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Wen Q, Yu S, Wang S, Qin Y, Xia Q, Wang S, Chen G, Shen C, Song S. Impact of intestinal microbiota on metabolic toxicity and potential detoxification of amygdalin. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1030516. [PMID: 36504787 PMCID: PMC9730245 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1030516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Amygdalin (Amy) is metabolized into cyanide in vivo, which may lead to fatal poisoning after oral administration. The defense mechanisms against toxic cyanide have not yet been adequately studied. In this study, comparative toxicokinetics study of Amy was performed in normal and pseudo germ-free rats. The efficiency of cyanide release was significant higher in normal group when given a single oral dose of 440 mg/kg (50% median lethal dose). Thiocyanate, the detoxification metabolite, was firstly detected in feces, caecum, and intestinal microbiota incubation enzymic system. The results suggest intestinal microbiota is involved in bidirectional regulation of toxicity and detoxification of Amy. We further identified the species related to cyanogenesis of Amy with metagenomic sequencing, such as Bifidobacterium pseudolongum, Marvinbryantia formatexigens, and Bacteroides fragilis. Functional analysis of microbiota reveals the detoxification potential of intestinal microbiota for cyanide. Sulfurtransferase superfamily, such as rhodanese, considered as main detoxification enzymes for cyanide, are largely found in Coriobacteriaceae bacterium, Butyricicoccus porcorum, Akkermansia muciniphila, etc. Besides, cyanoamino acid metabolism pathway dominated by Escherichia coli may contribute to the detoxification metabolism of cyanide. In summary, intestinal microbiota may be the first line of defense against the toxicity induced by Amy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyu Wen
- School of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- The Grade 3 Pharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Shen Yu
- School of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- The Grade 3 Pharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- The Grade 3 Pharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Yan Qin
- School of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- The Grade 3 Pharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Quan Xia
- School of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- The Grade 3 Pharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Center for Scientific Research of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Guanjun Chen
- Center for Scientific Research of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Chenlin Shen
- School of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Shuai Song
- School of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- The Grade 3 Pharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
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Gunasekar PG, Borowitz JL, Turek JJ, Van Horn DA, Isom GE. Endogenous generation of cyanide in neuronal tissue: involvement of a peroxidase system. J Neurosci Res 2000; 61:570-5. [PMID: 10956427 DOI: 10.1002/1097-4547(20000901)61:5<570::aid-jnr12>3.0.co;2-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In a study of the mechanism by which cyanide is produced in neural tissue, it was hypothesized that nerve cells generate cyanide in a manner similar to that in leukocytes. As in white blood cells, glycine addition enhanced cyanide production in rat pheochromocytoma cells. Because myeloperoxidase catalyses cyanide production in leukocytes, a selective myeloperoxidase inhibitor (aminobenzoic acid hydrazide) was tested and found to inhibit opiate agonist-induced cyanide production in pheochromocytoma cells and also in rat brain. In addition, hydrogen peroxide enhanced cyanide release in pheochromocytoma cells, further suggesting that the process is oxidative in nature. Sonicated rat pheochromocytoma cells did not generate cyanide in response to an agonist acting on surface receptors even though disrupted cells responded to glycine. The mitochondrial fraction from rat brain produced more cyanide in response to glycine than any other fraction. Thus glycine seems to act at an intracellular site to enhance cyanide production and the process seems to involve a peroxidase mechanism similar to that reported for white blood cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Gunasekar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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Forsyth JC, Mueller PD, Becker CE, Osterloh J, Benowitz NL, Rumack BH, Hall AH. Hydroxocobalamin as a cyanide antidote: safety, efficacy and pharmacokinetics in heavily smoking normal volunteers. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY. CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY 1993; 31:277-94. [PMID: 8492341 DOI: 10.3109/15563659309000395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The safety, efficacy and pharmacokinetic parameters of 5 g of hydroxocobalamin given intravenously, alone or in combination with 12.5 g of sodium thiosulfate, were evaluated in healthy adult men who were heavy smokers. Sodium thiosulfate caused nausea, vomiting, and localized burning, muscle cramping, or twitching at the infusion site. Hydroxocobalamin was associated with a transient reddish discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes, and urine, and when administered alone produced mean elevations of 13.6% in systolic and 25.9% in diastolic blood pressure, with a concomitant 16.3% decrease in heart rate. No other clinically significant adverse effects were noted. Hydroxocobalamin alone decreased whole blood cyanide levels by 59% and increased urinary cyanide excretion. Pharmacokinetic parameters of hydroxocobalamin were best defined in the group who received both antidotes: t1/2 (alpha), 0.52 h; t1/2 (beta), 2.83 h; Vd (beta), 0.24 L/kg; and mean peak serum concentration 753 mcg/mL (560 mumol/L) at 0-50 minutes after completion of infusion. Hydroxocobalamin is safe when administered in a 5 gram intravenous dose, and effectively decreases the low whole blood cyanide levels found in heavy smokers.
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Mousa HM, Davis RH. Alternative sulphur donors for detoxification of cyanide in the chicken. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. C, COMPARATIVE PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY 1991; 99:309-15. [PMID: 1685401 DOI: 10.1016/0742-8413(91)90247-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
1. Urinary excretion of thiocyanate by hens after dosage with cyanide was studied over 3 hr periods during which various sulphur sources were infused. 2. With 20 mumoles cyanide, endogenous sulphur supplies appeared to be almost sufficient. 3. With 45 mumoles cyanide, thiocyanate excretion was doubled with 90 mumoles of sulphur donor. Higher doses of mercaptopyruvate were also effective but not rhodanese substrates (thiosulphate or methanethiosulphonate): they interfered with thiocyanate excretion and may also have suppressed its formation. 4. Mercaptopyruvate and rhodanese substrates also differed in their effects on blood cyanide concentration and on the excretion of isotope from radiolabelled cyanide.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Mousa
- Wye College (University of London), Ashford, Kent, U.K
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McMahon TF, Birnbaum LS. Age-related changes in toxicity and biotransformation of potassium cyanide in male C57BL/6N mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1990; 105:305-14. [PMID: 2171158 DOI: 10.1016/0041-008x(90)90191-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Age-related changes in toxicity and biotransformation of KCN, an ubiquitous environmental toxicant, have not been previously examined. Male C57BL/6N mice aged 2-3 (young), 10-12 (middle-aged), and 25-30 (old) months were administered KCN at 1, 2, 4, and 6 mg/kg po, and toxic manifestations were monitored for up to 2 hr. The toxic response to KCN (prostration and labored breathing) was significantly greater in 10-12 and 25-30 month vs that in 2-3 month mice at 4 and 6 mg/kg KCN. The basis for this age-related difference in in vivo toxicity was examined by studying biotransformation of KCN to thiocyanate by liver and brain rhodanese (RHO), as well as activity of liver and brain cytochrome oxidase (C-OX), inhibition of C-OX by KCN, and activity of beta-mercaptopyruvate transsulfurase (MT). Tissue and blood levels of CN- following a toxic dose of 6 mg/kg KCN were also measured. No age-related differences were observed in the specific activity of liver and brain RHO, MT, or C-OX. In addition, no differences were observed in the percentage inhibition of C-OX by KCN, or in the Ki for inhibition of brain and liver C-OX. However, activity of brain RHO on a per gram tissue basis was significantly lower in 10-12 and 25-30 months vs that in 2-3 month mice. Liver and blood concentrations of CN- were not significantly different in 2-3 vs 10-12 month mice following treatment with 6 mg/kg KCN; however, significantly greater concentrations of CN- were observed at 4 and 25 min in brains of 10-12 month mice compared to that in 2-3 month mice. These results indicate that increased sensitivity to KCN in older mice may be due in part to a decrease in the amount of brain RHO and altered tissue kinetics of CN- following a toxic dose in older mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- T F McMahon
- Experimental Toxicology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
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Devlin DJ, Smith RP, Thron CD. Cyanide release from nitroprusside in the isolated, perfused, bloodless liver and hindlimbs of the rat. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1989; 99:354-6. [PMID: 2734796 DOI: 10.1016/0041-008x(89)90017-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
When sodium nitroprusside in artificial medium was perfused through the isolated liver and hindlimbs of a rat at the near physiological flow rate of 8.5 ml min-1, free cyanide was found in the perfusate. The liver reached a steady-state ratio of cyanide released/nitroprusside perfused of about 1.5 (or approximately 30% of the total nitroprusside cyanide) within 15 min, and maintained that rate for about 1.5 hr. In the hindlimbs cyanide was released at a much slower rate (7.5 to 18.8% of the total), and the release did not achieve a steady state even after 1.5 hr. Even after small corrections for cyanide extraction by both tissues, the rate of cyanide release by either tissue was probably more rapid than that resulting from static incubations in blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Devlin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire 03756
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