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Markuskova L, Javorova Rihova Z, Fazekas T, Martinkovicova A, Havrisko M, Dingova D, Solavova M, Rabarova D, Hrabovska A. Serum butyrylcholinesterase as a marker of COVID-19 mortality: Results of the monocentric prospective observational study. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 381:110557. [PMID: 37209860 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic represents an excessive burden on health care systems worldwide and the number of patients who require special care in the clinical setting is often hard to predict. Consequently, there is an unmet need for a reliable biomarker that could predict clinical outcomes of high-risk patients. Lower serum butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activity was recently linked with poor outcomes of COVID-19 patients. In line with this, our monocentric observational study on hospitalized COVID-19 patients focused on changes in serum BChE activity in relation to disease progression. Blood samples from 148 adult patients of both sexes were collected during their hospital stay at the Clinics of Infectiology and Clinics of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Trnava University Hospital in alignment with routine blood tests. Sera were analyzed using modified Ellman's method. Patient data with information about the health status, comorbidities and other blood parameters were collected in pseudonymized form. Our results show a lower serum BChE activity together with progressive decline of BChE activity in non-survivors, while higher stable values were present in discharged or transferred patients requiring further care. Lower BChE activity was associated with higher age and lower BMI. Moreover, we observed a negative correlation of serum BChE activity with the routinely used inflammatory markers, C-reactive protein and interleukin-6. Serum BChE activity mirrored clinical outcomes of COVID-19 patients and thus serves as a novel prognostic marker in high-risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Markuskova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University Bratislava, Odbojarov 10, 832 32, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Javorova Rihova
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Medical University Bratislava, Limbova 12, 832 03, Bratislava, Slovakia; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Trnava University Hospital, A. Zarnova 11, 917 75, Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Tomas Fazekas
- Department of Physical Chemistry of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University Bratislava, 832 32, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Anna Martinkovicova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University Bratislava, Odbojarov 10, 832 32, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Martina Havrisko
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Trnava University Hospital, A. Zarnova 11, 917 75, Trnava, Slovakia; Department of Laboratory Medicine Methods in Healthcare, Faculty of Healthcare and Social Work, University of Trnava in Trnava, 917 75, Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Dominika Dingova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University Bratislava, Odbojarov 10, 832 32, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Maria Solavova
- Clinic of Infectiology, Trnava University Hospital, A. Zarnova 11, 917 75, Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Daria Rabarova
- Clinic of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Trnava University Hospital, A. Zarnova 11, 917 75, Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Anna Hrabovska
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University Bratislava, Odbojarov 10, 832 32, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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Acetylcholine Content in 100 Accessions from the Worldwide Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) Core Collection. J Food Compost Anal 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2023.105233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
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Severi I, Abbatelli S, Perugini J, Di Mercurio E, Senzacqua M, Giordano A. Butyrylcholinesterase distribution in the mouse gastrointestinal tract: An immunohistochemical study. J Anat 2022; 242:245-256. [PMID: 36004682 PMCID: PMC9877478 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) is a hydrolytic enzyme that together with acetylcholinesterase (AChE) belongs to the cholinesterase family. Whereas AChE has a well-established role in regulating cholinergic neurotransmission in central and peripheral synapses, the physiological role of BChE remains elusive. In this morphological immunohistochemical and double-label confocal microscopy study we investigated the distribution of BChE in the mouse gastrointestinal tract. BChE-positive cells were detected in the liver (both in hepatocytes and cholangiocytes), in the keratinised layers of the squamous epithelium of the oesophagus and forestomach, in the oxyntic mucosa of the stomach, in the mucus-secreting cells of duodenal Brunner glands and the small and large intestinal mucosa. Interestingly, BChE-positive cells were often detected close to gastrointestinal proliferative niches. In the oxyntic mucosa, the close proximity of ghrelin-producing and BChE-positive parietal cells suggests that BChE may be involved in ghrelin hydrolysation through paracrine action. To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive morphological study performed to gain insight into the physiological role of BChE in the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilenia Severi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical MedicineMarche Polytechnic UniversityAnconaItaly
| | - Silvia Abbatelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical MedicineMarche Polytechnic UniversityAnconaItaly
| | - Jessica Perugini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical MedicineMarche Polytechnic UniversityAnconaItaly
| | - Eleonora Di Mercurio
- Department of Experimental and Clinical MedicineMarche Polytechnic UniversityAnconaItaly
| | - Martina Senzacqua
- Department of Experimental and Clinical MedicineMarche Polytechnic UniversityAnconaItaly
| | - Antonio Giordano
- Department of Experimental and Clinical MedicineMarche Polytechnic UniversityAnconaItaly
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Pflégr V, Štěpánková Š, Svrčková K, Švarcová M, Vinšová J, Krátký M. 5-Aryl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-amines Decorated with Long Alkyl and Their Analogues: Synthesis, Acetyl- and Butyrylcholinesterase Inhibition and Docking Study. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15040400. [PMID: 35455397 PMCID: PMC9029695 DOI: 10.3390/ph15040400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
2,5-Disubstituted 1,3,4-oxadiazoles are privileged versatile scaffolds in medicinal chemistry that have exhibited diverse biological activities. Acetyl- (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitors are used, e.g., to treat dementias and myasthenia gravis. 5-Aryl-1,3,4-oxadiazoles decorated with dodecyl linked via nitrogen, sulfur or directly to this heterocycle have been designed as potential inhibitors of AChE and BChE. They were prepared from commercially available or in-house prepared hydrazides by reaction with dodecyl isocyanate to form hydrazine-1-carboxamides 2 (yields 67–98%) followed by cyclization using p-toluenesulfonyl chloride and triethylamine in 41–100% yields. Thiadiazole isostere was also synthesized. The derivatives were screened for inhibition of AChE and BChE using Ellman’s spectrophotometric method. The compounds showed a moderate dual inhibition with IC50 values of 12.8–99.2 for AChE and from 53.1 µM for BChE. All the heterocycles were more efficient inhibitors of AChE. The most potent inhibitor, N-dodecyl-5-(pyridin-4-yl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-amine 3t, was subjected to advanced reversibility and type of inhibition evaluation. Structure–activity relationships were identified. Many oxadiazoles showed lower IC50 values against AChE than established drug rivastigmine. According to molecular docking, the compounds interact non-covalently with AChE and BChE and block entry into enzyme gorge and catalytic site, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Václav Pflégr
- Department of Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; (V.P.); (M.Š.); (J.V.)
| | - Šárka Štěpánková
- Department of Biological and Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic; (Š.Š.); (K.S.)
| | - Katarína Svrčková
- Department of Biological and Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic; (Š.Š.); (K.S.)
| | - Markéta Švarcová
- Department of Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; (V.P.); (M.Š.); (J.V.)
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, J. E. Purkinje University, Pasteurova 3632/15, 400 96 Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic
| | - Jarmila Vinšová
- Department of Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; (V.P.); (M.Š.); (J.V.)
| | - Martin Krátký
- Department of Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; (V.P.); (M.Š.); (J.V.)
- Correspondence:
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Nogueira AF, Nunes B. Cholinesterase characterization and effects of the environmental contaminants chlorpyrifos and carbofuran on two species of marine crabs, Carcinus maenas and Pachygrapsus marmoratus. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:14681-14693. [PMID: 33216299 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11492-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Among the most frequent targets for toxic effects of modern pesticides, namely organophosphates and carbamates, one may find cholinesterases (ChEs). ChEs exist in a wide variety of animals and have been used actively to discriminate among the environmental effects of different pollutant groups, including the aforementioned pesticides. This study had three purposes, namely (i) identifying the ChE forms present in tissues (eyes and walking legs muscle) of two crab species, Carcinus maenas and Pachygrapsus marmoratus; to (ii) determine the in vitro toxicological effects, and (iii) compare the sensitivity of such enzymatic forms towards commonly used anti-ChE pesticides, namely the organophosphate chlorpyrifos and the carbamate carbofuran. Our results showed that there was not a clear preference for any of the tested substrates in any of the tissues from both species. Furthermore, the ChE activity was almost completely suppressed following incubation with eserine and with the specific inhibitor BW284C51 in all tissues from both species. In vitro exposure to chlorpyrifos promoted a significant decrease in ChE activity in both species. Furthermore, the ChE activity was completely suppressed following incubation with carbofuran and chlorpyrifos. These results suggest that the major ChE forms present in tissues of both crab species show intermediate structural properties and activity patterns, halfway between classic acetylcholinesterase and pseudocholinesterases. However, the sensitivity of the found forms towards ChE inhibitors was established, and the responsiveness of such forms towards common anti-ChE chemicals was established. Both tested species seem to be promising test organisms to be used in marine and coastal scenarios of putative contaminations by anti-ChE chemicals, considering the here reported patterns of response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Filipa Nogueira
- Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar, CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Bruno Nunes
- Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar, CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
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6
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Luo X, Lauwers M, Layer PG, Wen C. Non-neuronal Role of Acetylcholinesterase in Bone Development and Degeneration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:620543. [PMID: 33585459 PMCID: PMC7876280 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.620543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), an enzyme catalyzing the degradation of acetylcholine, plays an important suppressive role in the cholinergic regulation by terminating the action of acetylcholine. The expression of acetylcholinesterase and other cholinergic components is not restricted to only brain and nerve tissues but can also be found in non-neuronal tissues like the immune system and bone tissue. Primary identification of these components has been achieved. However, the information about their specific functions and underlying molecular mechanisms in bone remains scattered. Here, the physiological process of bone development, homeostasis, and degeneration are introduced. Next, the cholinergic system and its expression in bone tissue is documented. Among them, special attention goes to AChE, as the structure of this enzyme suggests diverse binding affinities, enabled by a peripheral site and a catalytic site. The peripheral site supports the non-enzymatic function of AChE in non-neuronal systems. Based on recent studies, the non-neuronal roles of acetylcholinesterase, both enzymatically and non-enzymatically, in bone development, homeostasis and degeneration are summarized briefly together with potential mechanisms to support these functions. We conclude that AChE may be a potential therapeutic target for bone diseases like osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohe Luo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Marianne Lauwers
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Paul G Layer
- Developmental Biology and Neurogenetics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Chunyi Wen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
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Wu Q, Bai P, Xia Y, Lai QWS, Guo MSS, Dai K, Zheng Z, Ling CSJ, Dong TTX, Pi R, Tsim KWK. Solar light induces expression of acetylcholinesterase in skin keratinocytes: Signalling mediated by activator protein 1 transcription factor. Neurochem Int 2020; 141:104861. [PMID: 33038610 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) hydrolyses acetylcholine to choline and acetate, playing an important role in terminating the neurotransmission in brain and muscle. Recently, the non-neuronal functions of AChE have been proposed in different tissues, in which there are various factors to regulate the expression of AChE. In mammalian skin, AChE was identified in melanocytes and keratinocytes. Our previous study has indicated that AChE in keratinocyte affects the process of solar light-induced skin pigmentation; however, the expression of AChE in keratinocytes in responding to sunlight remains unknown. Here, we provided several lines of evidence to support a notion that AChE could be upregulated at transcriptional and translational levels in keratinocytes when exposed to solar light. The light-mediated AChE expression was triggered by Ca2+, supported by an induction of Ca2+ ionophore A23187 and a blockage by Ca2+ chelator BAPTA-AM. In addition, this increase on AChE transcriptional expression was eliminated by mutagenesis on the activating protein 1 (AP1) site in ACHE gene. Hence, the solar light-induced AChE expression is mediated by Ca2+ signalling through AP1 site. This finding supports the role of solar light in affecting the cholinergic system in skin cells, and which may further influence the dermatological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyun Wu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518000, China; Division of Life Science and Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Panzhu Bai
- Division of Life Science and Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yingjie Xia
- Division of Life Science and Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Queenie W S Lai
- Division of Life Science and Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Maggie S S Guo
- Division of Life Science and Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kun Dai
- Division of Life Science and Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhongyu Zheng
- Division of Life Science and Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Christine S J Ling
- Division of Life Science and Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tina T X Dong
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518000, China; Division of Life Science and Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Rongbiao Pi
- School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 518000, China
| | - Karl W K Tsim
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518000, China; Division of Life Science and Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China.
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Monoclonal antibodies to fetal bovine serum acetylcholinesterase distinguish between acetylcholinesterases from ruminant and non-ruminant species. Chem Biol Interact 2020; 330:109225. [PMID: 32795450 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2020.109225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Two types of cholinesterases (ChEs) are present in mammalian blood and tissues: acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). While AChE regulates neurotransmission by hydrolyzing acetylcholine at the postsynaptic membranes and neuromuscular junctions, BChE in plasma has been suggested to be involved in detoxifying toxic compounds. This study was undertaken to establish the identity of circulating ChE activity in plasmas from domestic animals (bovine, ovine, caprine, porcine and equine) by assessing sensitivity to AChE-specific inhibitors (BW284c51 and edrophonium) and BChE-specific inhibitors (dibucaine, ethopropazine and Iso-OMPA) as well as binding to anti-FBS AChE monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). Based on the inhibition of ChE activity by ChE-specific inhibitors, it was determined that bovine, ovine and caprine plasma predominantly contain AChE, while porcine and equine plasma contain BChE. Three of the anti-FBS AChE MAbs, 4E5, 5E8 and 6H9, inhibited 85-98% of enzyme activity in bovine, ovine and caprine plasma, confirming that the esterase in these plasmas was AChE. These MAbs did not bind to purified recombinant human or mouse AChE, demonstrating that these MAbs were specific for AChEs from ruminant species. These MAbs did not inhibit the activity of purified human BChE, or ChE activity in porcine and equine plasma, confirming that the ChE in these plasmas was BChE. Taken together, these results demonstrate that anti-FBS AChE MAbs can serve as useful tools for distinguishing between AChEs from ruminant and non-ruminant species and BChEs.
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9
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Wong PT, Tang S, Cannon J, Yang K, Harrison R, Ruge M, O'Konek JJ, Choi SK. Shielded α-Nucleophile Nanoreactor for Topical Decontamination of Reactive Organophosphate. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:33500-33515. [PMID: 32603588 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c08946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Here, we describe a nanoscale reactor strategy with a topical application in the therapeutic decontamination of reactive organophosphates (OPs) as chemical threat agents. It involves functionalization of poly(amidoamine) dendrimer through a combination of its partial PEG shielding and exhaustive conjugation with an OP-reactive α-nucleophile moiety at its peripheral branches. We prepared a 16-member library composed of two α-nucleophile classes (oxime, hydroxamic acid), each varying in its reactor valency (43-176 reactive units per nanoparticle), and linker framework for α-nucleophile tethering. Their mechanism for OP inactivation occurred via nucleophilic catalysis as verified against P-O and P-S bonded OPs including paraoxon-ethyl (POX), malaoxon, and omethoate by 1H NMR spectroscopy. Screening their reactivity for POX inactivation was performed under pH- and temperature-controlled conditions, which resulted in identifying 13 conjugates, each showing shorter POX half-life up to 2 times as compared to a reference Dekon 139 at pH 10.5, 37 °C. Of these, 10 conjugates were further confirmed for greater efficacy in POX decontamination experiments performed in two skin models, porcine skin and an artificial human microtissue. Finally, a few lead conjugates were selected and demonstrated for their biocompatibility in vitro as evident with lack of skin absorption, no inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and no cytotoxicity in human neuroblastoma cells. In summary, this study presents a novel nanoreactor library, its screening methods, and identification of potent lead conjugates with potential for therapeutic OP decontamination.
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Hayes TR, Blecha JE, Chao CK, Huynh TL, VanBrocklin HF, Zinn KR, Taylor PW, Gerdes JM, Thompson CM. Positron emission tomography evaluation of oxime countermeasures in live rats using the tracer O-(2-[ 18 F]fluoroethyl)-O-(p-nitrophenyl)methylphosphonate [ 18 F]-VXS. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1479:180-195. [PMID: 32436233 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Oxime antidotes regenerate organophosphate-inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Although they share a common mechanism of AChE reactivation, the rate and amount of oxime that enters the brain are critical to the efficacy, a process linked to the oxime structure and charge. Using a platform based on the organophosphate [18 F]-VXS as a positron emission tomography tracer for active AChE, the in vivo distribution of [18 F]-VXS was evaluated after an LD50 dose (250 μg/kg) of the organophosphate paraoxon (POX) and following oximes as antidotes. Rats given [18 F]-VXS tracer alone had significantly higher radioactivity (two- to threefold) in the heart and lung than rats given LD50 POX at 20 or 60 min prior to [18 F]-VXS. When rats were given LD50 POX followed by 2-PAM (cationic), RS194b (ionizable), or monoisonitrosoacetone (MINA) (neutral), central nervous system (CNS) radioactivity returned to levels at or above untreated naive rats (no POX), whereas CNS radioactivity did not increase in rats given the dication oximes HI-6 or MMB-4. MINA showed a significant, pairwise increase in CNS brain radioactivity compared with POX-treated rats. This new in vivo dynamic platform using [18 F]-VXS tracer measures and quantifies peripheral and CNS relative changes in AChE availability after POX exposure and is suitable for comparing oxime delivery and AChE reactivation in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Hayes
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Joseph E Blecha
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Chih-Kai Chao
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana
| | - Tony L Huynh
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Henry F VanBrocklin
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Kurt R Zinn
- Departments of Radiology, Small Animal Clinical Sciences, and Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Palmer W Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - John M Gerdes
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana
| | - Charles M Thompson
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana
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11
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Sensing molecular organizational changes through the catalytic activity of acetylcholinesterase from erythrocyte membranes in Langmuir-Blodgett films. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183188. [PMID: 31930963 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Langmuir films prepared from bovine erythrocyte membranes (LFBEM) were studied and transferred to alkylated glasses (Langmuir-Blodgett films, LBBEM) in order to assess the effects of membrane molecular packing on Bovine Erythrocyte Acetylcholinesterase (BEA) catalytic activity. Surface pressure (π) vs Area isotherms showed three 2D-transitions at ~7, ~18 and ~44 mN/m and a collapse pressure at πc = 49 mN/m. The 0-12-0 mN/m compression-decompression cycles resulted reversible while those 0-40-0 mN/m exhibited a significant hysteresis. Taken together, EFM, BAM and AFM images and the stability of the film after 3C-D cycles, we can suggest that over the air-water interface as well as over the silanized glass substrate the surface is mostly covered by a monolayer with a few particles dispersed. Acetylthiocholine hydrolysis was assayed with BEA in bovine erythrocyte membrane suspensions (SBEM) and in LBBEM packed at 10 (LBBEM,10) and 35 mN/m (LBBEM,35), which gave the following kinetic parameters: Vmax = 3.41 ± 0.15, 0.021 ± 0.002 and 0.030 ± 0.003 nmol.min-1·μg prot-1 and KM = 0.11 ± 0.02, 0.047 ± 0.017 and 0.026 ± 0.017 mM, respectively. Although from SBEM to LBBEM we lost active enzyme, the catalytic efficiency (Vmax/KM) increased ~750 times. Eugenol and 1,8-cineol inhibited BEA catalytic activity in LBBEM,35. Our results demonstrate the transmission of information between the membrane and the environment within the subphase immediately below the membrane, where anchored proteins are hosted. This was reflected by the membrane packing-induced modulation of BEA catalytic activity. Furthermore, LBBEM provides a proof of concept for the development of biosensors to screen new green pesticides acting through BEA interaction.
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12
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Ha ZY, Mathew S, Yeong KY. Butyrylcholinesterase: A Multifaceted Pharmacological Target and Tool. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2020; 21:99-109. [DOI: 10.2174/1389203720666191107094949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Butyrylcholinesterase is a serine hydrolase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of esters in the body. Unlike its sister enzyme acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase has a broad substrate scope and lower acetylcholine catalytic efficiency. The difference in tissue distribution and inhibitor sensitivity also points to its involvement external to cholinergic neurotransmission. Initial studies on butyrylcholinesterase showed that the inhibition of the enzyme led to the increment of brain acetylcholine levels. Further gene knockout studies suggested its involvement in the regulation of amyloid-beta, a brain pathogenic protein. Thus, it is an interesting target for neurological disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease. The substrate scope of butyrylcholinesterase was recently found to include cocaine, as well as ghrelin, the “hunger hormone”. These findings led to the development of recombinant butyrylcholinesterase mutants and viral gene therapy to combat cocaine addiction, along with in-depth studies on the significance of butyrylcholinesterase in obesity. It is observed that the pharmacological impact of butyrylcholinesterase increased in tandem with each reported finding. Not only is the enzyme now considered an important pharmacological target, it is also becoming an important tool to study the biological pathways in various diseases. Here, we review and summarize the biochemical properties of butyrylcholinesterase and its roles, as a cholinergic neurotransmitter, in various diseases, particularly neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Ying Ha
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia Campus, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Shintu Mathew
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), ITI Compound, Raebareli, 229010, India
| | - Keng Yoon Yeong
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia Campus, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
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Xu ML, Luk WK, Liu EY, Kong XP, Wu QY, Xia YJ, Dong TT, Tsim KW. Differentiation of erythroblast requires the dimeric form of acetylcholinesterase: Interference with erythropoietin receptor. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 308:317-322. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Santos L, Negrisoli CB, Santos MB, Negrisoli Junior A. Management of Achatina fulica (Bowdich, 1822) (Pulmonata: Achatinidae) in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). ARQUIVOS DO INSTITUTO BIOLÓGICO 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1808-1657000262017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT: The giant African snail Achatina fulica was introduced in Brazil and since then has become an important pest, because of its resistance to abiotic conditions, hermaphroditism, polyphagia, and absence of natural predators. This study aims to evaluate the control of A. fulica in lettuce, in Alagoas, Brazil. Bioassays for the determination of lethal dose and lethal time to adults of A. fulica and the egg mortality were performed in the laboratory by applying commercial synthetic products, commercial and non-commercial alcoholic botanical extracts on mollusk adults. Additionally, the protein concentration, lipase activity and enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), in the stomach, intestine, nervous ganglion and liver were determined. The alcoholic extract of Capsicum frutescens caused higher mortality of A. fulica, and the alcoholic extract of C. frutescens and Piper tuberculatum oil can prevent the hatching of A. fulica. The lipase activity was present and in greater quantities in tissues, stomach, intestine, liver and ganglia of A. fulica, before and after exposure of the alcoholic extract of C. frutescens. The enzymatic activity of BuChE was present in the ganglia and liver of A. fulica, prior to exposure of the alcoholic extract of C. frutescens. The enzymatic activity of AChE was present only in the ganglion and absent in liver of A. fulica, prior to exposure of the alcoholic extract of C. frutescens. The concentration of 10% of the alcoholic extract of C. frutescens caused 84% mortality of adult A. fulica in lettuce in field conditions.
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Structural stability of human butyrylcholinesterase under high hydrostatic pressure. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2018; 1867:107-113. [PMID: 30414450 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Human butyrylcholinesterase is a nonspecific enzyme of clinical, pharmacological and toxicological significance. Although the enzyme is relatively stable, its activity is affected by numerous factors, including pressure. In this work, hydrostatic pressure dependence of the intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence in native and salted human butyrylcholinesterase was studied up to the maximum pressure at ambient temperature of about 1200 MPa. A correlated large shift toward long wavelengths and broadening observed at pressures between 200 and 700 MPa was interpreted as due to high pressure-induced denaturation of the protein, leading to an enhanced exposure of tryptophan residues into polar solvent environment. This transient process in native butyrylcholinesterase presumably involves conformational changes of the enzyme at both tertiary and secondary structure levels. Pressure-induced mixing of emitting local indole electronic transitions with quenching charge transfer states likely describes the accompanying fluorescence quenching that reveals different course from spectral changes. All the pressure-induced changes turned irreversible after passing a mid-point pressure of about 400 ± 50 MPa. Addition of either 0.1 M ammonium sulphate (a kosmotropic salt) or 0.1 M lithium thiocyanate (a chaotropic salt) to native enzyme similarly destabilized its structure.
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Xu ML, Luk WKW, Bi CWC, Liu EYL, Wu KQY, Yao P, Dong TTX, Tsim KWK. Erythropoietin regulates the expression of dimeric form of acetylcholinesterase during differentiation of erythroblast. J Neurochem 2018; 146:390-402. [PMID: 29675901 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE; EC 3.1.1.7) is known to hydrolyze acetylcholine at cholinergic synapses. In mammalian erythrocyte, AChE exists as a dimer (G2 ) and is proposed to play role in erythropoiesis. To reveal the regulation of AChE during differentiation of erythroblast, erythroblast-like cells (TF-1) were induced to differentiate by application of erythropoietin (EPO). The expression of AChE was increased in parallel to the stages of differentiation. Application of EPO in cultured TF-1 cells induced transcriptional activity of ACHE gene, as well as its protein product. This EPO-induced event was in parallel with erythrocytic proteins, for example, α- and β-globins. The EPO-induced AChE expression was mediated by phosphorylations of Akt and GATA-1; because the application of Akt kinase inhibitor blocked the gene activation. Erythroid transcription factor also known as GATA-1, a downstream transcription factor of EPO signaling, was proposed here to account for regulation of AChE in TF-1 cell. A binding sequence of GATA-1 was identified in ACHE gene promoter, which was further confirmed by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay. Over-expression of GATA-1 in TF-1 cultures induced AChE expression, as well as activity of ACHE promoter tagged with luciferase gene (pAChE-Luc). The deletion of GATA-1 sequence on the ACHE promoter, pAChEΔGATA-1 -Luc, reduced the promoter activity during erythroblastic differentiation. On the contrary, the knock-down of AChE in TF-1 cultures could lead to a reduction in EPO-induced expression of erythrocytic proteins. These findings indicated specific regulation of AChE during maturation of erythroblast, which provided an insight into elucidating possible mechanisms in regulating erythropoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda L Xu
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresourses, Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wilson K W Luk
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Cathy W C Bi
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Etta Y L Liu
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kevin Q Y Wu
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ping Yao
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tina T X Dong
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresourses, Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Karl W K Tsim
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresourses, Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
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Uno Y, Uehara S, Mahadhi HM, Ohura K, Hosokawa M, Imai T. Molecular characterization and polymorphisms of butyrylcholinesterase in cynomolgus macaques. J Med Primatol 2018; 47:185-191. [DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Uno
- Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd.; Kainan Japan
| | | | - Hassan M.D. Mahadhi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Kumamoto University; Kumamoto Japan
| | - Kayoko Ohura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Kumamoto University; Kumamoto Japan
| | - Masakiyo Hosokawa
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Biopharmaceutics; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Chiba Institute of Science; Choshi Japan
| | - Teruko Imai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Kumamoto University; Kumamoto Japan
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McHardy SF, Wang HYL, McCowen SV, Valdez MC. Recent advances in acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors and Reactivators: an update on the patent literature (2012-2015). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2017; 27:455-476. [PMID: 27967267 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2017.1272571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is the major enzyme that hydrolyzes acetylcholine, a key neurotransmitter for synaptic transmission, into acetic acid and choline. Mild inhibition of AChE has been shown to have therapeutic relevance in Alzheimer's disease (AD), myasthenia gravis, and glaucoma among others. In contrast, strong inhibition of AChE can lead to cholinergic poisoning. To combat this, AChE reactivators have to be developed to remove the offending AChE inhibitor, restoring acetylcholine levels to normal. Areas covered: This article covers recent advances in the development of acetylcholinesterase modulators, including both inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase for the efforts in development of new chemical entities for treatment of AD, as well as re-activators for resurrection of organophosphate bound acetylcholinesterase. Expert opinion: Over the past three years, research efforts have continued to identify novel small molecules as AChE inhibitors for both CNS and peripheral diseases. The more recent patent activity has focused on three AChE ligand design areas: derivatives of known AChE ligands, natural product based scaffolds and multifunctional ligands, all of which have produced some unique chemical matter with AChE inhibition activities in the mid picomolar to low micromolar ranges. New AChE inhibitors with polypharmacology or dual inhibitory activity have also emerged as highlighted by new AChE inhibitors with dual activity at L-type calcium channels, GSK-3, BACE1 and H3, although most only show low micromolar activity, thus further research is warranted. New small molecule reactivators of organophosphate-inhibited AChE have also been disclosed, which focused on the design of neutral ligands with improved pharmaceutical properties and blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration. Gratifyingly, some research in this area is moving away from the traditional quaternary pyridinium oximes AChE reactivators, while still employing the necessary reactivation group (oximes). However, selectivity over inhibition of native AChE enzyme, effectiveness of reactivation, broad-spectrum reactivation against multiple organophosphates and reactivation of aged-enzyme continue to be hurdles for this area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanton F McHardy
- a Center for Innovative Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry , University of Texas San Antonio, One UTSA Circle , San Antonio , TX , USA
| | - Hua-Yu Leo Wang
- a Center for Innovative Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry , University of Texas San Antonio, One UTSA Circle , San Antonio , TX , USA
| | - Shelby V McCowen
- a Center for Innovative Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry , University of Texas San Antonio, One UTSA Circle , San Antonio , TX , USA
| | - Matthew C Valdez
- a Center for Innovative Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry , University of Texas San Antonio, One UTSA Circle , San Antonio , TX , USA
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Wilson DB, Bettger WJ. Effects of Dietary Zinc on Plasma and Cerebral Cortex Butyrylcholinesterase Activities. Nutr Neurosci 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2000.11747341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Swami D, Karade HN, Acharya J, Kumar P. In vivo protection studies of bis-quaternary 2-(hydroxyimino)-N-(pyridin-3-yl) acetamide derivatives against sarin poisoning in mice. Hum Exp Toxicol 2016; 36:23-32. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327116637109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In vivo antidotal efficacy of new bis- quaternary 2-(hydroxyimino)- N-(pyridin-3yl) acetamide derivatives (HNK series), to counter multiples of lethal doses of nerve agent sarin (GB) and reactivation of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), was evaluated in Swiss albino mice. [Protection index PI; median lethal dose (LD50) of sarin with treatment/LD50 of sarin] was estimated, using 0.05, 0.10, and 0.20 LD50 as treatment doses of all the oximes with atropine against sarin poisoning. Dose-dependent time course study was conducted at 0.2, 0.4 and 0.8 LD50 dose of sarin for estimating maximum AChE inhibition. At optimized time (15 min), in vivo enzyme half inhibition concentration (IC50) was calculated. AChE reactivation efficacy of HNK series and pralidoxime (2-PAM) were determined by plotting shift of log IC50 doses. HNK-102 with atropine showed three fold higher PI compared to 2-PAM. In vivo IC50 of sarin for brain and serum AChE was found to be 0.87 LD50 (139.2 µg/kg) and 0.48 LD50 (77.23 µg/kg), respectively. Treatment with HNK-102 and HNK-111 (equal to their 0.20LD50) significantly reactivated sarin-intoxicated AChE ( p < 0.05) at 2× IC50 dose of sarin, compared to 2-PAM. The study revealed that HNK-102 oxime was three times more potent as antidote, for acute sarin poisoning compared to 2-PAM in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devyani Swami
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Division, Defence Research & Development Establishment, Gwalior, India
| | - Hitendra N Karade
- Process Technology Development Division, Defence Research & Development Establishment, Gwalior, India
| | - Jyotiranjan Acharya
- Process Technology Development Division, Defence Research & Development Establishment, Gwalior, India
| | - Pravin Kumar
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Division, Defence Research & Development Establishment, Gwalior, India
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Jasiecki J, Jońca J, Żuk M, Szczoczarz A, Janaszak-Jasiecka A, Lewandowski K, Waleron K, Wasąg B. Activity and polymorphisms of butyrylcholinesterase in a Polish population. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 259:70-77. [PMID: 27109752 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activity assay and inhibitor phenotyping can help to identify individuals at risk of prolonged paralysis following the administration of neuromuscular blocking agents, like succinylcholine, pesticides and nerve agents. In this study, the activity of BChE and its sensitivity to inhibition by dibucaine and fluoride was evaluated in 1200 Polish healthy individuals. In addition, molecular analysis of all exons, exon-intron boundaries and the 3'UTR sequence of the BCHE gene was performed in a group of 72 subjects with abnormal BChE activity (<2000 U/L and >5745 U/L) or with DN (Dibucaine Number) or FN (Fluoride-Number) values outside the reference range (DN < 78 and FN < lower than wild type). In a studied group, BChE activity range was similar to those observed in other populations. BChE activity screening allowed to detect UA and UF phenotypes in 26 (2.2%) and 15 (1.2%) individuals, respectively. Observed UA or UF phenotypes were confirmed by direct sequencing and heterozygous c.293A > G or c.1253G > T substitutions were identified in all cases. Nine out of 18 (50%) individuals with BChE activity below 2000 U/L had a mutation in 5'UTR (32G/A), intron 2 (c.1518-121T/C) or exon 4 (c.1699G/A; the K variant mutation). Majority of the individuals with BChE activity ≥6000 U/L were wild type. To summarize, the range of BChE activity in a Polish population is similar to those observed in other countries. We conclude that the BChE phenotyping assay is a reliable method for identification of individuals with the UA and UF genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Monika Żuk
- Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
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Tecles F, Escribano D, Martínez-Miró S, Hernández F, Contreras MD, Cerón JJ. Cholinesterase in porcine saliva: Analytical characterization and behavior after experimental stress. Res Vet Sci 2016; 106:23-8. [PMID: 27234531 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to measure and characterize the enzyme cholinesterase (ChE) in porcine saliva, as well as to evaluate its behavior in experimental stressful conditions. The results of ChE characterization by using different substrates and the selective inhibitors ethopropazine and physostigmine showed that the main enzyme existing in porcine saliva was butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). An automated assay using butyrylthiocholine iodide as substrate was validated providing adequate reproducibility, linearity results and limit of detection. Salivary ChE was measured using the validated assay in two models of acute stress: twenty pigs stressed for 2min with a nasal snare and other twenty pigs subjected to a short-term road transport. Salivary ChE significantly increased after restraint and transport stress in pigs, as well as the ChE to total protein ratio. In conclusion, BChE is the predominant isoenzyme in porcine saliva, it can be measured by the fast, simple and automated method described in this paper and it increases in the models of stress used in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Tecles
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Damián Escribano
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Silvia Martínez-Miró
- Animal Production Department, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Fuensanta Hernández
- Animal Production Department, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - María Dolores Contreras
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - José Joaquín Cerón
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
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Umehara KI, Zollinger M, Kigondu E, Witschi M, Juif C, Huth F, Schiller H, Chibale K, Camenisch G. Esterase phenotyping in human liver in vitro: specificity of carboxylesterase inhibitors. Xenobiotica 2016; 46:862-7. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2015.1133867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichi Umehara
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Integrated Drug Disposition Section, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland,
| | - Markus Zollinger
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Integrated Drug Disposition Section, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland,
| | - Elizabeth Kigondu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa, and
| | - Marc Witschi
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Integrated Drug Disposition Section, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland,
| | - Claire Juif
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Integrated Drug Disposition Section, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland,
| | - Felix Huth
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Integrated Drug Disposition Section, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland,
| | - Hilmar Schiller
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Integrated Drug Disposition Section, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland,
| | - Kelly Chibale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa, and
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Gian Camenisch
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Integrated Drug Disposition Section, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland,
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Lu D, Dong D, Liu Z, Wang Y, Wu B. Metabolism elucidation of BJ-B11 (a heat shock protein 90 inhibitor) by human liver microsomes: identification of main contributing enzymes. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2016; 11:1029-40. [PMID: 26073578 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2015.1042858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this article is to elucidate the metabolic pathways of BJ-B11, a heat shock protein 90 inhibitor, in human liver microsomes (HLM) and determine the main enzymes responsible for formation of each metabolite. METHODS Metabolites of BJ-B11 were identified using the ultra performance liquid chromatography- quadrupole time-of-flight/mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF/MS) method. Esterase contributing to the hydrolysis of BJ-B11 was identified by chemical inhibition and activity correlation assays. Reaction phenotyping and kinetic studies using expressed cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes were performed to determine the contributions of CYP isozymes to BJ-B11 metabolism. RESULTS BJ-B11 was rapidly hydrolyzed to generate a deacetylated product M1-1. M1-1 was subsequently metabolized to form eight metabolites. Hydrolysis of BJ-B11 was markedly inhibited by vinblastine (a dual inhibitor of arylacetamide deacetylase and carboxylesterase 2). By contrast, digitonin and telmisartan (the specific inhibitors for carboxylesterase 1 and carboxylesterase 2, respectively) did not inhibit BJ-B11 hydrolysis at all. Further, BJ-B11 hydrolysis was significantly correlated with hydrolysis of phenacetin (an activity marker of arylacetamide deacetylase). Moreover, reaction phenotyping revealed that metabolism of M1-1 in HLM was attributable to several CYP enzymes, including CYP1A1, 1B1, 3A4 and 3A5. CONCLUSION BJ-B11 was subjected to efficient metabolism in the liver, generating nine metabolites. BJ-B11 metabolism was contributed mainly by arylacetamide deacetylase and multiple CYP enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyi Lu
- Jinan University, Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy , 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou 510632 , China
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Jońca J, Żuk M, Wasąg B, Janaszak-Jasiecka A, Lewandowski K, Wielgomas B, Waleron K, Jasiecki J. New Insights into Butyrylcholinesterase Activity Assay: Serum Dilution Factor as a Crucial Parameter. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139480. [PMID: 26444431 PMCID: PMC4596826 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activity assay and inhibitor phenotyping can help to identify patients at risk of prolonged paralysis following the administration of neuromuscular blocking agents. The assay plays an important role in clinical chemistry as a good diagnostic marker for intoxication with pesticides and nerve agents. Furthermore, the assay is also commonly used for in vitro characterization of cholinesterases, their toxins and drugs. There is still lack of standardized procedure for measurement of BChE activity and many laboratories use different substrates at various concentrations. The purpose of this study was to validate the BChE activity assay to determine the best dilution of human serum and the most optimal concentration of substrates and inhibitors. Serum BChE activity was measured using modified Ellman’s method applicable for a microplate reader. We present our experience and new insights into the protocol for high-throughput routine assays of human plasma cholinesterase activities adapted to a microplate reader. During our routine assays used for the determination of BChE activity, we have observed that serum dilution factor influences the results obtained. We show that a 400-fold dilution of serum and 5mM S-butyrylthiocholine iodide can be successfully used for the accurate measurement of BChE activity in human serum. We also discuss usage of various concentrations of dibucaine and fluoride in BChE phenotyping. This study indicates that some factors of such a multicomponent clinical material like serum can influence kinetic parameters of the BChE. The observed inhibitory effect is dependent on serum dilution factor used in the assay.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Monika Żuk
- Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
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Oda S, Fukami T, Yokoi T, Nakajima M. A comprehensive review of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase and esterases for drug development. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2015; 30:30-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Lockridge O. Review of human butyrylcholinesterase structure, function, genetic variants, history of use in the clinic, and potential therapeutic uses. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 148:34-46. [PMID: 25448037 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Phase I clinical trials have shown that pure human butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) is safe when administered to humans. A potential therapeutic use of BChE is for prevention of nerve agent toxicity. A recombinant mutant of BChE that rapidly inactivates cocaine is being developed as a treatment to help recovering cocaine addicts avoid relapse into drug taking. These clinical applications rely on knowledge of the structure, stability, and properties of BChE, information that is reviewed here. Gene therapy with a vector that sustains expression for a year from a single injection is a promising method for delivering therapeutic quantities of BChE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Lockridge
- Eppley Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5950, USA.
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Shimizu M, Fukami T, Nakajima M, Yokoi T. Screening of Specific Inhibitors for Human Carboxylesterases or Arylacetamide Deacetylase. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 42:1103-9. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.056994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Shimizu M, Fukami T, Ito Y, Kurokawa T, Kariya M, Nakajima M, Yokoi T. Indiplon Is Hydrolyzed by Arylacetamide Deacetylase in Human Liver. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 42:751-8. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.056184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Bennion BJ, Lau EY, Fattebert JL, Huang P, Schwegler E, Corning W, Lightstone FC. MODELING THE BINDING OF CWAs TO AChE AND BuChE. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.31482/mmsl.2013.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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31
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Pinho BR, Ferreres F, Valentão P, Andrade PB. Nature as a source of metabolites with cholinesterase-inhibitory activity: an approach to Alzheimer's disease treatment. J Pharm Pharmacol 2013; 65:1681-700. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia, being responsible for high healthcare costs and familial hardships. Despite the efforts of researchers, no treatment able to delay or stop AD progress exists. Currently, the available treatments are only symptomatic, cholinesterase inhibitors being the most widely used drugs. Here we describe several natural compounds with anticholinesterase (acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase) activity and also some synthetic compounds whose structures are based on those of natural compounds.
Key findings
Galantamine and rivastigmine are two cholinesterase inhibitors used in therapeutics: galantamine is a natural alkaloid that was extracted for the first time from Galanthus nivalis L., while rivastigmine is a synthetic alkaloid, the structure of which is modelled on that of natural physostigmine. Alkaloids include a high number of compounds with anticholinesterases activity at the submicromolar range. Quinones and stilbenes are less well studied regarding cholinesterase inhibition, although some of them, such as sargaquinoic acid or (+)-α-viniferin, show promising activity. Among flavonoids, flavones and isoflavones are the most potent compounds. Xanthones and monoterpenes are generally weak cholinesterase inhibitors.
Summary
Nature is an almost endless source of bioactive compounds. Several natural compounds have anticholinesterase activity and others can be used as leader compounds for the synthesis of new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brígida R Pinho
- REQUIMTE/Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Federico Ferreres
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS (CSIC), Murcia, Spain
| | - Patrícia Valentão
- REQUIMTE/Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula B Andrade
- REQUIMTE/Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Kobayashi Y, Fukami T, Higuchi R, Nakajima M, Yokoi T. Metabolic activation by human arylacetamide deacetylase, CYP2E1, and CYP1A2 causes phenacetin-induced methemoglobinemia. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 84:1196-206. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Furuta S, Smart C, Hackett A, Benning R, Warrington S. Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of [14C]anagliptin, a novel dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, in humans. Xenobiotica 2012; 43:432-42. [PMID: 23075005 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2012.731618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
1. The disposition of anagliptin, an orally active, highly selective dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, was investigated after a single oral dose of 100 mg/1.92 MBq [(14)C]anagliptin to six healthy men. Almost all the dose (98.2%) was recovered within 168 h: 73.2% in urine and 25.0% in faeces. 2. Anagliptin was rapidly absorbed, with peak plasma concentrations of unchanged drug attained at a mean time of 1.8-h postdose. Mean fraction of the dose absorbed was >73%. Unchanged drug and a carboxylate metabolite (M1) were the major components in plasma, accounting for 66.0 and 23.4% of total plasma radioactivity area under the curve, respectively. 3. Anagliptin was incompletely metabolized, with about 50% dose eliminated as unchanged drug (46.6% in urine and 4.1% in faeces). Metabolism to M1 accounted for 29.2% of the dose. No other metabolite accounted for >1% dose in excreta or yielded measurable systemic exposure. Terminal half-life of anagliptin and M1 was 4.37 and 9.88 h, respectively. Renal clearance of unbound anagliptin and unbound M1 far exceeded glomerular filtration rate, indicating active renal elimination: that might reflect the fact that anagliptin may be a substrate of OAT1, OAT3, MDR1 and MRP2, and M1 a substrate of OAT3, BCRP, MRP2 and MRP4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Furuta
- Pharmaceutical Research Laboratories, Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho, Co. Ltd, Mie, Japan.
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Luk WKW, Chen VP, Choi RCY, Tsim KWK. N-linked glycosylation of dimeric acetylcholinesterase in erythrocytes is essential for enzyme maturation and membrane targeting. FEBS J 2012; 279:3229-39. [PMID: 22805525 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08708.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is well-known for its cholinergic functions in the nervous system; however, this enzyme is also found in other tissues where its function is still not understood. AChE is synthesized through alternative splicing as splicing variants, with isoforms including read-through (AChE(R)), tailed (AChE(T)) and hydrophobic (AChE(H)). In human erythrocytes, AChE(H) is a glycophosphatidylinositol-linked dimer on the plasma membrane. Three N-linked glycosylation sites have been identified in the catalytic domain of human AChE. Here, we investigate the roles of glycosylation in assembly and trafficking of human AChE(H). In transfected fibroblasts, expression of AChE(H) was able to mimic the function of the dimeric form of AChE on the erythrocyte membrane. A glycan-depleted form was constructed by site-directed mutagenesis. By comparison with the wild-type AChE(H), the mutant had a much lower enzymatic activity and a much higher K(m) value. In addition, the mutant was dimerized in the endoplasmic reticulum, but was not trafficked to the Golgi apparatus. The results suggest that the glycosylation may affect AChE(H) enzymatic activity and trafficking, but not dimer formation. The present findings indicate the significance of N-glycosylation in controlling the biosynthesis of the AChE(H) dimer form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson K W Luk
- Division of Life Science, Center for Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay Road, Hong Kong, China
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Johnson G, Moore SW. Why has butyrylcholinesterase been retained? Structural and functional diversification in a duplicated gene. Neurochem Int 2012; 61:783-97. [PMID: 22750491 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Revised: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
While acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7) has a clearly defined role in neurotransmission, the functions of its sister enzyme butyrylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.8) are more obscure. Numerous mutations, many inactivating, are observed in the human butyrylcholinesterase gene, and the butyrylcholinesterase knockout mouse has an essentially normal phenotype, suggesting that the enzyme may be redundant. Yet the gene has survived for many millions of years since the duplication of an ancestral acetylcholinesterase early in vertebrate evolution. In this paper, we ask the questions: why has butyrylcholinesterase been retained, and why are inactivating mutations apparently tolerated? Butyrylcholinesterase has diverged both structurally and in terms of tissue and cellular expression patterns from acetylcholinesterase. Butyrylcholinesterase-like activity and enzymes have arisen a number of times in the animal kingdom, suggesting the usefulness of such enzymes. Analysis of the published literature suggests that butyrylcholinesterase has specific roles in detoxification as well as in neurotransmission, both in the brain, where it appears to control certain areas and functions, and in the neuromuscular junction, where its function appears to complement that of acetylcholinesterase. An analysis of the mutations in human butyrylcholinesterase and their relation to the enzyme's structure is shown. In conclusion, it appears that the structure of butyrylcholinesterase's catalytic apparatus is a compromise between the apparently conflicting selective demands of a more generalised detoxifier and the necessity for maintaining high catalytic efficiency. It is also possible that the tolerance of mutation in human butyrylcholinesterase is a consequence of the detoxification function. Butyrylcholinesterase appears to be a good example of a gene that has survived by subfunctionalisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glynis Johnson
- Division of Paediatric Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa.
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37
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Che MM, Song J, Oguntayo S, Doctor BP, Rezk P, Perkins MW, Sciuto AM, Nambiar MP. Treatment with endotracheal therapeutics after sarin microinstillation inhalation exposure increases blood cholinesterase levels in guinea pigs. Toxicol Mech Methods 2011; 22:250-9. [PMID: 22145985 DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2011.639817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activities were measured in the blood and tissues of animals that are treated with a number of endotracheally aerosolized therapeutics for protection against inhalation toxicity to sarin. Therapeutics included, aerosolized atropine methyl bromide (AMB), scopolamine or combination of AMB with salbutamol, sphingosine 1-phosphate, keratinocyte growth factor, adenosine A1 receptor antisense oligonucleotide (EPI2010), 2,3-diacetyloxybenzoic acid (2,3 DABA), oxycyte, and survanta. Guinea pigs exposed to 677.4 mg/m(3) or 846.5 mg/m(3) (1.2 LCt(50)) sarin for 4 min using a microinstillation inhalation exposure technique and treated 1 min later with the aerosolized therapeutics. Treatment with all therapeutics significantly increased the survival rate with no convulsions throughout the 24 h study period. Blood AChE activity determined using acetylthiocholine as substrate showed 20% activity remaining in sarin-exposed animals compare to controls. In aerosolized AMB and scopolamine-treated animals the remaining AChE activity was significantly higher (45-60%) compared to sarin-exposed animals (p < 0.05). Similarly, treatment with all the combination therapeutics resulted in significant increase in blood AChE activity in comparison to sarin-exposed animals although the increases varied between treatments (p < 0.05). BChE activity was increased after treatment with aerosolized therapeutics but was lesser in magnitude compared to AChE activity changes. Various tissues showed elevated AChE activity after therapeutic treatment of sarin-exposed animals. Increased AChE and BChE activities in animals treated with nasal therapeutics suggest that enhanced breathing and reduced respiratory toxicity/lung injury possibly contribute to rapid normalization of chemical warfare nerve agent inhibited cholinesterases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus M Che
- Blast-Induced Neurotrauma Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
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Asojo OA, Asojo OA, Ngamelue MN, Homma K, Lockridge O. Cocrystallization studies of full-length recombinant butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) with cocaine. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2011; 67:434-7. [PMID: 21505234 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309111004805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Human butyrylcholinesterase (BChE; EC 3.1.1.8) is a 340 kDa tetrameric glycoprotein that is present in human serum at about 5 mg l(-1) and has well documented therapeutic effects on cocaine toxicity. BChE holds promise as a therapeutic that reduces and finally eliminates the rewarding effects of cocaine, thus weaning an addict from the drug. There have been extensive computational studies of cocaine hydrolysis by BChE. Since there are no reported structures of BChE with cocaine or any of the hydrolysis products, full-length monomeric recombinant wild-type BChE was cocrystallized with cocaine. The refined 3 Å resolution structure appears to retain the hydrolysis product benzoic acid in sufficient proximity to form a hydrogen bond to the active-site Ser198.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwatoyin Ajibola Asojo
- Pathology and Microbiology Department, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986495 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6495, USA.
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Pezzementi L, Nachon F, Chatonnet A. Evolution of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase in the vertebrates: an atypical butyrylcholinesterase from the Medaka Oryzias latipes. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17396. [PMID: 21364766 PMCID: PMC3045457 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2010] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) are thought to be the result of a gene duplication event early in vertebrate evolution. To learn more about the evolution of these enzymes, we expressed in vitro, characterized, and modeled a recombinant cholinesterase (ChE) from a teleost, the medaka Oryzias latipes. In addition to AChE, O. latipes has a ChE that is different from either vertebrate AChE or BChE, which we are classifying as an atypical BChE, and which may resemble a transitional form between the two. Of the fourteen aromatic amino acids in the catalytic gorge of vertebrate AChE, ten are conserved in the atypical BChE of O. latipes; by contrast, only eight are conserved in vertebrate BChE. Notably, the atypical BChE has one phenylalanine in its acyl pocket, while AChE has two and BChE none. These substitutions could account for the intermediate nature of this atypical BChE. Molecular modeling supports this proposal. The atypical BChE hydrolyzes acetylthiocholine (ATCh) and propionylthiocholine (PTCh) preferentially but butyrylthiocholine (BTCh) to a considerable extent, which is different from the substrate specificity of AChE or BChE. The enzyme shows substrate inhibition with the two smaller substrates but not with the larger substrate BTCh. In comparison, AChE exhibits substrate inhibition, while BChE does not, but may instead show substrate activation. The atypical BChE from O. latipes also shows a mixed pattern of inhibition. It is effectively inhibited by physostigmine, typical of all ChEs. However, although the atypical BChE is efficiently inhibited by the BChE-specific inhibitor ethopropazine, it is not by another BChE inhibitor, iso-OMPA, nor by the AChE-specific inhibitor BW284c51. The atypical BChE is found as a glycophosphatidylinositol-anchored (GPI-anchored) amphiphilic dimer (G(2) (a)), which is unusual for any BChE. We classify the enzyme as an atypical BChE and discuss its implications for the evolution of AChE and BChE and for ecotoxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo Pezzementi
- Department of Biology, Birmingham-Southern College, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Florian Nachon
- Département de Toxicologie, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Antenne de la Tronche, La Tronche, France
| | - Arnaud Chatonnet
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 866, Montpellier, France
- Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
- Université Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France
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Albertí J, Martinet A, Sentellas S, Salvà M. Identification of the Human Enzymes Responsible for the Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Aclidinium Bromide. Drug Metab Dispos 2010; 38:1202-10. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.109.031724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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41
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Ruprich J, Rehurkova I, Boon PE, Svensson K, Moussavian S, Van der Voet H, Bosgra S, Van Klaveren JD, Busk L. Probabilistic modelling of exposure doses and implications for health risk characterization: glycoalkaloids from potatoes. Food Chem Toxicol 2009; 47:2899-905. [PMID: 19286450 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2009.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2008] [Revised: 01/30/2009] [Accepted: 03/05/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Potatoes are a source of glycoalkaloids (GAs) represented primarily by alpha-solanine and alpha-chaconine (about 95%). Content of GAs in tubers is usually 10-100 mg/kg and maximum levels do not exceed 200 mg/kg. GAs can be hazardous for human health. Poisoning involve gastrointestinal ailments and neurological symptoms. A single intake of >1-3 mg/kg b.w. is considered a critical effect dose (CED). Probabilistic modelling of acute and chronic (usual) exposure to GAs was performed in the Czech Republic, Sweden and The Netherlands. National databases on individual consumption of foods, data on concentration of GAs in tubers (439 Czech and Swedish results) and processing factors were used for modelling. Results concluded that potatoes currently available at the European market may lead to acute intakes >1 mg GAs/kg b.w./day for upper tail of the intake distribution (0.01% of population) in all three countries. 50 mg GAs/kg raw unpeeled tubers ensures that at least 99.99% of the population does not exceed the CED. Estimated chronic (usual) intake in participating countries was 0.25, 0.29 and 0.56 mg/kg b.w./day (97.5% upper confidence limit). It remains unclear if the incidence of GAs poisoning is underreported or if assumptions are the worst case for extremely sensitive persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ruprich
- NIPH - National Institute of Public Health, Prague, CHFCH Brno, Palackeho 3a, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic.
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Lamellipodin proline rich peptides associated with native plasma butyrylcholinesterase tetramers. Biochem J 2008; 411:425-32. [PMID: 18076380 DOI: 10.1042/bj20071551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BChE (butyrylcholinesterase) protects the cholinergic nervous system from organophosphorus nerve agents by scavenging these toxins. Recombinant human BChE produced from transgenic goat to treat nerve agent intoxication is currently under development. The therapeutic potential of BChE relies on its ability to stay in the circulation for a prolonged period, which in turn depends on maintaining tetrameric quaternary configuration. Native human plasma BChE consists of 98% tetramers and has a half-life (t((1/2))) of 11-14 days. BChE in the neuromuscular junctions and the central nervous system is anchored to membranes through interactions with ColQ (AChE-associated collagen tail protein) and PRiMA (proline-rich membrane anchor) proteins containing proline-rich domains. BChE prepared in cell culture is primarily monomeric, unless expressed in the presence of proline-rich peptides. We hypothesized that a poly-proline peptide is an intrinsic component of soluble plasma BChE tetramers, just as it is for membrane-bound BChE. We found that a series of proline-rich peptides was released from denatured human and horse plasma BChE. Eight peptides, with masses from 2072 to 2878 Da, were purified by HPLC and sequenced by electrospray ionization tandem MS and Edman degradation. All peptides derived from the same proline-rich core sequence PSPPLPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPLP (mass 2663 Da) but varied in length at their N- and C-termini. The source of these peptides was identified through database searching as RAPH1 [Ras-associated and PH domains (pleckstrin homology domains)-containing protein 1; lamellipodin, gi:82581557]. A proline-rich peptide of 17 amino acids derived from lamellipodin drove the assembly of human BChE secreted from CHO (Chinese-hamster ovary) cells into tetramers. We propose that the proline-rich peptides organize the 4 subunits of BChE into a 340 kDa tetramer, by interacting with the C-terminal BChE tetramerization domain.
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Podoly E, Bruck T, Diamant S, Melamed-Book N, Weiss A, Huang Y, Livnah O, Langermann S, Wilgus H, Soreq H. Human Recombinant Butyrylcholinesterase Purified from the Milk of Transgenic Goats Interacts with Beta-Amyloid Fibrils and Suppresses Their Formation in vitro. NEURODEGENER DIS 2008; 5:232-6. [DOI: 10.1159/000113711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Ngamelue MN, Homma K, Lockridge O, Asojo OA. Crystallization and X-ray structure of full-length recombinant human butyrylcholinesterase. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2007; 63:723-7. [PMID: 17768338 PMCID: PMC2376307 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309107037335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2007] [Accepted: 07/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Human butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) has been shown to function as an endogenous scavenger of diverse poisons. BChE is a 340 kDa tetrameric glycoprotein that is present in human serum at a concentration of 5 mg l(-1). The well documented therapeutic effects of BChE on cocaine toxicity and organophosphorus agent poisoning has increased the need for effective methods of producing recombinant therapeutic BChE. In order to be therapeutically useful, BChE must have a long circulatory residence time or associate as tetramers. Full-length recombinant BChE produced in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells or human embryonic kidney cells has been shown to associate as monomers, with a shorter circulatory residence time than the naturally occurring tetrameric serum protein. Based on the preceding observation as well as the need to develop novel methodologies to facilitate the mass production of therapeutic recombinant BChE, studies have been initiated to determine the structural basis of tetramer formation. Towards these ends, full-length monomeric recombinant BChE has been crystallized for the first time. A 2.8 A X-ray structure was solved in space group P42(1)2, with unit-cell parameters a = b = 156, c = 146 A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle N. Ngamelue
- Pathology and Microbiology Department, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986495 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6495, USA
| | - Kohei Homma
- Pathology and Microbiology Department, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986495 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6495, USA
| | - Oksana Lockridge
- Eppley Cancer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986805 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6805, USA
| | - Oluwatoyin A. Asojo
- Pathology and Microbiology Department, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986495 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6495, USA
- Correspondence e-mail:
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Multi-site inhibition of human plasma cholinesterase by cationic phenoxazine and phenothiazine dyes. Arch Biochem Biophys 2007; 461:294-8. [PMID: 17428437 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2007.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2007] [Revised: 02/23/2007] [Accepted: 02/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Two cationic phenoxazine dyes, meldola blue (MB) and nile blue (NB), and the structurally related phenothiazine, methylene blue (MethB), were found to act as complex inhibitors of human plasma cholinesterase (butyrylcholinesterase, BChE). Studied at 25 degrees C, in 100mM MOPS buffer (pH 8.0), with butyrylthiocholine as substrate, the kinetic pattern of inhibition indicated cooperative I binding at 2 sites. Intrinsic K' values ( identical with[I](0.5)(2) extrapolated to [S]=0) for MB, NB and MethB were 0.64+/-0.05, 0.085+/-0.026 and 0.42+/-0.04 microM, respectively. Under the same experimental conditions the dyes acted as single-occupancy, hyperbolic-mixed inhibitors of electric eel acetylcholinesterase (AChE), with K(i)=0.035+/-0.010, 0.026+/-0.0034 and 0.017+/-0.0063 microM (for MB, NB, MethB); alpha (coefficient of competitive interaction)=1.8-2.4 and beta (coefficient of noncompetitive interaction)=0.15-0.28. The complexity of the BChE inhibitory effect of phenoxazine/phenothiazine dyes contrasted with that of conventional ChE inhibitors which cause single-occupancy (n=1), competitive or mixed inhibition in both AChE and BChE and signaled novel modes of ligand interaction at (or remote from) the active site gorge of the latter enzyme.
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Duysen EG, Li B, Darvesh S, Lockridge O. Sensitivity of butyrylcholinesterase knockout mice to (--)-huperzine A and donepezil suggests humans with butyrylcholinesterase deficiency may not tolerate these Alzheimer's disease drugs and indicates butyrylcholinesterase function in neurotransmission. Toxicology 2006; 233:60-9. [PMID: 17194517 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2006.11.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2006] [Revised: 11/02/2006] [Accepted: 11/27/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Butyrylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.8 BChE) is present in all human and mouse tissues, and is more abundant than acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7 AChE) in all tissues except brain. People who have no BChE activity due to a genetic variation are healthy. This has led to the hypothesis that BChE has no physiological function. We tested this hypothesis by challenging BChE and AChE knockout mice, as well as wild-type mice, with the AChE specific inhibitors, (--)-huperzine A and donepezil, and with serine hydrolase inhibitors, echothiophate and chlorpyrifos oxon. (--)-Huperzine A and donepezil caused mortality and significant toxicity in the BChE-/- animals. The BChE heterozygote (BCHE+/-) mice with approximately one-half the BChE activity of the BChE wild type (BChE+/+) exhibited intermediate toxic symptoms, and survived a longer period. The BChE+/+ animals displayed comparatively minor toxic symptoms and recovered by 24h post-dosing. Plasma AChE activity was inhibited to the same extent in BChE-/-, +/-, and +/+ mice, whereas BChE activity was not inhibited. This indicated that the protective effect of BChE was not due to scavenging (--)-huperzine A. AChE-/- mice were unaffected by (--)-huperzine A and donepezil, demonstrating the specificity of these inhibitors for AChE. AChE-/- mice treated with chlorpyrifos oxon lost all BChE activity, had severe cholinergic symptoms and died of convulsions. This showed that BChE activity was essential for survival of AChE-/- mice. In conclusion, we propose that the protective effect of BChE is explained by hydrolysis of excess acetylcholine in physiologically relevant regions such as diaphragm, cardiac muscle, and brain. Thus, BChE has a function in neurotransmission. People with BChE deficiency are expected to be intolerant of standard doses of the anti-Alzheimer's drugs, (--)-huperzine A and donepezil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen G Duysen
- Eppley Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6805, USA.
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Salles JB, Cunha Bastos VLF, Silva Filho MV, Machado OLT, Salles CMC, Giovanni de Simone S, Cunha Bastos J. A novel butyrylcholinesterase from serum of Leporinus macrocephalus, a Neotropical fish. Biochimie 2006; 88:59-68. [PMID: 16085351 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2005.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2005] [Accepted: 06/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We show here that serum of piaussu, a Neotropical characin fish, has the highest butyrylcholinesterase activity so far described for humans and fish. To clarify whether this cholinesterase could protect piaussu against anticholinesterase pesticides by scavenging organophosphates, we purified it 1700-fold, with a yield of 80%. Augmenting concentrations (from 0.01 to 20 mM) of butyrylthiocholine activated it. The pure enzyme was highly inhibited by chlorpyriphos-oxon (ki=10,434x10(6) M-1 min-1) and by the specific butyrylcholinesterase inhibitor, isoOMPA (ki=45.7x10(6) M-1 min-1). Electrophoresis of total serum and 2-D electrophoresis of the purified cholinesterase showed that some enzyme molecules could circulate in piaussu serum as heterogeneously glycosylated dimers. The enzyme's N-terminal sequence was similar to sequences found for butyrylcholinesterase from sera of other vertebrates. Altogether, our data present a novel butyrylcholinesterase with the potential of protecting a fish from poisoning by organophosphates.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Salles
- Department of Biochemistry, UERJ, Av. Professor Manuel de Abreu, 444, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20550-170, Brazil
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Küçükkilinç T, Ozer I. Inhibition of human plasma cholinesterase by malachite green and related triarylmethane dyes: Mechanistic implications. Arch Biochem Biophys 2005; 440:118-22. [PMID: 16036213 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2005.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2005] [Revised: 06/07/2005] [Accepted: 06/09/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The inhibitory effects of the cationic triarylmethane (TAM+) dyes, pararosaniline (PR+), malachite green (MG+), and methyl green (MeG+) on human plasma cholinesterase (BChE) were studied at 25 degrees C in 100 mM Mops, pH 8.0, with butyrylthiocholine as substrate. PR+ and MG+ caused linear mixed inhibition of enzyme activity. The respective inhibitory parameters were K(i) = 1.9 +/- 0.23 microM, alpha = 13 +/- 48, beta = 0 and K(i) = 0.28 +/- 0.037 microM, alpha = 23 +/- 7.4, beta = 0. MeG+ acted as a competitive inhibitor with K(i) = 0.12 +/- 0.017 microM (alpha, infinity, beta, not applicable). The K(i) values were within the same range reported for a number of ChE inhibitors including propidium ion, donepezil, and the phenothiazines, suggesting that TAM+s are active site ligands. On the other hand, the alpha values failed to correlate with values previously reported for a number of ChE inhibitors. It appears that mixed inhibition is the combined result of more than one type of binding and S-I interference. The impact of ligands at the choline-specific and peripheral anionic sites (or, possibly, accessory structural domains) on BChE activity needs to be studied in further detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuba Küçükkilinç
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
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Thielecke H, Mack A, Robitzki A. A multicellular spheroid-based sensor for anti-cancer therapeutics. Biosens Bioelectron 2001; 16:261-9. [PMID: 11390213 DOI: 10.1016/s0956-5663(01)00140-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The progress in cellular engineering offers novel approaches for anti-cancer therapies. To investigate the effectiveness of potential therapies efficient screening methods are required. We propose an impedance measurement system which enables the use of multicellular spheroid models in bioelectronic screening systems either for non destructive life-time diagnostic or anti-cancer therapies. A biohybrid sensor system is created comprising gene-manipulated T47D clone 11 breast carcinoma spheroids positioned hydrodynamically in a capillary system with electrodes. A novel approach employing an antisense-5'butyrylcholinesterase expression system is probed on reaggregated tumor cells under simulated microgravity, inhibiting the gene transcription and translation of the embryonic proliferation marker butyrylcholinesterase expressed in different tumor types. Alterations in the morphology of cell aggregates e.g. apoptosis or necrosis can be detected by impedance spectroscopy monitoring the electric behavior of membranes and extracellular space with a high resolution and reproducibility. The hydrodynamic positioning of 3D in vitro cell aggregates and the short time for the measurements represent an innovative method for a synchronized multicapillary screening system. The combination of the measuring system with a bioreactor enables cyclic life time recordings of impedance spectra for monitoring the cell aggregate properties for a long period.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Thielecke
- Department of Biohybrid Systems, Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Ensheimer Strasse 48, D-66386 St. Ingbert, Germany.
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