1
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Everts HB, Suo L, Ghim S, Bennett Jenson A, Sundberg JP. Retinoic acid metabolism proteins are altered in trichoblastomas induced by mouse papillomavirus 1. Exp Mol Pathol 2015; 99:546-51. [PMID: 26416148 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2015.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Skin cancer burden is significant as treatment costs have skyrocketed to $8.1 million annually and some forms metastasize, such as cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) and melanoma. cSCC is caused by altered growth factor signaling induced by chemical carcinogens, ultraviolet light (UV) exposure, and infections with papillomaviruses (PVs). One of the few options for preventing cSCC in high-risk patients is oral retinoids. While much is understood about retinoid treatments and metabolism in mouse models of chemically and UV exposure induced cSCC, little is known about the role of retinoids in PV-induced cSCC. To better understand how retinoid metabolism is altered in cSCC, we examined the expression of this pathway in the newly discovered mouse papillomavirus (MmuPV1), which produces trichoblastomas in dorsal skin but not cSCC. We found significant increases in a rate-limiting enzyme involved in retinoic acid synthesis and retinoic acid binding proteins, suggestive of increased RA synthesis, in MmuPV1-induced tumors in B6.Cg-Foxn1(nu)/J mice. Similar increases in these proteins were seen after acute UVB exposure in Crl:SKH1-Hr(hr) mice and in regressing pre-cancerous lesions in a chemically-induced mouse model, suggesting a common mechanism in limiting the progression of papillomas to full blown cSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen B Everts
- Department of Human Sciences (Nutrition), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.
| | - Liye Suo
- Department of Human Sciences (Nutrition), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Shinge Ghim
- The James Graham Brown Cancer Center, The University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - A Bennett Jenson
- The James Graham Brown Cancer Center, The University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
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2
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Epithelial raft cultures for investigations of virus growth, pathogenesis and efficacy of antiviral agents. Antiviral Res 2009; 85:431-49. [PMID: 19883696 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2009.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2009] [Revised: 10/20/2009] [Accepted: 10/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The organotypic epithelial raft cultures, originally developed to study keratinocytes differentiation, represent a novel approach to the study of viruses able to infect epithelial cells. Organotypic epithelial raft cultures accurately reproduce the process of epithelial differentiation in vitro and can be prepared from normal keratinocytes, explanted epithelial tissue, or established cell lines. This culture system permits cells to proliferate and fully differentiate at the air-liquid interface on a dermal-equivalent support. Normal primary human keratinocytes (PHKs) stratify and fully differentiate in a manner similar to the normal squamous epithelial tissues, while transformed cell lines exhibit dysplastic morphologies similar to the (pre)neoplastic lesions seen in vivo. This three-dimensional (3D) culture system provides an essential tool for investigations of virus growth, virus-host cell interactions, for the genetic analysis of viral proteins and regulatory sequences, and for the evaluation of antiviral agents. The 3D epithelial cultures have proven a breakthrough in the research on papillomaviruses, since their life cycle is strictly linked to the differentiation of the host epithelium. In the last years, several reports have shown the usefulness of the 3D epithelial cultures for the study of other viruses that target at least during a part of their life cycles epithelial cells. The 3D epithelial cultures allow the analysis of virus-host cell interactions in stratified epithelia that more closely resemble the in vivo situation. In this review we describe the advances on research on 3D epithelial cultures for the study of virus growth and pathogenesis of different families of viruses, including papilloma-, herpes-, pox-, adeno-, and parvoviruses.
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3
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Hubert P, Bousarghin L, Greimers R, Franzen-Detrooz E, Boniver J, Delvenne P. Production of large numbers of Langerhans' cells with intraepithelial migration ability in vitro. Exp Dermatol 2005; 14:469-77. [PMID: 15885083 DOI: 10.1111/j.0906-6705.2005.00299.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Langerhans' cells (LCs) are a subset of immature dendritic cells (DCs) and play a key role in the initiation and regulation of immune responses. Functional studies of these cells have been hampered by difficulties in generating a large number of LCs in vitro. We describe a new method to efficiently generate immature DCs exhibiting morphological, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural features of LCs (CD1a+, Birbeck Granules+, CD207+, E-cadherin+, cutaneous lymphocyte-associated antigen+, and CCR6+) from a limited number of CD34+ cord blood progenitors. This method is based on a two-step procedure consisting of an amplification phase followed by a terminal differentiation induction. The amplification step is initiated with a combination of hematopoietic growth factors (thrombopoietin/stem cell factor/fetal liver tyrosine kinase-3 ligand), cytokines (granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interleukin-4), and 5 ng/ml of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1. The differentiation is induced by increasing the concentration of TGF-beta1 to 12.5 ng/ml. These culture conditions were efficient for generating a large number of immature LCs (8.74 x 10(6) +/- 3.2) from 15 x 10(4) CD34+ progenitor cells. In addition, these LCs were shown to be able to infiltrate an in vitro reconstructed epithelium. Because LCs play an important role in the mucosal immunity, this technique could be useful to study their interactions with epithelial pathogenic agents and to perform pharmacological, toxicological, and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Hubert
- Department of Pathology, CRCE, B35, University of Liege, CHU Sart Tilman, Liege, Belgium.
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4
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Ono M, Shindoh M, Kobayashi M, Higashino F, Kohgo T, Yoshida K, Totsuka Y. E1AF Induces Both Matrix Metalloprotease Transcription and Cell Cycle Arrest that Occurs in the Stage of Cancer Cell Invasion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.3353/omp.9.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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5
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Ding Z, Green AG, Yang X, Chernenko G, Tang SC, Pater A. Retinoic acid inhibits telomerase activity and downregulates expression but does not affect splicing of hTERT: correlation with cell growth rate inhibition in an in vitro cervical carcinogenesis/multidrug-resistance model. Exp Cell Res 2002; 272:185-91. [PMID: 11777343 DOI: 10.1006/excr.2001.5412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Telomerase, a ribonucleoprotein complex of hTERT, hTR, and TP1, has been reported to be associated with carcinogenesis and multidrug resistance (MDR). This study used our in vitro human cervical multistep carcinogenesis/MDR model system in which normal human ectocervical and endocervical (HEN) cells were immortalized by HPV18 or 16, respectively, and subsequently transformed. The first evidence was found that immortalization and telomerase activation were correlated with increased expression specifically of two of the hTERT alternatively spliced mRNAs, one encoding wild-type protein containing the full-length functional reverse transcriptase (RT) region and one encoding a defective RT protein. Expression of neither hTERT mRNA containing full-length functional or defective RT motif was affected by transformation/MDR. All-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) treatment of HPV-immortalized HEN-16-2 cells and transformed/MDR HEN-16-2/CDDP cells inhibited telomerase activity and downregulated expression of hTERT mRNAs containing full-length functional and a defective RT motif, but there were no changes in hTR and TP1 expression. Moreover, ATRA inhibited cell growth rate of HEN-16-2 and HEN-16-2/CDDP cells equally. These results provided the first evidence that ATRA equally in both immortalized and transformed/MDR cell lines inhibits telomerase activity and downregulates expression, but not splicing, of hTERT, and this is correlated with cell growth rate inhibition; the potential is implicated for applying ATRA to hTERT-targeted treatment of cervical cell carcinogenesis/MDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihu Ding
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada
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6
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Retinoic Acid and Interferon-α Effects on Cell Growth and Differentiation in Cervical Carcinoma Cell Lines. Obstet Gynecol 2001. [DOI: 10.1097/00006250-200108000-00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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7
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Khan MH, Yasuda M, Higashino F, Haque S, Kohgo T, Nakamura M, Shindoh M. nm23-H1 suppresses invasion of oral squamous cell carcinoma-derived cell lines without modifying matrix metalloproteinase-2 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2001; 158:1785-91. [PMID: 11337376 PMCID: PMC1891946 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64134-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/05/2001] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
nm23-H1 is a candidate gene for the suppression of cancer metastasis. Several studies on human breast, hepatocellular, gastric, ovarian, and colon carcinomas and melanomas have shown that reduced nm23-H1 expression was closely related to metastatic progression with poor prognosis. However, the biochemical mechanism by which nm23-H1 suppresses the metastasis has yet to be elucidated. In this study, we analyzed the correlation between nm23 expression, cell motility, and the invasive abilities of six different oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines (HSC2, HSC3, HSC4, KB, OSC19, and OSC20). Reduced mRNA/protein expression of the nm23-H1 was observed in three cell lines (HSC2, HSC3, and HSC4). These cell lines exhibited increased cell motility and an invasive character on organotypic raft culture. On the other hand, the cell lines (KB, OSC19, and OSC20) that showed a higher expression of nm23-H1 exhibited a threefold to fivefold reduced motility and also reflected fewer invasions compared to the former three cell lines. Because the HSC3 cells demonstrated the lowest nm23-H1 expression with the highest cell motility and invasive character, we established nm23-H1-transfected HSC3 cell lines to investigate whether exogenous nm23-H1 protein could inhibit cell migration and invasive activity. These transfectants showed a significant reduction in cell motility with exogenous nm23-H1 in a dose-dependent manner, and exhibited a noninvasive character. An immunofluorescence study demonstrated a distinct stress-fiber distribution at peripheral region of these transfectants. However, no significant difference of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 expression was observed between mock transfectant and nm23-H1-transfected cells. These findings suggest that nm23-H1 inhibits the invasive activity of oral squamous cell carcinoma by suppression of cell motility without altering the MMP-2 and MMP-9 status.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Khan
- Department of Oral Pathobiological Science, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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8
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Hepatocyte growth factor upregulates E1AF that induces oral squamous cell carcinoma cell invasion by activating matrix metalloproteinase genes. Carcinogenesis 2000. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/21.6.1079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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9
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Hubert P, van den Brüle F, Giannini SL, Franzen-Detrooz E, Boniver J, Delvenne P. Colonization of in vitro-formed cervical human papillomavirus- associated (pre)neoplastic lesions with dendritic cells: role of granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 1999; 154:775-84. [PMID: 10079255 PMCID: PMC1866413 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)65324-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the ability of CD1a+ Langerhans/dendritic cells (LCs/DCs) to infiltrate human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated (pre)neoplastic lesions of the uterine cervix. Migration of LCs/DCs in the presence of keratinocytes derived from normal cervix and HPV-transformed cell lines was evaluated in Boyden chambers and in organotypic cultures and correlated with granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) production by the cells, as determined by ELISA. Conditioned media of HPV-transformed keratinocytes contained lower amounts of GM-CSF and induced a decreased motile response of LCs/DCs in the Boyden chamber assay compared with those of normal cervical keratinocytes. The migration of LCs/DCs in the presence of conditioned media from normal keratinocytes could be blocked by an anti-GM-CSF antibody, and the migration of LCs/DCs in the presence of conditioned media from HPV-transformed keratinocytes could be increased by supplementing the media with recombinant GM-CSF. GM-CSF was also a potent factor in enhancing the colonization of LCs/DCs into organotypic cultures of HPV-transformed keratinocytes, as the infiltration of LCs/DCs in the in vitro-formed (pre)neoplastic epithelium was minimal under basal conditions and dramatically increased after the addition of GM-CSF to the cultures. These results suggest that GM-CSF could play an important role in the recruitment of LCs/DCs into the HPV-transformed (pre)neoplastic cervical epithelium and be useful as a new immunotherapeutic approach for cervical (pre)cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Hubert
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
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10
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Abstract
Invasive cervical cancer accounts for 11.6% of all cancers worldwide and is the second most common cancer among women. It is the most common cancer among women living in less developed countries. Although infection with oncogenic-type human papillomaviruses (HPV) is associated with most cases of cervical cancer, HPV infection alone is an insufficient cause of cervical cancer. Research from the last two decades suggests a role for nutrients in the prevention of cervical cancer. However, results from phase III folic acid and beta-carotene chemoprevention trials have been negative. Potential reasons for the lack of treatment effect are discussed within the context of cervical carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Giuliano
- Arizona Prevention Center, University of Arizona, Tucson 85724, USA
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11
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Yang X, Nakao Y, Pater MM, Tang SC, Pater A. Expression of cellular genes in HPV16-immortalized and cigarette smoke condensate-transformed human endocervical cells. J Cell Biochem 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4644(19970901)66:3<309::aid-jcb4>3.0.co;2-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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12
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Zheng PS, Iwasaka T, Yokoyama M, Nakao Y, Pater A, Sugimori H. Telomerase activation in in vitro and in vivo cervical carcinogenesis. Gynecol Oncol 1997; 66:222-6. [PMID: 9264566 DOI: 10.1006/gyno.1997.4757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Telomerase activity is found in the majority of human cancers, but not in most normal tissues. It is generally accepted that there is a multistep process in human carcinogenesis. Studying the role of telomerase activation in this process may provide new information to further our understanding of the pathological process of clinical lesions. In the present study, telomerase activity was found in HPV-immortalized and cigarette smoke condensate (CSC)-transformed malignant cell lines established in a cervical carcinogenesis model and in cell lines derived from cervical intraepithelial neoplasias (CINs) and carcinomas. With exfoliated cell samples, telomerase activity was detected in 3 of 41 (7%) normal cervices, 10 of 25 (40%) CINs, and all 20 (100%) carcinomas. Telomerase activation was significantly higher in CINs than in normal cervices (chi2 = 7.42, P < 0.01) and was much higher in invasive carcinomas than in CINs (chi2 = 18.00, P < 0.005). Our observations suggest that telomerase activation is a relatively early-stage event in cervical carcinogenesis, and this activation is associated with the initiation and progression of cervical lesions. Detection of telomerase activity may serve as a tool for diagnosis and prognosis of cervical neoplasias.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Zheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Saga Medical School, Japan
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13
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Khare S, Pater MM, Tang SC, Pater A. Effect of glucocorticoid hormones on viral gene expression, growth, and dysplastic differentiation in HPV16-immortalized ectocervical cells. Exp Cell Res 1997; 232:353-60. [PMID: 9168812 DOI: 10.1006/excr.1997.3529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Steroid hormones are proposed to act as cofactors with human papillomaviruses (HPVs) in the etiology of cervical cancer. We and others reported that progesterone and glucocorticoid hormones induce the expression of HPV16 via three glucocorticoid response elements (GREs) in the viral regulatory region. Consensus GREs (GREcs) are useful in other systems for examining the effect of hormones after enhancing the response with mutated GREc constructs. Therefore, this study used human ectocervical cells (HEC) and HPV type 16 containing three GREcs to establish immortalized cells (HEC-16GREc). Northern blot assays showed that the level of viral E6-E7 oncogene RNA was increased by hormones substantially more in HEC-16GREc than in wild-type HPV16-immortalized human ectocervical cells (HEC-16). The saturation density and the hormone response of the growth rate were significantly higher for HEC-16GREc and the doubling was faster in the presence of hormone than for HEC-16. Although both were nontumorigenic, only HEC-16GREc showed anchorage-independent growth, which was dependent on hormone. Also, HEC-16GREc were more abnormal in their epithelium differentiation pattern in organotypic (raft) cultures. Furthermore, hormone-treated HEC-16GREc rafts showed more dysplastic features than hormone-treated HEC-16 rafts. These results suggest new features of the role of hormones: that enhanced expression of viral oncogenes in response to hormones apparently confers a greater risk for cervical cells containing HPV16. Further, HEC-16GREc could be ideal for studying hormone-dependent and -independent malignant transformation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Culture Techniques/methods
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Cell Transformation, Viral
- Cervix Uteri/cytology
- Consensus Sequence
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- Dexamethasone/pharmacology
- Epithelial Cells
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Viral/drug effects
- Genome, Viral
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Oncogene Proteins, Viral/biosynthesis
- Oncogene Proteins, Viral/genetics
- Oncogenes
- Papillomaviridae/genetics
- Papillomaviridae/physiology
- Papillomavirus E7 Proteins
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Viral/biosynthesis
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid
- Repressor Proteins
- Uterine Cervical Dysplasia/pathology
- Uterine Cervical Dysplasia/virology
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Affiliation(s)
- S Khare
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada
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14
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Adachi M, Iwaki H, Shindoh M, Akao Y, Hachiya T, Ikeda M, Hinoda Y, Imai K. Predominant expression of the src homology 2-containing tyrosine phosphatase protein SHP2 in vascular smooth muscle cells. Virchows Arch 1997; 430:321-5. [PMID: 9134043 DOI: 10.1007/bf01092755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
src homology 2 (SH2)-containing protein-tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 is known to transduce positive signals from activated receptor protein-tyrosine kinases such as platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) beta and insulin receptor. Here, we demonstrate the physiological expression of SHP2 in rats. In northern and western blot analyses, SHP2 expressions were recognized in all tissues, but their expression levels varied significantly among tissues: it is lowest in the liver and kidney. Immunohistochemical staining and in situ hybridization showed SHP2 was expressed ubiquitously but predominantly in vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC). During the development of granulations. SHP2 was expressed predominantly in vascular SMC and also highly expressed in capillary cells. The functional associations of SHP2 with PDGFR beta, which transduces major growth signals in vascular SMC, identify a crucial function of SHP2 in blood vessels in consert with PDGFR beta.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Adachi
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Japan
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15
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Yang X, Jin G, Nakao Y, Rahimtula M, Pater MM, Pater A. Malignant transformation of HPV 16-immortalized human endocervical cells by cigarette smoke condensate and characterization of multistage carcinogenesis. Int J Cancer 1996; 65:338-44. [PMID: 8575855 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19960126)65:3<338::aid-ijc11>3.0.co;2-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A number of epidemiological studies indicate that cigarette smokers are at increased risk of developing cervical cancer. However, convincing biological evidence is lacking. This report examines the biological and cellular role of human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 and cigarette smoke in multistage cervical carcinogenesis. Two lines of HPV 16-immortalized human endocervical cells (HEN-16 and HEN-16-2) generated from primary cells (HEN) were treated with cigarette smoke condensate (CSC). CSC-treated, but not untreated, HEN-16 and HEN-16-2 formed tumors that were invasive squamous cell carcinomas in nude mice. The tumors were used to initiate 2 tumor lines of cells (HEN-16T and HEN-16-2T, respectively). Cells of both tumor lines, compared with HEN, HEN-16 and HEN-16-2, featured: (a) tumorigenicity, (b) distinct morphologies in monolayer and organotypic (raft) cultures, (c) faster growth in serum plus high calcium levels after immortalization and after transformation, (d) higher saturation density and (e) anchorage-independent growth. Our results provide unique direct in vitro evidence that cigarette smoke causes cancer in HPV-containing cervices.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Yang
- Division of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada
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16
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Sarma D, Yang X, Jin G, Shindoh M, Pater MM, Pater A. Resistance to retinoic acid and altered cytokeratin expression of human papillomavirus type 16-immortalized endocervical cells after tumorigenesis. Int J Cancer 1996; 65:345-50. [PMID: 8575856 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19960126)65:3<345::aid-ijc12>3.0.co;2-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) and cigarette smoking are epidemiologically associated with cervical cancer. We recently found that HEN-16 and HEN-16-2 HPV type 16-immortalized endocervical cells form tumors after treatment with cigarette smoke condensate and derived 2 tumor cell line cultures, HEN-16T and HEN-16-2T, respectively. Here, we examine the molecular pathologic effect of tumorigenesis. HEN-16T and HEN-16-2T exhibit unchanged status and expression of integrated HPV 16 DNA. However, the expression of the cytokeratin CK7 and CK13 endocervical cell markers is more homogeneous in monolayer and organotypic raft cultures after tumorigenesis. For the effect of retinoic acid on monolayers for growth inhibition, HEN-16T were significantly less sensitive than the normal and immortalized non-tumorigenic cells. HEN-16-2T were completely resistant. Moreover, the rafts from both tumorigenic cell line cultures were resistant to retinoic acid and continued to display thick rafts and homogeneous severe dysplasia/carcinoma in situ. In contrast, the non-malignant HEN-16 and HEN-16-2 rafts were thinner, and treatment with retinoic acid blocked the formation of severe dysplasia, reconstructing an epithelium resembling that of the normal endocervix. Our results support the significance of non-viral factors in the mechanism by which cigarette smoking induces tumorigenesis in the late stages of HPV-initiated progression to cervical cancer. Importantly, our data indicate that the sensitivity to retinoic acid of the HPV-containing endocervical cells is lost following tumorigenesis in vitro and possibly in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Sarma
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada
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