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Sakai-Sugino K, Uematsu J, Yamamoto H, Kihira S, Kawano M, Nishio M, Tsurudome M, Sekijima H, O'Brien M, Komada H. Inhibitory effects of kaempferol, quercetin and luteolin on the replication of human parainfluenza virus type 2 in vitro. Drug Discov Ther 2024; 18:16-23. [PMID: 38382931 DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2023.01099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
The eight flavonoids, apigenin, chrysin, hesperidin, kaempferol, myricetin, quercetin, rutin and luteolin were tested for the inhibition of human parainfluenza virus type 2 (hPIV-2) replication. Three flavonoids out of the eight, kaempferol, quercetin and luteolin inhibited hPIV-2 replication. Kaempferol reduced the virus release (below 1/10,000), partly inhibited genome and mRNA syntheses, but protein synthesis was observed. It partly inhibited virus entry into the cells and virus spreading, and also partly disrupted microtubules and actin microfilaments, indicating that the virus release inhibition was partly caused by the disruption of cytoskeleton. Quercetine reduced the virus release (below 1/10,000), partly inhibited genome, mRNA and protein syntheses. It partly inhibited virus entry and spreading, and also partly destroyed microtubules and microfilaments. Luteolin reduced the virus release (below 1/100,000), largely inhibited genome, mRNA and protein syntheses. It inhibited virus entry and spreading. It disrupted microtubules and microfilaments. These results indicated that luteolin has the most inhibitory effect on hPIV-2 relication. In conclusion, the three flavonoids inhibited virus replication by the inhibition of genome, mRNA and protein syntheses, and in addition to those, by the disruption of cytoskeleton in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kae Sakai-Sugino
- Department of Microbiology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
- Department of Life and Environmental Science, Tsu City College, Mie, Japan
- Microbiology and Immunology Section, Department of Clinical Nutrition, Graduate School of Health Science, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Mie, Japan
| | - Jun Uematsu
- Microbiology and Immunology Section, Department of Clinical Nutrition, Graduate School of Health Science, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Mie, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Yamamoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Mie, Japan
| | - Sahoko Kihira
- Department of Life Vista, Nara Saho College, Nara, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Kawano
- Department of Microbiology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - Miwako Nishio
- Department of Microbiology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - Masato Tsurudome
- Department of Microbiology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - Hidehisa Sekijima
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Sciences, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - Myles O'Brien
- Graduate School of Nursing, Mie Prefectural College of Nursing, Mie, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Komada
- Microbiology and Immunology Section, Department of Clinical Nutrition, Graduate School of Health Science, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Mie, Japan
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Uematsu J, Yamamoto H, Kihira S, Sakai-Sugino K, Ishiyama Y, Chindoh M, Baba A, Kazuta R, Hasegawa T, Fujimoto K, Funauchi A, Itoh A, Ookohchi A, Satoh S, Maeda Y, Kawano M, Tsurudome M, Nishio M, Hirai K, O'Brien M, Komada H. Inhibitory effect of traditional herbal (kampo) medicines on the replication of human parainfluenza virus type 2 in vitro. Drug Discov Ther 2021; 15:180-188. [PMID: 34433756 DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2021.01059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Thirteen herbal medicines, Kakkonto (TJ-001), Kakkontokasenkyushin'i (TJ-002), Hangekobokuto (TJ-016), Shoseiryuto (TJ-019), Maoto (TJ-027), Bakumondoto (TJ-029), Hochuekkito (TJ-041), Goshakusan (TJ-063), Kososan (TJ-070), Chikujountanto (TJ-091), Gokoto (TJ-095), Saibokuto (TJ-096), and Ryokankyomishingeninto (TJ-119) were tested for human parainfluenza virus type 2 (hPIV-2) replication. Eight (TJ-001, TJ-002, TJ-019, TJ-029, TJ-041, TJ-063, TJ-095 and TJ-119) out of the thirteen medicines had virus growth inhibitory activity. TJ-001 and TJ-002 inhibited virus release, and largely inhibited genome, mRNA and protein syntheses. TJ-019 slightly inhibited virus release, inhibited gene and mRNA syntheses, and largely inhibited protein synthesis. TJ-029 slightly inhibited virus release, largely inhibited protein synthesis, but gene and mRNA syntheses were unaffected. TJ-041 only slightly inhibited virus release, the gene and mRNA syntheses, but largely inhibited protein synthesis. TJ-091 largely inhibited gene, mRNA and protein syntheses. TJ-095 largely inhibited gene synthesis, but NP and HN mRNAs were slightly detected, and protein syntheses were observed. TJ-119 inhibited gene, mRNA and protein syntheses. TJ-001, TJ-002, TJ-091, TJ-095 and TJ-119 inhibited multinucleated giant cell formation derived from cell-to-cell spreading of virus. However, in TJ-019, TJ-029 and TJ-041 treated infected cells, only small sized fused cells with some nuclei were found. TJ-019 and TJ-041 slightly disrupted actin microfilaments, and TJ-001 and TJ-002 destroyed them. TJ-041 slightly disrupted microtubules, and TJ-001 and TJ-002 disrupted them. In general, the medicines effective on common cold and bronchitis inhibited hPIV-2 replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Uematsu
- Microbiology and Immunology Section, Department of Clinical Nutrition, Graduate School of Health Science, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka, Mie, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Yamamoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka, Mie, Japan
| | - Sahoko Kihira
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Health Science, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka, Mie, Japan
| | - Kae Sakai-Sugino
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Health Science, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka, Mie, Japan
| | - Yuhko Ishiyama
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Health Science, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka, Mie, Japan
| | - Misaki Chindoh
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Health Science, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka, Mie, Japan
| | - Aya Baba
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Health Science, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka, Mie, Japan
| | - Rina Kazuta
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Health Science, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka, Mie, Japan
| | - Tomomi Hasegawa
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Health Science, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka, Mie, Japan
| | - Keiko Fujimoto
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Health Science, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka, Mie, Japan
| | - Aya Funauchi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Health Science, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka, Mie, Japan
| | - Ai Itoh
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Health Science, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka, Mie, Japan
| | - Ayumi Ookohchi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Health Science, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka, Mie, Japan
| | - Saemi Satoh
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Health Science, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka, Mie, Japan
| | - Yurie Maeda
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Health Science, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka, Mie, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Kawano
- Department of Microbiology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Masato Tsurudome
- Department of Microbiology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Miwako Nishio
- Department of Microbiology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Hirai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka, Mie, Japan
| | - Myles O'Brien
- Graduate School of Mie Prefectural College of Nursing, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Komada
- Microbiology and Immunology Section, Department of Clinical Nutrition, Graduate School of Health Science, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka, Mie, Japan
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3
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Uematsu J, Sakai-Sugino K, Kihira-Nakanishi S, Yamamoto H, Hirai K, Kawano M, Nishio M, Tsurudome M, O'Brien M, Komada H. Inhibitions of human parainfluenza virus type 2 replication by ribavirin and mycophenolate mofetil are restored by guanosine and S-(4-nitrobenzyl)-6-thioinosine. Drug Discov Ther 2020; 13:314-321. [PMID: 31956229 DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2019.01084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The antiviral activities of a nucleoside analog antiviral drug (ribavirin) and a non-nucleoside drug (mycophenolate mofetil) against human parainfluenza virus type 2 (hPIV-2) were investigated, and the restoration of the inhibition by guanosine and S-(4-nitrobenzyl)-6-thioinosine (NBTI: equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 inhibitor) were also investigated. Ribavirin (RBV) and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) inhibited cell fusion induced by hPIV-2. Both RBV and MMF considerably reduced the number of viruses released from the cells. Virus genome synthesis was inhibited by RBV and MMF as determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and real time PCR. mRNA syntheses were also reduced. An indirect immunofluorescence study showed that RBV and MMF largely inhibited viral protein syntheses. Using a recombinant green fluorescence protein (GFP)-expressing hPIV-2 without matrix protein (rhPIV-2ΔMGFP), it was found that virus entry into the cells and multinucleated giant cell formation were almost completely blocked by RBV and MMF. RBV and MMF did not disrupt actin microfilaments or microtubules. Both guanosine and NBTI completely or partially reversed the inhibition by RBV and MMF in the viral replication, syntheses of genome RNA, mRNA and protein, and multinucleated giant cell formation. NBTI caused a little damage in actin microfilaments, but had no effect on microtubules. Both RBV and MMF inhibited the replication of hPIV-2, mainly by inhibiting viral genome RNA, mRNA and protein syntheses. The inhibition was almost completely recovered by guanosine. These results indicate that the major mechanism of the inhibition is the depletion of intracellular GTP pools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Uematsu
- Microbiology and Immunology Section, Department of Clinical Nutrition, Graduate School of Health Science, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka, Mie, Japan
| | - Kae Sakai-Sugino
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Health Science, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka, Mie, Japan
| | - Sahoko Kihira-Nakanishi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Health Science, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka, Mie, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Yamamoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka, Mie, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Hirai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka, Mie, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Kawano
- Department of Microbiology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Miwako Nishio
- Department of Microbiology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Masato Tsurudome
- Department of Microbiology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Myles O'Brien
- Graduate School of Mie Prefectural College of Nursing, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Komada
- Microbiology and Immunology Section, Department of Clinical Nutrition, Graduate School of Health Science, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka, Mie, Japan
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Identification and Molecular Characterisation of Bovine Parainfluenza Virus-3 and Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus - First Report from Turkey. J Vet Res 2019; 63:167-173. [PMID: 31276055 PMCID: PMC6598183 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2019-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Bovine parainfluenza virus-3 (BPIV3) and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) are the cause of respiratory disease in cattle worldwide. With other pathogens, they cause bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC) in ruminants. The aim of the study was the detection and molecular characterisation of BPIV3 and BRSV from nasal swabs and lung samples of cows in and around the Erzurum region of eastern Turkey. Material and Methods In total, 155 samples were collected. Of animals used in the study 92 were males and 63 females. The age of the animals was between 9 months and 5 years, mean 1.4 years. Most males were in the fattening period and being raised in open sheds; females were in the lactating period and kept in free stall barns. All samples were tested for the presence of viral genes using RT-PCR. Gene-specific primers in a molecular method (RT-PCR) identified BRSV (fusion gene) and BPIV3 (matrix gene) strains at the genus level. Results RNA from BRSV and BPIV3 was detected in two (1.29%) and three (1.93%) samples, respectively, one of each of which was sequenced and the sequences were aligned with reference virus strains. Phylogenetic analyses clustered the strains in genotype C/BPIV3 and subgroup III/BRSV. Conclusion The results indicate that BRSV and BPIV3 contribute to bovine respiratory disease cases in Turkey. This is the first report on their detection and molecular characterisation in ruminants in Turkey.
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Tsujimura Y, Yasutomi Y. Allergy Vaccines Using a Mycobacterium-Secreted Antigen, Ag85B, and an IL-4 Antagonist. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1403:723-38. [PMID: 27076163 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3387-7_41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, the prevalence of allergic diseases, including bronchial asthma, airway hypersensitivity, hay fever, and atopic dermatitis, has been increasing in the industrialized world, and effective treatments probably require manipulating the inflammatory response to pathogenic allergens. T helper (Th) 2 cells are thought to play a crucial role in the initiation, progression, and persistence of allergic responses in association with production of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, and IL-13. Therefore, a strategy of a shift from Th2- to Th1-type immune response may be valuable in the prophylaxis and management of allergic diseases. It is also necessary to develop prophylactic and therapeutic treatment that induces homeostatic functions in the multifaceted allergic environment, because various factors including innate and adaptive immunity, mucosal immune response, and functional and structural maintenance of local tissue might be involved in the pathogenesis of allergic disorders. We review herein recent findings related to the curative effect for mouse models of asthma and atopic dermatitis using DNA-, virus-, and protein-based vaccines of a Mycobacterium secretion antigen, Ag85B, and a plasmid encoding cDNA of antagonistic IL-4 mutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Tsujimura
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Vaccine Research, Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 1-1 Hachimandai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0843, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Yasutomi
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Vaccine Research, Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 1-1 Hachimandai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0843, Japan. .,Department of Immunoregulation, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan.
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6
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Kihira S, Uematsu J, Kawano M, Itoh A, Ookohchi A, Satoh S, Maeda Y, Sakai K, Yamamoto H, Tsurudome M, O'Brien M, Komada H. Ribavirin inhibits human parainfluenza virus type 2 replication in vitro. Microbiol Immunol 2015; 58:628-35. [PMID: 25154465 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The antiviral activities of eight nucleoside analog antiviral drugs (ribavirin, acyclovir, lamivudine, 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine, emtricitabine, tenofovir, penciclovir and ganciclovir) against human parainfluenza virus type 2 (hPIV-2) were investigated. Only ribavirin (RBV) inhibited both cell fusion and hemadsorption induced by hPIV-2. RBV considerably reduced the number of viruses released from the cells. Virus genome synthesis was inhibited by RBV, as determined by real time PCR. An indirect immunofluorescence study showed that RBV largely inhibited viral protein synthesis. mRNAs of the proteins were not detected, indicating that inhibition of protein synthesis was caused by transcription inhibition by RBV. Using a recombinant green fluorescence protein-expressing hPIV-2 without matrix protein, it was found that RBV did not completely inhibit virus entry into the cells; however, it almost completely blocked multinucleated giant cell formation. RBV did not disrupt actin microfilaments and microtubules. These results indicate that the inhibitory effect of RBV is caused by inhibition of both virus genome and mRNA synthesis, resulting in inhibition of virus protein synthesis, viral replication and multinucleated giant cell formation (extensive cell-to-cell spreading of the virus).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahoko Kihira
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Health Science, Suzuka University of Medical Science
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7
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Eberle KC, Neill JD, Venn-Watson SK, McGill JL, Sacco RE. Novel Atlantic bottlenose dolphin parainfluenza virus TtPIV-1 clusters with bovine PIV-3 genotype B strains. Virus Genes 2015; 51:198-208. [PMID: 26174699 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-015-1224-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Parainfluenza virus 3 (PIV-3) is a common viral infection not only in humans, but also in many other species. Serological evidence suggests that nearly 100 % of children in the United States have been infected with PIV-3 by 5 years of age. Similarly, in cattle, PIV-3 is commonly associated with bovine respiratory disease complex. A novel dolphin PIV-3 (TtPIV-1) was described by Nollens et al. in 2008 from a dolphin that was diagnosed with an unknown respiratory illness. At that time, TtPIV-1 was found to be most similar to, but distinct from, bovine PIV-3 (BPIV-3). In the present study, similar viral growth kinetics and pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-1β, IL-6, and CXCL8) production were seen between BPIV-3 and TtPIV-1 in BEAS-2B, MDBK, and Vero cell lines. Initial nomenclature of TtPIV-1 was based on partial sequence of the fusion and RNA polymerase genes. Based on the similarities we saw with the in vitro work, it was important to examine the TtPIV-1 genome in more detail. Full genome sequencing and subsequent phylogenetic analysis revealed that all six viral genes of TtPIV-1 clustered within the recently described BPIV-3 genotype B strains, and it is proposed that TtPIV-1 be re-classified with BPIV-3 genotype B strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten C Eberle
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA.,Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.,Immunobiology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - John D Neill
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Stephanie K Venn-Watson
- Translational Medicine & Research Program, National Marine Mammal Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jodi L McGill
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA.,Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Randy E Sacco
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA. .,Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA. .,Immunobiology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
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8
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Kitagawa H, Kawano M, Yamanaka K, Kakeda M, Tsuda K, Inada H, Yoneda M, Sakaguchi T, Nigi A, Nishimura K, Komada H, Tsurudome M, Yasutomi Y, Nosaka T, Mizutani H. Intranasally administered antigen 85B gene vaccine in non-replicating human Parainfluenza type 2 virus vector ameliorates mouse atopic dermatitis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66614. [PMID: 23843958 PMCID: PMC3701015 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a refractory and recurrent inflammatory skin disease. Various factors including heredity, environmental agent, innate and acquired immunity, and skin barrier function participate in the pathogenesis of AD. T -helper (Th) 2-dominant immunological milieu has been suggested in the acute phase of AD. Antigen 85B (Ag85B) is a 30-kDa secretory protein well conserved in Mycobacterium species. Ag85B has strong Th1-type cytokine inducing activity, and is expected to ameliorate Th2 condition in allergic disease. To perform Ag85B function in vivo, effective and less invasive vaccination method is required. Recently, we have established a novel functional virus vector; recombinant human parainfluenza type 2 virus vector (rhPIV2): highly expressive, replication-deficient, and very low-pathogenic vector. In this study, we investigated the efficacy of rhPIV2 engineered to express Ag85B (rhPIV2/Ag85B) in a mouse AD model induced by repeated oxazolone (OX) challenge. Ear swelling, dermal cell infiltrations and serum IgE level were significantly suppressed in the rhPIV2/Ag85B treated mouse group accompanied with elevated IFN-γ and IL-10 mRNA expressions, and suppressed IL-4, TNF-α and MIP-2 mRNA expressions. The treated mice showed no clinical symptom of croup or systemic adverse reactions. The respiratory tract epithelium captured rhPIV2 effectively without remarkable cytotoxic effects. These results suggested that rhPIV2/Ag85B might be a potent therapeutic tool to control allergic disorders.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Bacterial/genetics
- Antigens, Bacterial/immunology
- Cell Line
- Cytokines/genetics
- Dermatitis, Atopic/chemically induced
- Dermatitis, Atopic/immunology
- Dermatitis, Atopic/pathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Gene Expression
- Genetic Vectors/genetics
- Genetic Vectors/immunology
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin E/blood
- Immunoglobulin E/immunology
- Male
- Mice
- Oxazolone/adverse effects
- Oxazolone/immunology
- Parainfluenza Virus 2, Human/genetics
- Parainfluenza Virus 2, Human/immunology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Skin/immunology
- Skin/metabolism
- Skin/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/genetics
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kitagawa
- Department of Dermatology, Mie University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Kawano
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Mie University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Keiichi Yamanaka
- Department of Dermatology, Mie University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Masato Kakeda
- Department of Dermatology, Mie University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Kenshiro Tsuda
- Department of Dermatology, Mie University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Inada
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka, Mie, Japan
| | - Misao Yoneda
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Graduate School of Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka; Mie, Japan
| | - Tadashi Sakaguchi
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Mie University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Akina Nigi
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Mie University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Koumei Nishimura
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Mie University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Komada
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Graduate School of Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka; Mie, Japan
| | - Masato Tsurudome
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Mie University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Yasutomi
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Vaccine Research, Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Nosaka
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Mie University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Mizutani
- Department of Dermatology, Mie University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
- * E-mail:
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9
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Uematsu J, Koyama A, Takano S, Ura Y, Tanemura M, Kihira S, Yamamoto H, Kawano M, Tsurudome M, O’Brien M, Komada H. Legume lectins inhibit human parainfluenza virus type 2 infection by interfering with the entry. Viruses 2012; 4:1104-15. [PMID: 22852043 PMCID: PMC3407897 DOI: 10.3390/v4071104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Revised: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Three lectins with different sugar binding specificities were investigated for anti-viral activity against human parainfluenza virus type 2 (hPIV-2). The lectins, concanavalin A (Con A), lens culinaris agglutinin (LCA) and peanut agglutinin (PNA), inhibited cell fusion and hemadsorption induced by hPIV-2. Virus nucleoprotein (NP) gene synthesis was largely inhibited, but fusion (F) and hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) gene syntheses were not. An indirect immunofluorescence study showed that Con A inhibited virus NP, F and HN protein syntheses, but LCA did not completely inhibit them, and that PNA inhibited only NP protein synthesis. Using a recombinant green fluorescence protein-expressing hPIV-2, without matrix protein (rghPIV-2ΔM), it was found that virus entry into the cells was not completely prevented. The lectins considerably reduced the number of viruses released compared with that of virus infected cells. The lectins bound to cell surface within 10 min, and many aggregates were observed at 30 min. Con A and LCA slightly disrupted actin microfilaments and microtubules, but PNA had almost no effect on them. These results indicated that the inhibitory effects of the lectins were caused mainly by the considerable prevention of virus adsorption to the cells by the lectin binding to their receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Uematsu
- Microbiology and Immunology Section, Department of Clinical Nutrition, Graduate School of Suzuka University of Medical Science, 1001-1, Kishioka, Suzuka, Mie, 510-0293, Japan;
| | - Aoi Koyama
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Health Science, Suzuka University of Medical Science, 1001-1 Kishioka, Suzuka, Mie, 510-0293, Japan; (A.K.; S.T.; Y.U.; M.T.); (S.K.)
| | - Sayaka Takano
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Health Science, Suzuka University of Medical Science, 1001-1 Kishioka, Suzuka, Mie, 510-0293, Japan; (A.K.; S.T.; Y.U.; M.T.); (S.K.)
| | - Yukari Ura
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Health Science, Suzuka University of Medical Science, 1001-1 Kishioka, Suzuka, Mie, 510-0293, Japan; (A.K.; S.T.; Y.U.; M.T.); (S.K.)
| | - Miho Tanemura
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Health Science, Suzuka University of Medical Science, 1001-1 Kishioka, Suzuka, Mie, 510-0293, Japan; (A.K.; S.T.; Y.U.; M.T.); (S.K.)
| | - Sahoko Kihira
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Health Science, Suzuka University of Medical Science, 1001-1 Kishioka, Suzuka, Mie, 510-0293, Japan; (A.K.; S.T.; Y.U.; M.T.); (S.K.)
| | - Hidetaka Yamamoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Suzuka University of Medical Science, 3500-3, Minamitamagaki, Suzuka, Mie, 513-8670, Japan;
| | - Mitsuo Kawano
- Department of Microbiology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174, Edobashi, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan; (M.K.); (M.T.)
| | - Masato Tsurudome
- Department of Microbiology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174, Edobashi, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan; (M.K.); (M.T.)
| | - Myles O’Brien
- Graduate School of Mie Prefectural College of Nursing, 1-1-1 Yumegaoka, Tsu, Mie, 514-0116, Japan;
| | - Hiroshi Komada
- Microbiology and Immunology Section, Department of Clinical Nutrition, Graduate School of Suzuka University of Medical Science, 1001-1, Kishioka, Suzuka, Mie, 510-0293, Japan;
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed: ; Tel: +81-59-383-8991; Fax: +81-59-383-9666
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10
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Yamamoto H, Ura Y, Tanemura M, Koyama A, Takano S, Uematsu J, Kawano M, Tsurudome M, O'Brien M, Komada H. Inhibitory Effect of Bovine Lactoferrin on Human Parainfluenza Virus Type 2 Infection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1248/jhs.56.613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yukari Ura
- Department of Microbiology, Suzuka University of Medical Science
| | - Miho Tanemura
- Department of Microbiology, Suzuka University of Medical Science
| | - Aoi Koyama
- Department of Microbiology, Suzuka University of Medical Science
| | - Sayaka Takano
- Department of Microbiology, Suzuka University of Medical Science
| | - Jun Uematsu
- Department of Microbiology, Suzuka University of Medical Science
| | - Mitsuo Kawano
- Department of Microbiology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Masato Tsurudome
- Department of Microbiology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Myles O'Brien
- Graduate School of Mie Prefectural College of Nursing
| | - Hiroshi Komada
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Clinical Nutrition, Suzuka University of Medical Science
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11
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Taoda N, Shinji E, Nishii K, Nishioka S, Yonezawa Y, Uematsu J, Hattori E, Yamamoto H, Kawano M, Tsurudome M, O'Brien M, Yamashita T, Komada H. Fucoidan inhibits parainfluenza virus type 2 infection to LLCMK2 cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 29:331-4. [PMID: 19129677 DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.29.331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The effects of fucoidan and L-fucose, a fundamental major component of fucoidan, on the growth of human parainfluenza virus type 2 (hPIV-2) in LLCMK(2) cells were investigated. Fucoidan inhibited cell fusion and hemadsorption, but L-fucose only partly inhibited both. Virus RNA was not detected in the hPIV-2 infected cells cultured with fucoidan. However, L-fucose did not inhibit virus RNA synthesis. Indirect immunofluorescence study showed that virus protein synthesis was inhibited by fucoidan, but not by L-fucose. Furthermore, using a recombinant, green fluorescence protein-expressing hPIV-2, it was found that virus entry was inhibited by fucoidan, but not by L-fucose. These results suggested that fucoidan inhibited virus adsorption to the surface of the cells by binding to the cell surface and prevented infection, indicating that the sulfated polysaccharide form was important for the inhibition by fucoidan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Taoda
- Department of Microbiology, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka, Mie, Japan
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12
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Skiadopoulos MH, Vogel L, Riggs JM, Surman SR, Collins PL, Murphy BR. The genome length of human parainfluenza virus type 2 follows the rule of six, and recombinant viruses recovered from non-polyhexameric-length antigenomic cDNAs contain a biased distribution of correcting mutations. J Virol 2003; 77:270-9. [PMID: 12477832 PMCID: PMC140631 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.1.270-279.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the Paramyxovirinae subfamily of the Paramyxoviridae family of viruses have the unusual requirement that the nucleotide length of the viral genome must be an even multiple of six in order for efficient RNA replication, and hence virus replication, to occur. Human parainfluenza virus type 2 (HPIV2) is the only member of the genus that has been reported to have a genome length that is not an even multiple of six, and it has also been recovered from a full-length antigenomic-sense cDNA that did not conform to the "rule of six." To reexamine the issue of nucleotide length in natural isolates of HPIV2, a complete consensus genomic sequence was determined for three HPIV2 strains: Greer, Vanderbilt/1994 (V94), and Vanderbilt/1998. Each of these strains was found to have a genome length of 15,654 nucleotides (nt), thus conforming in each case to the rule of six. To directly examine the requirement that the genomic length of HPIV2 be an even multiple of six, we constructed six full-length antigenomic HPIV2/V94 cDNAs that deviated from a polyhexameric length by 0 to 5 nt. Recombinant HPIV2s were readily recovered from all of the cDNAs, including those that did not conform to the rule of six. One recombinant HPIV2 isolate was completely sequenced for each of the nonpolyhexameric antigenomic cDNAs. These were found to contain small nucleotide insertions or deletions that conferred polyhexameric length to the recovered genome. Interestingly, almost all of the length corrections occurred within the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase and large polymerase genes or the intervening intergenic region and thus were proximal to the insert that caused the deviation from the rule of six. These results demonstrate, in the context of complete infectious virus, that HPIV2 has a strong and seemingly absolute requirement for a polyhexameric genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario H Skiadopoulos
- Respiratory Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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13
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Kawano M, Kaito M, Kozuka Y, Komada H, Noda N, Nanba K, Tsurudome M, Ito M, Nishio M, Ito Y. Recovery of Infectious Human Parainfluenza Type 2 Virus from cDNA Clones and Properties of the Defective Virus without V-Specific Cysteine-Rich Domain. Virology 2001; 284:99-112. [PMID: 11352671 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2001.0864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A full-length cDNA clone was constructed from the genome of the human parainfluenza type 2 virus (hPIV2). First, Vero cells were infected with recombinant vaccinia virus expressing T7 RNA polymerase, and then the plasmid encoding the antigenome sequence was transfected into Vero cells together with polymerase unit plasmids, NP, P, and L, which were under control of the T7 polymerase promoter. Subsequently, the transfected cells were cocultured with fresh Vero cells. Rescue of recombinant hPIV2 (rPIV2) from cDNA clone was demonstrated by finding the introduced genetic tag. As an application of reverse genetics, we introduced one nucleotide change (UCU to ACU) to immediate downstream of the RNA-editing site of the V gene in the full-length hPIV2 cDNA and were able to obtain infectious viruses [rPIV2V(-)] from the cDNA. The rPIV2V(-) possessed a defective V protein that did not have the unique cysteine-rich domain in its carboxyl terminus (the V-protein-specific domain). The rPIV2V(-) showed no growth in CV-1 and FL cells. Replication of the rPIV2V(-) in these cells, however, was partially recovered by adding anti-interferon (IFN)-beta antibody into the culture medium, showing that the rPIV2V(-) is highly sensitive against IFN and that no growth of rPIV2V(-) in CV-1 and FL cells is mainly due to its hypersensitivity to endogenously produced IFN. These findings indicate that the V-protein-specific domain of hPIV2 is related to IFN resistance. On the other hand, the rPIV2V(-) efficiently replicated in Vero cells, which are known as a IFN-non-producers. However, the virus yields of rPIV2V(-) in Vero cells were 10- to100-fold lower than those of control rPIV2, although syntheses of the viral-specific proteins and their mRNAs in rPIV2V(-)-infected Vero cells were augmented up to 48 p.i. in comparison with those of rPIV2. Furthermore, the rPIV2V(-) virions showed anomalous in size as compared with rPIV2 virions. These results suggest that the V protein plays an important role in the hPIV2 assembly, maturation, and morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kawano
- Department of Microbiology, Mie University School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Mie, 514-8507, Japan.
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14
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Seal BS, King DJ, Meinersmann RJ. Molecular evolution of the Newcastle disease virus matrix protein gene and phylogenetic relationships among the paramyxoviridae. Virus Res 2000; 66:1-11. [PMID: 10653913 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1702(99)00119-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Matrix (M) gene sequences for recent field isolates and older reference Newcastle disease viruses (NDV) were examined to determine phylogenetic relationships and population trends among these viruses. Overall, the M gene has a majority of synonymous nucleotide sequence substitutions occurring among NDV isolates. However, several predicted amino acid changes in the M protein of specific NDV isolates have occurred that correlate to phylogenetic relationships. Nucleotide substitutions in these codons have a greater number of nonsynonymous base changes. The NDV isolates arising since the 1970s belong to a population of viruses that expanded worldwide at an exponential rate. These viruses may have their origins in free-living birds, are present worldwide, and continue to circulate causing disease in poultry. A specific NDV lineage composed of virulent isolates obtained in the US prior to 1970 appears to no longer exists among free-living birds or commercial poultry. However, "vaccine-like" viruses are common in the US and continue to circulate among commercial poultry. Based on M protein amino acid sequences, NDV separates as a clade most closely related to morbilliviruses and not with their current designated category, the rubulaviruses among the Paramyxoviridae. Consequently, avian paramyxoviruses should have their own taxonomic subfamily among the Paramyxovirinae.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Seal
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA.
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15
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He B, Leser GP, Paterson RG, Lamb RA. The paramyxovirus SV5 small hydrophobic (SH) protein is not essential for virus growth in tissue culture cells. Virology 1998; 250:30-40. [PMID: 9770417 DOI: 10.1006/viro.1998.9354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The SH gene of the paramyxovirus SV5 is located between the genes for the glycoproteins, fusion protein (F) and hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN), and the SH gene encodes a small 44-residue hydrophobic integral membrane protein (SH). The SH protein is expressed in SV5-infected cells and is oriented in membranes with its N terminus in the cytoplasm. To study the function of the SH protein in the SV5 virus life cycle, the SH gene was deleted from the infectious cDNA clone of the SV5 genome. By using the recently developed reverse genetics system for SV5, it was found that an SH-deleted SV5 (rSV5DeltaSH) could be recovered, indicating the SH protein was not essential for virus viability in tissue culture. Analysis of properties of rSV5DeltaSH indicated that lack of expression of SH protein did not alter the expression level of the other virus proteins, the subcellular localization of F and HN, or fusion competency as measured by lipid mixing assays and a new content mixing assay that did not require the use of vaccinia virus. The growth rate, infectivity, and plaque size of rSV5 and rSV5DeltaSH were found to be very similar. Although SH is shown to be a component of purified virions by immunoblotting, examination of purified rSV5DeltaSH by electron microscopy did not show an altered morphology from SV5. Thus in tissue culture cells the lack of the SV5 SH protein does not confer a recognizable phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- B He
- Molecular Biology and Cell Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, 60208-3500, USA
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16
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Gianazza E. Isoelectric focusing as a tool for the investigation of post-translational processing and chemical modifications of proteins. J Chromatogr A 1995; 705:67-87. [PMID: 7620573 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(94)01251-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that good agreement may be observed between computed and experimental isoelectric point (pI) values when proteins of known sequence are focused under denaturing conditions on immobilized pH gradient IPG slabs, at least in the pH range 4-7.5. Hence, discrepancies between expected and found in this experimental set-up may be reliably ascribed to some kind of post-transcriptional processing, or chemical modification, having taken place in the sample. This evaluation is made easier when the comparison is set between the pI of a parent molecule and that (or those) of one to several of its derivatives as resolved in a single experiment (for instance, as a spot row in two-dimensional maps); no previous knowledge is required in these cases about the amino acid composition of the primary structure. The effects on protein surface charge are discussed in this review mainly for two biologically relevant processes, glycosylation and phosphorylation. Then, the pI shifts are analysed for some protein modifications that may occur naturally but can also be artefactually elicited, such as NH2 terminus blocking, deamidation and thiol redox reactions. Finally, carboxymethylation and carbamylation are used to exemplify chemical treatments often applied in connection with electrophoretic techniques and involving charged residues. Procedures to be applied in order to verify whether a given modification has occurred, and often relying on the focusing of a treated specimen, are detailed in each section. Numerical examples on model proteins are also discussed. As an important field of application of the above concepts may be genetic engineering, an exhaustive bibliographic list dealing with pI evaluation and structural assessment on recombinant proteins is included.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Gianazza
- Istituto di Scienze Farmacologiche, Milan, Italy
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17
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Venugopal K, Reid HW, Gould EA. Tick-borne flavivirus NS1 gene: identification of conserved peptides and antigenic analysis of recombinant louping ill virus NS1 protein. Virus Res 1994; 31:245-54. [PMID: 7513932 DOI: 10.1016/0168-1702(94)90007-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The nucleotide sequence of the NS1 gene of louping ill (LI) virus has been determined. The sequence shows a high degree of homology with other members of the tick-borne serocomplex of flaviviruses and a lower homology with the mosquito-borne flaviviruses. Alignment of the deduced NS1 amino acid sequences with all tick-borne flavivirus NS1 sequences, identified four peptide regions which were conserved for all tick-borne flaviviruses, but were variable amongst mosquito-borne flaviviruses. A dendrogram, derived from the alignment of the NS1 protein sequences, indicated an evolutionary relationship that quite closely reflects the recognised serological classification. The LI virus NS1 protein expressed in Escherichia coli and baculoviruses showed similar antigenic reactivity to the authentic virus-coded protein when tested with NS1-specific monoclonal antibodies, but did not form high molecular weight complexes and was not secreted from cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Venugopal
- Institute of Virology and Environmental Microbiology, Oxford, UK
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18
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Power UF, Ryan KW, Portner A. Sequence characterization and expression of the matrix protein gene of human parainfluenza virus type 1. Virology 1992; 191:947-52. [PMID: 1333129 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(92)90270-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The nucleotide sequence of the M gene of human parainfluenza virus type 1 (hPIV1) was determined from genomic RNA and cDNA copies of the entire gene. The M gene contained 1173 nucleotides. It had one large open reading frame capable of encoding a protein of 348 amino acids (M(r) = 38,404). The predicted amino acid sequence of the hPIV1 M protein is highly basic (+20 at neutral pH). A pGEM-1 expression vector containing the M gene was used for cell-free transcription and translation. The resultant protein was confirmed to be M by electrophoretic mobility and immunoprecipitation. Among other paramyxoviridae the hPIV1 M amino acid sequence was most closely related to the Sendai virus M sequence (87% identity). The pattern of M gene relatedness observed from the alignment of 16 paramyxoviridae M protein amino acid sequences was not predicted by the viruses' taxonomic classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- U F Power
- Department of Virology and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38101
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19
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Miyahara K, Kitada S, Yoshimoto M, Matsumura H, Kawano M, Komada H, Tsurudome M, Kusagawa S, Nishio M, Ito Y. Molecular evolution of human paramyxoviruses. Nucleotide sequence analyses of the human parainfluenza type 1 virus NP and M protein genes and construction of phylogenetic trees for all the human paramyxoviruses. Arch Virol 1992; 124:255-68. [PMID: 1605738 DOI: 10.1007/bf01309807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The nucleotide sequences of the NP and M genes of human parainfluenza type 1 virus (HPIV-1) were determined. The NP gene was 1677 nucleotides long excluding polyadenylic acid. The NP gene contained a single large open reading frame (ORF), which encoded a polypeptide of 524 amino acids with a calculated molecular weight of 57,736. The M gene 1173 nucleotides long excluding the poly(A) tract and the sequence also contained a single large ORF which encoded a polypeptide of 348 amino acid with a molecular weight of 38,445, which was inconsistent with 28 kDa previously determined by SDS-PAGE. We aligned the deduced HPIV-1 NP and M protein sequences with 12 and 13 other paramyxoviruses, respectively, suggesting that a common tertiary structure was found in the NPs or Ms of HPIV-1, Sendai virus (SV), HPIV-3 and BPIV-3 and that other common structure was also maintained in these proteins of HPIV-2, SV 41 and 5, MuV, HPIV-4. Phylogenetic trees were constructed for the NP and M proteins of all the paramyxoviruses of which nucleotide sequences had been previously reported. Paramyxoviruses could be subdivided into two groups, i.e., PIV-1 group and PIV-2 group; the former group is composed of HPIV-1, SV, HPIV-3 and BPIV-3, and the latter group consists of HPIV-2, SV 41, SV 5, MuV, HPIV-4 A and HPIV-4 B.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Miyahara
- Department of Microbiology, Mie University School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
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20
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Tsurudome M, Bando H, Kawano M, Matsumura H, Komada H, Nishio M, Ito Y. Transcripts of simian virus 41 (SV41) matrix gene are exclusively dicistronic with the fusion gene which is also transcribed as a monocistron. Virology 1991; 184:93-100. [PMID: 1651608 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(91)90825-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The complete nucleotide sequences of the matrix (M) and fusion (F) genes of simian virus 41 (SV41) were determined. Deduced amino acid sequences confirmed the close relationship of SV41 with human parainfluenza type 2 virus (PIV2). Analyses of noncoding regions between the F and the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) genes suggested the absence of the small hydrophobic gene, which is present between the F and the HN genes of simian virus 5 and mumps virus. It was striking that there was no apparent consensus gene end sequence between the M and the F genes and that the M gene was transcribed exclusively as a dicistron with the F gene. The number of monocistronic transcripts of the F gene was approximately half that of the dicistronic transcripts. However, the F protein of SV41 seemed to be efficiently translated, since viral multiplication and fusion from within were as efficient as in PIV2. These results suggest that the lack of a consensus gene end sequence resulted in the readthrough of viral RNA polymerases between the M and the F genes and that the initiation of F gene transcription could occur by newly entered polymerases independently of the polymerases that started the upstream M gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tsurudome
- Department of Microbiology, Mie University School of Medicine, Japan
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21
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Kawano M, Okamoto K, Bando H, Kondo K, Tsurudome M, Komada H, Nishio M, Ito Y. Characterizations of the human parainfluenza type 2 virus gene encoding the L protein and the intergenic sequences. Nucleic Acids Res 1991; 19:2739-46. [PMID: 1645865 PMCID: PMC328195 DOI: 10.1093/nar/19.10.2739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We cloned and determined the nucleotide sequences of cDNAs against genomic RNA encoding the L protein of human parainfluenza type 2 virus (PIV-2). The L gene is 6904 nucleotides long including the intergenic region at the HN-L junction and putative negative strand leader RNA, almost all of which is complementary to the positive strand leader RNA of PIV-2. The deduced L protein contains 2262 amino acids with a calculated molecular weight of 256,366. The L protein of PIV-2 shows 39.9, 28.9, 27.8 and 28.3% homologies with Newcastle disease virus (NDV), Sendai virus (SV), parainfluenza type 3 virus (PIV-3) and measles virus (MV), respectively. Although sequence data on other components of transcriptive complex, NP and P, suggested a closer relationship between PIV-2 and MV, as concerns the L protein, MV is closely related to another group as SV and PIV-3. From analysis of the alignment of the five l proteins, six blocks composed of conserved amino acids were found in the L proteins. The L protein of PIV-2 was detected in purified virions and virus-infected cells using antiserum directed against an oligopeptide corresponding to the amino terminal region. Primer extension analyses showed that the intergenic regions at the NP-P, P-M, M-F, F-HN and HN-L junctions are 4, 45, 28, 8 and 42 nucleotides long, respectively, indicating that the intergenic regions exhibit no conservation of length and sequence. Furthermore, the starting and ending sequences of paramyxoviruses were summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kawano
- Department of Microbiology, Mie University School of Medicine, Japan
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22
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Yuasa T, Bando H, Kawano M, Tsurudome M, Nishio M, Kondo K, Komada H, Ito Y. Sequence analyses of the 3' genome end and NP gene of human parainfluenza type 2 virus: sequence variation of the gene-starting signal and the conserved 3' end. Virology 1990; 179:777-84. [PMID: 2173261 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(90)90145-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We cloned and determined the nucleotide sequences of cDNAs against nucleocapsid protein (NP) mRNA and the genomic RNA of human parainfluenza type 2 virus (PIV-2). The 3' terminal region of genomic RNA was compared among PIV-2, mumps virus (MuV), Newcastle disease virus (NDV), measles virus (MV), PIV-3, bovine parainfluenza type 3 virus (BPIV-3), Sendai virus (SV), and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), and an extensive sequence homology was observed between PIV-2 and MuV. Although no significant sequence relatedness was observed between PIV-2 and other viruses, the terminal four nucleotides were identical in the viruses compared, implying a specific role of these nucleotides on the replication of paramyxoviruses. A primer extension analysis elucidated the major NP mRNA initiation site with the sequence UCUAAGCC, which showed a moderate homology with the gene-starting consensus sequences of other paramyxoviruses. On the other hand, the NP mRNA was terminated at the nucleotide stretch AAAUUCUUUUU, and this sequence was conserved in all the PIV-2 genes, indicating that the oligonucleotides will form a part of the gene attenuation signal of PIV-2. Comparisons of NP protein sequence indicated a possible subgrouping of the paramyxoviruses into two groups, one of which is a group including PIV-2, PIV-4, MuV, and NDV, and another is a group including PIV-3, BPIV-3, and SV. This result supports an idea from our previous studies using polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. Furthermore, our data indicated that the PIV-2 NP protein sequence was more closely related to MV and CDV than to other parainfluenza viruses, PIV-3 and SV.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yuasa
- Department of Microbiology, Mie University School of Medicine, Japan
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