-borne animal trypanosomosis in Africa. Open Res Eur 2022; 2:67. [PMID: 37645305 PMCID: PMC10445831 DOI: 10.12688/openreseurope.14759.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Vector-borne diseases affecting livestock have serious impacts in Africa. Trypanosomosis is caused by parasites transmitted by tsetse flies and other blood-sucking Diptera. The animal form of the disease is a scourge for African livestock keepers, is already present in Latin America and Asia, and has the potential to spread further. A human form of the disease also exists, known as human African trypanosomosis or sleeping sickness. Controlling and progressively minimizing the burden of animal trypanosomosis (COMBAT) is a four-year research and innovation project funded by the European Commission, whose ultimate goal is to reduce the burden of animal trypanosomosis (AT) in Africa. The project builds on the progressive control pathway (PCP), a risk-based, step-wise approach to disease reduction or elimination. COMBAT will strengthen AT control and prevention by improving basic knowledge of AT, developing innovative control tools, reinforcing surveillance, rationalizing control strategies, building capacity, and raising awareness. Knowledge gaps on disease epidemiology, vector ecology and competence, and biological aspects of trypanotolerant livestock will be addressed. Environmentally friendly vector control technologies and more effective and adapted diagnostic tools will be developed. Surveillance will be enhanced by developing information systems, strengthening reporting, and mapping and modelling disease risk in Africa and beyond. The socio-economic burden of AT will be assessed at a range of geographical scales. Guidelines for the PCP and harmonized national control strategies and roadmaps will be developed. Gender equality and ethics will be pivotal in all project activities. The COMBAT project benefits from the expertise of African and European research institutions, national veterinary authorities, and international organizations. The project consortium comprises 21 participants, including a geographically balanced representation from 13 African countries, and it will engage a larger number of AT-affected countries through regional initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Boulangé
- CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, Bouaké, 01 BP 1500, Cote d'Ivoire
- CIRAD, IRD, INTERTRYP, Univ of Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34398, France
| | - Veerle Lejon
- CIRAD, IRD, UMR INTERTRYP, Univ of Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34398, France
| | - David Berthier
- CIRAD, IRD, INTERTRYP, Univ of Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34398, France
- CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, Montpellier, F-34398, France
| | - Sophie Thévenon
- CIRAD, IRD, INTERTRYP, Univ of Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34398, France
- CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, Montpellier, F-34398, France
| | - Geoffrey Gimonneau
- CIRAD, IRD, INTERTRYP, Univ of Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34398, France
- CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, Dakar-Hann, BP 2057, Senegal
| | - Marc Desquesnes
- CIRAD, IRD, INTERTRYP, Univ of Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34398, France
- CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, Toulouse, F-31076, France
| | - Samuel Abah
- Mission Spéciale D'Eradication des Glossines (MSEG), Ministère de l'Elevage, des Pêches et des Industries Animales, Ngaoundéré, BP 263, Cameroon
| | - Prudenciène Agboho
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l’Elevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo-Dioulasso, 01 BP 454, Burkina Faso
| | - Kalinga Chilongo
- Tsetse and Trypanosomosis Control Unit (TTCU), Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, P.O Box 50197, Lusaka, 10101, Zambia
| | - Tsegaye Gebre
- National Institute for Control and Eradication of Tsetse and Trypanosomosis (NICETT), P.O Box 19917, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Assane Gueye Fall
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles (ISRA), Dakar-Hann, BP 2057, Senegal
| | - Dramane Kaba
- Institut Pierre Richet (IPR), Institut National de Santé Publique, Bouaké, 01 BP 1500, Cote d'Ivoire
| | - Stefan Magez
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, B-1050, Belgium
| | - Daniel Masiga
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | | | - Aldjibert Moukhtar
- Institut de Recherche en Elevage pour le Développement (IRED), N'Djamena, Route de Farcha, BP 433, Chad
| | - Luis Neves
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, 00200, Mozambique
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - Pamela A. Olet
- Kenya Tsetse and Trypanosomosis Eradication Council (KENTTEC), Nairobi, 00800, Kenya
| | - Soumaïla Pagabeleguem
- Insectarium de Bobo-Dioulasso – Campagne d'Eradication de la mouche Tsé-tsé et de la Trypanosomose (IBD-CETT), Ministère des ressources animales et halieutiques, Bobo-Dioulasso, 01 BP 1087, Burkina Faso
| | - William Shereni
- Division of Tsetse Control Services (TCD), Ministry of Lands, Agriculture, Fisheries, Water and Rural Development, P.O Box CY52, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Brice Sorli
- Institut d'Electronique et des Systèmes (IES), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34090, France
| | - Moeti O. Taioe
- Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Agricultural Research Council (ARC), Pretoria, 0110, South Africa
| | | | - Rehab Yagi
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory (CVRL), Animal Resources Research Corporation, Khartoum, 12217, Sudan
| | - Philippe Solano
- CIRAD, IRD, UMR INTERTRYP, Univ of Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34398, France
| | - Giuliano Cecchi
- Animal Production and Health Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, 00153, Italy
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Bemba I, Bamou R, Lenga A, Okoko A, Awono-Ambene P, Antonio-Nkondjio C. Review of the Situation of Human African Trypanosomiasis in the Republic of Congo From the 1950s to 2020. J Med Entomol 2022; 59:421-429. [PMID: 35137146 PMCID: PMC8924973 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjab225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), despite considerable progress in the control, is still occurring in many countries in both west and central African regions. The HAT situation in the Republic of Congo has always been overshadowed by its neighbor the Democratic Republic of Congo where over 60% of all HAT cases occur. In the Republic of Congo, HAT cases have been significantly reduced to about 20 reported cases yearly and the disease is still prevalent in few foci across the country. Although continuous assessment of HAT situation in Congo is been led by the National Control Program for HAT, research on the vector, parasite, and vector control has received little attention. Because there have not been enough reviews summarizing key findings from studies conducted so far, there is still a poor understanding of the global situation of HAT in Congo. In order to achieve sustainable elimination of HAT in Congo a deep appraisal of HAT situation is required. The present study provides a review of studies conducted on HAT in the republic of Congo since the 1950s to date in order to identify gaps in knowledge and help consolidate the gains and progress towards the elimination of sleeping sickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Bemba
- Marien Ngouabi University, B.P. 69, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
- Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), B.P. 288, Yaoundé, Cameroun
| | - Roland Bamou
- Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), B.P. 288, Yaoundé, Cameroun
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Applied Biology and Ecology Research Unit (VBID-URBEA), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science of the University of Dschang, P.O. Box 067, Cameroon
| | - Arsene Lenga
- Marien Ngouabi University, B.P. 69, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Aline Okoko
- Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), B.P. 288, Yaoundé, Cameroun
| | - Parfait Awono-Ambene
- Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), B.P. 288, Yaoundé, Cameroun
| | - Christophe Antonio-Nkondjio
- Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), B.P. 288, Yaoundé, Cameroun
- Vector Biology Liverpool School of Tropical medicine Pembroke Place, Liverpool, UK
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Soudah B, Essodina T, Toï N, Balabadi D, Yao L, Martin Bienvenu S, Wendemanegde Ernest S. Assessment of α-Cypermethrin Pour-On Application and Diminazene Aceturate for Treating Trypanosome-Related Diseases Caused by Tsetse Flies on Cattle in Mô, Togo. J Med Entomol 2022; 59:598-606. [PMID: 34935041 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjab201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The effects of tsetse-transmitted trypanosomosis control in high tsetse flies (Glossina spp.) challenge and trypanocidal drug resistance settings remain poorly understood in Togo owing to poor data coverage on the current disease impact. From March 2014 to November 2017, a database of zoo-sanitary surveys integrating the evolution of disease incidence and intervention coverage made it possible to quantify the apparent effects attributable to the control effort, focused on all sedentary cattle breeds in the 1,000 km² area of Mô in Togo. The strategy involved an initial phase with cross-sectional entomological and parasitological. Then, three times a year, 20% of the bovine animals of the study area received α-cypermethrin pour-on, and infected cattle with poor health (798 cattle in 2014 and 358 in 2017) were individually given diminazene aceturate at 7 mg/kg of body weight. The tsetse density in the area decreased significantly, from 1.78 ± 0.37 in March 2014 before the α-cypermethrin application to 0.48 ± 0.07 in February 2017. The α-cypermethrin pour-on application and diminazene aceturate treatment of cattle led to the largest reduction in disease incidence, from 28.1% in 2014 to 7.8% in 2017, an improvement in hematocrit from 24.27 ± 4.9% to 27.5 ± 4.6%, and a reduction in calf mortality from 15.9 ± 11% to 5.9%. Improved access to these interventions for different types of livestock and maintaining their effectiveness, despite high tsetse (Diptera: Glossinidae) challenges, should be the primary focus of control strategies in many areas of Togo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boma Soudah
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), rue 5-31 Avenu du Gouverneur Louveau, 01BP 454 Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso/Institut Togolais de Recherche Agronomique (ITRA-Togo)
| | - Talaki Essodina
- Université de Lomé, Ecole Supérieure d'Agronomie (ESA), rue N°1, Bd Gnassingbe, 01 BP: 1515 Lomé, Togo
| | - N'feide Toï
- Institut Togolais de Recherche Agronomique (ITRA-Togo), rue N°1, Bd Gnassingbe, BP: 1163 Cacaveli, Lomé, Togo
| | - Dao Balabadi
- Institut Togolais de Recherche Agronomique (ITRA-Togo), rue N°1, Bd Gnassingbe, BP: 1163 Cacaveli, Lomé, Togo
| | - Lombo Yao
- Institut Togolais de Recherche Agronomique (ITRA-Togo), rue N°1, Bd Gnassingbe, BP: 1163 Cacaveli, Lomé, Togo
| | - Somda Martin Bienvenu
- Université Nazi Boni (UNB), Département de Sciences biologiques/UFR-ST (UNB), BP 1091 Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Salou Wendemanegde Ernest
- Université Nazi Boni (UNB), Département de Sciences biologiques/UFR-ST (UNB), BP 1091 Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
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10
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Dewar CE, Casas-Sanchez A, Dieme C, Crouzols A, Haines LR, Acosta-Serrano Á, Rotureau B, Schnaufer A. Oxidative Phosphorylation Is Required for Powering Motility and Development of the Sleeping Sickness Parasite Trypanosoma brucei in the Tsetse Fly Vector. mBio 2022; 13:e0235721. [PMID: 35012336 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02357-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The single-celled parasite Trypanosoma brucei is transmitted by hematophagous tsetse flies. Life cycle progression from mammalian bloodstream form to tsetse midgut form and, subsequently, infective salivary gland form depends on complex developmental steps and migration within different fly tissues. As the parasite colonizes the glucose-poor insect midgut, ATP production is thought to depend on activation of mitochondrial amino acid catabolism via oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). This process involves respiratory chain complexes and F1Fo-ATP synthase and requires protein subunits of these complexes that are encoded in the parasite's mitochondrial DNA (kDNA). Here, we show that progressive loss of kDNA-encoded functions correlates with a decreasing ability to initiate and complete development in the tsetse. First, parasites with a mutated F1Fo-ATP synthase with reduced capacity for OXPHOS can initiate differentiation from bloodstream to insect form, but they are unable to proliferate in vitro. Unexpectedly, these cells can still colonize the tsetse midgut. However, these parasites exhibit a motility defect and are severely impaired in colonizing or migrating to subsequent tsetse tissues. Second, parasites with a fully disrupted F1Fo-ATP synthase complex that is completely unable to produce ATP by OXPHOS can still differentiate to the first insect stage in vitro but die within a few days and cannot establish a midgut infection in vivo. Third, parasites lacking kDNA entirely can initiate differentiation but die soon after. Together, these scenarios suggest that efficient ATP production via OXPHOS is not essential for initial colonization of the tsetse vector but is required to power trypanosome migration within the fly. IMPORTANCE African trypanosomes cause disease in humans and their livestock and are transmitted by tsetse flies. The insect ingests these parasites with its blood meal, but to be transmitted to another mammal, the trypanosome must undergo complex development within the tsetse fly and migrate from the insect's gut to its salivary glands. Crucially, the parasite must switch from a sugar-based diet while in the mammal to a diet based primarily on amino acids when it develops in the insect. Here, we show that efficient energy production by an organelle called the mitochondrion is critical for the trypanosome's ability to swim and to migrate through the tsetse fly. Surprisingly, trypanosomes with impaired mitochondrial energy production are only mildly compromised in their ability to colonize the tsetse fly midgut. Our study adds a new perspective to the emerging view that infection of tsetse flies by trypanosomes is more complex than previously thought.
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Abstract
Schuster et al. make the important observation that small numbers of trypanosomes can infect tsetse flies, and further argue that this can occur whether the infecting parasites are developmentally ‘slender’ or ‘stumpy’(Schuster et al., 2021). We welcome their careful experiments but disagree that they require a rethink of the trypanosome life-cycle. Instead, the study reveals that stumpy forms are more likely to successfully infect flies, the key limit on parasite transmission, and we predict this advantage would be greatly amplified in tsetse infections in the field. Further, we argue that stumpy forms are defined by a suite of molecular adaptations for life-cycle progression, with morphology being a secondary feature. Finally, their dominance in chronic infections means most natural tsetse infections would involve stumpy forms, even in small numbers. Our interpretation does not require re-evaluation of the obligatory life cycle of the parasite, where stumpy forms are selected to sustain transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith R Matthews
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Larcombe
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Zhou R, Gao Y, Chang N, Gao T, Ma D, Li C, Liu Q. Projecting the Potential Distribution of Glossinamorsitans (Diptera: Glossinidae) under Climate Change Using the MaxEnt Model. Biology (Basel) 2021; 10:1150. [PMID: 34827144 DOI: 10.3390/biology10111150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Glossina morsitans is a species of tsetse flies and a vector for Human African Trypanosomiasis, which is a severe parasitic infectious illness that can lead to death unless treated. At present, the G. morsitans are mainly found in sub-Saharan Africa. But modifications of its distribution undergoing as a result of climate change is still unknown. In order to provide scientific basis for effective monitoring and G. morsitans control, this study aimed to collect the distribution and to explore the potentially suitable habitat for G. morsitans under various scenarios. We downloaded the major data of G. morsitans occurrence from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Maxent software and R language were employed to analyze the relationship between occurrence records and climatic variables and project the potentially suitable habitat for G. morsitans in historical and future periods. The results showed that Isothermality contributed most to the distribution of G. morsitans. The predicted potentially suitable areas for G. morsitans under historical climate conditions include a large area of Africa near and below the equator, small equatorial regions of southern Asia, America, and Oceania. Under the future climate conditions, the potentially suitable areas would decline about −5.38 ± 1.00% as a whole under all SSPs compared with 1970–2000. Abstract Glossina morsitans is a vector for Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT), which is mainly distributed in sub-Saharan Africa at present. Our objective was to project the historical and future potentially suitable areas globally and explore the influence of climatic factors. The maximum entropy model (MaxEnt) was utilized to evaluate the contribution rates of bio-climatic factors and to project suitable habitats for G. morsitans. We found that Isothermality and Precipitation of Wettest Quarter contributed most to the distribution of G. morsitans. The predicted potentially suitable areas for G. morsitans under historical climate conditions would be 14.5 million km2, including a large area of Africa which is near and below the equator, small equatorial regions of southern Asia, America, and Oceania. Under future climate conditions, the potentially suitable areas are expected to decline by about −5.38 ± 1.00% overall, under all shared socioeconomic pathways, compared with 1970–2000. The potentially suitable habitats of G. morsitans may not be limited to Africa. Necessary surveillance and preventive measures should be taken in high-risk regions.
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Abstract
The parasite that causes African sleeping sickness can be transmitted from mammals to tsetse flies in two stages of its lifecycle, rather than one as was previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Guegan
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Luisa Figueiredo
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Lisboa, Portugal
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Dean S. Basic Biology of Trypanosoma brucei with Reference to the Development of Chemotherapies. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:1650-1670. [PMID: 33463458 DOI: 10.2174/1381612827666210119105008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma brucei are protozoan parasites that cause the lethal human disease African sleeping sickness and the economically devastating disease of cattle, Nagana. African sleeping sickness, also known as Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT), threatens 65 million people and animal trypanosomiasis makes large areas of farmland unusable. There is no vaccine and licensed therapies against the most severe, late-stage disease are toxic, impractical and ineffective. Trypanosomes are transmitted by tsetse flies, and HAT is therefore predominantly confined to the tsetse fly belt in sub-Saharan Africa. They are exclusively extracellular and they differentiate between at least seven developmental forms that are highly adapted to host and vector niches. In the mammalian (human) host they inhabit the blood, cerebrospinal fluid (late-stage disease), skin, and adipose fat. In the tsetse fly vector they travel from the tsetse midgut to the salivary glands via the ectoperitrophic space and proventriculus. Trypanosomes are evolutionarily divergent compared with most branches of eukaryotic life. Perhaps most famous for their extraordinary mechanisms of monoallelic gene expression and antigenic variation, they have also been investigated because much of their biology is either highly unconventional or extreme. Moreover, in addition to their importance as pathogens, many researchers have been attracted to the field because trypanosomes have some of the most advanced molecular genetic tools and database resources of any model system. The following will cover just some aspects of trypanosome biology and how its divergent biochemistry has been leveraged to develop drugs to treat African sleeping sickness. This is by no means intended to be a comprehensive survey of trypanosome features. Rather, I hope to present trypanosomes as one of the most fascinating and tractable systems to do discovery biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Dean
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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15
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Kamba Mebourou E, Bourquin M, Oloo F, Vallat A, Guerin PM. Deltamethrin Persistence on Textiles Used to Make Visual Targets for Tsetse Fly Control is Positively Correlated With Their Polyester Content. J Med Entomol 2020; 57:1525-1531. [PMID: 32249328 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjaa057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Insecticide-impregnated traps and visual targets are used for tsetse (Diptera, Glossinidae) population control. Such devices are made with textiles and deltamethrin is frequently the insecticide of choice. However, persistence of an insecticide on textiles is affected by exposure to weather. Here we examine the effect of weathering on the capacity of four textiles with increasing proportions of polyester (0, 35, 65, and 100%) with cotton and viscose to retain deltamethrin. Textiles tested were those used to make visual targets in a pan-African program to maximize target efficiency for controlling tsetse vectors of African trypanosomiasis. Following impregnation in an aqueous suspension of deltamethrin at 1,000 mg/m2, textiles were weathered for 18 mo at Lambwe Valley, Kenya and sampled every 3 mo to make knockdown tests on the tsetse fly Glossina pallidipes Austen. Deltamethrin content of the textiles was established using gas chromatography mass-spectrometry at impregnation and after 9 mo of weathering. Textiles with higher proportions of polyester retained deltamethrin better: respectively, 100% polyester and 65:35 polyester/viscose textiles retained deltamethrin at 17 and 11 mg/m2 9-mo post-treatment that caused 100% knockdown in G. pallidipes after 1 h, and killed 67 and 47% of flies, respectively, after 24 h. Eighteen-month weathered 100% polyester treated textile still knocked down all tsetse exposed to it within 2 h. The LD50 for deltamethrin on filter paper for G. pallidipes was estimated at 28.8 mg/m2, indicating that deltamethrin is more available on polyester to kill tsetse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Kamba Mebourou
- Animal Physiology Laboratory, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Martine Bourquin
- Animal Physiology Laboratory, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - Armelle Vallat
- Neuchâtel Platform of Analytical Chemistry, University of Neuchâtel, Avenue de Bellevaux, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Patrick M Guerin
- Animal Physiology Laboratory, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Szöőr B, Silvester E, Matthews KR. A Leap Into the Unknown - Early Events in African Trypanosome Transmission. Trends Parasitol 2020; 36:266-278. [PMID: 32014419 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2019.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
African trypanosomes are mainly transmitted by tsetse flies. In recent years there has been good progress in understanding how the parasites prepare for transmission, detect their changed environment through the perception of different environmental cues, and respond by changing their developmental gene expression. In this review, we discuss the different signals and signaling mechanisms used by the parasites to carry out the early events necessary for their establishment in the fly. We also compare Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosoma congolense, parasites that share a common pathway in the early stages of fly colonization but apparently use different mechanisms to achieve this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balázs Szöőr
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK.
| | - Eleanor Silvester
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Keith R Matthews
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK.
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17
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Idahor KO, Adua MM, Saleh DF. Serological examination of trypanosomes infestation in cattle reared in Keffi, Nasarawa State, Nigeria. J Vector Borne Dis 2019; 56:154-158. [PMID: 31397391 DOI: 10.4103/0972-9062.263725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives Cattle population is relatively dense in Nasarawa State (Nigeria) particularly in Keffi and its environs, where there are more Hausa/Fulani settlers whose main occupation is farming and herding. Unfortunately, the area is purportedly described as a "horde of tsetse fly species" which transmits trypanosomes that cause severe disease in humans, livestock and wildlife species. This study was targeted at examining trypanosome species prevalent among cattle breeds reared in Keffi metropolis. Methods A total of 110 cattle, purely based on availability were screened within five working days for trypanosomes infestation using haematocrit centrifugation technique and buffy coat technique. The breeds of cattle examined included White Fulani (64), Sokoto Gudali (26), N'dama (16) and Muturu (4); reared in Jarmai, Gauta and Keffi North districts of Keffi Local Government Area, Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Data collected were analysed using simple descriptive statistics. Results It was observed that 18 (16.4%) out of 110 cattle screened were infested with 5 (4.55%) Trypanosoma con- golense and 13 (11.82%) T. vivax. The T. congolense positive cases were 4 (3.64%) in White Fulani and 1(0.91%) in Sokoto Gudali breeds whereas, T. vivax occurrence was 9 (8.18%) in White Fulani breed and 4 (3.64%) in Sokoto Gudali breed. The N'dama and Muturu breeds were absolutely not infested and no mixed infestation was recorded in any of the breeds. Interpretation & conclusion Trypanosoma vivax and T. congolense are the predominant trypanosome species in the study area affecting mainly Sokoto Gudali and White Fulani breeds. Since, N'dama and Muturu breeds were observed to be trypano-tolerant; intensive breeding strategy, strain upgrading mechanisms and genetic modifications could be adopted to ensure other cattles' survival and prevent disease transmission in the area and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- K O Idahor
- Department of Animal Science, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nigeria
| | - M M Adua
- Department of Animal Science, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nigeria
| | - D F Saleh
- Department of Animal Science, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nigeria
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18
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Eberhard WG, Lehmann GUC. Demonstrating sexual selection by cryptic female choice on male genitalia: What is enough? Evolution 2019; 73:2415-2435. [PMID: 31599962 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Rapid divergence in external genital structures occurs in nearly all animal groups that practice internal insemination; explaining this pattern is a major challenge in evolutionary biology. The hypothesis that species-specific differences in male genitalia evolved under sexual selection as courtship devices to influence cryptic female choice (CFC) has been slow to be accepted. Doubts may stem from its radical departure from previous ideas, observational difficulties because crucial events occur hidden within the female's body, and alternative hypotheses involving biologically important phenomena such as speciation, sperm competition, and male-female conflicts of interest. We assess the current status of the CFC hypothesis by reviewing data from two groups in which crucial predictions have been especially well-tested, Glossina tsetse flies and Roeseliana (formerly Metrioptera) roeselii bushcrickets. Eighteen CFC predictions have been confirmed in Glossina and 19 in Roeseliana. We found data justifying rejection of alternative hypotheses, but none that contradicted CFC predictions. The number and extent of tests confirming predictions of the CFC hypothesis in these species is greater than that for other generally accepted hypotheses regarding the functions of nongenital structures. By this criterion, it is reasonable to conclude that some genital structures in both groups likely involved sexual selection by CFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- William G Eberhard
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Universidad de Costa Rica, and Museum of Natural Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803
| | - Gerlind U C Lehmann
- Evolutionary Ecology, Department of Biology, Humboldt University Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
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19
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Abstract
Trypanosomiasis has been recognized as a scourge in sub-Saharan Africa for centuries. The disease, caused by protozoan parasites of the Trypanosoma genus, is a major cause of mortality and morbidity in animals and man. Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), or sleeping sickness, results from infections with T. brucei (b.) gambiense or T. b. rhodesiense with T. b. gambiense accounting for over 95% of infections. Historically there have been major epidemics of the infection, followed by periods of relative disease control. As a result of concerted disease surveillance and treatment programmes, implemented over the last two decades, there has been a significant reduction in the number of cases of human disease reported. However, the recent identification of asymptomatic disease carriers gives cause for some concern. The parasites evade the host immune system by switching their surface coat, comprised of variable surface glycoprotein (VSG). In addition, they have evolved a variety of strategies, including the production of serum resistance associated protein (SRA) and T. b. gambiense-specific glycoprotein (TgsGP) to counter host defense molecules. Infection with either disease variant results in an early haemolymphatic-stage followed by a late encephalitic-stage when the parasites migrate into the CNS. The clinical features of HAT are diverse and non-specific with early-stage symptoms common to several infections endemic within sub-Saharan Africa which may result in a delayed or mistaken diagnosis. Migration of the parasites into the CNS marks the onset of late-stage disease. Diverse neurological manifestations can develop accompanied by a neuroinflammatory response, comprised of astrocyte activation, and inflammatory cell infiltration. However, the transition between the early and late-stage is insidious and accurate disease staging, although crucial to optimize chemotherapy, remains problematic with neurological symptoms and neuroinflammatory changes recorded in early-stage infections. Further research is required to develop better diagnostic and staging techniques as well as safer more efficacious drug regimens. Clearer information is also required concerning disease pathogenesis, specifically regarding asymptomatic carriers and the mechanisms employed by the trypanosomes to facilitate progression to the CNS and precipitate late-stage disease. Without progress in these areas it may prove difficult to maintain current control over this historically episodic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter G. E. Kennedy
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Jean Rodgers
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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20
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Abstract
Human African trypanosomiasis is endemic to parts of sub-Saharan Africa and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients who have visited or lived in Africa. We report a 2017 case of stage 2 Trypanosoma brucei gambiense disease in an emigrant who returned to China from Gabon.
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21
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Abstract
Thioester-containing proteins (TEPs) are conserved proteins with a role in innate immune immunity. In the current study, we characterized the TEP family in the genome of six tsetse fly species (Glossina spp.). Tsetse flies are the biological vectors of several African trypanosomes, which cause sleeping sickness in humans or nagana in livestock. The analysis of the tsetse TEP sequences revealed information about their structure, evolutionary relationships and expression profiles under both normal and trypanosome infection conditions. Phylogenetic analysis of the family showed that tsetse flies harbour a genomic expansion of specific TEPs that are not found in other dipterans. We found a general expression of all TEP genes in the alimentary tract, mouthparts and salivary glands. Glossina morsitans and Glossina palpalis TEP genes display a tissue-specific expression pattern with some that are markedly up-regulated when the fly is infected with the trypanosome parasite. A different TEP response was observed to infection with Trypanosoma brucei compared to Trypanosoma congolense, indicating that the tsetse TEP response is trypanosome-specific. These findings are suggestive for the involvement of the TEP family in tsetse innate immunity, with a possible role in the control of the trypanosome parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Matetovici
- Unit of Veterinary Protozoology, Department of Biomedical SciencesInstitute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp (ITM)AntwerpBelgium
| | - J. Van Den Abbeele
- Unit of Veterinary Protozoology, Department of Biomedical SciencesInstitute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp (ITM)AntwerpBelgium
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22
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Saarman N, Burak M, Opiro R, Hyseni C, Echodu R, Dion K, Opiyo EA, Dunn AW, Amatulli G, Aksoy S, Caccone A. A spatial genetics approach to inform vector control of tsetse flies ( Glossina fuscipes fuscipes) in Northern Uganda. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:5336-5354. [PMID: 29938057 PMCID: PMC6010828 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Tsetse flies (genus Glossina) are the only vector for the parasitic trypanosomes responsible for sleeping sickness and nagana across sub-Saharan Africa. In Uganda, the tsetse fly Glossina fuscipes fuscipes is responsible for transmission of the parasite in 90% of sleeping sickness cases, and co-occurrence of both forms of human-infective trypanosomes makes vector control a priority. We use population genetic data from 38 samples from northern Uganda in a novel methodological pipeline that integrates genetic data, remotely sensed environmental data, and hundreds of field-survey observations. This methodological pipeline identifies isolated habitat by first identifying environmental parameters correlated with genetic differentiation, second, predicting spatial connectivity using field-survey observations and the most predictive environmental parameter(s), and third, overlaying the connectivity surface onto a habitat suitability map. Results from this pipeline indicated that net photosynthesis was the strongest predictor of genetic differentiation in G. f. fuscipes in northern Uganda. The resulting connectivity surface identified a large area of well-connected habitat in northwestern Uganda, and twenty-four isolated patches on the northeastern margin of the G. f. fuscipes distribution. We tested this novel methodological pipeline by completing an ad hoc sample and genetic screen of G. f. fuscipes samples from a model-predicted isolated patch, and evaluated whether the ad hoc sample was in fact as genetically isolated as predicted. Results indicated that genetic isolation of the ad hoc sample was as genetically isolated as predicted, with differentiation well above estimates made in samples from within well-connected habitat separated by similar geographic distances. This work has important practical implications for the control of tsetse and other disease vectors, because it provides a way to identify isolated populations where it will be safer and easier to implement vector control and that should be prioritized as study sites during the development and improvement of vector control methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norah Saarman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyYale UniversityNew HavenConnecticut
| | - Mary Burak
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyYale UniversityNew HavenConnecticut
| | - Robert Opiro
- Department of BiologyFaculty of ScienceGulu UniversityGuluLaroo DivisionUganda
| | - Chaz Hyseni
- Department of BiologyUniversity of MississippiOxfordMassachusetts
| | - Richard Echodu
- Department of BiologyFaculty of ScienceGulu UniversityGuluLaroo DivisionUganda
| | - Kirstin Dion
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyYale UniversityNew HavenConnecticut
| | - Elizabeth A. Opiyo
- Department of BiologyFaculty of ScienceGulu UniversityGuluLaroo DivisionUganda
| | - Augustine W. Dunn
- Division of Genetics and GenomicsBoston Children's HospitalBostonMassachusetts
| | - Giuseppe Amatulli
- Department of GeoComputation and Spatial ScienceYale School of Forestry and Environmental StudiesNew HavenConnecticut
| | - Serap Aksoy
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial DiseasesYale School of Public HealthNew HavenConnecticut
| | - Adalgisa Caccone
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyYale UniversityNew HavenConnecticut
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23
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Abstract
Human African trypanosomiasis has not been reported in Nigeria since 2012. Nevertheless, limitations of current surveillance programs mean that undetected infections may persist. We report a recent case of stage 2 trypanosomiasis caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense acquired in Nigeria and imported into the United Kingdom.
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24
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Rogerson E, Pelletier J, Acosta-Serrano A, Rose C, Taylor S, Guimond S, Lima M, Skidmore M, Yates E. Variations in the Peritrophic Matrix Composition of Heparan Sulphate from the Tsetse Fly, Glossina morsitans morsitans. Pathogens 2018; 7:E32. [PMID: 29562674 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens7010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tsetse flies are the principal insect vectors of African trypanosomes—sleeping sickness in humans and Nagana in cattle. One of the tsetse fly species, Glossina morsitans morsitans, is host to the parasite, Trypanosoma brucei, a major cause of African trypanosomiasis. Precise details of the life cycle have yet to be established, but the parasite life cycle involves crossing the insect peritrophic matrix (PM). The PM consists of the polysaccharide chitin, several hundred proteins, and both glycosamino- and galactosaminoglycan (GAG) polysaccharides. Owing to the technical challenges of detecting small amounts of GAG polysaccharides, their conclusive identification and composition have not been possible until now. Following removal of PMs from the insects and the application of heparinases (bacterial lyase enzymes that are specific for heparan sulphate (HS) GAG polysaccharides), dot blots with a HS-specific antibody showed heparan sulphate proteoglycans (HSPGs) to be present, consistent with Glossina morsitans morsitans genome analysis, as well as the likely expression of the HSPGs syndecan and perlecan. Exhaustive HS digestion with heparinases, fluorescent labeling of the resulting disaccharides with BODIPY fluorophore, and separation by strong anion exchange chromatography then demonstrated the presence of HS for the first time and provided the disaccharide composition. There were no significant differences in the type of disaccharide species present between genders or between ages (24 vs. 48 h post emergence), although the HS from female flies was more heavily sulphated overall. Significant differences, which may relate to differences in infection between genders or ages, were evident, however, in overall levels of 2-O-sulphation between sexes and, for females, between 24 and 48 h post-emergence, implying a change in expression or activity for the 2-O-sulphotransferase enzyme. The presence of significant quantities of disaccharides containing the monosaccharide GlcNAc6S contrasts with previous findings in Drosophila melanogaster and suggests subtle differences in HS fine structure between species of the Diptera.
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25
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Abstract
Accessory gland proteins (ACPs) are important reproductive proteins produced by the male accessory glands (MAGs) of most insect species. These proteins are essential for male insect fertility, and are transferred alongside semen to females during copulation. ACPs are poorly characterized in
Glossina species (tsetse fly), the principal vector of the parasite that causes life-threatening Human African Trypanosomiasis and Animal trypanosomiasis in endemic regions in Africa. The tsetse fly has a peculiar reproductive cycle because of the absence of oviposition. Females mate once and store sperm in a spermathecal, and produce a single fully developed larva at a time that pupates within minutes of exiting their uterus. This slow reproductive cycle, compared to other insects, significantly restricts reproduction to only 3 to 6 larvae per female lifespan. This unique reproductive cycle is an attractive vector control strategy entry point. We exploit comparative genomics approaches to explore the diversity of ACPs in the recently available whole genome sequence data from five tsetse fly species (
Glossina morsitans, G. austeni, G. brevipalpis, G. pallidipes and
G. fuscipes). We used previously described ACPs in
Drosophila melanogaster and
Anopheles gambiae as reference sequences. We identified 36, 27, 31, 29 and 33 diverse ACP orthologous genes in
G. austeni, G. brevipalpis, G. fuscipes, G. pallidipes and
G. morsitans genomes respectively, which we classified into 21 functional classes. Our findings provide genetic evidence of MAG proteins in five recently sequenced
Glossina genomes. It highlights new avenues for molecular studies that evaluate potential field control strategies of these important vectors of human and animal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muna F Abry
- Center for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya.,International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - Kelvin M Kimenyi
- Center for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya.,International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - Daniel Masiga
- International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - Benard W Kulohoma
- Center for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya.,International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
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26
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Barrett MP, Giordani F. Inside Doctor Livingstone: a Scottish icon's encounter with tropical disease. Parasitology 2017; 144:1652-1662. [PMID: 27928980 PMCID: PMC5964472 DOI: 10.1017/s003118201600202x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Dr David Livingstone died on May 1st 1873. He was 60 years old and had spent much of the previous 30 years walking across large stretches of Southern Africa, exploring the terrain he hoped could provide new environments in which Europeans and Africans could cohabit on equal terms and bring prosperity to a part of the world he saw ravaged by the slave trade. Just days before he died, he wrote in his journal about the permanent stream of blood that he was emitting related to haemorrhoids and the acute intestinal pain that had left him incapable of walking. What actually killed Livingstone is unknown, yet the years spent exploring sub-Saharan Africa undoubtedly exposed him to a gamut of parasitic and other infectious diseases. Some of these we can be certain of. He wrote prolifically and described his encounters with malaria, relapsing fevers, parasitic helminths and more. His graphic writing allows us to explore his own encounters with tropical diseases and how European visitors to Africa considered them at this time. This paper outlines Livingstone's life and his contributions to understanding parasitic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Barrett
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology,Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation,College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences,University of Glasgow,Glasgow G12 8TA,UK
| | - Federica Giordani
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology,Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation,College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences,University of Glasgow,Glasgow G12 8TA,UK
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27
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Schuster S, Krüger T, Subota I, Thusek S, Rotureau B, Beilhack A, Engstler M. Developmental adaptations of trypanosome motility to the tsetse fly host environments unravel a multifaceted in vivo microswimmer system. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28807106 PMCID: PMC5570225 DOI: 10.7554/elife.27656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly motile and versatile protozoan pathogen Trypanosoma brucei undergoes a complex life cycle in the tsetse fly. Here we introduce the host insect as an expedient model environment for microswimmer research, as it allows examination of microbial motion within a diversified, secluded and yet microscopically tractable space. During their week-long journey through the different microenvironments of the fly´s interior organs, the incessantly swimming trypanosomes cross various barriers and confined surroundings, with concurrently occurring major changes of parasite cell architecture. Multicolour light sheet fluorescence microscopy provided information about tsetse tissue topology with unprecedented resolution and allowed the first 3D analysis of the infection process. High-speed fluorescence microscopy illuminated the versatile behaviour of trypanosome developmental stages, ranging from solitary motion and near-wall swimming to collective motility in synchronised swarms and in confinement. We correlate the microenvironments and trypanosome morphologies to high-speed motility data, which paves the way for cross-disciplinary microswimmer research in a naturally evolved environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Schuster
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Biocentre, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Timothy Krüger
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Biocentre, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ines Subota
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Biocentre, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sina Thusek
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Brice Rotureau
- Trypanosome Transmission Group, Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur and INSERM U1201, Paris, France
| | - Andreas Beilhack
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Markus Engstler
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Biocentre, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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28
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Onyekwelu KC, Ejezie FE, Eze AA, Ikekpeazu JE, Ezeh RC, Edeh GC. Prevalence of trypanosome infection in tsetse flies from Oji River and Emene axis of Enugu State, Nigeria: A preliminary report. Trop Parasitol 2017; 7:98-102. [PMID: 29114487 PMCID: PMC5652062 DOI: 10.4103/tp.tp_14_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Trypanosomes are protozoan parasites of vertebrates transmitted by blood-sucking tsetse fly. Trypanosomes remain a constant threat to the lives of humans and animals throughout large regions of Africa. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES This study investigated the presence, prevalence, and species of trypanosome parasite in tsetse flies caught in two areas of no previous documented history of trypanosome infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS For this purpose, 63 and 77 nonterenal tsetse flies were collected from Oji River and Emene areas of Enugu State Nigeria, respectively. Genomic DNA was isolated from the whole tsetse fly using genomic DNA extraction kit. Identification and characterization of trypanosome were done using two approaches: the amplification of internal transcribed spacer 1 of ribosomal DNA and the use of primers specific to Trypanozoon. RESULTS In Oji River, of 63 tsetse flies collected, the identification of trypanosome parasite was done on 57 flies and 6 (10.71%) tsetse flies were infected with trypanosome parasite. Six flies were infected with Trypanosoma Congolense, 2 with Trypanosoma Vivax, and 1 with Trypanosoma brucei. Two mixed infections of T. vivax and T. congolense and 1 mixed infection of T. brucei and T. congolense was also identified. In Emene, of 77 tsetse flies collected, the identification of trypanosome parasite was done on 66 flies and 11 (16.6%) tsetse flies were infected with trypanosome parasite. Nine flies were infected with T. congolense, 2 with T. vivax, and 3 with T. brucei. Mixed infections identified include 2 mixed infections of T. brucei and T. congolense and 1 mixed infections of T. vivax and T. brucei. None of the subspecies of T. brucei were detected using species specific primers. DISCUSSION This study shows the parasitological evidence on the occurrence of animal African trypanosomiasis and also demonstrated that there is likely no active transmission of human African trypanosomiasis in the study areas. CONCLUSION This study shows that there is likely no active transmission of human African trypanosomiasis going on in these localities since no human infective form of the parasite was detected.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fidelis Ebele Ejezie
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Anthonius Anayochukwu Eze
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Joy Ebele Ikekpeazu
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Richard Chukwunonye Ezeh
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Enugu State University of Science and Technology College of Medicine, Parklane, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Godknows Chizurumoke Edeh
- Nigerian Institute for Trypanosomiasis Research, South East Zonal Office, Enugu, Enugu State, Nigeria
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29
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Ngonyoka A, Gwakisa PS, Estes AB, Nnko HJ, Hudson PJ, Cattadori IM. Variation of tsetse fly abundance in relation to habitat and host presence in the Maasai Steppe, Tanzania. J Vector Ecol 2017; 42:34-43. [PMID: 28504430 DOI: 10.1111/jvec.12237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Human activities modify ecosystem structure and function and can also alter the vital rates of vectors and thus the risk of infection with vector-borne diseases. In the Maasai Steppe ecosystem of northern Tanzania, local communities depend on livestock and suitable pasture that is shared with wildlife, which can increase tsetse abundance and the risk of trypanosomiasis. We monitored the monthly tsetse fly abundance adjacent to Tarangire National Park in 2014-2015 using geo-referenced, baited epsilon traps. We examined the effect of habitat types and vegetation greenness (NDVI) on the relative abundance of tsetse fly species. Host availability (livestock and wildlife) was also recorded within 100×100 m of each trap site. The highest tsetse abundance was found in the ecotone between Acacia-Commiphora woodland and grassland, and the lowest in riverine woodland. Glossina swynnertoni was the most abundant species (68%) trapped throughout the entire study, while G. pallidipes was the least common (4%). Relative species abundance was negatively associated with NDVI, with greatest abundance observed in the dry season. The relationship with the abundance of wildlife and livestock was more complex, as we found positive and negative associations depending on the host and fly species. While habitat is important for tsetse distribution, hosts also play a critical role in affecting fly abundance and, potentially, trypanosomiasis risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anibariki Ngonyoka
- Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology. School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Arusha, Tanzania
- Department of Conservation Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Paul S Gwakisa
- Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology. School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Arusha, Tanzania
- Genome Sciences Center, Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Anna B Estes
- Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology. School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Arusha, Tanzania
- Centre for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA U.S.A
| | - Happiness J Nnko
- Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology. School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Arusha, Tanzania
- Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Peter J Hudson
- Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology. School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Arusha, Tanzania
- Centre for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA U.S.A
| | - Isabella M Cattadori
- Centre for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA U.S.A
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30
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Abstract
The development of the tsetse fly immune system relies on a cue from an endosymbiotic bacterium called Wigglesworthia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Masson
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Lemaitre
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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31
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Benoit JB, Vigneron A, Broderick NA, Wu Y, Sun JS, Carlson JR, Aksoy S, Weiss BL. Symbiont-induced odorant binding proteins mediate insect host hematopoiesis. eLife 2017; 6:e19535. [PMID: 28079523 PMCID: PMC5231409 DOI: 10.7554/elife.19535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Symbiotic bacteria assist in maintaining homeostasis of the animal immune system. However, the molecular mechanisms that underlie symbiont-mediated host immunity are largely unknown. Tsetse flies (Glossina spp.) house maternally transmitted symbionts that regulate the development and function of their host's immune system. Herein we demonstrate that the obligate mutualist, Wigglesworthia, up-regulates expression of odorant binding protein six in the gut of intrauterine tsetse larvae. This process is necessary and sufficient to induce systemic expression of the hematopoietic RUNX transcription factor lozenge and the subsequent production of crystal cells, which actuate the melanotic immune response in adult tsetse. Larval Drosophila's indigenous microbiota, which is acquired from the environment, regulates an orthologous hematopoietic pathway in their host. These findings provide insight into the molecular mechanisms that underlie enteric symbiont-stimulated systemic immune system development, and indicate that these processes are evolutionarily conserved despite the divergent nature of host-symbiont interactions in these model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua B Benoit
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, United States
| | - Aurélien Vigneron
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, United States
| | - Nichole A Broderick
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, United States
- Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, United States
| | - Yineng Wu
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, United States
| | - Jennifer S Sun
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, United States
| | - John R Carlson
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, United States
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, United States
| | - Serap Aksoy
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, United States
| | - Brian L Weiss
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, United States
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32
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De Kyvon MALC, Maakaroun-Vermesse Z, Lanotte P, Priotto G, Perez-Simarro P, Guennoc AM, De Toffol B, Paris L, Bernard L, Goudeau A, Chandenier J, Desoubeaux G. Congenital Trypanosomiasis in Child Born in France to African Mother. Emerg Infect Dis 2016; 22:935-7. [PMID: 27088460 PMCID: PMC4861501 DOI: 10.3201/eid2205.160133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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33
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Salou E, Rayaisse JB, Kaba D, Djohan V, Yoni W, Barry I, Dofini F, Bouyer J, Solano P. Variations in attack behaviours between Glossina palpalis gambiensis and G. tachinoides in a gallery forest suggest host specificity. Med Vet Entomol 2016; 30:403-409. [PMID: 27513602 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Tsetse flies Glossina palpalis gambiensis and G. tachinoides are among the major vectors of sleeping sickness (Human African Trypanosomiasis-HAT) and nagana (African Animal Trypanosomiasis - AAT) in West Africa. Both riparian species occur sympatrically in gallery forests of south west Burkina Faso, but little is known of their interspecies relationships although different authors think there may be some competition between them. The aim of this study was to check if sympatric species have different strategies when approaching a host. A man placed in a sticky cube (1 m × 1 m × 1 m) and a sticky black-blue-black target (1 m × 1 m) were used to capture tsetse along the Comoe river banks in a Latin Square design. The number and the height at which tsetse were caught by each capture method were recorded according to species and sex. Glossina p. gambiensis was more attracted to human bait than to the target, but both species were captured at a significantly higher height on the target compared with the human bait (P < 0.05). No significant difference in heights was found between G. tachinoides and G. p. gambiensis captured on targets (33 and 35 cm, respectively, P > 0.05). However, catches on human bait showed a significant difference in height between G. tachinoides and G. p. gambiensis (22.5 and 30.6 cm, respectively, P < 0.001). This study showed that these sympatric species had different attack behaviours to humans, which is not the case with the target. The implications of these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Salou
- Département de Sciences biologiques/UFR-ST, Université Polytechnique de Bobo - Dioulasso (UPB), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
- Unité de Recherche sur les Bases Biologiques de la Lutte Intégrée (URBIO), Centre International de Recherche - Développement sur l'Elevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
| | - J B Rayaisse
- Unité de Recherche sur les Bases Biologiques de la Lutte Intégrée (URBIO), Centre International de Recherche - Développement sur l'Elevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - D Kaba
- Unité de Recherche Glossines et Trypanosomoses, Institut Pierre Richet/INSP, Bouaké, Ivory Coast
| | - V Djohan
- Unité de Recherche Glossines et Trypanosomoses, Institut Pierre Richet/INSP, Bouaké, Ivory Coast
| | - W Yoni
- Unité de Recherche sur les Bases Biologiques de la Lutte Intégrée (URBIO), Centre International de Recherche - Développement sur l'Elevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - I Barry
- Unité de Recherche sur les Bases Biologiques de la Lutte Intégrée (URBIO), Centre International de Recherche - Développement sur l'Elevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - F Dofini
- Unité de Recherche sur les Bases Biologiques de la Lutte Intégrée (URBIO), Centre International de Recherche - Développement sur l'Elevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - J Bouyer
- UMR CIRAD-INRA CMAEE, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), UMR CIRAD-INRA CMAEE, Montpellier, France
- Department of Rural Economy and Agriculture, PATTEC Coordination Office, Rural Economy and Agriculture Department, African Union Commission, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - P Solano
- UMR 177 IRD-CIRAD INTERTRYP, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR 177 IRD-CIRAD INTERTRYP, Montpellier, France
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34
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Abstract
Trypanosome parasites are hiding in human skin, a discovery that may undermine efforts to eliminate sleeping sickness by 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aitor Casas-Sánchez
- Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Álvaro Acosta-Serrano
- Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Ooi CP, Schuster S, Cren-Travaillé C, Bertiaux E, Cosson A, Goyard S, Perrot S, Rotureau B. The Cyclical Development of Trypanosoma vivax in the Tsetse Fly Involves an Asymmetric Division. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 6:115. [PMID: 27734008 PMCID: PMC5039179 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma vivax is the most prevalent trypanosome species in African cattle. It is thought to be transmitted by tsetse flies after cyclical development restricted to the vector mouthparts. Here, we investigated the kinetics of T. vivax development in Glossina morsitans morsitans by serial dissections over 1 week to reveal differentiation and proliferation stages. After 3 days, stable numbers of attached epimastigotes were seen proliferating by symmetric division in the cibarium and proboscis, consistent with colonization and maintenance of a parasite population for the remaining lifespan of the tsetse fly. Strikingly, some asymmetrically dividing cells were also observed in proportions compatible with a continuous production of pre- metacyclic trypomastigotes. The involvement of this asymmetric division in T. vivax metacyclogenesis is discussed and compared to other trypanosomatids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cher-Pheng Ooi
- Trypanosome Transmission Group, Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur and INSERM U1201 Paris, France
| | - Sarah Schuster
- Trypanosome Transmission Group, Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur and INSERM U1201 Paris, France
| | - Christelle Cren-Travaillé
- Trypanosome Transmission Group, Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur and INSERM U1201 Paris, France
| | - Eloise Bertiaux
- Trypanosome Transmission Group, Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur and INSERM U1201 Paris, France
| | - Alain Cosson
- Trypanosomatids Infectious Processes Unit, Department of Infection and Epidemiology, Institut Pasteur Paris, France
| | - Sophie Goyard
- Trypanosomatids Infectious Processes Unit, Department of Infection and Epidemiology, Institut Pasteur Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Perrot
- Trypanosome Transmission Group, Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur and INSERM U1201 Paris, France
| | - Brice Rotureau
- Trypanosome Transmission Group, Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur and INSERM U1201 Paris, France
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Stijlemans B, Caljon G, Van Den Abbeele J, Van Ginderachter JA, Magez S, De Trez C. Immune Evasion Strategies of Trypanosoma brucei within the Mammalian Host: Progression to Pathogenicity. Front Immunol 2016; 7:233. [PMID: 27446070 PMCID: PMC4919330 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The diseases caused by African trypanosomes (AT) are of both medical and veterinary importance and have adversely influenced the economic development of sub-Saharan Africa. Moreover, so far not a single field applicable vaccine exists, and chemotherapy is the only strategy available to treat the disease. These strictly extracellular protozoan parasites are confronted with different arms of the host's immune response (cellular as well as humoral) and via an elaborate and efficient (vector)-parasite-host interplay they have evolved efficient immune escape mechanisms to evade/manipulate the entire host immune response. This is of importance, since these parasites need to survive sufficiently long in their mammalian/vector host in order to complete their life cycle/transmission. Here, we will give an overview of the different mechanisms AT (i.e. T. brucei as a model organism) employ, comprising both tsetse fly saliva and parasite-derived components to modulate host innate immune responses thereby sculpturing an environment that allows survival and development within the mammalian host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Stijlemans
- Laboratory of Myeloid Cell Immunology, VIB Inflammation Research Center, Ghent, Belgium; Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Guy Caljon
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium; Unit of Veterinary Protozoology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp (ITM), Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jan Van Den Abbeele
- Unit of Veterinary Protozoology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp (ITM) , Antwerp , Belgium
| | - Jo A Van Ginderachter
- Laboratory of Myeloid Cell Immunology, VIB Inflammation Research Center, Ghent, Belgium; Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stefan Magez
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium; Department of Structural Biology, VIB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Carl De Trez
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium; Department of Structural Biology, VIB, Brussels, Belgium
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Kato AB, Hyseni C, Okedi LM, Ouma JO, Aksoy S, Caccone A, Masembe C. Mitochondrial DNA sequence divergence and diversity of Glossina fuscipes fuscipes in the Lake Victoria basin of Uganda: implications for control. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:385. [PMID: 26197892 PMCID: PMC4511262 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0984-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glossina fuscipes fuscipes is the main vector of African Trypanosomiasis affecting both humans and livestock in Uganda. The human disease (sleeping sickness) manifests itself in two forms: acute and chronic. The Lake Victoria basin in Uganda has the acute form and a history of tsetse re-emergence despite concerted efforts to control tsetse. The government of Uganda has targeted the basin for tsetse eradication. To provide empirical data for this initiative, we screened tsetse flies from the basin for genetic variation at the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase II (mtDNA COII) gene with the goal of investigating genetic diversity and gene flow among tsetse, tsetse demographic history; and compare these results with results from a previous study based on microsatellite loci data in the same area. METHODS We collected 429 Gff tsetse fly samples from 14 localities in the entire Ugandan portion of the Lake Victoria coast, covering 40,000 km(2). We performed genetic analyses on them and added data collected for 56 Gff individuals from 4 additional sampling sites in the basin. The 529 pb partial mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase II (mtDNA COII) sequences totaling 485 were analysed for genetic differentiation, structuring and demographic history. The results were compared with findings from a previous study based on microsatellite loci data from the basin. RESULTS The differences within sampling sites explained a significant proportion of the genetic variation. We found three very closely related mtDNA population clusters, which co-occurred in multiple sites. Although Φ ST (0 - 0.592; P < 0.05) and Bayesian analyses suggest some level of weak genetic differentiation, there is no correlation between genetic divergence and geographic distance (r = 0.109, P = 0.185), and demographic tests provide evidence of locality-based demographic history. CONCLUSION The mtDNA data analysed here complement inferences made in a previous study based on microsatellite data. Given the differences in mutation rates, mtDNA afforded a look further back in time than microsatellites and revealed that Gff populations were more connected in the past. Microsatellite data revealed more genetic structuring than mtDNA. The differences in connectedness and structuring over time could be related to vector control efforts. Tsetse re-emergence after control interventions may be due to re-invasions from outside the treated areas, which emphasizes the need for an integrated area-wide tsetse eradication strategy for sustainable removal of the tsetse and trypanosomiasis problem from this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agapitus B Kato
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Chaz Hyseni
- Department of Biology, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, 38677, USA.
| | - Loyce M Okedi
- National Livestock Resources Research Institute, Tororo, Uganda.
| | - Johnson O Ouma
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Kikuyu, Kenya.
| | - Serap Aksoy
- Division of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
| | - Adalgisa Caccone
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
| | - Charles Masembe
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
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Isaac C, Ravaiano SV, Vicari Pascini T, Ferreira Martins G. The Antennal Sensilla of Species of the Palpalis Group (Diptera: Glossinidae). J Med Entomol 2015; 52:614-621. [PMID: 26335467 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjv050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Infection of tsetse fly with trypanosome parasites could be influenced by its ability to locate vertebrate host(s) in the wild. Generally, the antennae of insects are known to bear chemo-sensory organs (sensilla), which are used for host search among other functions. In order to exploit the potentials of tsetse-search behavior, knowledge of sensilla types on the antennae is desirable. In line with this, the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the antennae of Glossina palpalis and Glossina tachinoides (Westwood) were examined under the scanning electron microscope. Results showed that trichoid and chaetica (subtypes I and II) sensilla are present only on the scape and pedicel, while basiconica (subtypes I and II) and sensory pits are seen on the flagella. Microtrichia are present on all the segments of the antennae with Ca II being most abundant. Specifically, in females of G. tachinoides, there is a near-even distribution of Ca I and Ca II on the pedicel while more number of sensory pits was seen on females than males in both species. This study hypothesizes that host-search efficiency could be influenced by the number of olfactory-sensilla types on the antennae, in which case, females present greater potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clement Isaac
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa - UFV, 365V70-900 Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Department of Zoology, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria.
| | - Samira Veiga Ravaiano
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa - UFV, 365V70-900 Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Tales Vicari Pascini
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa - UFV, 36570-900 Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Ferreira Martins
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa - UFV, 36570-900 Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Benoit JB, Attardo GM, Baumann AA, Michalkova V, Aksoy S. Adenotrophic viviparity in tsetse flies: potential for population control and as an insect model for lactation. Annu Rev Entomol 2015; 60:351-71. [PMID: 25341093 PMCID: PMC4453834 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-010814-020834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Tsetse flies (Glossina spp.), vectors of African trypanosomes, are distinguished by their specialized reproductive biology, defined by adenotrophic viviparity (maternal nourishment of progeny by glandular secretions followed by live birth). This trait has evolved infrequently among insects and requires unique reproductive mechanisms. A key event in Glossina reproduction involves the transition between periods of lactation and nonlactation (dry periods). Increased lipolysis, nutrient transfer to the milk gland, and milk-specific protein production characterize lactation, which terminates at the birth of the progeny and is followed by a period of involution. The dry stage coincides with embryogenesis of the progeny, during which lipid reserves accumulate in preparation for the next round of lactation. The obligate bacterial symbiont Wigglesworthia glossinidia is critical to tsetse reproduction and likely provides B vitamins required for metabolic processes underlying lactation and/or progeny development. Here we describe findings that utilized transcriptomics, physiological assays, and RNA interference-based functional analysis to understand different components of adenotrophic viviparity in tsetse flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua B. Benoit
- Department of Biological Sciences, McMicken School of Arts and Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Geoffrey M. Attardo
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Aaron A. Baumann
- Janelia Farm Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia 20147
| | - Veronika Michalkova
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
- Section of Molecular and Applied Zoology, Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava 845 06 SR, Slovakia
| | - Serap Aksoy
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
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Hamidou Soumana I, Tchicaya B, Simo G, Geiger A. Comparative gene expression of Wigglesworthia inhabiting non-infected and Trypanosoma brucei gambiense-infected Glossina palpalis gambiensis flies. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:620. [PMID: 25452752 PMCID: PMC4233935 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tsetse flies (Glossina sp.) that transmit trypanosomes causing human (and animal) African trypanosomiasis (HAT and AAT, respectively) harbor symbiotic microorganisms, including the obligate primary symbiont Wigglesworthia glossinidia. A relationship between Wigglesworthia and tsetse fly infection by trypanosomes has been suggested, as removal of the symbiont results in a higher susceptibility to midgut infection in adult flies. To investigate this relationship and to decipher the role of W. glossinidia in the fly's susceptibility to trypanosome infection, we challenged flies with trypanosomes and subsequently analyzed and compared the transcriptomes of W. glossinidia from susceptible and refractory tsetse flies at three time points (3, 10, and 20 days). More than 200 W. glossinidia genes were found to be differentially expressed between susceptible and refractory flies. The high specificity of these differentially expressed genes makes it possible to distinguish Wigglesworthia inhabiting these two distinct groups of flies. Furthermore, gene expression patterns were observed to evolve during the infection time course, such that very few differentially expressed genes were found in common in Wigglesworthia from the 3-, 10- and 20-day post-feeding fly samples. The overall results clearly demonstrate that the taking up of trypanosomes by flies, regardless of whether flies proceed with the developmental program of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, strongly alters gene expression in Wigglesworthia. These results therefore provide a novel framework for studies that aim to decrease or even abolish tsetse fly vector competence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bernadette Tchicaya
- UMR 177, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement-CIRAD Montpellier, France
| | - Gustave Simo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Anne Geiger
- UMR 177, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement-CIRAD Montpellier, France
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Abstract
During the process of blood feeding insect vectors are exposed to an array of vertebrate-derived blood factors ranging from byproducts of blood meal digestion to naturally occurring products in the blood including growth hormones, cytokines and factors derived from blood-borne pathogens themselves. In this review, we examine the ability of these ingested vertebrate blood factors to alter the innate pathogen defenses of insect vectors. The ability of these factors to modify the immune responses of insect vectors offers new intriguing targets for blocking or reducing transmission of human disease-causing pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazzy Pakpour
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, 95616
| | - Michael A. Riehle
- Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
| | - Shirley Luckhart
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, 95616
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Abstract
Tsetse flies are the primary vectors of African trypanosomes, which cause Human and Animal African trypanosomiasis in 36 countries in sub-Saharan Africa. These flies have also established symbiotic associations with bacterial and viral microorganisms. Laboratory-reared tsetse flies harbor up to four vertically transmitted organisms—obligate Wigglesworthia, commensal Sodalis, parasitic Wolbachia and Salivary Gland Hypertrophy Virus (SGHV). Field-captured tsetse can harbor these symbionts as well as environmentally acquired commensal bacteria. This microbial community influences several aspects of tsetse's physiology, including nutrition, fecundity and vector competence. This review provides a detailed description of tsetse's microbiome, and describes the physiology underlying host-microbe, and microbe-microbe, interactions that occur in this fly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Wang
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health New Haven, CT, USA
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Abbeele JVD, Rotureau B. New insights in the interactions between African trypanosomes and tsetse flies. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2013; 3:63. [PMID: 24137569 PMCID: PMC3797390 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2013.00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Van Den Abbeele
- Unit of Veterinary Protozoology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Group ParasitologyAntwerpen, Belgium
- Laboratory of Zoophysiology, Department of Physiology, University of GhentGhent, Belgium
| | - Brice Rotureau
- Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, Institut Pasteur, CNRS URA 2581Paris, France
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Rotureau B, Van Den Abbeele J. Through the dark continent: African trypanosome development in the tsetse fly. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2013; 3:53. [PMID: 24066283 PMCID: PMC3776139 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2013.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
African trypanosomes are unicellular flagellated parasites causing trypanosomiases in Africa, a group of severe diseases also known as sleeping sickness in human and nagana in cattle. These parasites are almost exclusively transmitted by the bite of the tsetse fly. In this review, we describe and compare the three developmental programs of the main trypanosome species impacting human and animal health, with focus on the most recent observations. From here, some reflections are made on research issues concerning trypanosome developmental biology in the tsetse fly that are to be addressed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brice Rotureau
- Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, Institut Pasteur and CNRS URA 2581, Paris, France.
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45
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Abstract
Human African trypanosomiasis or sleeping sickness is a neglected tropical disease that affects populations in sub-Saharan Africa. The disease is caused by infection with the gambiense and rhodesiense subspecies of the extracellular parasite Trypanosoma brucei, and is transmitted to humans by bites of infected tsetse flies. The disease evolves in two stages, the hemolymphatic and meningoencephalitic stages, the latter being defined by central nervous system infection after trypanosomal traversal of the blood-brain barrier. African trypanosomiasis, which leads to severe neuroinflammation, is fatal without treatment, but the available drugs are toxic and complicated to administer. The choice of medication is determined by the infecting parasite subspecies and disease stage. Clinical features include a constellation of nonspecific symptoms and signs with evolving neurological and psychiatric alterations and characteristic sleep-wake disturbances. Because of the clinical profile variability and insidiously progressive central nervous system involvement, disease staging is currently based on cerebrospinal fluid examination, which is usually performed after the finding of trypanosomes in blood or other body fluids. No vaccine being available, control of human African trypanosomiasis relies on diagnosis and treatment of infected patients, assisted by vector control. Better diagnostic tools and safer, easy to use drugs are needed to facilitate elimination of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veerle Lejon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR 177 IRD-CIRAD INTERTRYP, Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France.
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McCord PF, Messina JP, Campbell DJ, Grady SC. Tsetse Fly Control in Kenya's Spatially and Temporally Dynamic Control Reservoirs: A Cost Analysis. Appl Geogr 2012; 34:189-204. [PMID: 22581989 PMCID: PMC3347470 DOI: 10.1016/j.apgeog.2011.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) and animal African trypanosomiasis (AAT) are significant health concerns throughout much of sub-Saharan Africa. Funding for tsetse fly control operations has decreased since the 1970s, which has in turn limited the success of campaigns to control the disease vector. To maximize the effectiveness of the limited financial resources available for tsetse control, this study develops and analyzes spatially and temporally dynamic tsetse distribution maps of Glossina subgenus Morsitans populations in Kenya from January 2002 to December 2010, produced using the Tsetse Ecological Distribution Model. These species distribution maps reveal seasonal variations in fly distributions. Such variations allow for the identification of "control reservoirs" where fly distributions are spatially constrained by fluctuations in suitable habitat and tsetse population characteristics. Following identification of the control reservoirs, a tsetse management operation is simulated in the control reservoirs using capital and labor control inputs from previous studies. Finally, a cost analysis, following specific economic guidelines from existing tsetse control analyses, is conducted to calculate the total cost of a nationwide control campaign of the reservoirs compared to the cost of a nationwide campaign conducted at the maximum spatial extent of the fly distributions from January 2002 to December 2010. The total cost of tsetse management within the reservoirs sums to $14,212,647, while the nationwide campaign at the maximum spatial extent amounts to $33,721,516. This savings of $19,508,869 represents the importance of identifying seasonally dynamic control reservoirs when conducting a tsetse management campaign, and, in the process, offers an economical means of fly control and disease management for future program planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul F. McCord
- Department of Geography, Center for Global Change and Earth Observations, Michigan State University, 218 Manly Miles Building, 1405 S. Harrison Road, East Lansing, Michigan 48823, United States of America
| | - Joseph P. Messina
- Department of Geography, Center for Global Change and Earth Observations, AgBioResearch, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - David J. Campbell
- Department of Geography, African Studies Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Sue C. Grady
- Department of Geography, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
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Liu R, He X, Lehane S, Lehane M, Hertz-Fowler C, Berriman M, Field LM, Zhou JJ. Expression of chemosensory proteins in the tsetse fly Glossina morsitans morsitans is related to female host-seeking behaviour. Insect Mol Biol 2012; 21:41-48. [PMID: 22074189 PMCID: PMC3664020 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2011.01114.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Chemosensory proteins (CSPs) are a class of soluble proteins present in high concentrations in the sensilla of insect antennae. It has been proposed that they play an important role in insect olfaction by mediating interactions between odorants and odorant receptors. Here we report, for the first time, the presence of five CSP genes in the tsetse fly Glossina morsitans morsitans, a major vector transmitting nagana in livestock. Real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR showed that three of the CSPs are expressed in antennae. One of them, GmmCSP2, is transcribed at a very high level and could be involved in olfaction. We also determined expression in the antennae of both males and females at different life stages and with different blood feeding regimes. The transcription of GmmCSP2 was lower in male antennae than in females, with a sharp increase in 10-week-old flies, 48 h after a bloodmeal. Thus there is a clear relationship between CSP gene transcription and host searching behaviour. Genome annotation and phylogenetic analyses comparing G. morsitans morsitans CSPs with those of other Diptera showed rapid evolution after speciation of mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Liu
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
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48
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Snyder AK, Deberry JW, Runyen-Janecky L, Rio RVM. Nutrient provisioning facilitates homeostasis between tsetse fly (Diptera: Glossinidae) symbionts. Proc Biol Sci 2010; 277:2389-97. [PMID: 20356887 PMCID: PMC2894912 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2010.0364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2010] [Accepted: 03/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Host-associated microbial interactions may involve genome complementation, driving-enhanced communal efficiency and stability. The tsetse fly (Diptera: Glossinidae), the obligate vector of African trypanosomes (Trypanosoma brucei subspp.), harbours two enteric Gammaproteobacteria symbionts: Wigglesworthia glossinidia and Sodalis glossinidius. Host coevolution has streamlined the Wigglesworthia genome to complement the exclusively sanguivorous tsetse lifestyle. Comparative genomics reveal that the Sodalis genome contains the majority of Wigglesworthia genes. This significant genomic overlap calls into question why tsetse maintains the coresidence of both symbionts and, furthermore, how symbiont homeostasis is maintained. One of the few distinctions between the Wigglesworthia and Sodalis genomes lies in thiamine biosynthesis. While Wigglesworthia can synthesize thiamine, Sodalis lacks this capability but retains a thiamine ABC transporter (tbpAthiPQ) believed to salvage thiamine. This genetic complementation may represent the early convergence of metabolic pathways that may act to retain Wigglesworthia and evade species antagonism. We show that thiamine monophosphate, the specific thiamine derivative putatively synthesized by Wigglesworthia, impacts Sodalis thiamine transporter expression, proliferation and intracellular localization. A greater understanding of tsetse symbiont interactions may generate alternative control strategies for this significant medical and agricultural pest, while also providing insight into the evolution of microbial associations within hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K. Snyder
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, 53 Campus Drive 5106 LSB, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Jason W. Deberry
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, 53 Campus Drive 5106 LSB, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | | | - Rita V. M. Rio
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, 53 Campus Drive 5106 LSB, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
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