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Ateya A, Safhi FA, El-Emam H, Al-Ghadi MQ, Abdo M, Fericean L, Olga R, Mihaela O, Hizam MM, Mamdouh M, Abu El-Naga EM, Raslan WS. DNA Polymorphisms and mRNA Levels of Immune Biomarkers as Candidates for Inflammatory Postpartum Disorders Susceptibility in Italian Buffaloes. Vet Sci 2023; 10:573. [PMID: 37756095 PMCID: PMC10534879 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10090573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The immunological genes that may interact with inflammatory postpartum diseases in Italian buffaloes were examined in this study. A total number of 120 female Italian buffaloes (60 normal and 60 with inflammatory reproductive diseases) were employed. Each buffalo's jugular vein was pierced to get five milliliters of blood. To obtain whole blood and extract DNA and RNA, the blood was placed within tubes containing sodium fluoride or EDTA anticoagulants. The immunological (IKBKG, LGALS, IL1B, CCL2, RANTES, MASP2, HMGB1, and S-LZ) genes' nucleotide sequence differences between healthy buffaloes and buffaloes affected by inflammatory reproductive diseases were found by employing PCR-DNA sequencing. According to Fisher's exact test (p ˂ 0.01), there were noticeably different probabilities of all major nucleotide changes spreading among buffalo groups with and without reproductive problems. Buffaloes were significantly more likely to express the examined genes when they had inflammatory reproductive diseases. The outcomes might support the significance of these markers' nucleotide variations and gene expression patterns as indicators of the prevalence of inflammatory reproductive disorders and provide a workable buffalo management policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Ateya
- Department of Development of Animal Wealth, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt;
| | - Fatmah A. Safhi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Huda El-Emam
- Department of Development of Animal Wealth, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt;
| | - Muath Q. Al-Ghadi
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohamed Abdo
- Department of Animal Histology and Anatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Cairo 11829, Egypt;
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City 32897, Egypt
| | - Liana Fericean
- Department of Biology and Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Life Sciences King Michael I, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (L.F.); (O.M.)
| | - Rada Olga
- Department of Biology and Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Life Sciences King Michael I, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (L.F.); (O.M.)
| | - Ostan Mihaela
- Department of Biology and Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Life Sciences King Michael I, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (L.F.); (O.M.)
| | - Manar M. Hizam
- College of Pharmacy, National University of Science and Technology, Nasiriyah 64001, Iraq;
| | - Maha Mamdouh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh 13736, Egypt; (M.M.); (W.S.R.)
| | - Eman M. Abu El-Naga
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan 81528, Egypt;
| | - Walaa S. Raslan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh 13736, Egypt; (M.M.); (W.S.R.)
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2
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Al-Sharif M, Abdo M, Shabrawy OE, El-Naga EMA, Fericean L, Banatean-Dunea I, Ateya A. Investigating Polymorphisms and Expression Profile of Immune, Antioxidant, and Erythritol-Related Genes for Limiting Postparturient Endometritis in Holstein Cattle. Vet Sci 2023; 10:370. [PMID: 37368756 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10060370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study looked at genetic polymorphisms and transcript levels of immune, antioxidant, and erythritol-related markers for postparturient endometritis prediction and tracking in Holstein dairy cows. One hundred and thirty female dairy cows (65 endometritis affected and 65 apparently healthy) were used. Nucleotide sequence variations between healthy and endometritis-affected cows were revealed using PCR-DNA sequencing for immune (TLR4, TLR7, TNF-α, IL10, NCF4, and LITAF), antioxidant (ATOX1, GST, and OXSR1), and erythritol-related (TKT, RPIA, and AMPD1) genes. Chi-square investigation exposed a noteworthy variance amongst cow groups with and without endometritis in likelihood of dispersal of all distinguished nucleotide variants (p < 0.05). The IL10, ATOX1, and GST genes were expressed at substantially lower levels in endometritis-affected cows. Gene expression levels were considerably higher in endometritis-affected cows than in resistant ones for the genes TLR4, TLR7, TNF-α, NCF4, LITAF, OXSR1, TKT, RPIA, and AMPD1. The sort of marker and vulnerability or resistance to endometritis had a significant impact on the transcript levels of the studied indicators. The outcomes might confirm the importance of nucleotide variants along with gene expression patterns as markers of postparturient endometritis susceptibility/resistance and provide a workable control plan for Holstein dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Al-Sharif
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Abdo
- Department of Animal Histology and Anatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Cairo 11829, Egypt
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City 32897, Egypt
| | - Omnia El Shabrawy
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry of Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Menofia University, Menofia 32951, Egypt
| | - Eman M Abu El-Naga
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan 81528, Egypt
| | - Liana Fericean
- Department of Biology and Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Life Sciences King Michael I, 300645 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Ioan Banatean-Dunea
- Department of Biology and Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Life Sciences King Michael I, 300645 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Ahmed Ateya
- Department of Development of Animal Wealth, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
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3
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Bogado Pascottini O, Spricigo JFW, Van Schyndel SJ, Mion B, Rousseau J, Weese JS, LeBlanc SJ. Effects of parity, blood progesterone, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory treatment on the dynamics of the uterine microbiota of healthy postpartum dairy cows. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0233943. [PMID: 33606706 PMCID: PMC7895344 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of treatment with meloxicam (a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug), parity, and blood progesterone concentration on the dynamics of the uterine microbiota of 16 clinically healthy postpartum dairy cows. Seven primiparous and 9 multiparous postpartum Holstein cows either received meloxicam (0.5 mg/kg SC, n = 7 cows) once daily for 4 days (10 to 13 days in milk (DIM)) or were untreated (n = 9 cows). Endometrial cytology samples were collected by cytobrush at 10, 21, and 35 DIM, from which the microbiota analysis was conducted using 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. A radioimmunoassay was used to measure progesterone concentration in blood serum samples at 35 DIM and cows were classified as ˃ 1 ng/mL (n = 10) or ≤ 1 ng/mL (n = 6). Alpha diversity for bacterial genera (Chao1, Shannon-Weiner, and Camargo’s evenness indices) were not affected by DIM, meloxicam treatment, parity, or progesterone category. For beta diversity (genera level), principal coordinate analysis (Bray-Curtis) showed differences in microbiota between parity groups. At the phylum level, the relative abundance of Actinobacteria was greater in primiparous than multiparous cows. At the genus level, there was lesser relative abundance of Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Neisseriaceae, Paracoccus, Staphylococcus, and Streptococcus and greater relative abundance of Bacillus and Fusobacterium in primiparous than multiparous cows. Bray-Curtis dissimilarity did not differ by DIM at sampling, meloxicam treatment, or progesterone category at 35 DIM. In conclusion, uterine bacterial composition was not different at 10, 21, or 35 DIM, and meloxicam treatment or progesterone category did not affect the uterine microbiota in clinically healthy postpartum dairy cows. Primiparous cows presented a different composition of uterine bacteria than multiparous cows. The differences in microbiota associated with parity might be attributable to changes that occur consequent to the first calving, but this hypothesis should be investigated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. Bogado Pascottini
- Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - J. F. W. Spricigo
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - S. J. Van Schyndel
- Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - B. Mion
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - J. Rousseau
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - J. S. Weese
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - S. J. LeBlanc
- Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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4
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Marey MA, Aboul Ezz M, Akthar I, Yousef MS, Imakawa K, Shimada M, Miyamoto A. Sensing sperm via maternal immune system: a potential mechanism for controlling microenvironment for fertility in the cow. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:S88-S95. [PMID: 32810249 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ali Marey
- Graduate School of Animal and Food Hygiene, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan.,Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhur University, Behera, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Aboul Ezz
- Graduate School of Animal and Food Hygiene, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan.,Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Ihshan Akthar
- Graduate School of Animal and Food Hygiene, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
| | - Mohamed Samy Yousef
- Graduate School of Animal and Food Hygiene, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan.,Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Kazuhiko Imakawa
- Research Institute of Agriculture, Tokai University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Masayuki Shimada
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Akio Miyamoto
- Graduate School of Animal and Food Hygiene, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
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5
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Yamamoto N, Nishimura R, Gunji Y, Hishinuma M. Research of postpartum endometritis in Japanese Black cattle with cystic ovarian disease by vaginal mucus test and endometrial cytology. Arch Anim Breed 2020; 63:1-8. [PMID: 32175461 PMCID: PMC7059803 DOI: 10.5194/aab-63-1-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between endometritis and cystic ovarian disease (COD) is still unclear in Japanese Black cattle. Endometritis is classified into clinical endometritis (CE) and subclinical endometritis (SE). The objective of this study was to clarify the interaction between postpartum endometritis (CE and SE) and COD in Japanese Black cattle. Twenty-six suckled cows with COD (COD group) and 16 suckled cows with cyclical ovarian activity (CA group) were submitted for the experiment. Uterine conditions of cows were classified into three groups (normal, CE, and SE) with vaginal mucus test and endometrial cytology. The combined data of CE and SE were represented as data for total endometritis (EMT total). The prevalence of EMT total in the COD group (42.3 %, 11 / 26 ) was significantly higher than that of the CA group (12.5 %, 2 / 16 ). The mean percentage of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN %) in the COD group was significantly higher than that of the CA group at 40-60 DPP (days postpartum). Compared to 61-295 DPP, the mean PMN % at 40-60 DPP was significantly higher in the COD group. The diameters of uterine horn and cervix did not differ among normal uterine condition, CE and SE in the COD group, and they did not differ between normal uterine condition and SE in the CA group. However, endometrial thickness during both 40-60 and 61-295 DPP were greater in the COD group than in the CA group. In conclusion, Japanese Black cattle with COD have a potential implication on endometritis at 40-60 DPP compared to the normal ovarian cycle. As a specific symptom was not observed by transrectal ultrasonography, endometrial cytology is effective for diagnosis of SE in Japanese Black cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Yamamoto
- NOSAI Shimane, 105 Tonomachi, Matsue, Shimane 690-0887, Japan.,United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan.,current address: Meat Inspection Center, Shimane Prefectural Government, 1677-2 Senyama, Asayama town, Ooda, Shimane 699-2212, Japan
| | - Ryo Nishimura
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan.,Laboratory of Theriogenology, Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | - Yosuke Gunji
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan.,NOSAI Tottori, 271 Higachisono, Hokuei town, Tohaku district, Tottori 689-2202, Japan
| | - Mitsugu Hishinuma
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan.,Laboratory of Theriogenology, Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
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6
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Heppelmann M, Volland J, Pfarrer C, Kietzmann M, Bäumer W, Merbach S, Schoon HA, Wellnitz O, Schmicke M, Hoedemaker M, Bollwein H. Effects of oxytocin and PGF2α on uterine contractility in cows with and without metritis-An in-vitro study. Anim Reprod Sci 2017; 188:144-154. [PMID: 29175179 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2017.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of PGF2α and oxytocin in vitro on myometrial contractility in puerperal uteri. Thirteen puerperal uteri were removed and perfused after euthanasia of cows with (n=7) and without metritis (n=6). Measurement of uterine contractility was done using four piezoelectric crystals, which were implanted into the myometrium along the greater curvature of the uterine horn where fetal implantation occurred during the previous pregnancy. After 30min of equilibration, oxytocin (5 IU) or PGF2α (2.5mg Dinoprost) was administered randomly into both uterine arteries, and 30min later, the second administration of either oxytocin or PGF2α occurred. Treatment with oxytocin induced contractions in uteri with metritis and uteri without metritis (P<0.05). In uteri with metritis, greater uterine contractions occurred after stimulation with oxytocin than in uteri without metritis (P<0.05). Treatment with PGF2α did not (P>0.05) result in increased contractions in the uteri without metrtitis, however, induced an initial decrease in contractions followed by an increase (P<0.05) in contractions in uteri with metritis. Myometrial and endometrial gene expression of PGF2α (FPR) and oxytocin receptor (OTR) was greater (P<0.05) in uteri with metritis than in uteri without metritis. The results suggest that oxytocin, but not PGF2α, is an effective uterotonic drug in puerperal cows. Uteri in which metritis was diagnosed contracted more strongly after treatment with oxytocin than uteri in which metritis was not diagnosed. This effect was paralleled by greater gene expression of OTR as well as FPR in uteri with metritis compared with uteri in which metritis was not diagnosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Heppelmann
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173 Hannover, Germany.
| | - J Volland
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - C Pfarrer
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - M Kietzmann
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - W Bäumer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Koserstrasse 20, 14195 Berlon, Germany
| | - S Merbach
- Chemical and Veterinary Investigation Office Westphalia, Pathology and Bacteriology, Zur Taubeneiche 10-12, D-59821 Arnsberg, Germany
| | - H-A Schoon
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 33, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - O Wellnitz
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern, Rte de la Tioleyre 4, CH-1725 Posieux, Switzerland
| | - M Schmicke
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - M Hoedemaker
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - H Bollwein
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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7
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Almughlliq FB, Koh YQ, Peiris HN, Vaswani K, McDougall S, Graham EM, Burke CR, Mitchell MD. Effect of exosomes from plasma of dairy cows with or without an infected uterus on prostaglandin production by endometrial cell lines. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:9143-9152. [PMID: 28865856 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A contributing factor to declining fertility in dairy cows is an activated inflammatory system associated with uterine infection. Detecting uterine disease using biomarkers may allow earlier diagnosis and intervention with resultant improvements in fertility. Exosomes are known to participate in intercellular communication, paracrine, and endocrine signaling. Exosomes carry a cargo of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids that represent specific cellular sources. Prostaglandins are lipids that are critical determinants of bovine fertility. In this study exosomes were isolated from the plasma of cows before (d 0) and during (d 10) the study in healthy animals or those with an induced uterine infection in a 2 × 2 factorial design. Exosomes were characterized for size and number (nanoparticle tracking analysis), exosomal marker expression (Western blot), and morphology (transmission electron microscopy). No significant differences were observed in exosome size or number. The abundance of exosome-enriched markers was confirmed in noninfected and infected animals. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed the morphology of the exosomes. These exosomes were co-incubated with bovine endometrial epithelial and stromal cells. Exosomes from d-10-infected animal plasma decreased PGF2α production in endometrial epithelial but not stromal cells. For future research, the identification of effectors in the cargo may provide a useful basis for early diagnosis of uterine infection using an exosomal characterization approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatema B Almughlliq
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4029, Australia
| | - Yong Q Koh
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4029, Australia
| | - Hassendrini N Peiris
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4029, Australia
| | - Kanchan Vaswani
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4029, Australia
| | | | | | - Chris R Burke
- DairyNZ Ltd., Private Bag 3221, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - Murray D Mitchell
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4029, Australia.
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8
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Pascottini OB, Hostens M, Dini P, Van Eetvelde M, Vercauteren P, Opsomer G. Prevalence of cytological endometritis and effect on pregnancy outcomes at the time of insemination in nulliparous dairy heifers. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:9051-9056. [PMID: 27592429 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of the present study were to assess the prevalence of cytological endometritis (CYTO) at the time of artificial insemination (AI) and its effect on pregnancy outcomes in nulliparous dairy heifers. In total, 512 endometrial cytology samples were taken during AI from 351 nulliparous Holstein-Friesian heifers using cytotape (a 1.5-cm piece of paper tape rolled on the top of an AI catheter covered with a double guard sheet). After sampling, the top of the AI catheter was gently rolled onto a glass slide, air-dried, and stained using Diff-Quick (Fisher Diagnostics, Newark, DE). For each slide, 300 nucleated cells were counted, and the polymorphonuclear cell ratio (% PMN) was assessed at 400× magnification. We constructed a receiver operating characteristic curve to find the cutoff point at which sensitivity and specificity (% PMN) affected pregnancy outcomes. The receiver operating characteristic curve revealed that the threshold level for diagnosing CYTO in nulliparous dairy heifers was 1% PMN. An insemination was considered successful when pregnancy was confirmed by rectal palpation at least 45d post-AI. Heifers were considered not pregnant when they received a subsequent insemination or were diagnosed empty by rectal palpation. We built multilevel generalized mixed-effect models to test factors affecting pregnancy outcomes and the occurrence of CYTO at AI. We excluded 16 samples harvested from 12 heifers due to poor sample quality or unavailability of reproductive data. Of the 496 AI samples, the prevalence of CYTO at AI was 7.86% (n=39). The conception rate was 62.8% (n=287) in CYTO-negative samples (n=457) and 38.46% (n=15) in CYTO-positive samples. Risk factors for non-pregnancy were a previous AI (odds ratio 2.96; 95% confidence interval: 1.21-7.26) and the interaction between CYTO and previous AI. The only risk factor identified as being associated with the occurrence of CYTO was a previous AI (odds ratio 4.7; 95% confidence interval: 2.15-10.34). The performance of unsuccessful inseminations significantly affects reproductive outcomes in subsequent AI and may lead to CYTO in nulliparous dairy heifers.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Bogado Pascottini
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium.
| | - M Hostens
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium
| | - P Dini
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium
| | - M Van Eetvelde
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium
| | - P Vercauteren
- CRV Holding BV, Van Thorenburghlaan 14, 9860 Oosterzele, Belgium
| | - G Opsomer
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium
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9
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Heppelmann M, Weinert M, Ulbrich SE, Brömmling A, Piechotta M, Merbach S, Schoon HA, Hoedemaker M, Bollwein H. The effect of puerperal uterine disease on histopathologic findings and mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines of the endometrium in dairy cows. Theriogenology 2015; 85:1348-56. [PMID: 26810831 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2015.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of puerperal uterine disease on histopathologic findings and gene expression of proinflammatory cytokines in the endometrium of postpuerperal dairy cows; 49 lactating Holstein-Friesian cows were divided into two groups, one without (UD-; n = 29) and one with uterine disease (UD+; n = 21), defined as retained fetal membranes and/or clinical metritis. General clinical examination, vaginoscopy, transrectal palpation, and transrectal B-mode sonography were conducted on days 8, 11, 18, and 25 and then every 10 days until Day 65 (Day 0 = day of calving). The first endometrial sampling (ES1; swab and biopsy) was done during estrus around Day 42 and the second endometrial sampling (ES2) during the estrus after synchronization (cloprostenol between days 55 and 60 and GnRH 2 days later). The prevalence of histopathologic evidence of endometritis, according to the categories used here, and positive bacteriologic cultures was not affected by group (P > 0.05), but cows with uterine disease had a higher prevalence of chronic purulent endometritis (ES1; P = 0.07) and angiosclerosis (ES2; P ≤ 0.05) than healthy cows. Endometrial gene expression of IL1α (ES2), IL1β (ES2), and TNFα (ES1 and ES2) was higher (P ≤ 0.05) in the UD+ group than in the UD- group. In conclusion, puerperal uterine disease had an effect on histopathologic parameters and on gene expression of proinflammatory cytokines in the endometrium of postpuerperal cows, indicating impaired clearance of uterine inflammation in cows with puerperal uterine disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Heppelmann
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany.
| | - M Weinert
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - S E Ulbrich
- Physiology Weihenstephan, Technical University Weihenstephan, Freising, Germany
| | - A Brömmling
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - M Piechotta
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - S Merbach
- Chemical and Veterinary Investigation Office Westphalia, Pathology and Bacteriology, Arnsberg, Germany
| | - H-A Schoon
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - M Hoedemaker
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - H Bollwein
- Department of Farm Animals, Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Martin I, Membrive CMB, Vettorato LF, Binelli M, Oba E, Ferreira JCP. Plasma PGFM and progesterone concentrations, luteolysis moment and estrous cycle length in Nelore cows submitted to uterine biopsies. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-8221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACTIn this study, endometrial samples were collected in 14 Nelore cows on days zero (ovulation), five, nine, thirteen and nineteen of the estrous cycle (biopsy group), and in 15 females these collections weren't performed (control group). Biopsies were done on the uterine horn endometrium contralateral to the ovary with corpus luteum. Blood samples were taken at -24, -16, -8, 0 +8, +16 and +24 hours in relation to progesterone drop (<1ng/mL, zero moment) and evaluated for 13, 14-dihydro-15-keto prostaglandin F2-alpha (PGFM) by radioimmunoassay (RIA). Plasma progesterone concentration was determined by RIA every 24 hours. Data were analyzed by ANOVA using the PROC GLM and MIXED of the SAS. The mean value for PGFM during the entire period evaluated was greater in the biopsy group. The mean concentration of PGFM at moment zero was not different between the groups; the mean concentration of PGFM was higher in the biopsy group before and after the drop in progesterone level. The maximum mean concentration observed was not different between the groups; however, the mean minimum concentration was different with high values in the biopsy group. Although the PGFM concentrations were higher in the biopsy group, the biopsy and control groups had similar length of estrous cycle showing that repeated endometrial biopsy on the side contralateral to the ovary with corpus luteum does not affect luteolysis and the length of the estrous cycle.
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Eslami M, Bolourchi M, Seifi HA, Asadi F, Akbari R. Treatment of clinical endometritis in dairy cows by previously used controlled internal drug release devices. Theriogenology 2015; 84:437-45. [PMID: 25952078 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2015.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Postpartum endometritis is considered as one of the diseases that lead to a potential profit reduction in dairy cows. The aims of the present study were to promote follicle growth by a previously used controlled internal drug release (CIDR) device and to evaluate its effect on the likelihood of recovery and the reproductive performance of clinical endometritis (CE) cows. Endometritis was diagnosed using ultrasonographic examination at 31 ± 3 (Day 0 of the experiment) days in milk, and CE cows were included in one of the three experimental groups according to the presence of a CL on their ovaries. Cows without CL on their ovaries received a reused CIDR device, which was previously used for 14 days (CIDR-14, n = 108), or PGF2α (PG-1, n = 112) on Day 0. In the third group, those with CL on their ovaries received PGF2α (PG-2, n = 107) at the same time. Ovarian structures, serum estradiol and progesterone concentrations were measured on Days 0, 7, and 14. Controlled internal drug release devices were removed, and response to treatment was evaluated in all treated cows on Day 14. Diameters of ovarian follicles were 11.61 ± 0.50, 12.46 ± 0.25, and 18.36 ± 0.60 mm on Day 7 and 11.63 ± 0.58, 14.35 ± 0.40, and 21.96 ± 0.77 mm on Day 14 in PG-1, PG-2, and CIDR-14 cows, respectively (P < 0.05). Serum estradiol concentrations were higher in CIDR-14 cows (141.17 ± 1.04 pg/mL) than in PG-1 (116.85 ± 1.05 pg/mL) and PG-2 (119.10 ± 1.05 pg/mL) cows on Day 7 (P < 0.05). Higher progesterone concentrations were observed in PG-2 cows than in PG-1 and CIDR-14 cows on Days 0, 7, and 14 (P < 0.001). The likelihood of clinical cure was 54.46%, 62.61%, and 64.81% in PG-1, PG-2, and CIDR-14 cows, respectively (P = 0.11). First-service conception risk, days to the first service, calving to conception interval, proportion of cows bred and pregnant by 120 days in milk did not differ among the treated groups (P > 0.05). The cumulative pregnancy risk was lower in PG-1 (77.67%) cows than in CIDR-14 (87.07%) and PG-2 (87.85%) cows (P = 0.02). In conclusion, reused CIDR would be contributed to the treatment of CE by promotion of follicle growth and induction of sustainable sources of endogenic estrogen secreted by the dominant follicle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Eslami
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran; Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mahmoud Bolourchi
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hesam A Seifi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Farzad Asadi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Aungier S, Roche J, Diskin M, Crowe M. Risk factors that affect reproductive target achievement in fertile dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:3472-87. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Strüve K, Herzog K, Magata F, Piechotta M, Shirasuna K, Miyamoto A, Bollwein H. The effect of metritis on luteal function in dairy cows. BMC Vet Res 2013; 9:244. [PMID: 24304943 PMCID: PMC3899931 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Disturbed uterine involution impairs ovarian function in the first weeks after calving. This study analyzed the long-term effect of metritis on luteal function of 47 lactating Holstein-Friesian cows during the first four postpartum estrous cycles. Cows with abnormal uterine enlargement and malodorous lochia were classified as having metritis (group M, n = 18), and all others were considered healthy (group H, n = 29). Luteal size was measured once between days 9 and 13 of the first (group H, n = 11; group M, n = 12), second (group H, n = 23; group M, n = 18) and fourth (group H, n = 11; group M, n = 7) postpartum luteal phases. Serum progesterone concentration was measured at the same time. Sixteen cows (group H, n = 9; group M, n = 7) underwent transvaginal luteal biopsy for gene expression analysis of steroidogenic regulatory proteins during the second and fourth cycles. Cows with persistence of the corpus luteum (CL) underwent determination of luteal size, luteal biopsy and serum progesterone measurement once between days 29 and 33, followed by prostaglandin treatment to induce luteolysis. The same procedures were repeated once between days 9 and 13 of the induced cycle. Results The cows in group M had smaller first-cycle CLs than the cows in group H (p = 0.04), but progesterone concentrations did not differ between groups. Luteal size, progesterone concentration and gene expression did not differ between the two groups during the second and fourth cycles. Compared with healthy cows (10%), there was a trend (p = 0.07) toward a higher prevalence of persistent CLs in cows with metritis (33%). Persistent CLs were limited to the first cycle. Persistent CLs and the induced cyclic CLs did not differ with regard to the variables investigated. Conclusions An effect of metritis on luteal activity was apparent in the first postpartum estrous cycle. However, after the first postpartum cycle, no differences occurred in analyzed parameters between metritis and control cows. Therefore, a metritis is able to impair luteal activity transiently, but does not seem to have a long-term effect on luteal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaas Strüve
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173, Hannover, Germany.
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The effect of puerperal uterine disease on uterine involution in cows assessed by Doppler sonography of the uterine arteries. Anim Reprod Sci 2013; 143:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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15
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Barański W, Łukasik K, Skarżyński D, Sztachańska M, Zduńczyk S, Janowski T. Secretion of prostaglandins and leukotrienes by endometrial cells in cows with subclinical and clinical endometritis. Theriogenology 2013; 80:766-72. [PMID: 23932172 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 06/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were (1) to measure the secretion of prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), leukotriene B4 (LTB4), and leukotriene C4 (LTC4) by endometrial cells collected by a cytobrush from healthy cows and cows with subclinical and clinical endometritis in the fourth week postpartum, and (2) to evaluate the relationship between the mediators' levels of secretion and the number of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) in the uterine smears of cows with subclinical endometritis. The study included cows without any signs of clinical endometritis (n = 63) and cows with clinical endometritis as a positive control (ENDOM, n = 12). Two different threshold ratios (>5% and >18% of PMNs) were used to categorize the cows without clinical signs as with or without cytologic endometritis (CE). Considering the first or second threshold, the animals with CE were included in group CE POS I or CE POS II, whereas the healthy cows were assigned to group CE NEG I or CE NEG II, respectively. The prevalence of CE was 68.25% (42/63) and 57.14% (36/63) according to the first and second thresholds, respectively. The highest level of secretion of all of the measured mediators occurred in the ENDOM group and differed significantly (P < 0.05) from the CE POS and CE NEG groups, regardless of the threshold. PGF2α secretion in the CE POS II group (1629 pg/mL) was significantly lower (P < 0.05) when compared with the CE NEG II group (2797 pg/mL), whereas there was no significant difference between the CE POS I and CE NEG I groups. PGE2 secretion differed between both groups with CE; higher concentrations were measured in the CE POS II group (6.68 ng/mL) when compared with the CE POS I (2.4 ng/mL) and CE NEG II (2.37 ng/mL) groups (P < 0.05). No significant differences were observed in the LTB4 and LTC4 secretion between the CE POS and CE NEG groups, considering both thresholds. It seems that CE does not fully mimic the inflammatory cascade associated with clinical signs. The response in the subclinical cases was limited to enhanced production of PGE2, which was particularly well-pronounced in cows with high numbers of PMNs (>18%) in the endometrial scrapings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Barański
- Department of Animal Reproduction, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland.
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16
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Effect of early postpartum PGF2α treatment on reproductive performance in dairy cows with calving and puerperal traits. Theriogenology 2011; 76:1723-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Revised: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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17
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Chaveiro A, Moreira da Silva F. Effect of Oestrous Cycle on the Oxidative Burst Activity of Blood Polymorphonuclear Leucocytes in Cows. Reprod Domest Anim 2009; 44:900-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2008.01114.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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Silvestre F, Risco C, Lopez M, de Sá M, Bilby T, Thatcher W. Use of increasing doses of a degradable Deslorelin implant to enhance uterine involution in postpartum lactating dairy cows. Anim Reprod Sci 2009; 116:196-212. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2009.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2008] [Revised: 01/24/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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19
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Sheldon IM, Price SB, Cronin J, Gilbert RO, Gadsby JE. Mechanisms of infertility associated with clinical and subclinical endometritis in high producing dairy cattle. Reprod Domest Anim 2009; 44 Suppl 3:1-9. [PMID: 19660075 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2009.01465.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Clinical and subclinical endometritis are common causes of infertility and subfertility in high producing dairy cattle, delaying the onset of ovarian cyclic activity after parturition, extending luteal phases and reducing conception rates. Escherichia coli and Arcanobacterium pyogenes cause endometrial damage and inflammation. Components of microbes, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), are detected by Toll-like receptors on endometrial cells, leading to secretion of cytokines, chemokines and antimicrobial peptides. Long luteal phases associated with endometritis are probably caused by a switch in endometrial prostaglandin production from prostaglandin F2a (PGF) to prostaglandin E2. In addition, LPS impairs the function of the hypothalamus and pituitary, and directly perturbs ovarian granulosa cells steroidogenesis, providing mechanisms to explain the association between uterine disease and anovulatory anoestrus. Cows with uterine disease that ovulate have lower peripheral plasma progesterone concentrations that may further reduce the chance of conception associated with endometritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Sheldon
- Institute of Life Science, School of Medicine, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, UK.
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20
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Moulton K, Ryan P, Christiansen D, Hopper R, Klauser C, Bennett W, Rodts-Palenik S, Willard S. Hormonal profiles of late gestation ewes following intra-uterine inoculation with and without lux-modified Escherichia coli. J Reprod Dev 2008; 55:55-62. [PMID: 18997446 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.20068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of these investigations were to develop an ovine model for Escherichia coli (E. coli)-induced preterm delivery, and monitor ewe hormonal response. EXP 1: Ewes (105 +/- 13 days of gestation) were allotted to the following intra-uterine inoculations: Saline-(CON; n=5); 1 x 10(6) CFU/ml (Low Treatment, LT; n=6); or 1 x 10(7) CFU/ml (High Treatment, HT; n=6) E. coli. Twenty-four h after inoculation, the HT ewes had increased (P<0.05) cortisol compared to LT and CON ewes, and HT and LT ewes had increased (P<0.05) progesterone compared to CON ewes. Preterm delivery was 33% for LT ewes and 0% for HT and CON ewes. EXP 2: Ewes (124 +/- 18 days of gestation) were allotted to the following intra-uterine inoculations using lux-modified E. coli: Trial-1: Luria Broth (LB; CT1; n=5); 4.0 x 10(6) CFU (n=5), 20.0 x 10(6) CFU (n=5); and Trial-2: LB (CT2; n=5), 1.2 x 10(6) CFU (n=5), and 5.6 x 10(6) CFU (n=5) E. coli-lux. Preterm delivery occurred between 48 and 120 h post-inoculation in 60, 25, 60 and 75% of ewes infected with 1.2, 4.0, 5.6, and 20 x 10(6) CFU, respectively. Serum cortisol and progesterone did not differ (P>0.05) between CT1 or CT2 and inoculated ewes. In summary, 25 to 75% of ewes inoculated preterm delivered. However, variable results in cortisol and progesterone profiles between Control and inoculated ewes were observed between the two studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keesla Moulton
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
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21
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LeBlanc SJ. Postpartum uterine disease and dairy herd reproductive performance: A review. Vet J 2008; 176:102-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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22
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Azawi OI, Omran SN, Hadad JJ. A study on postpartum metritis in Iraqi buffalo cows: bacterial causes and treatment. Reprod Domest Anim 2008; 43:556-65. [PMID: 18363608 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2007.00952.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of the present study were to determine the relationship between bacteriological findings, clinical signs and histopathological changes in postpartum metritis. Evaluation of the treatment efficiency of using systemic or intra-uterine infusion of antibiotics with some hormonal preparations for the treatment of postpartum metritis. Data were collected from 50 buffalo cows with history of calving of more than 1 month. All buffaloes were subjected to detailed clinical examination including external inspection, vaginoscopy and transrectal palpation of the cervix, uterus and ovaries. Swabs for bacteriology and biopsies for histopathology were collected from uterine lumen from each buffalo included in the present study. Bacteria identified using API systems following aerobic and anaerobic cultures. Vaginal mucus scored for character, odour and estimation of polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs). Treatment conducted using oxytetracycline in local intrauterine infusion or systemically with hormonal treatment including prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) and oestradiol benzoate. Results revealed that the most predisposing factor for postpartum uterine infection was retained placenta and toxic puerperal metritis. The most prevalent bacteria in uterine lumen were Escherichia coli, Archanobacterium pyogenes, Bacteroides fragilis and Fusobacterium necrophorum the most prevalent bacteria in buffaloes with postpartum metritis. A. pyogenes and F. necrophorum were an important pathogens causing severe uterine inflammation as found in histopathological examinations. Buffaloes with postpartum metritis showed good clinical cure when oxytetracycline injected systemically with PGF2 alpha. Intrauterine infusion of oxytetracycline had no advantage for the treatment of uterine infection in buffalo cows with postpartum metritis. PGF2 alpha improved clinical cure of buffaloes with postpartum metritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- O I Azawi
- Department of Surgery and Obstetrics, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq.
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23
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Azawi OI. Postpartum uterine infection in cattle. Anim Reprod Sci 2008; 105:187-208. [PMID: 18280065 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2008.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2007] [Revised: 12/25/2007] [Accepted: 01/14/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Postpartum uterine infections results from uterine contamination with bacteria during parturition. The prevalence of uterine infections varies considerably among studies. Uterine infection implies adherence of pathogenic organisms to the mucosa, colonization or penetration of the epithelium, and/or release of bacterial toxins that lead to establishment of uterine disease. The development of uterine disease depends on the immune response of the cow, as well as the species and number (load or challenge) of bacteria. The postpartum uterus has a disrupted surface epithelium in contact with fluid and tissue debris that can support bacterial growth. A variety of species of bacteria, both Gram-positive and Gram-negative aerobes and anaerobes, can be isolated from the early postpartum uterus. Most of these are environmental contaminants that are gradually eliminated during the first 6 weeks postpartum. A normal postpartum cow resolves uterine infection by rapid involution of the uterus and cervix, discharge of uterine content, and mobilization of natural host defenses, including mucus, antibodies and phagocytic cells. Clinical signs of uterine infection vary with the virulence of the causative organisms and the presence of factors that predispose to the disease. The treatment of endometritis and metritis in bovine should be directed towards improving fertility. The antibiotic should be active against the main uterine pathogens and should maintain its activity in the environment of the uterus. Also, should not inhibit the normal defense mechanisms and should be well tolerated and not induce irritation in the endometrium. Effective use of hormones in uterine infection requires knowledge of both normal reproductive endocrinology and the therapeutic characteristics of available hormonal preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- O I Azawi
- Department of Surgery and Obstetrics, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq.
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Silvestre FT, Bartolome JA, Kamimura S, Arteche AC, Pancarci SM, Trigg T, Thatcher WW. Postpartum suppression of ovarian activity with a Deslorelin implant enhanced uterine involution in lactating dairy cows. Anim Reprod Sci 2008; 110:79-95. [PMID: 18243603 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2007.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2007] [Accepted: 12/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Holstein cows received, subcutaneously a non-degradable implant containing 5mg of the GnRH agonist Deslorelin (DESL) or no implant (CON) at 2+/-1 days postpartum (dpp). All cows were injected with PGF(2alpha) at 9 dpp. Previous pregnant (PPH) and non-pregnant uterine horns (PNPH) were determined by palpation per rectum. In Experiment 1, cows [DESL implant (n=10) and CON (n=9)] were examined by ultrasonography to record ovarian structures (23, 30 and 37 dpp) and uterine horn and cervical diameters (16, 23, 30 and 37 dpp). Uterine tone was scored before ultrasonography. Vaginoscopy was conducted just after ultrasonography examination to assess cervical discharge and color of the external cervical os. Blood samples were collected on a weekly basis for hormonal analyses. In Experiment 2, cows [DESL implant (n=77) and CON (n=70)] were palpated per rectum and vaginoscopy at 30 dpp for scoring of uterine tone, uterine horns, cervical diameter, and discharge. Blood samples were collected only at 9 dpp. In Experiment 1, DESL-implant-treated cows had more Class 1 follicles (P<0.01), less Class 2 (P<0.01) and Class 3 follicles (P<0.01) and no corpus luteum (CL) formation (P<0.01). In CON cows, six of nine animals had visible CL at 25+/-7 dpp. At 9 dpp plasma concentration of E(2), P(4) (P<0.01) and PGFM (P<0.05) were less in the DESL-implant treatment group. Diameter of PPH (P<0.01), PNPH (P<0.01) and cervix (P=0.08) were less in the DESL-implant treatment associated with greater uterine tone (P=0.07). The DESL-implant cows had a greater frequency of clear cervical discharge (P=0.09) and pink cervical os (P=0.06). In Experiment 2, plasma concentrations of PGFM were less at 9 dpp in DESL-implant treatment (P<0.01). Diameters of the PPH (P<0.01) and PNPH (P<0.01) were less and more uterine tone (P<0.01) in the DESL-implant treatment. Diameter of cervix and frequency of a cervical discharge score did not differ between treatments. Treatment with non-degradable Deslorelin (5mg) implant during postpartum: (1) suppressed ovarian follicular development, (2) enhanced physical involution of the uterus and cervix, (3) increased tone of the uterine wall, (4) decreased frequency of purulent cervical discharges, and (5) reduced inflammatory processes of the reproductive tract.
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Singh J, Murray RD, Mshelia G, Woldehiwet Z. The immune status of the bovine uterus during the peripartum period. Vet J 2007; 175:301-9. [PMID: 17400489 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2006] [Revised: 02/07/2007] [Accepted: 02/13/2007] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The post-partum period in cattle is characterised by an increased risk of infection of the uterus, as the anatomical barriers are broached during parturition and remain open for several days. Infection of the uterus is largely influenced by the balance between bacterial contamination and the local and systemic immune status during pregnancy and around parturition. Infectious diseases are more prevalent during this period, because of an impaired immune status before and immediately after parturition. Neutrophils play a primary role in the defence of the uterus against infection. Influx of neutrophils into the uterus is thought to be mediated by chemoattractants, chemokines and adhesion molecules, such as beta2-integrin (complement receptor 3) and L-selectin (CD62L). Other cellular components activated in the uterus during this period include lymphocytes, eosinophils, mast cells and macrophages. The major classes of immunoglobulins (IgM, IgA and IgG), either by passive diffusion or local production, play an important protective role in the uterus by acting as opsonins to enhance phagocytosis, stimulating the complement pathways or blocking pathogens from adhering to mucosal surfaces. Endometrial cells express toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), which recognises lipopolysaccharides of Escherichia coli and other Gram negative bacteria, the most common causes of bovine endometritis. Activation of TLR4 triggers the production of tumour necrosis factor alpha and other pro-inflammatory cytokines. The periparturient period is also characterised by an increased secretion of prostaglandin F(2alpha), which enhances uterine immune defences.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Singh
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, University of Liverpool Teaching Hospital, Leahurst, Neston, Wirral, UK
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Földi J, Kulcsár M, Pécsi A, Huyghe B, de Sa C, Lohuis JACM, Cox P, Huszenicza G. Bacterial complications of postpartum uterine involution in cattle. Anim Reprod Sci 2006; 96:265-81. [PMID: 16956738 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2006.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The bacterial contamination of the postpartum uterus is a frequent finding which by itself does not disturb the anatomical and histological restoration of tubular genital tract. The improper balance between uterine infection and the intrauterine antimicrobial self-defence mechanisms, however, often results in complications, such as puerperal metritis, clinical endometritis, pyometra and subclinical endometritis. After reviewing the bacteriology of uterine involution, and the predisposing factors for its bacterial complications, this paper defines the different clinical forms, and summarizes their pathology, furthermore, the recent progress in diagnostic considerations and principles of current treatments for these diseases of bovine genitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Földi
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Szent István University, P.O. Box 2, H-1400 Budapest, Hungary
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Lewis GS, Wulster-Radcliffe MC. Prostaglandin F2alpha Upregulates Uterine Immune Defenses in the Presence of the Immunosuppressive Steroid Progesterone. Am J Reprod Immunol 2006; 56:102-11. [PMID: 16836612 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2006.00391.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Uterine infections often develop in some livestock species during the first luteal phase postpartum. Exogenous prostaglandin F(2alpha) (PGF(2alpha)) induces luteolysis, reduces progesterone, and enables the uterus to resolve infections. However, the effects of PGF(2alpha) on luteal function and on immune functions are confounded. These effects must be disentangled to determine whether alternatives to antibiotic treatments can be successfully developed. METHOD OF STUDY Treatments were in a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial arrangement. Main effects were ovariectomy or sham on day 0 (i.e. estrus), exogenous progesterone or sesame oil from day 0 to 11, and exogenous PGF(2alpha) or saline on day 9. Intrauterine inoculations with Arcanobacterium pyogenes and Escherichia coli were administered on day 6. RESULTS Ewes treated with exogenous PGF(2alpha) either did not have uterine infections, infections were less severe, or infections were resolving when uteri were examined on day 12, despite increased progesterone. CONCLUSIONS Exogenous PGF(2alpha) has effects on the resolution of uterine infections that are independent of its effects on luteal progesterone production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory S Lewis
- USDA, ARS, US Sheep Experiment Station, Dubois, ID 83423, USA.
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Herath S, Dobson H, Bryant CE, Sheldon IM. Use of the cow as a large animal model of uterine infection and immunity. J Reprod Immunol 2005; 69:13-22. [PMID: 16386311 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2005.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/27/2005] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
For most of the reproductive cycle in both humans and animals, the uterus is clear of pathogenic bacteria. However, it is readily contaminated with pathogens, such as Escherichia and Tritichomonas species, during sexual intercourse and after parturition. Uterine infection is particularly common after parturition in cattle (Bos taurus), causing clinical disease and infertility. The endocrine and immune responses to uterine infection in cattle have been investigated in vivo and using tissue culture. Cattle are of sufficient size to permit monitoring of reproductive and immune function throughout uterine infections, and primary cell cultures are readily established. In the whole animal, uterine infections suppress GnRH and LH secretion, and inhibit the growth of ovarian follicles and their estradiol secretion. The immune response is characterized by an influx of neutrophils into the uterus and increased concentrations of acute phase proteins in peripheral plasma. In vitro, the endometrial and ovarian cell function is modified by challenge with bacteria, their products such as lipopolysaccharide or pro-inflammatory cytokines. However, it is interesting to note that the susceptibility to uterine infection and the immune response are partially regulated by the ovarian steroid hormone mileu. In conclusion, the ease of working with cattle, the availability of tissues and the similarity of uterine infection between mammals, make Bos taurus a good model for studying uterine infection and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Herath
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK
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Mishra DP, Prakash BS. Validation of a 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGF2α enzymeimmunoassay and its application for reproductive health monitoring in postpartum buffaloes. Anim Reprod Sci 2005; 90:85-94. [PMID: 16257598 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2005.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2003] [Revised: 02/07/2005] [Accepted: 02/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to validate a simple, sensitive and direct enzymeimmunoassay (EIA) procedure for 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGF(2alpha) (PGFM) for use in buffaloes with postpartum reproductive disorders and determine the practicalities of using plasma concentrations of 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGF(2alpha) for monitoring their reproductive health. The EIA was used for determination of the circulating levels of PGFM associated with the retention of fetal membranes, postpartum endometritis and variable postpartum intervals. The concentrations of PGFM with retention of fetal membranes in the periparturient period were lower as compared to buffaloes that had uneventful parturitions. Concentrations of PGFM associated with postpartum endometritis were elevated as compared to those in buffaloes free of reproductive tract infections. Buffaloes having higher plasma concentrations of PGFM in early postpartum period had shorter postpartum intervals, indicating the association between PGFM concentrations postpartum and uterine involution as well as the resumption of estrous cycle in this species. The study presents the possibility of using circulating PGFM concentrations for monitoring the postpartum reproductive health of buffaloes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Mishra
- Division of Dairy Cattle Physiology, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India.
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Hendricks KEM, Bartolome JA, Melendez P, Risco C, Archbald LF. Effect of repeated administration of PGF2alpha in the early post partum period on the prevalence of clinical endometritis and probability of pregnancy at first insemination in lactating dairy cows. Theriogenology 2005; 65:1454-64. [PMID: 16221487 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2005.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2005] [Accepted: 08/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Two experiments were performed to determine the effects of repeated administration of PGF2alpha in the immediate post partum period on the prevalence of clinical endometritis at 22 and 58 days post partum, and the probability of pregnancy at first insemination, in post partum dairy cows. In Experiment 1, 228 cows on day 7 post partum were used. Cows in Group 1 (n = 114) were treated twice with PGF2alpha (25 mg, im) 8 h apart on days 7 and 14 post partum, and only once on days 22 and 35 post partum. Cows in Group 2 (n = 114) served as untreated controls. Vaginoscopy and transrectal palpation of the genital tract were done on days 22 and 58 post partum. Cows in both groups were inseminated at estrus after a voluntary waiting period of 100 days. Pregnancy was determined by transrectal palpation between 45 and 50 days after insemination. Repeated administration of PGF2alpha in the immediate post partum period did not reduce the prevalence of clinical endometritis on days 22 or 58 post partum (65 versus 62% on day 22 and 28.3 versus 35.2% on day 58 in Groups 1 and 2, respectively). There was no significant difference in the probability of pregnancy at first insemination between cows in both groups. In Experiment 2, 418 cows on day 7 post partum were used. Cows in Group 1 (n = 209) were treated twice with PGF2alpha (25 mg, im) 8h apart on days 7 and 14 post partum, and only once on days 22 and 35 post partum. Cows in Group 2 (n = 209) served as untreated controls. Cows in both groups were subjected to the Presynch and Ovsynch protocols on days 49 and 75 post partum, respectively. Pregnancy was determined by transrectal ultrasonography between days 29 and 32 after timed insemination. There was no significant difference in the probability of pregnancy at first insemination between cows in both groups. In conclusion, repeated administration of PGF2alpha to cows in this herd had no effect on the prevalence of clinical endometritis at 22 and 58 days post partum, and that there was no effect on the probability of pregnancy after insemination at estrus among cows with a voluntary waiting period of > 100 days, or at timed AI at 85 days in milk when Presynch was employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E M Hendricks
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0136, USA
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Jadon RS, Dhaliwal GS, Jand SK. Prevalence of aerobic and anaerobic uterine bacteria during peripartum period in normal and dystocia-affected buffaloes. Anim Reprod Sci 2005; 88:215-24. [PMID: 16143213 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2004.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2003] [Revised: 11/30/2004] [Accepted: 12/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Parturition complications predispose establishment of uterine infections, which in turn affect subsequent fertility. The aim of present study was to characterize and compare the type of bacterial flora prevalent within the uterine lumen of dystocia-affected buffaloes and compare them with the normally calving buffaloes. The study was conducted on 40 buffaloes; of which 10 calved normally (Group I) and 30 were treated for dystocia (Group II). Bacteriological examination was performed using uterine swabs, which were collected before delivery, immediately after delivery and day's 24-60 postpartum. A total of 30 uterine swabs from Group I and 79 swabs from Group II were collected, of which 19 (63.3%) and 71 (89.9%) yielded significant bacterial growth, respectively. A total of 205 isolates belonging to 10 different genera of bacteria were identified, 8 facultative anaerobes and 2 obligate anaerobes. In Group II, 91.6% of the bacteria positive swabs (n = 71) yielded mixed cultures, whereas the remainder being pure cultures. In contrast, 89.5% of the bacteria positive swabs of Group I (n = 19) yielded pure cultures. Mixed infections comprised mostly Arcanobacter (Actinomyces) pyogenes together with obligate anaerobes, Fusobacterium spp. and Bacteroides spp. In Group II, the frequency of incidental and coliform group bacteria was highest at the time of parturition, i.e., before and immediately after delivery, and decreased to nil during the 24-60-day postpartum period. However, in Group I, the incidental and coliform group of bacteria present at the time of parturition apparently persisted beyond the period when uterine involution is complete. The frequency of obligate anaerobes and A. pyogenes at the time of parturition was nil in the Group I while they predominated in dystocia-affected buffaloes (Group II). During the postpartum period of 24-60 days, the frequency of both obligate anaerobes and A. pyogenes increased significantly in Group II, whereas in Group I, only occasional isolates were obtained. To conclude, at the time of calving the prevalence of obligate anaerobes and A. pyogenes occurring in combination was highest in dystocia-affected buffaloes, and further increased in the postpartum period suggesting that these infections act synergistically.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Jadon
- Department of Animal Reproduction, Gynaecology and Obstetrics, College of Veterinary Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant S Frazer
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, A100 Sisson Hall, 1920 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Presicce GA, Bella A, Terzano GM, De Santis G, Senatore EM. Postpartum ovarian follicular dynamics in primiparous and pluriparous Mediterranean Italian buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis). Theriogenology 2005; 63:1430-9. [PMID: 15725449 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2004.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2004] [Revised: 06/15/2004] [Accepted: 07/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to monitor ovarian function in postpartum primiparous and pluriparous Mediterranean Italian buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) during months of increasing daylength. Ovarian ultrasound monitoring was carried out for a total of 60 days from calving in 10 primiparous and 10 pluriparous buffaloes. Progesterone was determined from calving until a week after first postpartum ovulation. The study was undertaken during months of increasing day length. Time required for complete postpartum uterine involution was 31 +/- 1.0 and 33 +/- 1.3 days in primiparous and pluriparous buffaloes respectively (P = 0.1). The first postpartum ovulation was recorded on 4 primiparous and 8 pluriparous buffaloes (P = 0.16). Time for first postpartum ovulation to occur was 25.5 +/- 6.9 and 15.5 +/- 1.3 days in primiparous and pluriparous buffaloes, respectively (P = 0.07). Overall, 8 of the 12 first postpartum ovulations (66.6%) occurred in the ovary contra-lateral to the one bearing the gravidic CL, one out of 4 in primiparous and 3 out of 8 in pluriparous buffaloes (P = 1.0). Following a first postpartum ovulation, 3 primiparous and 4 pluriparous buffaloes displayed a complete wave of follicular development leading to a new ovulation. Ovulation following parturition was not recorded in 6 primiparous and two pluriparous buffaloes for the 60 days of ultrasound monitoring. Growth rate (mm/d) and largest size (mm) of first postpartum ovulating follicle was 0.95 +/- 0.18 and 1.07 +/- 0.07 (P = 0.4), and 13.5 +/- 0.8 and 14.1 +/- 0.4 (P = 0.4) in primiparous and pluriparous buffaloes, respectively. Following calving, the total number of available antral follicles (> or =2 mm) declined gradually towards the end of the study period. Follicles greater or equal to 3 mm in diameter on the contrary showed a prominent increase in the first 2 weeks from calving. The number of follicles greater or equal to 3 mm in diameter was significantly higher in the ovary contra-lateral to the one bearing the gravidic CL. A balance in the number of such follicles was reached toward the end of the first month. In conclusion, although some follicular activity was recorded in the ovaries of all buffaloes, true postpartum resumption of cyclicity in the months of increasing daylight hours was delayed in the majority of animals.
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Abstract
Progesterone suppresses uterine immune defenses and predisposes postpartum animals to nonspecific uterine infections. Progesterone can also suppress uterine eicosanoid synthesis. This effect of progesterone seems to be an important factor in the onset of uterine infections because eicosanoids can enhance uterine immune defenses. In fact, exogenous prostaglandin F(2alpha) (PGF(2alpha)), an eicosanoid that stimulates uterine PGF(2alpha) production, enhances uterine immune defenses and promotes the ability of ewes and sows to resolve uterine infections, even when progesterone is maintained at luteal phase concentrations. Prostaglandin F(2alpha) is also a proinflammatory molecule that stimulates the production of proinflammatory cytokines and may enhance uterine production of leukotriene B(4) (LTB(4)), which stimulates various neutrophil functions. Neutrophils seem to mount the initial response to bacteria that enter the uterus, and proinflammatory cytokines and LTB(4) enhance phagocytic activity of neutrophils. Even though there are clear associations among PGF(2alpha), LTB(4), proinflammatory cytokines, phagocytosis, and the ability of the uterus to resist or resolve infections, the mechanisms of action of exogenous PGF(2alpha) in mitigating the immunosuppressive effects of progesterone have not yet been defined. However, defining the PGF(2alpha) mechanisms should yield important new information that can be used to develop novel prevention and treatment strategies that do not rely on antibiotic and antimicrobial compounds for managing uterine infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Lewis
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Sheep Experiment Station, HC 62 Box 2010, Dubois, ID 83423, USA.
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Abstract
Uterine health is often compromised in cattle because postpartum contamination of the uterine lumen by bacteria is ubiquitous, and pathogenic bacteria frequently persist causing clinical disease. The subfertility associated with uterine infection involves perturbation of the hypothalamus, pituitary and ovary, in addition to the direct effects on the uterus, and appears to persist even after clinical resolution of the disease. Absorption of bacterial components from the uterus can prevent the follicular phase LH surge and ovulation. In addition, the first postpartum dominant follicle has a slower growth rate and secretes less estradiol at the end of the growth phase. There are also localised ovarian effects of high uterine bacterial growth density, because fewer first dominant follicles are selected in the ovary ipsilateral than contralateral to the previously gravid uterine horn. Thus, it is important to diagnose and treat uterine disease promptly and effectively. Examination of the contents of the vagina for the presence of pus is the most useful method for diagnosis of endometritis. The character and odor of the vaginal mucus can be scored and this endometritis score is correlated with the growth density of pathogenic bacteria in the uterus, and is prognostic for the likely success of treatment. The challenge for the future is to design prevention and control programs to reduce the incidence of disease, and understand how the immune and endocrine systems are integrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Sheldon
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK.
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Lewis GS. Steroidal regulation of uterine resistance to bacterial infection in livestock. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2003; 1:117. [PMID: 14641941 PMCID: PMC305333 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-1-117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2003] [Accepted: 11/28/2003] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Postpartum uterine infections reduce reproductive efficiency and have significant animal welfare and economic consequences. Postpartum uterine infections are classified as nonspecific, but Arcanobacterium pyogenes and Escherichia coli are usually associated with them in cattle and sheep. Pyometra is the most common type of uterine infection in dairy cattle, and it is detected almost exclusively in cows with active corpora lutea. Luteal progesterone typically down-regulates uterine immune functions and prevents the uterus from resisting infections. Progesterone also can down-regulate uterine eicosanoid synthesis. This seems to be a critical event in the onset of uterine infections, because eicosanoids can up-regulate immune cell functions in vitro. In addition, exogenous prostaglandin F2 alpha stimulates uterine secretion of prostaglandin F2 alpha and enhances immune functions in vivo. Thus, one may hypothesize that eicosanoids can override the negative effects of progesterone and that the up-regulatory effects of exogenous prostaglandin F2 alpha allow the uterus to resolve an infection, regardless of progesterone concentrations. Based on the results of studies to test that hypothesis, cows, sheep, and pigs in various physiological statuses are resistant to intrauterine infusions of Arcanobacterium pyogenes and Escherichia coli, unless progesterone concentrations are increased. In sheep and pigs, exogenous prostaglandin F2 alpha stimulates uterine production of prostaglandin F2 alpha and allows the uterus to resolve Arcanobacterium pyogenes-Escherichia coli-induced infections, even when progesterone is maintained at luteal phase concentrations before and after treatment. Prostaglandin F2 alpha is a proinflammatory molecule that stimulates the production of various proinflammatory cytokines, and it may enhance uterine production of leukotriene B4. Proinflammatory cytokines and leukotriene B4 enhance phagocytosis and lymphocyte functions. Even though there are clear associations among prostaglandin F2 alpha, leukotriene B4, proinflammatory cytokines, phagocytosis, and lymphocyte functions, the mechanism of action of exogenous prostaglandin F2 alpha in overriding the down-regulatory effects of progesterone and resolving uterine infections has not been elucidated. Defining this mechanism should yield new prevention and treatment strategies for uterine infections that do not rely on antibiotic and antimicrobial compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory S Lewis
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Sheep Experiment Station, Dubois, Idaho, USA.
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Kim IH, Suh GH. Effect of the amount of body condition loss from the dry to near calving periods on the subsequent body condition change, occurrence of postpartum diseases, metabolic parameters and reproductive performance in Holstein dairy cows. Theriogenology 2003; 60:1445-56. [PMID: 14519466 DOI: 10.1016/s0093-691x(03)00135-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of body condition loss from the dry to near calving periods on the subsequent body condition change, the occurrence of postpartum diseases, the serum metabolic parameters total cholesterol, triglyceride, glucose, and urea nitrogen and the number of days to first breeding after calving in Holstein dairy cows. Body condition scoring (using a 5-point scale with quarter-point divisions) was performed on 67 pregnant Holstein dairy cows. Cows were scored once for body condition during the dry period (prepartum day 35 +/- 16), near calving (postpartum day 5 +/- 4), and subsequently at months 1 (+/- day 4), 2 (+/- day 5), 3 (+/- day 5), and 4 (+/- day 4) of lactation. At the same time, blood samples were collected to evaluate serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, glucose and urea nitrogen concentrations. Cows were categorized based on body condition loss from the dry to near calving periods into two groups: the moderate condition loss group (0-0.75 points, n=41), or the marked condition loss group (1.0-1.5 points, n=26). Regular reproductive health examination was conducted by the same investigator once a week. The marked condition loss group lost more body condition (P<0.01) than the moderate condition loss group consistently until month 1 of lactation. The recovery of body condition in the marked condition loss group was more delayed (P<0.01) than in the moderate condition loss group from months 1 to 4 of lactation. The occurrence of metritis and metabolic diseases (including abomasal displacement, milk fever, ketosis) was greater (P<0.01) in the marked condition loss group (62 and 23%) than in the moderate condition loss group (27 and 2%), respectively. The total cholesterol concentration was lower (P<0.05) in the marked condition loss group (167 +/- 5.3 mg/dl) than in the moderate condition loss group (183 +/- 5.8 mg/dl) at month 1 of lactation, however, the cholesterol levels at the other periods were not different (P>0.05) between the two groups. The triglyceride, glucose, and urea nitrogen concentrations were not different (P>0.05) from the dry period to month 4 of lactation between the two groups. The number of days to first breeding after calving was longer (P<0.05) in the marked condition loss group (103 +/- 7.8 day) than in the moderate condition loss group (87 +/- 5.3 day). We conclude that marked body condition loss from the dry to near calving periods results in the increased occurrence of postpartum metabolic and reproductive diseases, decreased serum total cholesterol concentrations at month 1 of lactation and a longer interval to first breeding after calving in Holstein dairy cows, probably due to the more severe energy deficit reflected by unfavorable body condition score change during early lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ill-Hwa Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-763, South Korea.
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Mateus L, Lopes da Costa L, Diniz P, Ziecik AJ. Relationship between endotoxin and prostaglandin (PGE2 and PGFM) concentrations and ovarian function in dairy cows with puerperal endometritis. Anim Reprod Sci 2003; 76:143-54. [PMID: 12586488 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4320(02)00248-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Blood concentrations of progesterone, 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F2alpha (PGFM) and endotoxin, and uterine fluid concentrations of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)), PGFM and endotoxin were evaluated in 14 dairy cows with puerperal endometritis (mild (n=6) and heavy (n=8)). Endotoxin was measured using a quantitative kinetic assay. Cows with heavy endometritis had significantly higher concentrations of plasma PGFM (P<0.01) and uterine fluid PGE(2) and endotoxin (P<0.05) than cows with mild endometritis. Concentrations of PGFM in plasma and uterine fluid, of PGFM and PGE(2), and PGE(2) and endotoxin in uterine fluid were positively and significantly (P<0.05) correlated. The presence of endotoxin in plasma was detected in one out of six mild and in eight out of eight heavy endometritis cows. Peak plasma endotoxin concentrations (0.08-9.14 endotoxin units/ml (EU/ml) were observed between 1 and 12 days postpartum (pp) and thereafter amounts generally remained below 0.1 EU/ml (last day of detection: Day 27 pp). Abnormal ovarian function was observed in six cows (four with prolonged anoestrus and two with long luteal phase after the first postpartum ovulation). Plasma endotoxin concentrations were detected in the anoestric cows. The results suggest that: (i) concentrations of uterine fluid endotoxin and PGE(2) and of plasma PGFM are related to the degree of endometritis; (ii) absorption of endotoxin from the uterus to the bloodstream occurs, mainly in heavy endometritis cows; and (iii) there is a relationship between uterine infection, endotoxin production and resumption of pp ovarian activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Mateus
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Reproduction and Obstetrics, Rua Prof. Cid dos Santos, Polo Universitário, Alto da Ajuda, 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal
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Reist M, Erdin DK, von Euw D, Tschümperlin KM, Leuenberger H, Hammon HM, Morel C, Philipona C, Zbinden Y, Künzi N, Blum JW. Postpartum reproductive function: association with energy, metabolic and endocrine status in high yielding dairy cows. Theriogenology 2003; 59:1707-23. [PMID: 12566146 DOI: 10.1016/s0093-691x(02)01238-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of metabolic, endocrine and energy status on onset of ovarian cycle, days open (DO), and conception at first service in 90 multiparous Holstein cows, housed at a research farm. Dry matter intake, milk yield and body weight were measured daily from Week 2 antepartum (a.p.) to Week 20 postpartum (p.p.). Milk composition was determined four times per week and milk acetone was measured weekly. Blood samples for the determination of glucose, non-esterified fatty acids, cholesterol, creatinine, albumin, urea, beta-hydroxybutyrate, leptin, insulin, insulin-like growth factor-1, growth hormone, 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T(3)), and thyroxine (T(4)) were taken 2 weeks a.p., in Weeks 1-16, and 20 p.p. between 7:30 and 9:00 h. The onset of ovarian cycle was specified by weekly gynecological examination and by skim milk progesterone determination by radioimmunoassay (twice per week). Energy balance (EB) traits were calculated and expressed as accumulated negative EB from calving to EB equilibrium, EB nadir (EBN), rate of EB recovery after EBN (EBR), and time from calving to EBN and to EB equilibrium, respectively. The onset of ovarian cycle p.p. was not related to EB. However, a low degree of EBN and a fast EBR were associated with fewer DO, and EB at first service was positively related to conception. High plasma levels of T(3) and T(4) p.p. were associated with an early start of ovarian cycle, and high concentrations of glucose and cholesterol with a short calving to conception interval. Conception at first service was positively related to EB at first service and progesterone concentration 10-13 days after first service. In conclusion, thyroid hormones may play an important role in resumption of ovarian cyclicity p.p., and a good energy status enhances the chance of conception at first service and shortens DO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Reist
- Animal Breeding Group, Institute of Animal Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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Regassa F, Sheldon M, Noakes DE. Effect of experimentally induced metritis on uterine involution, acute phase protein response and PGFM secretion in the postpartum ewe. Vet Rec 2002; 150:605-7. [PMID: 12036244 DOI: 10.1136/vr.150.19.605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F Regassa
- Department of Farm Animal Medicine and Surgery, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire
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Mateus L, da Costa LL, Bernardo F, Silva JR. Influence of puerperal uterine infection on uterine involution and postpartum ovarian activity in dairy cows. Reprod Domest Anim 2002; 37:31-5. [PMID: 11882243 DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0531.2002.00317.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This article presents the results of a clinical trial designed to study the effect of puerperal uterine infection on uterine involution and on ovarian activity in dairy cows, monitored twice weekly from parturition until the sixth week postpartum (wpp). Infection significantly retarded uterine involution assessed by the uterine body diameter and a score of intrauterine fluid volume (IUFV). By the sixth wpp, cows with normal puerperium (controls) and cows that showed mild puerperal endometritis had similar uterine body diameter and IUFV, indicating spontaneous recovery within the postpartum voluntary waiting period. However, in cows with severe puerperal endometritis, although uterine body diameter had regressed to pregravid size, IUFV remained significantly higher than in control and mild endometritis cows, indicating that chronic endometritis was established. The IUFV score was positively and significantly correlated with uterine swab bacterial growth density and allowed diagnosis of endometritis after the third wpp. Cows with mild or severe endometritis had a significantly higher prevalence and persistence of pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coli, Actinomyces pyogenes, Gram-negative anaerobes - GNA) than controls. Actinomyces pyogenes was associated to GNA in 74% of isolations. Ovarian activity measured by ultrasound scanning of the ovaries and plasma progesterone (P4) concentrations was more abnormal (prolonged anoestrus, prolonged luteal phases and ovarian cysts) in cows with severe endometritis than in controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Mateus
- Laboratory of Reproduction, CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Lisbon, Portugal.
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Usmani RH, Ahmad N, Shafiq P, Mirza MA. Effect of subclinical uterine infection on cervical and uterine involution, estrous activity and fertility in postpartum buffaloes. Theriogenology 2001; 55:563-71. [PMID: 11233783 DOI: 10.1016/s0093-691x(01)00426-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nili-Ravi buffaloes (n=29) that calved normally between August and November and did not develop any clinical reproductive disorder after calving were studied for the incidence of sub-clinical bacterial infection of the uterus and its effects on postpartum reproductive efficiency. The incidence of subclinical uterine infection was 24% (7/29). Involution of the cervix and uterus was slower (P < 0.01) in the infected group than in the normal group (45.6 vs 31.1 days and 46.3 vs 35.8 days), respectively. The mean diameters of cervix and gravid horn on Day 12 post partum and on completion of involution did not differ between buffaloes of the two groups. However, the rate of involution of the cervix and the gravid horn was lower in buffaloes of the infected group (2.2 vs. 2.7 mm/day and 2.6 vs. 3.2 mm/day). The mean interval to first post partum ovulation was similar in buffaloes in the infected (35.5 days) and the normal group (33.8 days). The life span of corpus luteum formed after first ovulation was shorter (11 days) in buffaloes of both groups than that of a normal estrous cycle (15 to 17 days). The incidence of silent ovulation was apparently higher in buffaloes of the infected group (83 vs. 60%) but the difference was not significant. For the first four months after calving, the mean interval to first postpartum estrus was longer in buffaloes of the infected group (73.0 vs. 47.7 days; P < 0.01). Similarly, the average service period was longer in buffaloes of the infected group (91.0 vs. 64.8 days; P < 0.05). The overall pregnancy rate for the first four months after calving did not differ between buffaloes of the two groups. We conclude that subclinical bacterial infection of the postpartum uterus delays the cervical and uterine involution which can, in turn, delay the occurrence of first postpartum estrus and prolong the service period in buffaloes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Usmani
- Animal Sciences Institute, National Agricultural Research Center, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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Sheldon IM, Noakes DE, Dobson H. The influence of ovarian activity and uterine involution determined by ultrasonography on subsequent reproductive performance of dairy cows. Theriogenology 2000; 54:409-19. [PMID: 11051324 DOI: 10.1016/s0093-691x(00)00358-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that a follicle >8 mm diameter in the ovary ipsilateral to the previously gravid uterine horn (PGUH), between 14 and 28 days postpartum, improves subsequent reproductive performance. Lactating Holstein-Friesian cows (n=284) in 3 commercial herds were examined using transrectal ultrasonography once between 14 and 28 days postpartum to determine associations between uterine and ovarian measurements and subsequent fertility. There were fewer cows with a corpus luteum in the ovary ipsilateral to the PGUH compared with the contralateral ovary (16.9% vs. 37.0%; P<0.001). In addition, in the ovary ipsilateral to the PGUH there were fewer follicles >5 mm diameter (mean +/- SEM; 0.69 +/- 0.06 vs. 1.02 +/- 0.06; P<0.001) and fewer animals with a follicle >8 mm diameter (26.1% vs. 49.6%; P<0.001). These differences between the ovaries ipsilateral or contralateral to the PGUH declined with increasing time between 14 and 28 days postpartum. The presence of a purulent vaginal discharge decreased the number of animals with a corpus luteum in the ovary contralateral to the PGUH (45/143 vs. 60/141; P<0.05), but not in the ovary ipsilateral to the PGUH. The presence of a follicle >8 mm diameter in the ovary ipsilateral to the PGUH was associated with a shorter calving to conception interval compared with animals without such a follicle (99.0 +/- 5.6 days, n=74, vs. 112.8 +/- 4.4 days, n=210; P<0.05). These observations raise an intriguing issue: how does this follicle affect subsequent fertility--does the follicle exert a local influence on the uterus, or vice versa?
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Sheldon
- Department of Farm Animal and Equine Medicine and Surgery, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hatfield, UK
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Archbald LF, Tsai IF, Thatcher WW, Tran T, Wolfsdorf K, Risco C. Use of plasma concentrations of 13,14-dihydro,15-keto-PGF2 alpha (PGFM) in the diagnosis of sub-clinical endometritis and its relationship to fertility in the postpartum dairy cow. Theriogenology 1998; 49:1425-36. [PMID: 10732007 DOI: 10.1016/s0093-691x(98)00089-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the value of using plasma concentrations of PGFM to diagnose subclinical endometritis in the dairy cow, and its relationship to subsequent fertility. A total of 274 cows between 24 to 29 d post partum was divided into 4 groups on the basis of clinical features of the uterus and ovary. Cows in Group 1 (n = 74) had a normal, involuting uterus and a CL on the ovary; cows in Group 2 (n = 51) had a normal, involuting uterus but no CL on the ovary; cows in Group 3 (n = 83) did not have a normal, involuting uterus but had a CL on the ovary; and cows in Group 4 (n = 66) did not have a normal, involuting uterus or a CL on the ovary. A blood sample was obtained from each cow on the day they were placed on the study, and plasma concentrations of PGFM and P4 were determined using RIA. Cows were artificially inseminated (AI) at the first observed estrus after Day 60 post partum, and pregnancy was determined by palpation of the uterus per rectum between 45 and 50 d postAI. Reproductive responses evaluated were conception rate to first service, days open, and percentage of cows pregnant by 90, 120, 150 and 180 d post partum. Data were analyzed using GLM procedures of SAS and a 2 x 2 factorial with contrast procedures. Polynomial regression analysis was used to determine the shape of the PGFM, P4 and fertility curves. There was no difference among mean PGFM concentrations of cows in each group. The rate of decline of plasma PGFM concentrations was lower in cows with an abnormal uterus and a CL on the ovary compared with those without a CL. A lower percentage of cows with abnormal uteri was pregnant by 90 d post partum compared with cows with normal uteri. From the results of this study, it was concluded that plasma PGFM concentrations between Days 24 to 29 post partum were not effective in identifying cows with subclinical endometritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L F Archbald
- Department of Dairy and Poultry Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610, USA
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Abstract
Nonspecific uterine infections reduce the reproductive efficiency of cows and the profit potential of dairy farms. Fortunately, most cows do not develop severe uterine infections. The term uterine infection indicates that the uterus is contaminated with pathogenic organisms. Actinomyces pyogenes, either alone or with other bacteria, is often associated with uterine infections. When A. pyogenes was isolated from uterine fluids after d 21 postpartum, cows developed severe endometritis and were infertile at first service. However, the exact causes of uterine infections are unknown but are associated with several factors. Cows with dystocia, retained placenta, twins or still-births, and various metabolic disorders are more likely to develop metritis than are other cows. Aberrant immune function before and after calving seems to predispose cows to severe uterine infections. Few cows die from uterine infections, but cows with uterine infections are more likely to be culled for poor reproductive performance. Also, uterine infections can reduce milk production, and some treatments contaminate milk. Because they are nonspecific, uterine infections are difficult to prevent; attention to sanitation and periparturient hygiene, especially during assisted calving, may be the best defense. Evidence that aberrant immuno function predisposes cows to uterine infections indicates that methods for regulating immune function in periparturient cows have the potential for preventing or treating uterine infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Lewis
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061-0306, USA
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Bekana M, Jonsson P, Kindahl H. Bacterial isolates associated with retained fetal membranes and subsequent ovarian activity in cattle. Vet Rec 1997; 140:232-4. [PMID: 9076921 DOI: 10.1136/vr.140.9.232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Bekana
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Bekana M, Odensvik K, Kindahl H. Prostaglandin F2 alpha metabolite and progesterone profiles in post-partum cows with retained foetal membranes. Acta Vet Scand 1996. [PMID: 8767696 DOI: 10.1186/bf03548110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-partum prostaglandin release and resumption of cyclical ovarian activities were studied in 11 Swedish dairy cows with retained foetal membranes (RFM), leaving the RFM untreated. The main PGF2 alpha metabolite, 15-ketodihydro-PGF2 alpha, was measured in blood plasma collected twice daily during the first 50-60 days after delivery. Progesterone was monitored from all morning samples to evaluate the resumption of ovarian activity. The plasma levels of 15-ketodihydro-PGF2 alpha were arbitrarily considered to be significantly elevated between 6-24 days when they exceeded the mean basal value + 2 standard deviations. Comparison between this duration in days of the post-partum PGF2 alpha release and the time required for the completion of uterine involution, placental shedding and last day of post-partum clinical signs showed no significant relations. However, prior to a final decrease below a line of significance of 233-590 pmol/l, pronounced sustained and pulsatile release of PGF2 alpha occurred in relation to the increased frequency of the bacteriological findings. These additional periods of PGF2 alpha release were described as the "total" duration of post-partum release, and were found to be positively correlated with the time required for uterine involution from the stand point of rectal palpation (p < 0.05), while a tendency towards a positive relationship existed for the last day post-partum of clinical signs (p = 0.11). Progesterone analysis revealed resumption of ovarian activity and the first ovulation occurred between 19-29 days in 70% of the cows. The levels of the PGF2 alpha metabolite were again high at the time of luteolysis, thus terminating the luteal phase in the ovulating animals. Thus, it is seen that non-removal of the RFM or the resultant intrauterine infection do not prolong the duration of the immediate post-partum release of PGF2 alpha as compared to normal animals. However, a second release is associated with the increased frequency of uterine infections, indicating that PGF2 alpha may play a role for the early elimination of the infections.
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Davidson JA, Wright DJ, Archbald LF, Klapstein E, Gottshall SL, Hansen PJ. Effect of induced pyometra on luteal lifespan and uterine fluid concentrations of prostaglandins and interferons in cows. Theriogenology 1996; 45:459-70. [PMID: 16727809 DOI: 10.1016/0093-691x(95)00382-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/1995] [Accepted: 10/16/1995] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The objective was to determine whether occurrence of persistent corpora lutea in cows with pyometra could be explained by accumulation of prostaglandins and interferons in the uterus. Pyometra was induced by treatment with hCG, followed by intrauterine infusions of iodine and Actinomyces pyogenes . Five of the seven treated cows developed pyometra as indicated by extended estrous cycles (30-37 + d) and presence of purulent uterine exudate at slaughter (Day 37 after estrus). Mean (+/- standard error) concentrations of prostaglandins E(2) and F(2alpha) for the cows with pyometra were 34.7 +/- 14.4 and 96.3 +/- 28 ng/ml, while the concentrations in uterine flushings in the remaining 2 cows averaged 1.85 +/- 0.7 and 0.9 +/- 0.2 ng/ml, respectively. Based on Western blotting, none of the cows had detectable concentrations of either interferon-alpha or interferon-tau in uterine secretions. In conclusion, pyometra results in increased uterine prostaglandin secretion. While increased secretion of cytokines associated with bacterial infection may be contribute to this effect, there was no evidence in this study to suggest that interferons are involved in the mechanism which causes persistence of the corpus luteum in bovine pyometra.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Davidson
- Department of Dairy and Poultry Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-0920, USA
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