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El Zowalaty ME, Falgenhauer L, Ashour HM, Zishiri OT, Forsythe S, Helmy YA. Draft genome sequences of Bacillus licheniformis strains MEZBL63 and MEZBL64 harboring the lichenysin toxin operon isolated from livestock in South Africa. Microbiol Resour Announc 2024; 13:e0096723. [PMID: 38323846 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00967-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Here, we report the draft genome sequences of two Bacillus licheniformis strains harboring the lichenysin operon that were isolated from healthy goat and horse in South Africa. The genomes were sequenced using Illumina MiSeq and had a length of 4,152,826 and 4,110,075 bp, respectively, with a G + C content of 46%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed E El Zowalaty
- Veterinary Medicine and Food Security Research Group, Medical Laboratory Sciences Program, Faculty of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women's Campus, Higher Colleges of Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Linda Falgenhauer
- Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, German Center for Infection Research, Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen and Hessian University Competence Center for Hospital Hygiene (HuKKH), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Hossam M Ashour
- Department of Integrative Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, Florida, USA
| | - Oliver T Zishiri
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Stephen Forsythe
- Foodmicrobe.com Ltd, Adams Hill, Keyworth, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Yosra A Helmy
- Department of Veterinary Science, Martin-Gatton College of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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2
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Qiu Y, Zhou Y, Chang Y, Liang X, Zhang H, Lin X, Qing K, Zhou X, Luo Z. The Effects of Ventilation, Humidity, and Temperature on Bacterial Growth and Bacterial Genera Distribution. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph192215345. [PMID: 36430064 PMCID: PMC9691097 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192215345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacteria are readily nourished in airtight environments with high humidity, such as storage cabinets, clothing closets, and corners, where ventilation is normally low and humidity is high. OBJECTIVES We characterized the role of humidity and ventilation in bacterial growth and genus distribution at different temperatures (26 °C and 34 °C). METHODS Fresh pork, which was used as the substrate for bacterial culture, was placed in storage cabinets. Bacterial growth and genera distribution on the surface of pork placed in a storage cabinet under different temperatures (26 °C and 34 °C); relative humidity levels (RH: 50%, 70%, 90%); and ventilation conditions (no ventilation and low, medium, and high levels of ventilation) were assessed by rDNA sequencing. RESULTS Increased ventilation and reduced humidity significantly decreased bacterial growth at 26 °C and 34 °C. The contribution of increased ventilation to the reduction in bacterial growth exceeded that of decreased humidity. Ventilation had the greatest effect on reducing bacterial growth compared to the unventilated conditions at 70% RH. At 34 °C, medium and high levels of ventilation were required to reduce bacterial growth. High temperatures greatly increased bacterial growth, but ventilation could reduce the degree of this increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Qiu
- Department of Physiology, The School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha 410000, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Physiology, The School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha 410000, China
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (Z.L.)
| | - Yanfen Chang
- Department of Physiology, The School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha 410000, China
| | - Xinyue Liang
- Department of Physiology, The School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha 410000, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Center for the Built Environment, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 2506, USA
| | - Xiaorui Lin
- China Vanke Co., Ltd., Changsha 410000, China
| | - Ke Qing
- China Vanke Co., Ltd., Changsha 410000, China
| | - Xiaojie Zhou
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Ziqiang Luo
- Department of Physiology, The School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha 410000, China
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (Z.L.)
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3
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Thery M, Cousin VL, Tissieres P, Enault M, Morin L. Multi-organ failure caused by lasagnas: A case report of Bacillus cereus food poisoning. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:978250. [PMID: 36186625 PMCID: PMC9516094 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.978250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a Bacillus cereus, cereulide producing strain, food poisoning of two sisters. After eating a few bites of pasta cooked 3 days earlier, a 13-year-old girl developed mild symptoms. However, her 11-year-old sister suffered, 40 h after ingestion of the entire platter, a multi-organ failure including acute liver failure, rhabdomyolysis, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and acute kidney injury (AKI). She received supportive care in pediatric intensive care using mechanical ventilation, hemofiltration, and high-doses vasopressors. She was specifically treated for toxin-mediated disease using blood purification and further digestive decontamination. This report highlights the potential severity of B. cereus food poisoning but also a successful dual treatment including toxin removal and antimicrobial treatment to prevent toxin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marin Thery
- Pediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, DMU 3 Santé de L'enfant et de l'Adolescent, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris Paris Saclay, Bicêtre Hospital, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Vladimir L Cousin
- Pediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, DMU 3 Santé de L'enfant et de l'Adolescent, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris Paris Saclay, Bicêtre Hospital, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Département de la Femme, de l'Enfant et de l'Adolescent, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève, Genève, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Tissieres
- Pediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, DMU 3 Santé de L'enfant et de l'Adolescent, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris Paris Saclay, Bicêtre Hospital, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,Institute of Integrative Biology of the Cell, CNRS, CEA, Paris Saclay University, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Maxime Enault
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Pediatric Emergency Department, Armand Trousseau University Hospital, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Luc Morin
- Pediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, DMU 3 Santé de L'enfant et de l'Adolescent, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris Paris Saclay, Bicêtre Hospital, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,Institute of Integrative Biology of the Cell, CNRS, CEA, Paris Saclay University, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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4
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Reformulation of Muffins Using Inulin and Green Banana Flour: Physical, Sensory, Nutritional and Shelf-Life Properties. Foods 2021; 10:foods10081883. [PMID: 34441660 PMCID: PMC8393843 DOI: 10.3390/foods10081883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This study demonstrates a scenario of industrial reformulation by developing muffins that resemble store-branded ones and testing the possibility of reformulating them using inulin and green banana flour (GBF). Ten different formulations were created through reducing 10% or 30% of sugar and/or fat. Physical characteristics, consumer acceptance and purchase preferences, baking losses, nutritional properties, shelf-life, as well as cost and industrial processability were considered and discussed. Results on physical properties showed that firmness had increased in reformulated muffins while springiness only decreased when both sugar and fat were reduced by 30% (p < 0.05). Texture and sensory properties of reformulated muffins were acceptable, and the purchase intent rate was high. Regarding the nutritional properties, muffins incorporating more than 10% of fibres allowed the addition of nutritional claims. The incremental area under the curve iAUC120min of blood glucose in healthy adults (n = 13) was significantly lower than control after ingesting 30% reduced sugar or fat muffins using inulin (p < 0.01). The microbial profile was not affected by reformulation during storage at 25 °C for 10 days. This study concluded that there is a significant potential to industrially produce reduced sugar or fat muffins using inulin or GBF up to 30% without significantly deteriorating quality attributes.
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Jang HG, Jang J, Jung HJ, Jung DE. The First Reported Case of Infant Botulism in Korea: Treatable Infantile Neuromuscular Disease. J Korean Med Sci 2020; 35:e93. [PMID: 32281313 PMCID: PMC7152530 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Botulism is a rare neuromuscular disorder caused by neurotoxins produced by Clostridium botulinum. The diagnosis of infant botulism may be obscured or delayed, as its presentation is similar to that of infantile neuromuscular disorders. We report the first Korean case of infant botulism in an acute progressive floppy infant with poor sucking and a weak cry. No abnormalities were found in all blood, cerebrospinal fluid, genetic test, nerve conduction study, and imaging studies. A stool-toxin test was finally performed under suspicion of infant botulism, and the result was positive. The patient was immediately treated with heptavalent botulism antitoxin. Follow-up after 3 months showed normal development with a complete resolution of all symptoms. Therefore, clinical suspicion of infant botulism, which is a treatable infantile neuromuscular disease, is essential for early diagnosis and prompt treatment in the differential diagnosis of a floppy infant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon Gu Jang
- Department of Pediatrics, Ajou University Hospital, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jooyoung Jang
- Department of Pediatrics, Ajou University Hospital, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Hyun Joo Jung
- Department of Pediatrics, Ajou University Hospital, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Da Eun Jung
- Department of Pediatrics, Ajou University Hospital, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.
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Milojevic L, Velebit B, Djordjevic V, Jankovic V, Lakicevic B, Bajcic A, Betic N. Screening ofBacillus cereuspresence in minced meat and meat products originating from Serbian retail facilities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/333/1/012079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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7
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Zaragoza NE, Orellana CA, Moonen GA, Moutafis G, Marcellin E. Vaccine Production to Protect Animals Against Pathogenic Clostridia. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E525. [PMID: 31514424 PMCID: PMC6783934 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11090525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium is a broad genus of anaerobic, spore-forming, rod-shaped, Gram-positive bacteria that can be found in different environments all around the world. The genus includes human and animal pathogens that produce potent exotoxins that cause rapid and potentially fatal diseases responsible for countless human casualties and billion-dollar annual loss to the agricultural sector. Diseases include botulism, tetanus, enterotoxemia, gas gangrene, necrotic enteritis, pseudomembranous colitis, blackleg, and black disease, which are caused by pathogenic Clostridium. Due to their ability to sporulate, they cannot be eradicated from the environment. As such, immunization with toxoid or bacterin-toxoid vaccines is the only protective method against infection. Toxins recovered from Clostridium cultures are inactivated to form toxoids, which are then formulated into multivalent vaccines. This review discusses the toxins, diseases, and toxoid production processes of the most common pathogenic Clostridium species, including Clostridiumbotulinum, Clostridiumtetani, Clostridiumperfringens, Clostridiumchauvoei, Clostridiumsepticum, Clostridiumnovyi and Clostridiumhemolyticum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas E. Zaragoza
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (N.E.Z.); (C.A.O.)
| | - Camila A. Orellana
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (N.E.Z.); (C.A.O.)
| | - Glenn A. Moonen
- Zoetis, 45 Poplar Road, Parkville VIC 3052, Australia; (G.A.M.); (G.M.)
| | - George Moutafis
- Zoetis, 45 Poplar Road, Parkville VIC 3052, Australia; (G.A.M.); (G.M.)
| | - Esteban Marcellin
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (N.E.Z.); (C.A.O.)
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Sudha M, Viswanath P, Siddappa V, Rajarathnam S, Shashirekha M. Control of rope spore forming bacteria using carambola (Averrhoa carambola) fruit pomace powder in wheat bread preparation. QUALITY ASSURANCE AND SAFETY OF CROPS & FOODS 2016. [DOI: 10.3920/qas2014.0409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M.L. Sudha
- Flour Milling, Baking & Confectionery Technology Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, CFTRI Campus, Mysore 570020, India
| | - P. Viswanath
- Food Safety & Analytical Quality Control Laboratory, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, CFTRI Campus, Mysore 570020, India
| | - V. Siddappa
- Food Safety & Analytical Quality Control Laboratory, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, CFTRI Campus, Mysore 570020, India
| | - S. Rajarathnam
- Fruit & Vegetable Technology Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, CFTRI Campus, Mysore 570020, India
| | - M.N. Shashirekha
- Fruit & Vegetable Technology Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, CFTRI Campus, Mysore 570020, India
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Krawczyk AO, Berendsen EM, de Jong A, Boekhorst J, Wells-Bennik MHJ, Kuipers OP, Eijlander RT. A transposon present in specific strains ofBacillus subtilisnegatively affects nutrient- and dodecylamine-induced spore germination. Environ Microbiol 2016; 18:4830-4846. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonina O. Krawczyk
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics; University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 7 9747 AG Groningen the Netherlands
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition (TIFN); Nieuwe Kanaal 9A 6709 PA Wageningen the Netherlands
| | - Erwin M. Berendsen
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics; University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 7 9747 AG Groningen the Netherlands
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition (TIFN); Nieuwe Kanaal 9A 6709 PA Wageningen the Netherlands
- NIZO Food Research B.V; Kernhemseweg 2 6718 ZB Ede the Netherlands
| | - Anne de Jong
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics; University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 7 9747 AG Groningen the Netherlands
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition (TIFN); Nieuwe Kanaal 9A 6709 PA Wageningen the Netherlands
| | - Jos Boekhorst
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition (TIFN); Nieuwe Kanaal 9A 6709 PA Wageningen the Netherlands
- NIZO Food Research B.V; Kernhemseweg 2 6718 ZB Ede the Netherlands
| | - Marjon H. J. Wells-Bennik
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition (TIFN); Nieuwe Kanaal 9A 6709 PA Wageningen the Netherlands
- NIZO Food Research B.V; Kernhemseweg 2 6718 ZB Ede the Netherlands
| | - Oscar P. Kuipers
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics; University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 7 9747 AG Groningen the Netherlands
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition (TIFN); Nieuwe Kanaal 9A 6709 PA Wageningen the Netherlands
| | - Robyn T. Eijlander
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics; University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 7 9747 AG Groningen the Netherlands
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition (TIFN); Nieuwe Kanaal 9A 6709 PA Wageningen the Netherlands
- NIZO Food Research B.V; Kernhemseweg 2 6718 ZB Ede the Netherlands
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10
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Cell wall as a target for bacteria inactivation by pulsed electric fields. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19778. [PMID: 26830154 PMCID: PMC4735277 DOI: 10.1038/srep19778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The integrity and morphology of bacteria is sustained by the cell wall, the target of the main microbial inactivation processes. One promising approach to inactivation is based on the use of pulsed electric fields (PEF). The current dogma is that irreversible cell membrane electro-permeabilisation causes the death of the bacteria. However, the actual effect on the cell-wall architecture has been poorly explored. Here we combine atomic force microscopy and electron microscopy to study the cell-wall organization of living Bacillus pumilus bacteria at the nanoscale. For vegetative bacteria, exposure to PEF led to structural disorganization correlated with morphological and mechanical alterations of the cell wall. For spores, PEF exposure led to the partial destruction of coat protein nanostructures, associated with internal alterations of cortex and core. Our findings reveal for the first time that the cell wall and coat architecture are directly involved in the electro-eradication of bacteria.
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Bamnia M, Kaul G. Cereulide and diarrheal toxin contamination in milk and milk products: a systematic review. TOXIN REV 2015. [DOI: 10.3109/15569543.2015.1063070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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12
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Rao L, Bi X, Zhao F, Wu J, Hu X, Liao X. Effect of High-pressure CO2Processing on Bacterial Spores. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2015; 56:1808-25. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2013.787385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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13
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Analysis of emetic toxin production by Bacillus species using cellular cytotoxicity, molecular, and chromatographic assays. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-014-0574-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Vyletělová M, Banykó J. Detection of coding genes for enterotoxins in Bacillus cereus by PCR and their products by BCET-RPLA and ELISA Assay. ACTA UNIVERSITATIS AGRICULTURAE ET SILVICULTURAE MENDELIANAE BRUNENSIS 2014. [DOI: 10.11118/actaun201058050417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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15
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Winn WC. Bacterial Diseases. J Histotechnol 2013. [DOI: 10.1179/his.1995.18.3.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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16
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Soares CM, Kabuki DY, Kuaye AY. Growth of enterotoxin producing Bacillus cereus in meat substrate at 10ºC and 30ºC. Braz J Microbiol 2012; 43:1401-5. [PMID: 24031969 PMCID: PMC3769039 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-838220120004000022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2010] [Revised: 07/09/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The behaviour of enterotoxin-producing Bacillus cereus in meat was investigated by inoculating spore suspensions of five cultures into meat substrate (pH 5.8) and incubating at 10ºC and 30ºC. The bacterial populations were evaluated after different times by plate counts in nutrient agar. All the cultures presented growth at 30ºC with the generation time varying from 28.8 to 36.0 minutes. Three cultures also presented growth at 10ºC with generation times between 10.16 and 28.38 h. Considering the results, it was concluded that meat kept at abusive temperatures would be subject to development of this microorganism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celina Mara Soares
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos, Campinas, SP, Brasil
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17
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A bioanalytical platform for simultaneous detection and quantification of biological toxins. SENSORS 2012; 12:2324-39. [PMID: 22438766 PMCID: PMC3304168 DOI: 10.3390/s120202324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Prevalent incidents support the notion that toxins, produced by bacteria, fungi, plants or animals are increasingly responsible for food poisoning or intoxication. Owing to their high toxicity some toxins are also regarded as potential biological warfare agents. Accordingly, control, detection and neutralization of toxic substances are a considerable economic burden to food safety, health care and military biodefense. The present contribution describes a new versatile instrument and related procedures for array-based simultaneous detection of bacterial and plant toxins using a bioanalytical platform which combines the specificity of covalently immobilized capture probes with a dedicated instrumentation and immuno-based microarray analytics. The bioanalytical platform consists of a microstructured polymer slide serving both as support of printed arrays and as incubation chamber. The platform further includes an easy-to-operate instrument for simultaneous slide processing at selectable assay temperature. Cy5 coupled streptavidin is used as unifying fluorescent tracer. Fluorescence image analysis and signal quantitation allow determination of the toxin's identity and concentration. The system's performance has been investigated by immunological detection of Botulinum Neurotoxin type A (BoNT/A), Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB), and the plant toxin ricin. Toxins were detectable at levels as low as 0.5-1 ng · mL(-1) in buffer or in raw milk.
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Genotypic identification of Bacillus sp. isolated from canned white asparagus (Asparagus officinalis) during the production/processing chain in northern Peru. ANN MICROBIOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-011-0362-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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19
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Coton M, Denis C, Cadot P, Coton E. Biodiversity and characterization of aerobic spore-forming bacteria in surimi seafood products. Food Microbiol 2011; 28:252-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2010.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2009] [Revised: 03/19/2010] [Accepted: 03/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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20
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Oh MH, Ham JS, Seol KH, Jang AR, Lee SG, Lee JM, Park BY, Kang ES, Kwon KS, Hwang IG. Growth Profile and Toxigenicity of Bacillus cereus in Ready-to-eat Food Products of Animal Origin. Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour 2011. [DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2011.31.1.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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21
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22
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Mallozzi M, Viswanathan VK, Vedantam G. Spore-forming Bacilli and Clostridia in human disease. Future Microbiol 2010; 5:1109-23. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb.10.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Many Gram-positive spore-forming bacteria in the Firmicute phylum are important members of the human commensal microbiota, which, in rare cases, cause opportunistic infections. Other spore-formers, however, have evolved to become dedicated pathogens that can cause a striking variety of diseases. Despite variations in disease presentation, the etiologic agent is often the spore, with bacterially produced toxins playing a central role in the pathophysiology of infection. This review will focus on the specific diseases caused by spores of the Clostridia and Bacilli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Mallozzi
- Department of Veterinary Science and Microbiology, University of Arizona, 1117, East Lowell St., Building 90, Room 303, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - VK Viswanathan
- Department of Veterinary Science and Microbiology, University of Arizona, 1117, East Lowell St., Building 90, Room 303, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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Betancur CA, Estrada S, Ceballos MT, Sánchez E, Abad AM, Vanegas C, Salazar LM. Billetes como fómites de bacterias con potencial patógeno para el hombre. INFECTIO 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s0123-9392(10)70100-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) is the most toxic substance known to man and the causative agent of botulism. Due to its high toxicity and the availability of the producing organism Clostridium botulinum, BoNT is regarded as a potential biological warfare agent. Because of the mild pasteurization process, as well as rapid product distribution and consumption, the milk supply chain has long been considered a potential target of a bioterrorist attack. Since, to our knowledge, no empirical data on the inactivation of BoNT in milk during pasteurization are available at this time, we investigated the activities of BoNT type A (BoNT/A) and BoNT/B, as well as their respective complexes, during a laboratory-scale pasteurization process. When we monitored milk alkaline phosphatase activity, which is an industry-accepted parameter of successfully completed pasteurization, our method proved comparable to the industrial process. After heating raw milk spiked with a set amount of BoNT/A or BoNT/B or one of their respective complexes, the structural integrity of the toxin was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and its functional activity by mouse bioassay. We demonstrated that standard pasteurization at 72 degrees C for 15 s inactivates at least 99.99% of BoNT/A and BoNT/B and at least 99.5% of their respective complexes. Our results suggest that if BoNTs or their complexes were deliberately released into the milk supply chain, standard pasteurization conditions would reduce their activity much more dramatically than originally anticipated and thus lower the threat level of the widely discussed "BoNT in milk" scenario.
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Oh MH, Cox JM. Development and application of a centrifugation-plating method to study the biodiversity of Bacillus species in rice products. Food Control 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2009.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Tang YL, Shi YH, Zhao W, Hao G, Le GW. Discovery of a novel antimicrobial peptide using membrane binding-based approach. Food Control 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2008.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Tseng CK, Tsai CH, Tseng CH, Tseng YC, Lee FY, Huang WS. An outbreak of foodborne botulism in Taiwan. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2009; 212:82-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2008.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2007] [Revised: 01/02/2008] [Accepted: 01/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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28
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Hernández-Herrero L, Giner M, Valero M. Effective chemical control of psychrotrophic Bacillus cereus EPSO-35AS and INRA TZ415 spore outgrowth in carrot broth. Food Microbiol 2008; 25:714-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2008.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2007] [Revised: 02/19/2008] [Accepted: 02/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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29
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Black EP, Setlow P, Hocking AD, Stewart CM, Kelly AL, Hoover DG. Response of Spores to High-Pressure Processing. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1541-4337.2007.00021.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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30
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SOFFER TAL, MARGALITH PINHAS, MANNHEIM CHAIMH. Shelf-life of chicken liver/egg paté in modified atmosphere packages. Int J Food Sci Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1994.tb02057.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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31
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Abdou AM, Higashiguchi S, Aboueleinin A, Kim M, Ibrahim HR. Antimicrobial peptides derived from hen egg lysozyme with inhibitory effect against Bacillus species. Food Control 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2005.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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32
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Steinberg EB, Henderson A, Karpati A, Hoekstra M, Marano N, Souza JM, Simons M, Kruger K, Giroux J, Rogers HS, Hoffman MK, Kadry ARM, Griffin PM. Mysterious outbreaks of gastrointestinal illness associated with burritos supplied through school lunch programs. J Food Prot 2006; 69:1690-8. [PMID: 16865905 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-69.7.1690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
From October 1997 through March 1998, three outbreaks of gastrointestinal illness among school children were linked to company A burritos. In September 1998, a similar outbreak occurred in three North Dakota schools following lunches that included company B burritos. We conducted an investigation to determine the source of the North Dakota outbreak, identify other similar outbreaks, characterize the illness, and gather evidence about the cause. The investigation included epidemiologic analyses, environmental investigation, and laboratory analyses. In North Dakota, a case was defined as nausea, headache, abdominal cramps, vomiting, or diarrhea after lunch on 16 September 1998. Case definitions varied in the other states. In North Dakota, 504 students and staff met the case definition; predominant symptoms were nausea (72%), headache (68%), abdominal cramps (54%), vomiting (24%), and diarrhea (16%). The median incubation period was 35 min and median duration of illness was 6 h. Eating burritos was significantly associated with illness (odds ratio, 2.6; 95% confidence interval, 1.6 to 4.2). We identified 16 outbreaks that occurred in seven states from October 1997 through October 1998, affecting more than 1,900 people who ate burritos from two unrelated companies. All tortillas were made with wheat flour, but the fillings differed, suggesting that tortillas contained the etiologic agent. Results of plant inspections, tracebacks, and laboratory investigations were unrevealing. More than two million pounds of burritos were recalled or held from distribution. The short incubation period, symptoms, and laboratory data suggest that these outbreaks were caused by an undetected toxin or an agent not previously associated with this clinical syndrome. Mass psychogenic illness is an unlikely explanation because of the large number of sites where outbreaks occurred over a short period, the similarity of symptoms, the common food item, the lack of publicity, and the link to only two companies. A network of laboratories that can rapidly identify known and screen for unknown agents in food is a critical part of protecting the food supply against natural and intentional contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen B Steinberg
- Foodborne and Diarrheal Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA.
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33
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Toh M, Moffitt MC, Henrichsen L, Raftery M, Barrow K, Cox JM, Marquis CP, Neilan BA. Cereulide, the emetic toxin of Bacillus cereus, is putatively a product of nonribosomal peptide synthesis. J Appl Microbiol 2004; 97:992-1000. [PMID: 15479414 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02381.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To determine if cereulide, the emetic toxin produced by Bacillus cereus, is produced by a nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS). METHODS AND RESULTS NC Y, an emetic strain of Bacillus cereus, was examined for a NRPS gene using PCR with primers recognizing a fragment of a NRPS gene from the cyanobacterium Microcystis. The amplicon was sequenced and compared with other gene sequences using BLAST analysis, which showed that the amplicon from strain NC Y was similar in sequence to peptide synthetase genes in other micro-organisms, including Bacillus subtilis and B. brevis, while no such sequence was found in the complete genome sequence of a nonemetic strain of B. cereus. Specific PCR primers were then designed and used to screen 40 B. cereus isolates previously implicated in outbreaks of foodborne illness. The isolates were also screened for toxin production using the MTT cell cytotoxicity assay. PCR and MTT assay screening of the B. cereus isolates revealed a high correlation between the presence of the NRPS gene and cereulide production. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that cereulide is produced by a NRPS complex. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This is the first study to provide evidence identifying the mechanism of production of cereulide, the emetic toxin of B. cereus. The PCR primers developed in the study allow determination of the potential for cereulide production among isolates of B. cereus.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Toh
- Food Science and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Industrial Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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34
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Outbreak of Clostridium perfringens Food-Borne Illness Associated With a Mardi Gras Celebration. INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN CLINICAL PRACTICE 2004. [DOI: 10.1097/01.idc.0000129846.04014.ad] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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35
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Inoue K, Sobhany M, Transue TR, Oguma K, Pedersen LC, Negishi M. Structural analysis by X-ray crystallography and calorimetry of a haemagglutinin component (HA1) of the progenitor toxin from Clostridium botulinum. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2004; 149:3361-3370. [PMID: 14663070 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.26586-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Botulism food poisoning is caused primarily by ingestion of the Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT). The 1300 amino acid BoNT forms a progenitor toxin (PTX) that, when associated with a number of other proteins, increases its oral toxicity by protecting it from the low pH of the stomach and from intestinal proteases. One of these associated proteins, HA1, has also been suggested to be involved with internalization of the toxin into the bloodstream by binding to oligosaccharides lining the intestine. Here is reported the crystal structure of HA1 from type C Clostridium botulinum at a resolution of 1.7 Angstrom. The protein consists of two beta-trefoil domains and bears structural similarities to the lectin B-chain from the deadly plant toxin ricin. Based on structural comparison to the ricin B-chain lactose-binding sites, residues of type A HA1 were selected and mutated. The D263A and N285A mutants lost the ability to bind carbohydrates containing galactose moieties, implicating these residues in carbohydrate binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Inoue
- Pharmacogenetic Section Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Mack Sobhany
- Pharmacogenetic Section Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Thomas R Transue
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Keiji Oguma
- Department of Bacteriology, Okayama University Medical School, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Lars C Pedersen
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
- Pharmacogenetic Section Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Masahiko Negishi
- Pharmacogenetic Section Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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36
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Smith JP, Daifas DP, El-Khoury W, Koukoutsis J, El-Khoury A. Shelf Life and Safety Concerns of Bakery Products—A Review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2004; 44:19-55. [PMID: 15077880 DOI: 10.1080/10408690490263774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Bakery products are an important part of a balanced diet and, today, a wide variety of such products can be found on supermarket shelves. This includes unsweetened goods (bread, rolls, buns, crumpets, muffins and bagels), sweet goods (pancakes, doughnuts, waffles and cookies) and filled goods (fruit and meat pies, sausage rolls, pastries, sandwiches, cream cakes, pizza and quiche). However, bakery products, like many processed foods, are subject to physical, chemical and microbiological spoilage. While physical and chemical spoilage limits the shelf life of low and intermediate moisture bakery products, microbiological spoilage by bacteria, yeast and molds is the concern in high moisture products i.e., products with a water activity (a(w)) > 0.85. Furthermore, several bakery products also have been implicated infoodborne illnesses involving Salmonella spp., Listeria monoctyogenes and Bacillus cereus, while Clostridium botulinum is a concern in high moisture bakery products packaged under modified atmospheres. This extensive review is divided into two parts. Part I focuses on the spoilage concerns of low, intermediate and high moisture bakery products while Part II focuses on the safety concerns of high moisture bakery products only. In both parts, traditional and novel methods of food preservation that can be used by the bakery industry to extend the shelf life and enhance the safety of products are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Smith
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Macdonald Campus of McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3V9, Canada.
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37
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Kim JS. Botulism. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION 2004. [DOI: 10.5124/jkma.2004.47.11.1056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joon Sik Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Keimyung University, Dongsan Medical Center, Korea.
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38
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Valero M, Fernández PS, Salmerón MC. Influence of pH and temperature on growth of Bacillus cereus in vegetable substrates. Int J Food Microbiol 2003; 82:71-9. [PMID: 12505461 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1605(02)00265-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus cereus is a food-borne pathogen which most often contaminates foods of plant origin. Spores of psychrotrophic strains have the ability to germinate and grow at refrigeration temperatures in different vegetable substrates, such as carrot broth, zucchini broth, and cooked carrot purée. In some circumstances, factors such as pH, heat treatment, and storage temperature play a fundamental role in controlling the growth of these psychrotrophic strains and in extending the shelf life of refrigerated, minimally processed vegetable-based products in relation to pathogenic spore-forming bacteria. The combination of mild acidification (pH 5.0) and refrigeration (</=8 degrees C) inhibited B. cereus growth for at least 60 days in vegetable substrates similar to those mentioned above. This protection was maintained even when the temperature to which the food was exposed reached 12 degrees C. Psychrotrophic strains of B. cereus were inhibited in carrot broth by heating at 90 degrees C for 7.5 min, if the broth was refrigerated at a temperature of 8 degrees C or lower. If the vegetable product was exposed to temperatures of mild abuse (12 degrees C), it was necessary to implement a more drastic heat treatment (90 degrees C for 30 min).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Valero
- Departamento de Producción Vegetal y Microbiología, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Orihuela, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Campus de Orihuela, Carretera de Beniel, km 3,2, 03312-Orihuela, Alicante, Spain.
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39
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McGuiggan JTM, McCleery DR, Hannan A, Gilmour A. Aerobic spore-forming bacteria in bulk raw milk: factors influencing the numbers of psychrotrophic, mesophilic and thermophilic Bacillus spores. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2002. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-0307.2002.00051.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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40
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Abstract
A case of severe adult botulism with paralysis, respiratory failure and cranial nerve palsies is presented. The pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment options for botulism are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- I J Mackle
- Intensive Care Unit, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales
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41
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Abstract
CASE REPORTS Three cases of an outbreak of familial foodborne botulism are reported. The food incriminated could not be identified despite a careful investigation into the food history of the patients. The outcome was good following endotracheal ventilation and botulism antitoxin trivalent therapy. CONCLUSION In France, foodborne botulism is an uncommon public health disease, and with a good prognosis when the diagnosis is promptly performed. The value of emergency electromyographic findings is emphasized, particularly when the repetitive stimulation of the motor nerve shows a presynaptic block of neuromuscular transmission. Management depends on the symptomatology, and trivalent antitoxin therapy is the only specific treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Lamboley
- Service de réanimation pédiatrique, hôpital Bicêtre, 78, avenue du Général-Leclerc, 94275 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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43
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Growth of Bacillus cereus in natural and acidified carrot substrates over the temperature range 5–30°C. Food Microbiol 2000. [DOI: 10.1006/fmic.2000.0352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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44
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Carlin F, Girardin H, Peck MW, Stringer SC, Barker GC, Martinez A, Fernandez A, Fernandez P, Waites WM, Movahedi S, van Leusden F, Nauta M, Moezelaar R, Torre MD, Litman S. Research on factors allowing a risk assessment of spore-forming pathogenic bacteria in cooked chilled foods containing vegetables: a FAIR collaborative project. Int J Food Microbiol 2000; 60:117-35. [PMID: 11016602 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1605(00)00304-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Vegetables are frequent ingredients of cooked chilled foods and are frequently contaminated with spore-forming bacteria (SFB). Therefore, risk assessment studies have been carried out, including the following: hazard identification and characterisation--from an extensive literature review and expertise of the participants, B. cereus and C. botulinum were identified as the main hazards; exposure assessment--consisting of determination of the prevalence of hazardous SFB in cooked chilled foods containing vegetables and in unprocessed vegetables, and identification of SFB representative of the bacterial community in cooked chilled foods containing vegetables, determination of heat-resistance parameters and factors affecting heat resistance of SFB, determination of the growth kinetics of SFB in vegetable substrate and of the influence of controlling factors, validation of previous work in complex food systems and by challenge testing and information about process and storage conditions of cooked chilled foods containing vegetables. The paper illustrates some original results obtained in the course of the project. The results and information collected from scientific literature or from the expertise of the participants are integrated into the microbial risk assessment, using both a Bayesian belief network approach and a process risk model approach, previously applied to other foodborne hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Carlin
- lnstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité de Technologie des Produits, Végétaux, Avignon, France.
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Charni N, Perissol C, Le Petit J, Rugani N. Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against vegetative cells of Bacillus cereus. Appl Environ Microbiol 2000; 66:2278-81. [PMID: 10788418 PMCID: PMC101491 DOI: 10.1128/aem.66.5.2278-2281.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/1999] [Accepted: 03/03/2000] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Two monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against Bacillus cereus were produced. The MAbs (8D3 and 9B7) were selected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for their reactivity with B. cereus vegetative cells. They reacted with B. cereus vegetative cells while failing to recognize B. cereus spores. Immunoblotting revealed that MAb 8D3 recognized a 22-kDa antigen, while MAb 9B7 recognized two antigens with molecular masses of approximately 58 and 62 kDa. The use of MAbs 8D3 and 9B7 in combination to develop an immunological method for the detection of B. cereus vegetative cells in foods was investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Charni
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Service 452, UPRES A 6116 CNRS, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de St Jérôme, Université Aix-Marseille, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
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Salkinoja-Salonen MS, Vuorio R, Andersson MA, Kämpfer P, Andersson MC, Honkanen-Buzalski T, Scoging AC. Toxigenic strains of Bacillus licheniformis related to food poisoning. Appl Environ Microbiol 1999; 65:4637-45. [PMID: 10508100 PMCID: PMC91618 DOI: 10.1128/aem.65.10.4637-4645.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxin-producing isolates of Bacillus licheniformis were obtained from foods involved in food poisoning incidents, from raw milk, and from industrially produced baby food. The toxin detection method, based on the inhibition of boar spermatozoan motility, has been shown previously to be a sensitive assay for the emetic toxin of Bacillus cereus, cereulide. Cell extracts of the toxigenic B. licheniformis isolates inhibited sperm motility, damaged cell membrane integrity, depleted cellular ATP, and swelled the acrosome, but no mitochondrial damage was observed. The responsible agent from the B. licheniformis isolates was partially purified. It showed physicochemical properties similar to those of cereulide, despite having very different biological activity. The toxic agent was nonproteinaceous; soluble in 50 and 100% methanol; and insensitive to heat, protease, and acid or alkali and of a molecular mass smaller than 10,000 g mol(-1). The toxic B. licheniformis isolates inhibited growth of Corynebacterium renale DSM 20688(T), but not all inhibitory isolates were sperm toxic. The food poisoning-related isolates were beta-hemolytic, grew anaerobically and at 55 degrees C but not at 10 degrees C, and were nondistinguishable from the type strain of B. licheniformis, DSM 13(T), by a broad spectrum of biochemical tests. Ribotyping revealed more diversity; the toxin producers were divided among four ribotypes when cut with PvuII and among six when cut with EcoRI, but many of the ribotypes also contained nontoxigenic isolates. When ribotyped with PvuII, most toxin-producing isolates shared bands at 2.8 +/- 0.2, 4.9 +/- 0.3, and 11.7 +/- 0.5 or 13.1 +/- 0.8 kb.
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d'Elbée V, Burucoa C, Grollier G, Roblot F, Fauchère J. Bactériémie à Bacillus pumilus survenant conjointement avec une intoxication alimentaire à Salmonella entendis. Med Mal Infect 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0399-077x(00)87142-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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48
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Mäntynen V, Lindström K. A rapid PCR-based DNA test for enterotoxic Bacillus cereus. Appl Environ Microbiol 1998; 64:1634-9. [PMID: 9572928 PMCID: PMC106207 DOI: 10.1128/aem.64.5.1634-1639.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/1997] [Accepted: 02/23/1998] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of DNA sequences encoding the hemolysin HblA complex and Bacillus cereus enterotoxin BceT, which have recently been confirmed as enterotoxins, was studied in Bacillus spp. To amplify these DNA sequences, PCR primer systems for the B component of hblA and for bceT DNA sequences were developed. The results from the amplification of hblA sequences correlated well with results obtained with the B. cereus enterotoxin (diarrheal type) test kit (RPLA kit), but not with the results of the Bacillus diarrheal enterotoxin visual immunoassay (BDE kit). Except for two thermophilic strains, all strains that were positive in PCR amplification assays with the hblA primers were also positive when tested with the RPLA kit. The hblA DNA sequence was found in 33 strains, and these strains were closely related according to 16S rDNA-RFLP analysis, except B. pasteurii. In PCR amplifications with the bceT primers only the model strain gave a positive signal. It is concluded that screening of the hemolysin HblA complex by the PCR method allows faster detection of enterotoxin production than does testing with the RPLA enterotoxin kit.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Mäntynen
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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49
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Meer RR, Songer JG, Park DL. Human disease associated with Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 1997; 150:75-94. [PMID: 8978214 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4612-2278-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens continues to be a common cause of food-borne disease. Characteristics of this organism that contribute to its ability to cause food-borne illness include the formation of heat-resistant spores that survive normal cooking/heating temperatures, a rapid growth rate in warm food, and the production of enterotoxin (CPE) in the human gut. Time and temperature abuse associated with food preparation contributes to the majority of outbreaks of C. perfringens food-borne disease. CPE-induced diarrhea has been reported in the absence of a defined food vehicle. These cases have been typically associated with the elderly and following a course of antibiotic therapy. The incidence of CPE-induced diarrhea may be expected to increase with the growing population of immunocompromised (disease-, treatment-, or age-induced) individuals. Clostridium perfringens has been implicated as a possible contributor to the development of SIDS in susceptible individuals. Specifically, it has been hypothesized that CPE acts as a triggering agent, initiating the events associated with the development of SIDS. Continued refinement of both immunoassays and molecular methods for toxin and gene detection, respectively, will facilitate their eventual availability as commercial kits, providing rapid and simplified methods for the detection of C. perfringens isolates that produce or have the capacity to produce CPE as well as other toxins associated with this organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Meer
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Arizona, Tucson 85721, USA
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50
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Sutherland JP, Aherne A, Beaumont AL. Preparation and validation of a growth model for Bacillus cereus: the effects of temperature, pH, sodium chloride and carbon dioxide. Int J Food Microbiol 1996; 30:359-72. [PMID: 8854187 DOI: 10.1016/0168-1605(96)00962-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The growth responses of a vegetative inoculum of Bacillus cereus as influenced by varying conditions of temperature, pH value and sodium chloride concentration (% w/v) and carbondioxide concentration (% v/v) were determined in laboratory medium. Growth curves in concentrations of NaCl in the range 0.5-10.5% (w/v), pH values in the range 4.5-7.0, CO2 concentrations in the range 10-80% (v/v) and storage temperatures from 10 degrees C to 30 degrees C were fitted using the regime of Baranyi et al. (1993). A response surface model was prepared and predictions of doubling time, growth rate, lag time and time to 1000-fold increase could be obtained for any set of conditions within the matrix studied. This model is included in Food MicroModel Version 1. Predicted doubling times from the model were compared to observed doubling times in the literature and the model was found to give realistic estimates of doubling time for a range of foods including milk, meat and poultry and carbohydrate-based products.
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