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Zhong XJ, Wang CE, Li YN, Zhang QY, Sun QY. Atrase A, a P-III class metalloproteinase purified from cobra venom, exhibits potent anticoagulant activity by inhibiting coagulation pathway and activating the fibrinolytic system. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30969. [PMID: 38813202 PMCID: PMC11133756 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Snake venoms, comprising a complex array of protein-rich components, an important part of which are snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs). These SVMPs, which are predominantly isolated from viperid venoms, are integral to the pathology of snakebites. However, SVMPs derived from elapid venoms have not been extensively explored, and only a handful of SVMPs have been characterized to date. Atrase A, a nonhemorrhagic P-III class metalloproteinase from Naja atra venom, exhibits weak proteolytic activity against fibrinogen in vitro but has pronounced anticoagulant effects in vivo. This contrast spurred investigations into its anticoagulant mechanisms. Research findings indicate that atrase A notably extends the activated partial thromboplastin time, diminishes fibrinogen levels, and impedes platelet aggregation. The anticoagulant action of atrase A primarily involves inhibiting coagulation factor VIII and activating the endogenous fibrinolytic system, which in turn lowers fibrinogen levels. Additionally, its effect on platelet aggregation further contributes to its anticoagulant profile. This study unveils a novel anticoagulant mechanism of atrase A, significantly enriching the understanding of the roles of cobra venom metalloproteinases in snake venom. Furthermore, these findings underscore the potential of atrase A as a novel anticoagulant drug, offering insights into the functional evolutions of cobra venom metalloproteinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Jie Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550014, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China
- Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang, 550014, China
| | - Cai-E Wang
- Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang, 550014, China
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, China
| | - Ya-Nan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550014, China
- Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang, 550014, China
| | - Qi-Yun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550014, China
- Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang, 550014, China
| | - Qian-Yun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550014, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China
- Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang, 550014, China
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2
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Wei Y, Liu T, Zheng B, Song Y, Wang S, Zheng M, Xu Y, Chi Y, Zhao M, Duan JA, Han S, Liu R. A strategy for the enrichment and characterization of disulfide bond-contained proteins from Chinese cobra (Naja atra) venom. J Sep Sci 2021; 45:812-823. [PMID: 34898000 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A new strategy combined gold-coated magnetic nanocomposites assisted enrichment with mass spectrometry was developed for the characterization of disulfide bond-contained proteins from Chinese cobra (Naja atra) venom. In this work, core-shell nanocomposites were synthesized by the seed-mediated growth method and used for the enrichment of snake venom proteins containing disulfide bonds. A total of 3545 tryptic digested peptides derived from 96 venom proteins in Naja atra venom were identified. The venom proteins comprised 14 toxin families including three-finger toxins, phospholipase A2 , snake venom metalloproteinase, cobra venom factor, and so forth. Extra 16 venom proteins were detected exclusively in the nanocomposites set, among which 11 venom proteins were from the three-finger toxins family. In the present study, the proposed simple and efficient protocol replaced the tedious and laborious technologies commonly used for pre-separating crude snake venom, suggesting widely implementation in low-abundance or trace disulfide bond-contained proteins or peptides characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanqing Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Research and Development in Marine Bio-resource Pharmaceutics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Ting Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Binru Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Yilin Song
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Shengsong Wang
- Anhui Qimen Institute of Snakebite, Huangshan, 245000, P. R. China
| | - Mojuan Zheng
- Anhui Qimen Institute of Snakebite, Huangshan, 245000, P. R. China
| | - Yanling Xu
- Anhui Qimen Institute of Snakebite, Huangshan, 245000, P. R. China
| | - Yumei Chi
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Ming Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Ao Duan
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Shuying Han
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Rui Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Research and Development in Marine Bio-resource Pharmaceutics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
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3
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Beraldo E, Coelho GR, Sciani JM, Pimenta DC. Proteomic characterization of Naja mandalayensis venom. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2021; 27:e20200125. [PMID: 34394208 PMCID: PMC8331017 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2020-0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Naja mandalayensis is a spitting cobra from Myanmar. To the
best of our knowledge, no studies on this venom composition have been
conducted so far. On the other hand, few envenomation descriptions state
that it elicits mainly local inflammation in the victims’ eyes, the
preferred target of this spiting cobra. Symptoms would typically include
burning and painful sensation, conjunctivitis, edema and temporary loss of
vision. Methods We have performed a liquid-chromatography (C18-RP-HPLC) mass spectrometry
(ESI-IT-TOF/MS) based approach in order to biochemically characterize
N. mandalayensis venom. Results A wide variety of three-finger toxins (cardiotoxins) and metallopeptidases
were detected. Less abundant, but still representative, were cysteine-rich
secretory proteins, L-amino-acid oxidases, phospholipases A2,
venom 5'-nucleotidase and a serine peptidase inhibitor. Other proteins were
present, but were detected in a relatively small concentration. Conclusion The present study set the basis for a better comprehension of the
envenomation from a molecular perspective and, by increasing the interest
and information available for this species, allows future venom comparisons
among cobras and their diverse venom proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emídio Beraldo
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Graduation Program in Science - Toxinology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Juliana Mozer Sciani
- Multidisciplinary Research Laboratory, São Francisco University, Bragança Paulista, SP, Brazil
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Sun QY, Wang CE, Li YN, Bao J. Inhibition of platelet aggregation and blood coagulation by a P-III class metalloproteinase purified from Naja atra venom. Toxicon 2020; 187:223-231. [PMID: 32971099 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs) are an important component in viperid and crotalid venoms, and these SVMPs play important and versatile roles in the pathogenesis of snakebite envenoming. The SVMPs from elapid venoms are not well elucidated compared with those from viperid and crotalid venoms. Atrase B is a nonhemorrhagic P-III SVMP purified from the Naja atra venom, which possesses a weak fibrinogenolytic activity. In this paper, the activity and mechanism of atrase B against platelet aggregation and blood coagulation were investigated. The in vitro assay showed that atrase B remarkably inhibited ristocetin- and thrombin-induced platelet aggregation by cleavage of the platelet membrane glycoprotein Ib, and the coagulation of normal human plasma, which may be caused by inhibiting coagulation factor VIII predominantly. When atrase B was intravenously injected into rats at doses of 0.05 and 0.30 mg/kg, the activated partial thromboplastin and the thrombin times were significantly prolonged in a dose-dependent manner. Similarly, the fibrinogen level decreased, but only a high dose of atrase B showed remarkable activity against platelet aggregation. Results suggested that anticoagulation was a more important function of atrase B compared with its activity against platelet aggregation. These results indicated that atrase B may play an important role in the anticoagulant properties of Naja atra venom. In addition, atrase B may be a potent anticoagulant agent because its effectiveness in vivo against platelet aggregation and blood coagulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Yun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550014, China; The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products, Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550014, China.
| | - Cai-E Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products, Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550014, China
| | - Ya-Nan Li
- The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products, Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550014, China
| | - Juan Bao
- The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products, Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550014, China
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5
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Mehta AY, Heimburg-Molinaro J, Cummings RD, Goth CK. Emerging patterns of tyrosine sulfation and O-glycosylation cross-talk and co-localization. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2020; 62:102-111. [PMID: 31927217 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2019.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akul Y Mehta
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, National Center for Functional Glycomics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Jamie Heimburg-Molinaro
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, National Center for Functional Glycomics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Richard D Cummings
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, National Center for Functional Glycomics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Christoffer K Goth
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, National Center for Functional Glycomics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
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Bittenbinder MA, Dobson JS, Zdenek CN, op den Brouw B, Naude A, Vonk FJ, Fry BG. Differential destructive (non-clotting) fibrinogenolytic activity in Afro-Asian elapid snake venoms and the links to defensive hooding behavior. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 60:330-335. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Proteomic analysis to unravel the complex venom proteome of eastern India Naja naja: Correlation of venom composition with its biochemical and pharmacological properties. J Proteomics 2017; 156:29-39. [PMID: 28062377 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The complex venom proteome of the eastern India (EI) spectacled cobra (Naja naja) was analyzed using tandem mass spectrometry of cation-exchange venom fractions. About 75% of EI N. naja venom proteins were <18kDa and cationic at physiological pH of blood. SDS-PAGE (non-reduced) analysis indicated that in the native state venom proteins either interacted with each-other or self-aggregated resulting in the formation of higher molecular mass complexes. Proteomic analysis revealed that 43 enzymatic and non-enzymatic proteins in EI N. naja venom with a percent composition of about 28.4% and 71.6% respectively were distributed over 15 venom protein families. The three finger toxins (63.8%) and phospholipase A2s (11.4%) were the most abundant families of non-enzymatic and enzymatic proteins, respectively. nanoLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis demonstrated the occurrence of acetylcholinesterase, phosphodiesterase, cholinesterase and snake venom serine proteases in N. naja venom previously not detected by proteomic analysis. ATPase, ADPase, hyaluronidase, TAME, and BAEE-esterase activities were detected by biochemical analysis; however, due to a limitation in the protein database depository they were not identified in EI N. naja venom by proteomic analysis. The proteome composition of EI N. naja venom was well correlated with its in vitro and in vivo pharmacological properties in experimental animals and envenomed human. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Proteomic analysis reveals the complex and diverse protein profile of EI N. naja venom which collectively contributes to the severe pathophysiological manifestation upon cobra envenomation. The study has also aided in comprehending the compositional variation in venom proteins of N. naja within the Indian sub-continent. In addition, this study has also identified several enzymes in EI N. naja venom which were previously uncharacterized by proteomic analysis of Naja venom.
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8
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Metalloproteases Affecting Blood Coagulation, Fibrinolysis and Platelet Aggregation from Snake Venoms: Definition and Nomenclature of Interaction Sites. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8100284. [PMID: 27690102 PMCID: PMC5086644 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8100284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Snake venom metalloproteases, in addition to their contribution to the digestion of the prey, affect various physiological functions by cleaving specific proteins. They exhibit their activities through activation of zymogens of coagulation factors, and precursors of integrins or receptors. Based on their structure–function relationships and mechanism of action, we have defined classification and nomenclature of functional sites of proteases. These metalloproteases are useful as research tools and in diagnosis and treatment of various thrombotic and hemostatic conditions. They also contribute to our understanding of molecular details in the activation of specific factors involved in coagulation, platelet aggregation and matrix biology. This review provides a ready reference for metalloproteases that interfere in blood coagulation, fibrinolysis and platelet aggregation.
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9
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Herrera M, Fernández J, Vargas M, Villalta M, Segura Á, León G, Angulo Y, Paiva O, Matainaho T, Jensen SD, Winkel KD, Calvete JJ, Williams DJ, Gutiérrez JM. Comparative proteomic analysis of the venom of the taipan snake, Oxyuranus scutellatus, from Papua New Guinea and Australia: role of neurotoxic and procoagulant effects in venom toxicity. J Proteomics 2012; 75:2128-40. [PMID: 22266484 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Revised: 12/26/2011] [Accepted: 01/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The venom proteomes of populations of the highly venomous taipan snake, Oxyuranus scutellatus, from Australia and Papua New Guinea (PNG), were characterized by reverse-phase HPLC fractionation, followed by analysis of chromatographic fractions by SDS-PAGE, N-terminal sequencing, MALDI-TOF mass fingerprinting, and collision-induced dissociation tandem mass spectrometry of tryptic peptides. Proteins belonging to the following seven protein families were identified in the two venoms: phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)), Kunitz-type inhibitor, metalloproteinase (SVMP), three-finger toxin (3FTx), serine proteinase, cysteine-rich secretory proteins (CRISP), and coagulation factor V-like protein. In addition, C-type lectin/lectin-like protein and venom natriuretic peptide were identified in the venom of specimens from PNG. PLA(2)s comprised more than 65% of the venoms of these two populations. Antivenoms generated against the venoms of these populations showed a pattern of cross-neutralization, corroborating the immunological kinship of these venoms. Toxicity experiments performed in mice suggest that, at low venom doses, neurotoxicity leading to respiratory paralysis represents the predominant mechanism of prey immobilization and death. However, at high doses, such as those injected in natural bites, intravascular thrombosis due to the action of the prothrombin activator may constitute a potent and very rapid mechanism for killing prey.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Herrera
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
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Sun QY, Bao J. Purification, cloning and characterization of a metalloproteinase from Naja atra venom. Toxicon 2010; 56:1459-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2010] [Revised: 08/30/2010] [Accepted: 08/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Structures of two elapid snake venom metalloproteases with distinct activities highlight the disulfide patterns in the D domain of ADAMalysin family proteins. J Struct Biol 2009; 169:294-303. [PMID: 19932752 PMCID: PMC7129284 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2009.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2009] [Revised: 11/11/2009] [Accepted: 11/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The structures of snake venom metalloproteases (SVMPs) are proposed to be useful models to understand the structural and functional relationship of ADAM (a disintegrin and metalloprotease) which are membrane-anchored proteins involved in multiple human diseases. We have purified, sequenced and determined the structures of two new P-III SVMPs – atragin and kaouthiagin-like (K-like) from Naja atra. Atragin exhibits a known C-shaped topology, whereas K-like adopts an I-shaped conformation because of the distinct disulfide pattern in the disintegrin-like (D) domain. K-like exhibits an enzymatic specificity toward pro-TNFα with less inhibition of cell migration, but atragin shows the opposite effect. The specificity of the enzymatic activity is indicated to be dominated mainly by the local structures of SVMP in the metalloprotease (M) domain, whereas the hyper-variable region (HVR) in the cysteine-rich (C) domain is involved in a cell-migration activity. We demonstrate also a pH-dependent enzymatic activity of atragin that we correlate with the structural dynamics of a Zn2+-binding motif and the Met-turn based on the structures determined with a pH-jump method. The structural variations between the C- and I-shapes highlight the disulfide bond patterns in the D domain of the ADAM/adamalysin/reprolysins family proteins.
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Wijeyewickrema LC, Gardiner EE, Shen Y, Berndt MC, Andrews RK. Fractionation of snake venom metalloproteinases by metal ion affinity: a purified cobra metalloproteinase, Nk, from Naja kaouthia binds Ni2+-agarose. Toxicon 2007; 50:1064-72. [PMID: 17822731 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2007] [Revised: 07/20/2007] [Accepted: 07/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Snake venom metalloproteinases represent unique probes for analyzing platelet adhesion receptors regulating hemostasis and thrombosis. Snake venom metalloproteinase-disintegrins consist of a propeptide domain, a catalytic domain containing a metal ion-coordination sequence (HEXXHXXGXXH), a disintegrin domain, and a Cys-rich domain. Here, we investigate whether metal ion-affinity chromatography may be used to fractionate venom metalloproteinases based on the metal ion-coordination motif. First, we showed that a purified cobra metalloproteinase, Nk, from Naja kaouthia bound Ni(2+)-agarose, and was eluted by approximately 10mM imidazole, confirming the validity of the approach. Nk cleaved the platelet von Willebrand factor (VWF) receptor, glycoprotein (GP)Ibalpha, with similar activity to the previously reported cobra metalloproteinase, mocarhagin, as shown by EDTA-inhibitable Nk-dependent proteolysis of a purified GPIbalpha extracellular fragment (glycocalicin), and inhibition of (125)I-VWF binding to GPIbalpha on washed human or canine platelets. Second, crude venom from the viper, Trimeresurus albolabris, was fractionated on Ni(2+)-agarose. Samples of flow-through, wash, and imidazole-eluted (0-30mM gradient) fractions were analyzed by (i) SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, (ii) immunoblotting with a rabbit anti-mocarhagin antibody, and (iii) assessing metalloproteinase activity using human fibrinogen as substrate. The combined results support the general concept of using Ni(2+)-agarose to fractionate snake venom metalloproteinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi C Wijeyewickrema
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, 3008 Victoria, Australia
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Ramos OHP, Selistre-de-Araujo HS. Snake venom metalloproteases--structure and function of catalytic and disintegrin domains. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2006; 142:328-346. [PMID: 16434235 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2005.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2005] [Revised: 11/09/2005] [Accepted: 11/11/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Snake venoms are relevant sources of toxins that have evolved towards the engineering of highly active compounds. In the last years, research efforts have produced great advance in their understanding and uses. Metalloproteases with disintegrin domains are among the most abundant toxins in many Viperidae snake venoms. This review will focus on the structure, function and possible applications of the metalloprotease and disintegrin domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- O H P Ramos
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luis, Km 235, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - H S Selistre-de-Araujo
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luis, Km 235, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil.
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15
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Wijeyewickrema LC, Berndt MC, Andrews RK. Snake venom probes of platelet adhesion receptors and their ligands. Toxicon 2005; 45:1051-61. [PMID: 15922774 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2005.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 08/25/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Snake venom proteins that modulate platelet adhesive interactions are chiefly from either of two main structural families: the C-type lectin-like family, or the metalloproteinase-disintegrins. Snake venom probes from both families selectively target platelet adhesion receptors, including glycoprotein (GP) Ib-IX-V, GP VI, alpha2beta1 and alphaIIbbeta3 (GP IIb-IIIa). These receptors act together to mediate platelet adhesion, activation and aggregation (thrombus formation) under hydrodynamic shear stress in flowing blood. The receptors are members of the leucine-rich repeat family (GP Ib-IX-V), the immunoglobulin superfamily (GP VI), or integrins (alpha2beta1, alphaIIbbeta3). In addition, adhesive glycoproteins in matrix and/or plasma such as von Willebrand factor (that binds GP Ibalpha and alphaIIbbeta3), collagen (that binds GP V, GP VI and alpha2beta1), or fibrinogen (that binds alphaIIbbeta3), are also targeted by C-type lectin family or metalloproteinase-disintegrin snake venom proteins. Emerging structural and functional evidence is beginning to explain how interactions between the conserved structural module-domains that make up these mammalian and snake proteins are regulated. Whether homologous adhesion/counter-receptors on platelets and other vascular cells are also potential snake venom targets is as yet largely unexplored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi C Wijeyewickrema
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Vic. 3168, Australia
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16
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Sundell IB, Aziz KA, Zuzel M, Theakston RDG. The role of phospholipases A2 in the stimulation of neutrophil motility by cobra venoms. Toxicon 2003; 41:459-68. [PMID: 12657315 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-0101(02)00365-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophil (PMN) accumulation frequently occurs at the site of snakebite as part of the inflammatory response to envenoming. We demonstrate here that the venoms of the cobras, Naja naja and N. mossambica, and two purified venom phospholipase A(2)s (PLA(2)s) isolated from the latter venom, stimulate CD11b translocation from the PMN granule store to the plasma membrane and enhance neutrophil motility on collagen-coated surfaces. These effects were partially attenuated by the PLA(2) inhibitor, aristolochic acid, and almost completely abolished by the specific cytosolic PLA(2) inhibitor, methylarachidonylfluorophosphonate (MAFP). Annexin V and inhibitors of collagenase, cyclo-oxygenase and lipo-oxygenase, all inhibited PMN motility to a variable extent. FACS analysis and confocal microscopy showed that Annexin V interfered with binding and rapid endocytosis of the venom PLA(2). These results indicate that venom and venom PLA(2) preparations first caused a non-enzymatic stimulation of PMN leading to the activation of cytosolic PMN PLA(2) and production of arachidonate metabolites involved in stimulation of PMN degranulation and motility. The evidence suggests that venom PLA(2) then interacts with anionic phospholipids exposed on stimulated PMN, becomes endocytosed, and then contributes itself to the production of chemoattractants responsible for PMN accumulation at the site of the snakebite.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Birgitta Sundell
- Department of Haematology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GA, UK
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17
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Kanamori A, Kojima N, Uchimura K, Muramatsu T, Tamatani T, Berndt MC, Kansas GS, Kannagi R. Distinct sulfation requirements of selectins disclosed using cells that support rolling mediated by all three selectins under shear flow. L-selectin prefers carbohydrate 6-sulfation totyrosine sulfation, whereas p-selectin does not. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:32578-86. [PMID: 12068018 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m204400200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
l- and P-selectin are known to require sulfation in their ligand molecules. We investigated the significance of carbohydrate 6-sulfation and tyrosine sulfation in selectin-mediated cell adhesion. COS-7 cells were genetically engineered to express P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) or its mutant in various combinations with 6-O-sulfotransferase (6-Sul-T) and/or alpha1-->3fucosyltransferase VII (Fuc-T VII). The cells transfected with PSGL-1, 6-Sul-T, and Fuc-T VII cDNAs supported rolling mediated by all three selectins and provided the best experimental system so far to estimate kinetic parameters in selectin-mediated cell adhesion for all three selectins using the identical rolling substrate and to compare the ligand specificity of each selectin. L-selectin-mediated rolling was drastically impaired if the cells lacked carbohydrate 6-sulfation elaborated by 6-Sul-T, but not affected when PSGL-1 was replaced with a mutant lacking three tyrosine residues at its NH(2) terminus. L-selectin-mediated adhesion was also hardly affected by mocarhagin treatment of the cells, which cleaved a short peptide containing sulfated tyrosine residues from PSGL-1. In contrast, P-selectin-mediated rolling was abolished when PSGL-1 was either mutated or cleaved by mocarhagin at its NH(2) terminus, whereas the cells expressing PSGL-1 and Fuc-T VII but not 6-Sul-T showed only a modest decrease in P-selectin-mediated adhesion. These results indicate that L-selectin prefers carbohydrate 6-sulfation much more than tyrosine sulfation, whereas P-selectin favors tyrosine sulfation in the PSGL-1 molecule far more than carbohydrate 6-sulfation. E-selectin-mediated adhesion was sulfation-independent requiring only Fuc-T VII, and thus the three members of the selectin family have distinct requirements for ligand sulfation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Kanamori
- Program of Molecular Pathology, Aichi Cancer Center, Research Institute, Nagoya 464-8681, Japan
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18
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Jagadeesha DK, Shashidhara murthy R, Girish KS, Kemparaju K. A non-toxic anticoagulant metalloprotease: purification and characterization from Indian cobra (Naja naja naja) venom. Toxicon 2002; 40:667-75. [PMID: 12175602 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-0101(01)00216-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A non-toxic potent anticoagulant metalloprotease NN-PF(3) has been purified to homogeneity from the Indian cobra (Naja naja naja) venom through a combination of column chromatography and electrophoresis. NN-PF(3) is a single chain protein with a molecular weight of 68 kDa by SDS-PAGE. It hydrolysed casein, gelatin, haemoglobin and bovine fibrinogen, but did not hydrolyse bovine serum albumin or synthetic substrates such as TAME, BAEE and BAPNA. EDTA, EGTA and cyanide inhibited the enzymatic activity while 1,10-phenanthroline, PMSF, leupetin and pepstatin did not show any effect. NN-PF(3) is a metalloprotease containing Ca(2+) and Zn(2+) at a molar ratio of 1:1.2 and 1:0.4, respectively, as revealed by atomic absorption spectroscopy. NN-PF(3) was non-lethal up to an i.p. dose of 15 mg/kg body weight of mice and is devoid of myotoxicity, cytotoxicity and haemorrhagic activity. It is weakly oedematic, but strongly anticoagulant in property and the effect observed was both dose and time dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Jagadeesha
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasa Gangothri, Mysore -570 006, India
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19
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Suter CM, Hogg PJ, Price JT, Chong BH, Ward RL. Identification and characterisation of a platelet GPIb/V/IX-like complex on human breast cancers: implications for the metastatic process. Jpn J Cancer Res 2001; 92:1082-92. [PMID: 11676859 PMCID: PMC5926614 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2001.tb01063.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The glycoprotein (GP) Ib /V/IX receptor complex is an important adhesion molecule, originally thought to be unique to the megakaryocytic lineage. Recent evidence now indicates that GPIb /V/IX may be more widely expressed. In this study we report the presence of all subunits of the complex on four breast cancer cell lines, and 51 / 80 primary breast tumours. The surface expression of GPIb /V/IX was confirmed by flow cytometry, and by immunoprecipitation of biotin surface-labelled tumour cells. Western blotting of cell lysates under reducing conditions revealed that tumour cell-GPIb alpha had a relative molecular weight of 95 kDa as compared to 135 kDa on platelets. Despite the discrepant protein size, molecular analyses on the tumour cell-GPIb alpha subunit using RT-PCR and DNA sequencing revealed 100% sequence homology to platelet GPIb alpha. Tumour cell-GPIb /V/IX was capable of binding human von Willebrand factor (vWf), and this binding caused aggregation of tumour cells in suspension. Tumour cells bound to immobilised vWf in the presence of EDTA and demonstrated prominent filapodial extensions indicative of cytoskeletal reorganisation. Furthermore, in a modified Boyden chamber assay, prior exposure to vWf or a GPIb alpha monoclonal antibody, AK2, enhanced cell migration. The presence of a functional GPIb /V/IX-like complex in tumour cells suggests that this complex may participate in the process of haematogenous breast cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Suter
- Department of Medical Oncology, St. Vincent fs Hospital, Victoria St, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
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20
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Sundell IB, Theakston RD, Kamiguti AS, Harris RJ, Treweeke AT, Laing GD, Fox JW, Warrell DA, Zuzel M. The inhibition of platelet aggregation and blood coagulation by Micropechis ikaheka venom. Br J Haematol 2001; 114:852-60. [PMID: 11564074 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2001.03045.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Uncoagulable blood and life-threatening bleeding can result from the action of some snake venom toxins on haemostatic components of blood and vessel walls. Although envenoming by Micropechis ikaheka primarily affects neurones and muscle cells causing post-synaptic neuromuscular blockade and rhabdomyolysis, disturbances of haemostasis also occur. Therefore, the present study explored the effects of M. ikaheka venom on platelets and endothelium, which are important components of the haemostatic mechanism. The venom inhibited platelet aggregation in response to ADP and collagen, and also delayed clotting dependent on platelet activation or endothelial cell tissue factor expression. Some of these effects were reduced by the incubation of venom with a phospholipase A2 (PLA2) inhibitor and could be reproduced by a 17 kDa venom fraction containing a PLA2. In addition, an 11 kDa fraction containing a long-chain neurotoxin reduced ADP-induced aggregation. The venom was also found to reduce endothelial cell adherence to vitronectin-, fibronectin- and collagen-coated surfaces. These results suggest that, by inhibiting procoagulant activities of platelets and endothelial cells, a 17 kDa PLA2 plays an important role in the anticoagulant action of M. ikaheka venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- I B Sundell
- Department of Haematology, University of Liverpool, Duncan Building, Daulby Street, Liverpool L69 3GA, UK.
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21
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Andrews RK, Gardiner EE, Asazuma N, Berlanga O, Tulasne D, Nieswandt B, Smith AI, Berndt MC, Watson SP. A novel viper venom metalloproteinase, alborhagin, is an agonist at the platelet collagen receptor GPVI. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:28092-7. [PMID: 11344165 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m011352200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction of platelet membrane glycoprotein VI (GPVI) with collagen can initiate (patho)physiological thrombus formation. The viper venom C-type lectin family proteins convulxin and alboaggregin-A activate platelets by interacting with GPVI. In this study, we isolated from white-lipped tree viper (Trimeresurus albolabris) venom, alborhagin, which is functionally related to convulxin because it activates platelets but is structurally different and related to venom metalloproteinases. Alborhagin-induced platelet aggregation (EC50, <7.5 microg/ml) was inhibitable by an anti-alphaIIbbeta3 antibody, CRC64, and the Src family kinase inhibitor PP1, suggesting that alborhagin activates platelets, leading to alphaIIbbeta3-dependent aggregation. Additional evidence suggested that, like convulxin, alborhagin activated platelets by a mechanism involving GPVI. First, alborhagin- and convulxin-treated platelets showed a similar tyrosine phosphorylation pattern, including a similar level of phospholipase Cgamma2 phosphorylation. Second, alborhagin induced GPVI-dependent responses in GPVI-transfected K562 and Jurkat cells. Third, alborhagin-dependent aggregation of mouse platelets was inhibited by the anti-GPVI monoclonal antibody JAQ1. Alborhagin had minimal effect on convulxin binding to GPVI-expressing cells, indicating that these venom proteins may recognize distinct binding sites. Characterization of alborhagin as a GPVI agonist that is structurally distinct from convulxin demonstrates the versatility of snake venom toxins and provides a novel probe for GPVI-dependent platelet activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Andrews
- Hazel and Pip Appel Vascular Biology Laboratory and the Peptide Biology Laboratory, Baker Medical Research Institute, Melbourne 8008, Australia.
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22
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Abstract
In thrombosis, platelet aggregation is initiated by a specific membrane glycoprotein (GP) Ib-IX-V complex binding to its adhesive ligand, von Willebrand factor, in the matrix of ruptured atherosclerotic plaques or in plasma exposed to high hydrodynamic shear stress. This process closely resembles normal haemostasis at high shear, where GP Ib-IX-V-dependent platelet adhesion to von Willebrand factor in the injured blood vessel wall initiates platelet activation and integrin alphaIIb beta3 (GP IIb-IIIa)-dependent platelet aggregation. At low shear, other receptors such as those that bind collagen, the integrin alpha2beta1 (GP Ia-IIa) or GP VI, mediate platelet adhesion. Recently, snake venom proteins have been identified that selectively modulate platelet function, either promoting or inhibiting platelet aggregation by targeting GP Ib-IX-V, alpha2beta1, GP VI, alphaIIb beta3, or their respective ligands. Interestingly, these venom proteins typically belong to one of two major protein families, the C-type lectin family or the metalloproteinase-disintegrins. This review focuses on recent insights into structure-activity relationships of snake venom proteins that regulate platelet function, and the ways in which these novel probes have contributed in unexpected ways to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Andrews
- Hazel and Pip Appel Vascular Biology Laboratory, Baker Medical Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.
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Matsui T, Fujimura Y, Titani K. Snake venom proteases affecting hemostasis and thrombosis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2000; 1477:146-56. [PMID: 10708855 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(99)00268-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The structure and function of snake venom proteases are briefly reviewed by putting the focus on their effects on hemostasis and thrombosis and comparing with their mammalian counterparts. Up to date, more than 150 different proteases have been isolated and about one third of them structurally characterized. Those proteases are classified into serine proteases and metalloproteinases. A number of the serine proteases show fibrin(ogen)olytic (thrombin-like) activities, which are not susceptible to hirudin or heparin and perhaps to most endogenous serine protease inhibitors, and form abnormal fibrin clots. Some of them have kininogenase (kallikrein-like) activity releasing hypotensive bradykinin. A few venom serine proteases specifically activate coagulation factor V, protein C, plasminogen or platelets. The venom metalloproteinases, belonging to the metzincin family, generally show fibrin(ogen)olytic and extracellular matrix-degrading (hemorrhagic) activities. A few venom metalloproteinases show a unique substrate specificity toward coagulation factor X, platelet membrane receptors or von Willebrand factor. A number of the metalloproteinases have chimeric structures composed of several domains such as proteinase, disintegrin-like, Cys-rich and lectin-like domains. The disintegrin-like domain seems to facilitate the action of those metalloproteinases by interacting with platelet receptors. A more detailed analysis of snake venom proteases should find their usefulness for the medical and pharmacological applications in the field of thrombosis and hemostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Matsui
- Division of Biomedical Polymer Science, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
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