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Steimel KG, Hwang R, Dinh D, Donnell MT, More S, Fung E. Evaluation of chemicals leached from PET and recycled PET containers into beverages. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2024; 39:251-260. [PMID: 36521108 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2022-0183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The use of recycled polyethylene terephthalate (rPET) containers, a recent shift in the beverage industry, poses new potential human health concerns including contamination from the original container; use of additives, detergents, and catalysts during recycling; and improper recycling practices. The purpose of this analysis was to evaluate available data regarding: (1) chemicals leached from PET and rPET in bottle form; (2) concentration of these chemicals; and (3) trends between rPET percent and concentration of chemicals leached. This analysis identified 211 scientific articles related to recycled plastic and leachables. Three articles met the inclusion criteria: (1) plastic was in bottle form; (2) plastic was made of PET or rPET; and (3) the study analyzed both PET and rPET using the same methods. This evaluation demonstrated that only nine compounds - benzene, styrene, acetaldehyde, 2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane, furan, bisphenol A (BPA), 2-buta-none, acetone, and limonene - have been studied. Notably, the leachable concentration of benzene, styrene, and BPA increased as the percent of recycled content increased from 0 to 100%. However, 2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane and furan implied a reverse trend, where the leachable concentration decreased as the percent of recycled content increased from 0 to 100%. The concentrations of 2-butanone, acetone, and limonene did not follow any suggested trend. Evidently, recycling PET can lead to changes in the leachables profile. This analysis further identified key areas of research, including testing a variety of liquid types, that need to be addressed to adequately conduct a human health risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ruth Hwang
- Stantec (ChemRisk), San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dan Dinh
- Stantec (ChemRisk), Brooklyn, NY, USA
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2
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Pinlova B, Nowack B. From cracks to secondary microplastics - surface characterization of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) during weathering. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 352:141305. [PMID: 38331266 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Secondary microplastics are a product of the fragmentation of plastic debris. Despite concerns regarding the omnipresence of microplastics in the environment, knowledge about the mechanics of their actual formation is still limited. Fragmentation is usually linked to weathering, which alters the properties of the plastic and allows fragmentation to occur. Therefore, in this study, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) samples were exposed to artificial UV light or a combination of UV light and water for a total of three months to simulate natural weathering. The samples included three forms of PET with different production histories: pellets, yarns, and films. The surface alterations to the samples during weathering were characterized using scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. Results indicated that the three different types of PET developed markedly different surface defects and also exhibited signs of weathering within different time frames. Differences were also found between samples exposed only to UV and those exposed to UV and submerged in water. In water, the first surface changes were spotted within 30 days of initial submersion and later developed into an organized crack network. Upon the introduction of mild mechanical forces, pieces of the weathered surface started to delaminate. The fragments from films had an elongated shape with a median size of 16.1 × 2.1 × 1.8 μm, resembling a fibre. If the weathered surface of a film were to detach completely, it could create 1.4-7.9 million microplastic fragments/cm2. For pellets, this number would range between 0.4 and 2.2 million microplastics/cm2. In addition to particle formation by surface delamination, particles also emerged on the weathered surfaces of all studied samples, presenting another possible source of micro-sized particles during weathering. Overall, the results of this work show that the weathering of plastics and the formation of microplastics are heavily influenced not only by the weathering mechanism but also by the type and production history of the polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Pinlova
- Technology and Society Laboratory, Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Bernd Nowack
- Technology and Society Laboratory, Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland.
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3
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Enyoh CE, Wang Q. Combined experimental and molecular dynamics removal processes of contaminant phenol from simulated wastewater by polyethylene terephthalate microplastics. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2024; 45:1183-1202. [PMID: 36269120 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2022.2139636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) and phenolics are pollutants found ubiquitously in freshwater systems. MPs oftentimes serve as a vector for pollutants across ecosystems and are now being explored as alternative adsorbents for pollutant removal. This strategy would reflect the 'reuse' of an existing waste stream into a potentially useful product while at the same time helping to minimize plastic waste in the marine environment. In this study, the adsorption of phenol onto pristine (Pr-PET), modified (Mod-PET), and aged (Ag-PET) Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) microplastics was examined experimentally and theoretically. Kinetics, isotherms, and thermodynamics models were used to investigate the adsorption process while Grand Canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were employed to investigate molecular level alterations. The result showed that the Ag-PET MPs had the best removal efficiency due larger surface area and the adsorption occurred in a pseudo-second-order manner, showing that the rate of phenol adsorption is directly proportional to the number of surface-active sites on the surface of PET MPs while the intraparticle diffusion defined rate-limiting step. However, the maximum monolayer adsorption capacity followed Mod-PET (38.02 mg/g) > Ag-PET (8.08 mg/g) > Pr-PET (6.84 mg/g). The adsorption process proceeded spontaneously and thermodynamically favourable. GCMC-MD simulations revealed that PET MPs are capable of successfully adsorbing the phenol molecule through Van der Waals and electrostatic interactions and can be adopted as novel adsorbents for phenol removal in aqueous solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qingyue Wang
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama City, Japan
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4
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Ariza-Tarazona MC, Siligardi C, Carreón-López HA, Valdéz-Cerda JE, Pozzi P, Kaushik G, Villarreal-Chiu JF, Cedillo-González EI. Low environmental impact remediation of microplastics: Visible-light photocatalytic degradation of PET microplastics using bio-inspired C,N-TiO 2/SiO 2 photocatalysts. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 193:115206. [PMID: 37392590 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) are plastic particles with sizes between 1 μm and 5 mm with a ubiquitous presence in aquatic ecosystems. MPs harm marine life and can cause severe health problems for humans. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) that involve the in-situ generation of highly oxidant hydroxyl radicals can be an alternative to fight MPs pollution. Of all the AOPs, photocatalysis has been proven a clean technology to overcome microplastic pollution. This work proposes novel C,N-TiO2/SiO2 photocatalysts with proper visible-active properties to degrade polyethylene terephthalate (PET) MPs. Photocatalysis was performed in an aqueous medium and at room temperature, evaluating the influence of two pH values (pH 6 and 8). The results demonstrated that the degradation of the PET MPs by C,N-TiO2/SiO2 semiconductors is possible, achieving mass losses between 9.35 and 16.22 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Camila Ariza-Tarazona
- Department of Engineering "Enzo Ferrari", University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via P. Vivarelli 10/1, Modena 41125, Italy; National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Via Giusti, Florence 50121, Italy.
| | - Cristina Siligardi
- Department of Engineering "Enzo Ferrari", University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via P. Vivarelli 10/1, Modena 41125, Italy; National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Via Giusti, Florence 50121, Italy
| | - Hugo Alejandro Carreón-López
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Av. Universidad S/N Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza 66455, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - José Enrique Valdéz-Cerda
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Av. Universidad S/N Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza 66455, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Paolo Pozzi
- Department of Engineering "Enzo Ferrari", University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via P. Vivarelli 10/1, Modena 41125, Italy
| | - Garima Kaushik
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Earth Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer 305817, India
| | - Juan Francisco Villarreal-Chiu
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Av. Universidad S/N Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza 66455, Nuevo León, Mexico; Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología y Nanotecnología (CIByN), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Parque de Investigación e Innovación Tecnológica, Km. 10 Autopista al Aeropuerto Internacional Mariano Escobedo, Apodaca 66628, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Erika Iveth Cedillo-González
- Department of Engineering "Enzo Ferrari", University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via P. Vivarelli 10/1, Modena 41125, Italy; National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Via Giusti, Florence 50121, Italy.
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5
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Severin MI, Akpetou LK, Annasawmy P, Asuquo FE, Beckman F, Benomar M, Jaya-Ram A, Malouli M, Mees J, Monteiro I, Ndwiga J, Neves Silva P, Nubi OA, Sim YK, Sohou Z, Shau-Hwai AT, Woo SP, Zizah S, Buysse A, Raes F, Krug LA, Seeyave S, Everaert G, Mahu E, Catarino AI. Impact of the citizen science project COLLECT on ocean literacy and well-being within a north/west African and south-east Asian context. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1130596. [PMID: 37388649 PMCID: PMC10303996 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1130596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Plastic pollution is both a societal and environmental problem and citizen science has shown to be a useful tool to engage both the public and professionals in addressing it. However, knowledge on the educational and behavioral impacts of citizen science projects focusing on marine litter remains limited. Our preregistered study investigates the impact of the citizen science project Citizen Observation of Local Litter in coastal ECosysTems (COLLECT) on the participants' ocean literacy, pro-environmental intentions and attitudes, well-being, and nature connectedness, using a pretest-posttest design. A total of 410 secondary school students from seven countries, in Africa (Benin, Cabo Verde, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Morocco, Nigeria) and Asia (Malaysia) were trained to sample plastics on sandy beaches and to analyze their collection in the classroom. Non-parametric statistical tests (n = 239 matched participants) demonstrate that the COLLECT project positively impacted ocean literacy (i.e., awareness and knowledge of marine litter, self-reported litter-reducing behaviors, attitudes towards beach litter removal). The COLLECT project also led to higher pro-environmental behavioral intentions for students in Benin and Ghana (implying a positive spillover effect) and higher well-being and nature connectedness for students in Benin. Results are interpreted in consideration of a high baseline in awareness and attitudes towards marine litter, a low internal consistency of pro-environmental attitudes, the cultural context of the participating countries, and the unique settings of the project's implementation. Our study highlights the benefits and challenges of understanding how citizen science impacts the perceptions and behaviors towards marine litter in youth from the respective regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine I. Severin
- Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ), Oostende, Belgium
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Centre for the Psychology of Learning and Experimental Psychopathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lazare Kouame Akpetou
- Centre Universitaire de Recherche et d’Application en Télédétection (CURAT), Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | | | - Francis Emile Asuquo
- Marine Atmosphere and Coastal Ocean Research Network (MACORN), UNICAL, Faculty of Oceanography, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Fiona Beckman
- Partnership for Observation of the Global Ocean (POGO), Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Mostapha Benomar
- Institut National de Recherche Halieutique (INRH), Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Annette Jaya-Ram
- Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies (CEMACS), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Mohammed Malouli
- Institut National de Recherche Halieutique (INRH), Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Jan Mees
- Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ), Oostende, Belgium
- Marine Biology Research Group, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ivanice Monteiro
- Ocean Science Centre Mindelo, Instituto do Mar (IMar), Mindelo, Cape Verde
| | - Joey Ndwiga
- Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ), Oostende, Belgium
| | | | | | - Yee Kwang Sim
- Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies (CEMACS), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Zacharie Sohou
- Institut de Recherches Halieutiques et Océanologiques du Benin (IRHOB), Cotonou, Benin
| | - Aileen Tan Shau-Hwai
- Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies (CEMACS), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Sau Pinn Woo
- Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies (CEMACS), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Soukaina Zizah
- Institut National de Recherche Halieutique (INRH), Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Ann Buysse
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Filip Raes
- Centre for the Psychology of Learning and Experimental Psychopathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lilian A. Krug
- Partnership for Observation of the Global Ocean (POGO), Plymouth, United Kingdom
- Centre for Marine and Environmental Research (CIMA), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Sophie Seeyave
- Partnership for Observation of the Global Ocean (POGO), Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | | | - Edem Mahu
- Department of Marine and Fisheries Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
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6
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Takahashi Y, Tanaka K, Kajiwara T, Suzuki G, Osako M, Kuramochi H. Cross-sectional microstructural analysis to evaluate the crack growth pattern of weathered marine plastics. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 331:138794. [PMID: 37116724 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Fragmentation of degraded plastics and release of smaller secondary microplastics is usually attributed to the growth of environmental stress cracks. Analysis of crack patterns derived from chemical degradation can be useful not only for assessing the cause of plastic fracture and evaluating the useful lifetime of a product, but it can also potentially provide valuable information on the generation of microplastics. However, the literature with respect to microplastics generation is generally limited to surface observations of polypropylene and polyethylene. Here, we used ion-beam milling to prepare cross-sections of fragments of 15 plastic products made from five commodity plastics (polypropylene, polyethylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, and polyethylene terephthalate) that were collected at two beaches in Japan, and then we examined the microstructures of those cross-sections by means of scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Crack growth in the depth direction was examined to provide insights into microplastic generation behavior. In all of the polypropylene samples, and some of the low-density polyethylene and polystyrene samples, cracks with a depth exceeding 100 μm from the sample surface were observed. Considering that crack growth causes fracture of degraded plastic and microplastic release, these observations suggest the release of sharp-edged microplastics from the crack fracture surface. In contrast, in the high-density polyethylene and polyvinyl chloride samples, crack growth was limited to within 20 μm of the sample surface, suggesting the release of irregularly shaped microplastics and additive particles. The present results suggest that the degradation behavior of plastic products in the depth direction is dependent on the type of plastic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Takahashi
- Material Cycles Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, 305-8506, Japan.
| | - Kosuke Tanaka
- Material Cycles Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, 305-8506, Japan
| | - Takehiro Kajiwara
- Yamaguchi Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environment, Yamaguchi, 753-0871, Japan
| | - Go Suzuki
- Material Cycles Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, 305-8506, Japan
| | - Masahiro Osako
- Material Cycles Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, 305-8506, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Kuramochi
- Material Cycles Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, 305-8506, Japan
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7
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Srirodpai O, Wootthikanokkhan J, Nawalertpanya S. Thermochromic and temperature regulation properties of phase change materials derived from polymer composites loaded with
VO
2
particles. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.6021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Onruthai Srirodpai
- Materials Technology Program School of Energy, Environment and Materials, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT) Bangkok Thailand
| | - Jatuphorn Wootthikanokkhan
- Materials Technology Program School of Energy, Environment and Materials, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT) Bangkok Thailand
| | - Saiwan Nawalertpanya
- Department of Chemical Engineering Faculty of Engineering King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT) Bangkok Thailand
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Shi Y, Zheng L, Huang H, Tian YC, Gong Z, Liu P, Wu X, Li WT, Gao S. Formation of Nano- and Microplastics and Dissolved Chemicals During Photodegradation of Polyester Base Fabrics with Polyurethane Coating. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:1894-1906. [PMID: 36693029 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Polyurethane (PU) synthetic leathers possess an intricate plastic composition, including polyester (PET) base fabrics and upper PU resin, but the release of fragments from the complexes is unclear. Therefore, we investigated the photodegradation trends of PET base fabrics with PU coating (PET-U) as a representative of composite plastics. Attention was paid to the comparison of the photoaging process of PET-U with that of pure PET base fabric (PET-P). To reveal the potential for chain scission, physical and chemical changes (e.g., surface morphology, molecular weight, and crystallinity) of the two fabrics were explored. The generation of microplastic fibers (MPFs) and microplastic particles (MPPs) was distinguished. Compared with PET-P, PET-U showed a similar but delayed trend in various characteristics and debris release rate as the photoaging time prolonged. Even so, after 360 h of illumination, the generated number of MPs (including MPFs and MPPs) rose considerably to 9.32 × 107 MPs/g, and the amount of released nanoplastics (NPs) increased to 2.70 × 1011 NPs/g from PET-U. The suppression of MP formation from PET-U was potentially directed by the physical shielding of the upper PU layer and the dropped MPs, which resisted the photochemical radical effect. The components of dissolved organic matter derived from plastics (P-DOM) were separated by molecular weight using a size-exclusion chromatography-diode array detector-organic carbon detector/organic nitrogen detector (SEC-DAD-OCD/OND), and the results showed that a larger amount of carbon- and nitrogen-containing chemical substances were generated in PET-U, accompanied by more aromatic and fluorescent compounds. The results provided theoretical bases and insights for future research on the risks of plastic debris from PU synthetic leathers on aquatic organisms and indicated feasible directions for exploring combined pollution studies of plastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqi Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Lezhou Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Hexinyue Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye-Chao Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhimin Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Liu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Tao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Shixiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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9
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Su H, Li T, Wang S, Zhu L, Hu Y. Low-temperature upcycling of PET waste into high-purity H 2 fuel in a one-pot hydrothermal system with in situ CO 2 capture. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 443:130120. [PMID: 36265384 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation and improper disposal of a large amount of plastic waste have exacerbated the deterioration of the global ecosystem and environment. To simplify the complex management system and alleviate the environmental impact of plastic wastes, this study reports a novel one-pot hydrothermal conversion strategy for polyethylene terephthalate (PET), integrating three steps, namely depolymerization, subsequent in-situ aqueous phase reforming, and in-situ CO2 capture. Here, the PET waste was converted directly into the clean high-purity H2 fuel and the disodium terephthalate (Na2-TPA). A high yield of H2 at 23.7 mol/kgPET with ca. 99 % of H2 concentration was obtained at a temperature as low as 240 °C. The feasibility of this strategy in handling real-world PET plastic wastes was demonstrated through a series of tests on beverage bottles, food packaging, and polyester fabric waste. The Na2-TPA crystals produced from the proposed PET conversion system exhibited purity close to that of the standard sample, and thus had the potential to be directly used as an electrode material. Overall, this strategy provides an efficient way to transform PET waste into high-value products and improves the sustainability of the PET waste disposal process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongcai Su
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Zheda Road 38, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Tian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Zheda Road 38, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Shurong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Zheda Road 38, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Lingjun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Zheda Road 38, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yanjun Hu
- Institute of Energy and Power Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
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10
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Bacha AUR, Nabi I, Zaheer M, Jin W, Yang L. Biodegradation of macro- and micro-plastics in environment: A review on mechanism, toxicity, and future perspectives. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:160108. [PMID: 36370786 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Plastic waste has gained remarkable research attention due to its accumulation, associated environmental issues, and impact on living organisms. In order to overcome this challenge, there is an urgent need for its removal from the environment. Under this menace, finding appropriate treatment methods like biodegradation instead of typical treatment methods is of supreme importance. However, there is a limited review on bio-decomposition of plastics, existing microbial species, their degradation efficacy, and mechanism. From this point of view, this study focused on a brief overview of biodegradation such as influencing factors on biodegradation, existing species for macro- and micro-plastics, and present research gap. Degradation percentage, limitations of existing species, and future recommendations are proposed. Microbial species such as bacteria, algae, and fungi have the ability to decompose plastics but they are unable to completely mineralize the plastics. Meanwhile, there is limited knowledge about the involved enzymes in plastics degradation, especially in the case of algae. Bio-decomposition of plastics requires more stringent conditions which are usually feasible for field application. This work will be a reference for new researchers to use this effective strategy for plastic pollution removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziz-Ur-Rahim Bacha
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Prevention and Control, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Iqra Nabi
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Muhammad Zaheer
- School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wenbiao Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Prevention and Control, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Lei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Prevention and Control, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
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11
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Pro-Inflammatory and Cytotoxic Effects of Polystyrene Microplastics on Human and Murine Intestinal Cell Lines. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13010140. [PMID: 36671525 PMCID: PMC9856121 DOI: 10.3390/biom13010140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Plastic is a polymer extremely resistant to degradation that can remain for up to hundreds or thousands of years, leading to the accumulation of massive amounts of plastic waste throughout the planet's ecosystems. Due to exposure to various environmental factors, plastic breaks down into smaller particles named microplastics (1-5000 μm) and nanoplastics (<1 μm). Microplastics (MPs) are ubiquitous pollutants but, still, little is known about their effects on human and animal health. Herein, our aim is to investigate cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, inflammation and correlated gene modulation following exposure to polystyrene microplastics (PS-MPs) in HRT-18 and CMT-93 epithelial cell lines. After 6, 24 and 48 h PS-MPs treatment, cell viability (MTT) and oxidative stress (SOD) assays were performed; subsequently, expression changes and cytokines release were investigated by Real-Time PCR and Magnetic-beads panel Multiplex Assay, respectively. For each exposure time, a significantly increased cytotoxicity was observed in both cell lines, whereas SOD activity increased only in CMT-93 cells. Furthermore, Magnetic-beads Multiplex Assay revealed an increased release of IL-8 in HRT-18 cells' medium, also confirmed by gene expression analysis. Results obtained suggest the presence of a pro-inflammatory pattern induced by PS-MPs treatment that could be related to the observed increase in cytotoxicity.
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Shi X, Chen Z, Liu X, Wei W, Ni BJ. The photochemical behaviors of microplastics through the lens of reactive oxygen species: Photolysis mechanisms and enhancing photo-transformation of pollutants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 846:157498. [PMID: 35870588 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The photoaging mechanisms of various polymers have been explored based on the basic autoxidation scheme (BAS) before 10 years ago, however current research verified some defects in the BAS in both thermodynamic and dynamics. These defects are troublesome because they are associated with the hydrogen abstraction which is central to continuously perform the photooxidation process of microplastics. These found indicated that we might wrongly inferred photo-oxidation process of some microplastics. In addition, the important role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the type-dependent photoaging process of various microplastics has been revealed recently. In this case, fully and accurately understanding the photoaging mechanisms of different microplastics in environment is a priority to further manage the ecological risk of microplastics. Herein, this review aims to revise and update the degradation process of microplastics based on the revised BAS and in the perspective of ROS. Specifically, the modification of BAS is firstly discussed. The photoaging mechanisms of representative microplastics (i.e., polyethylene, polystyrene and polyethylene terephthalate) are then updated based on the corrected BAS. Additionally, the role of ROS in their photolysis process and the possibility of microplastics as photosensitizers/mediators to regulate the fate of co-existent pollutants are also analyzed. Finally, several perspectives are then proposed to guide future research on the photoaging behaviors of microplastics. This review would pave the way for the understanding of microplastic photoaging and the management of plastic pollution in environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingdong Shi
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Zhijie Chen
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Xiaoqing Liu
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Wei Wei
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Bing-Jie Ni
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.
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13
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Degradation-fragmentation of marine plastic waste and their environmental implications: A critical review. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.104262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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14
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Pozo-Antonio JS, Rivas T, González N, Alonso-Villar EM. Deterioration of graffiti spray paints applied on granite after a decade of natural environment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 826:154169. [PMID: 35231519 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Graffiti spray paints are commonly used in contemporaneous mural paintings in public spaces, contributing to the transformation of sites and urban life. These outdoor artworks are now beginning to show different deterioration forms, such as physical-mechanical alteration (loss of material and cohesion, etc.) and chromatic changes. However, the deterioration has not been formally characterized, and the influence of the paint composition and underlying substrate are not known. In this study, three non-metallic (red, blue and black) alkyd graffiti spray paints and one metallic (silver) polyethylene graffiti spray paint were applied to two granite stones with different mineralogy and texture and exposed to a natural urban-marine environment near Vigo (NW Spain) for one decade (2010-2020). Physical changes were evaluated by stereomicroscopy, colour spectrophotometry, measurements of gloss, surface roughness and static contact angle, and peeling test. Mineralogical changes were determined by x-ray diffraction and molecular changes by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Moreover, micromorphological and chemical characterization of the surfaces was conducted by scanning electron microscopy. Physical-mechanical changes, such as craquelure and paint loss, depended on the texture of the granite. More specifically, paint on the granite with the finest grain size showed most intense cracking and loss of material. Chemical changes, which were not related to the granite substrate, were most intense in the red and silver paint coatings. In the red paint, loss of binder was accompanied by an intense fading of the colour (due to titanium dioxide relative enrichment), while in the silver paint coating, chemical changes occurred in both the organic binder and aluminium particles, thus darkening the colour. Fewer chemical changes were observed in the blue and black paints. Physical and chemical changes detected in these paints were not correlated.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Pozo-Antonio
- CINTECX, GESSMin group, Dpto. de Enxeñaría de Recursos Naturais e Medio Ambiente, Escola de Enxeñaría de Minas e Enerxía, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
| | - T Rivas
- CINTECX, GESSMin group, Dpto. de Enxeñaría de Recursos Naturais e Medio Ambiente, Escola de Enxeñaría de Minas e Enerxía, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - N González
- CINTECX, GESSMin group, Dpto. de Enxeñaría de Recursos Naturais e Medio Ambiente, Escola de Enxeñaría de Minas e Enerxía, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - E M Alonso-Villar
- CINTECX, GESSMin group, Dpto. de Enxeñaría de Recursos Naturais e Medio Ambiente, Escola de Enxeñaría de Minas e Enerxía, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
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Submicronic Filtering Media Based on Electrospun Recycled PET Nanofibers: Development, Characterization, and Method to Manufacture Surgical Masks. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12060925. [PMID: 35335738 PMCID: PMC8952864 DOI: 10.3390/nano12060925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The disposal of single-use personal protective equipment has brought a notable environmental impact in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. During these last two years, part of the global research efforts has been focused on preventing contagion using nanotechnology. This work explores the production of filter materials with electrohydrodynamic techniques using recycled polyethylene terephthalate (PET). PET was chosen because it is one of the materials most commonly present in everyday waste (such as in food packaging, bags, or bottles), being the most frequently used thermoplastic polymer in the world. The influence of the electrospinning parameters on the filtering capacity of the resulting fabric was analyzed against both aerosolized submicron particles and microparticulated matter. Finally, we present a new scalable and straightforward method for manufacturing surgical masks by electrospinning and we validate their performance by simulating the standard conditions to which they are subjected to during use. The masks were successfully reprocessed to ensure that the proposed method is able to reduce the environmental impact of disposable face masks.
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16
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Abe MM, Branciforti MC, Nallin Montagnolli R, Marin Morales MA, Jacobus AP, Brienzo M. Production and assessment of the biodegradation and ecotoxicity of xylan- and starch-based bioplastics. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 287:132290. [PMID: 34562707 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Developing novel renewable (and preferably biodegradable) materials has become recurrent due to the growing concerns with environmental impacts of high volumes of plastic waste produced from oil-based sources over the past decades. This study aimed at developing bioplastics from a mixture of starch and xylan in variable ratios, and the combined effect of α-cellulose and holocellulose extracted from sugarcane bagasse added to the process. The disintegration of bioplastics was evaluated in both soil and composting. The ecotoxicity analyses with Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Bacillus subtilis and seeds of Cucumis sativus were conducted after disintegration. All formulations based on 5% (w/v) of total polysaccharides were dried at 30 °C and resulted in homogeneous and non-brittle bioplastics. The composting results showed that all bioplastic formulations disintegrated in 3 days, whereas the 25/75% (xylan/starch, w/w) formulation vanished in soil within 13 days. The ecotoxicity data showed no inhibition of microbial growth after biodegradation, yielding 100% of seed germination. Despite the positive influence of the bioplastic degradation on the root and hypocotyl growth, temporary inhibition of C. sativus tissues exposed to soil washing (10 days of disintegration) was observed. The study demonstrated that xylan/starch bioplastics result in non-ecotoxic biodegradable materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateus Manabu Abe
- Institute for Research in Bioenergy (IPBEN), University of São Paulo State (UNESP), Rio Claro, SP, 13500-230, Brazil
| | - Marcia Cristina Branciforti
- Department of Materials Engineering, São Carlos School of Engineering (EESC), University of São Paulo (USP), São Carlos, 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Renato Nallin Montagnolli
- Department of Natural Sciences, Mathematics and Education, Agricultural Sciences Centre- Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), SP-330, km 174, Araras, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Aparecida Marin Morales
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo State (UNESP), Av. 24-A, 1515, CP 199, Rio Claro, SP, 13506-900, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Jacobus
- Institute for Research in Bioenergy (IPBEN), University of São Paulo State (UNESP), Rio Claro, SP, 13500-230, Brazil
| | - Michel Brienzo
- Institute for Research in Bioenergy (IPBEN), University of São Paulo State (UNESP), Rio Claro, SP, 13500-230, Brazil.
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17
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Abstract
Abstract
The serious issue of textile waste accumulation has raised attention on biodegradability as a possible route to support sustainable consumption of textile fibers. However, synthetic textile fibers that dominate the market, especially poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), resist biological degradation, creating environmental and waste management challenges. Because pure natural fibers, like cotton, both perform well for consumer textiles and generally meet certain standardized biodegradability criteria, inspiration from the mechanisms involved in natural biodegradability are leading to new discoveries and developments in biologically accelerated textile waste remediation for both natural and synthetic fibers. The objective of this review is to present a multidisciplinary perspective on the essential bio-chemo-physical requirements for textile materials to undergo biodegradation, taking into consideration the impact of environmental or waste management process conditions on biodegradability outcomes. Strategies and recent progress in enhancing synthetic textile fiber biodegradability are reviewed, with emphasis on performance and biodegradability behavior of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) as an alternative biobased, biodegradable apparel textile fiber, and on biological strategies for addressing PET waste, including industrial enzymatic hydrolysis to generate recyclable monomers. Notably, while pure PET fibers do not biodegrade within the timeline of any standardized conditions, recent developments with process intensification and engineered enzymes show that higher enzymatic recycling efficiency for PET polymer has been achieved compared to cellulosic materials. Furthermore, combined with alternative waste management practices, such as composting, anaerobic digestion and biocatalyzed industrial reprocessing, the development of synthetic/natural fiber blends and other strategies are creating opportunities for new biodegradable and recyclable textile fibers.
Article Highlights
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) leads other synthetic textile fibers in meeting both performance and biodegradation criteria.
Recent research with poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) polymer shows potential for efficient enzyme catalyzed industrial recycling.
Synthetic/natural fiber blends and other strategies could open opportunities for new biodegradable and recyclable textile fibers.
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18
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Impact of Enzymatic Degradation on the Material Properties of Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate). Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13223885. [PMID: 34833184 PMCID: PMC8620022 DOI: 10.3390/polym13223885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
With macroscopic litter and its degradation into secondary microplastic as a major source of environmental pollution, one key challenge is understanding the pathways from macro- to microplastic by abiotic and biotic environmental impact. So far, little is known about the impact of biota on material properties. This study focuses on recycled, bottle-grade poly(ethylene terephthalate) (r-PET) and the degrading enzyme PETase from Ideonella sakaiensis. Compact tension (CT) specimens were incubated in an enzymatic solution and thermally and mechanically characterized. A time-dependent study up to 96 h revealed the formation of steadily growing colloidal structures. After 96 h incubation, high amounts of BHET dimer were found in a near-surface layer, affecting crack propagation and leading to faster material failure. The results of this pilot study show that enzymatic activity accelerates embrittlement and favors fragmentation. We conclude that PET-degrading enzymes must be viewed as a potentially relevant acceleration factor in macroplastic degradation.
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19
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Ali SS, Elsamahy T, Koutra E, Kornaros M, El-Sheekh M, Abdelkarim EA, Zhu D, Sun J. Degradation of conventional plastic wastes in the environment: A review on current status of knowledge and future perspectives of disposal. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 771:144719. [PMID: 33548729 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation of plastic wastes has been recently recognized as one of the most critical environmental challenges, affecting all life forms, natural ecosystems and economy, worldwide. Under this threat, finding alternative environmentally-friendly solutions, such as biodegradation instead of traditional disposal, is of utmost importance. However, up to date, there is limited knowledge on plastic biodegradation mechanisms and efficiency. From this point of view, the purpose of this review is to highlight the negative effects of the accumulation of the most conventional plastic waste (polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyvinylchloride, polyethylene terephthalate and polyurethane) on the environment and to present their degradability potential through abiotic and biotic processes. Furthermore, the ability of different microbial species for degradation of these polymers is thoroughly discussed. The present review also addresses the contribution of invertebrates, such as insects, in plastic degradation process, highlighting the vital role that they could play in the future. In total, a schematic pathway of an innovative approach to improve the disposal of plastic wastes is proposed, with view to establishing an effective and sustainable practice for plastic waste management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameh Samir Ali
- Biofuels Institute, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Tamer Elsamahy
- Biofuels Institute, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Eleni Koutra
- Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering & Environmental Technology (LBEET), Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, 1 Karatheodori Str., University Campus, 26504 Patras, Greece; INVALOR: Research Infrastructure for Waste Valorization and Sustainable Management, University Campus, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Michael Kornaros
- Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering & Environmental Technology (LBEET), Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, 1 Karatheodori Str., University Campus, 26504 Patras, Greece; INVALOR: Research Infrastructure for Waste Valorization and Sustainable Management, University Campus, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Mostafa El-Sheekh
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Esraa A Abdelkarim
- Biofuels Institute, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Daochen Zhu
- Biofuels Institute, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Jianzhong Sun
- Biofuels Institute, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
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20
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Asadi H, Uhlemann J, Stranghoener N, Ulbricht M. Artificial Weathering Mechanisms of Uncoated Structural Polyethylene Terephthalate Fabrics with Focus on Tensile Strength Degradation. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:618. [PMID: 33572845 PMCID: PMC7866265 DOI: 10.3390/ma14030618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the past five decades, reinforced coated textile membranes have been used increasingly as building materials, which are environmentally exposed. Thus, their weathering degradation over the service life must be taken into account in design, fabrication, and construction. Regarding such structural membranes, PVC (polyvinylchloride)-coated PET (polyethylene terephthalate) fabric is one of the most common commercially available types. This paper focuses on the backbone of it, i.e., the woven PET fabric. Herein, weathering of uncoated PET, as the load-bearing component of the composite PET-PVC, was studied. This study assessed the uniaxial tensile strength degradation mechanisms of uncoated PET fabric during artificial accelerated weathering tests. For this purpose, exploratory data analysis was carried out to analyze the chemical and physical changes which were traced by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and molecular weight measurements. Finally, with the help of degradation mechanisms determined from the aforementioned evaluations, a degradation pathway network model was constructed. With that, the relationship between applied stress, mechanistic variables, structural changes, and performance level responses (tensile strength degradation) was assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hastia Asadi
- Institute for Metal and Lightweight Structures, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 15, 45141 Essen, Germany; (J.U.); (N.S.)
| | - Joerg Uhlemann
- Institute for Metal and Lightweight Structures, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 15, 45141 Essen, Germany; (J.U.); (N.S.)
| | - Natalie Stranghoener
- Institute for Metal and Lightweight Structures, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 15, 45141 Essen, Germany; (J.U.); (N.S.)
| | - Mathias Ulbricht
- Lehrstuhl für Technische Chemie II, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 7, 45117 Essen, Germany;
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21
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Tramoy R, Gasperi J, Colasse L, Silvestre M, Dubois P, Noûs C, Tassin B. Transfer dynamics of macroplastics in estuaries - New insights from the Seine estuary: Part 2. Short-term dynamics based on GPS-trackers. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 160:111566. [PMID: 32911115 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The dynamics of plastic debris were assessed in the Seine River, especially in the estuary, using plastic bottles equipped with GPS-trackers. In one year, 50 trajectories were recorded, covering a wide range of hydrometeorological conditions. Results show a succession of stranding/remobilization episodes in combination with alternating upstream and downstream transport in the estuary. In the end, 100% of the tracked bottles stranded somewhere, for hours or weeks, from one to several times at different sites. The overall picture shows that different physical phenomena interact with various time scales ranging from hours/days (high/low tides) to weeks/months (spring/neap tides and highest tides) and years (seasonal river flow). Thus, the fate of plastic debris is highly unpredictable, but the consequence of those interactions is that the transfer of debris is chaotic and not straightforward, and its residence time is much longer than the transit time of water.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Tramoy
- LEESU (UMR MA 102, Université Paris-Est, AgroParisTech), Université Paris-Est Créteil, 61 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94010 Créteil Cedex, France; Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, Université Paris-Est Créteil, AgroParisTech, Laboratoire Eau Environnement et Systèmes Urbains, UMR MA 102, Créteil, France.
| | - J Gasperi
- LEESU (UMR MA 102, Université Paris-Est, AgroParisTech), Université Paris-Est Créteil, 61 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94010 Créteil Cedex, France; Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, Université Paris-Est Créteil, AgroParisTech, Laboratoire Eau Environnement et Systèmes Urbains, UMR MA 102, Créteil, France; GERS-LEE, Université Gustave Eiffel, IFSTTAR, F-44344 Bouguenais, France.
| | - L Colasse
- Association SOS Mal de Seine, France. http://www.maldeseine.free.fr/
| | - M Silvestre
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Fédération Ile-de-France de Recherche en Environnement, FR3020 FIRE, Paris, France
| | - P Dubois
- LEESU (UMR MA 102, Université Paris-Est, AgroParisTech), Université Paris-Est Créteil, 61 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94010 Créteil Cedex, France; Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, Université Paris-Est Créteil, AgroParisTech, Laboratoire Eau Environnement et Systèmes Urbains, UMR MA 102, Créteil, France
| | - C Noûs
- Laboratoire Cogitamus, Université Paris-Est Créteil, 61 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94010 Créteil Cedex, France
| | - B Tassin
- LEESU (UMR MA 102, Université Paris-Est, AgroParisTech), Université Paris-Est Créteil, 61 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94010 Créteil Cedex, France; Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, Université Paris-Est Créteil, AgroParisTech, Laboratoire Eau Environnement et Systèmes Urbains, UMR MA 102, Créteil, France
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22
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23
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Chia JWF, Sawai O, Nunoura T. Reaction pathway of poly(ethylene) terephthalate carbonization: Decomposition behavior based on carbonized product. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 108:62-69. [PMID: 32335488 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Char, a solid product obtained from carbonization of waste Poly(Ethylene) Terephthalate (PET), has high potential to solve the current plastic waste problem through the synthesis of new carbon-based adsorbents. However, thermal degradation reaction of polymer involves multiple series of complex reaction pathways and the formation of char is not clarified. In this study, the phase behavior of PET carbonization and the mechanism of char formation was studied in detail. Based on the van Krevelen diagram, it is evident that rapid thermal decomposition of PET occurs through decarbonylation to form char and decarboxylation to form wax. Based on the analysis of cross-linking behavior, a correlation between the degree of cross-linking as a function of CO and CO2 and dependent parameters based on the experimental operation was obtained. The findings validified the assumption that scission of CO bond in the ester group through decarbonylation and decarboxylation to release CO and CO2 leads to the formation of char. The cross-linking behavior was further clarified by studying the distribution of cross-linking structure in char and wax. It was confirmed that decarbonylation reaction to release CO is highly associated with the formation of cross-linking to form char in the solid residue, whereas decarboxylation reaction to release CO2 is highly associated with the formation of cross-linking to form aromatic compounds in the wax residue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer W F Chia
- Department of Environment Systems, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan.
| | - Osamu Sawai
- Environmental Science Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Teppei Nunoura
- Department of Environment Systems, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan; Environmental Science Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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24
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Tramoy R, Gasperi J, Colasse L, Tassin B. Transfer dynamic of macroplastics in estuaries - New insights from the Seine estuary: Part 1. Long term dynamic based on date-prints on stranded debris. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 152:110894. [PMID: 31957678 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.110894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Rivers are a major pathway for plastics between lands and the ocean. At the land-ocean interface, estuaries make the transfer dynamic of plastics complex and nonlinear. That is why very little is known about this dynamic. In this respect, a specific marker (i.e. Microlax packaging) showing date-prints was systematically investigated in different riverbanks of the Seine estuary to identify the share of "old" and "recent" litter transiting through the estuary toward the ocean. Up to 70% of Microlax were "old" plastic items probably related to the meandering dynamic of the river over large time and space scales, and hydrodynamic conditions (tides) at smaller scales. This contributes together to increase the residence time of plastics into the estuary up to decades with almost endless transport, deposit and remobilization cycles. Consequently, the Seine estuary may function as a "microplastic factory" resulting from the fragmentation of macroplastics into microplastics well before they reach the ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Tramoy
- LEESU (UMR MA 102, Université Paris-Est, AgroParisTech), Université Paris-Est Créteil, 61 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94010 Créteil Cedex, France.
| | - J Gasperi
- LEESU (UMR MA 102, Université Paris-Est, AgroParisTech), Université Paris-Est Créteil, 61 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94010 Créteil Cedex, France; GERS-LEE, Université Gustave Eiffel, IFSTTAR, F-44344 Bouguenais, France.
| | - L Colasse
- Association SOS Mal de Seine, France
| | - B Tassin
- LEESU (UMR MA 102, Université Paris-Est, AgroParisTech), Université Paris-Est Créteil, 61 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94010 Créteil Cedex, France
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Sattlegger L, Haider T, Völker C, Kerber H, Kramm J, Zimmermann L, Wurm FR. Die PET‐Mineralwasserflasche. CHEM UNSERER ZEIT 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ciuz.201900875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Sattlegger
- ISOE – Institut für sozial‐ökologische Forschung Hamburger Allee 45 60486 Frankfurt am Main
| | - Tobias Haider
- Max‐Planck‐Institut für Polymerforschung (MPI‐P) Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz
| | - Carolin Völker
- ISOE – Institut für sozial‐ökologische Forschung Hamburger Allee 45 60486 Frankfurt am Main
| | - Heide Kerber
- ISOE – Institut für sozial‐ökologische Forschung Hamburger Allee 45 60486 Frankfurt am Main
| | - Johanna Kramm
- ISOE – Institut für sozial‐ökologische Forschung Hamburger Allee 45 60486 Frankfurt am Main
| | - Lisa Zimmermann
- Goethe‐Universität FrankfurtAbteilung für aquatische Ökotoxikologie Max‐von‐Laue‐Str. 13 60438 Frankfurt am Main
| | - Frederik R. Wurm
- Max‐Planck‐Institut für Polymerforschung (MPI‐P) Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz
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26
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Karan H, Funk C, Grabert M, Oey M, Hankamer B. Green Bioplastics as Part of a Circular Bioeconomy. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 24:237-249. [PMID: 30612789 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The rapid accumulation of plastic waste is driving international demand for renewable plastics with superior qualities (e.g., full biodegradability to CO2 without harmful byproducts), as part of an expanding circular bioeconomy. Higher plants, microalgae, and cyanobacteria can drive solar-driven processes for the production of feedstocks that can be used to produce a wide variety of biodegradable plastics, as well as bioplastic-based infrastructure that can act as a long-term carbon sink. The plastic types produced, their chemical synthesis, scaled-up biorefinery concepts (e.g., plant-based methane-to-bioplastic production and co-product streams), bioplastic properties, and uses are summarized, together with the current regulatory framework and the key barriers and opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Karan
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, 306 Carmody Road, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; Joint first author
| | - Christiane Funk
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden; Joint first author
| | - Martin Grabert
- Montroix Pty Ltd, PO Box 4394, Hawker ACT 2614, Australia
| | - Melanie Oey
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, 306 Carmody Road, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Ben Hankamer
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, 306 Carmody Road, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
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Nguyen-Tri P, Prud'homme RE. Nanoscale analysis of the photodegradation of polyester fibers by AFM-IR. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2018.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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28
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Haider TP, Völker C, Kramm J, Landfester K, Wurm FR. Kunststoffe der Zukunft? Der Einfluss von bioabbaubaren Polymeren auf Umwelt und Gesellschaft. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201805766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias P. Haider
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung; Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Carolin Völker
- Institut für sozial-ökologische Forschung (ISOE); Hamburger Allee 45 60486 Frankfurt am Main Deutschland
| | - Johanna Kramm
- Institut für sozial-ökologische Forschung (ISOE); Hamburger Allee 45 60486 Frankfurt am Main Deutschland
| | - Katharina Landfester
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung; Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Frederik R. Wurm
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung; Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Deutschland
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29
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Haider TP, Völker C, Kramm J, Landfester K, Wurm FR. Plastics of the Future? The Impact of Biodegradable Polymers on the Environment and on Society. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 58:50-62. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201805766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 531] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias P. Haider
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research; Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Carolin Völker
- Institute for Social-Ecological Research (ISOE); Hamburger Allee 45 60486 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Johanna Kramm
- Institute for Social-Ecological Research (ISOE); Hamburger Allee 45 60486 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | | | - Frederik R. Wurm
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research; Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
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30
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Dubelley F, Planes E, Bas C, Pons E, Yrieix B, Flandin L. Predictive durability of polyethylene terephthalate toward hydrolysis over large temperature and relative humidity ranges. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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31
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Ueland M, Howes JM, Forbes SL, Stuart BH. Degradation patterns of natural and synthetic textiles on a soil surface during summer and winter seasons studied using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2017; 185:69-76. [PMID: 28551449 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2017.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Textiles are a valuable source of forensic evidence and the nature and condition of textiles collected from a crime scene can assist investigators in determining the nature of the death and aid in the identification of the victim. Until now, much of the knowledge of textile degradation in forensic contexts has been based on the visual inspection of material collected from soil environments. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the potential of a more quantitative approach to the understanding of forensic textile degradation through the application of infrared spectroscopy. Degradation patterns of natural and synthetic textile materials as they were subjected to a natural outdoor environment in Australia were investigated. Cotton, polyester and polyester - cotton blend textiles were placed on a soil surface during the summer and winter seasons and were analysed over periods 1 and 1.5years, respectively, and examined using attenuated total reflectance (ATR) spectroscopy. Statistical analysis of the spectral data obtained for the cotton material correlated with visual degradation and a difference in the onset of degradation between the summer and winter season was revealed. The synthetic material did not show any signs of degradation either visually or statistically throughout the experimental period and highlighted the importance of material type in terms of preservation. The cotton section from the polyester - cotton blend samples was found to behave in a similar manner to that of the 100% cotton samples, however principal component analysis (PCA) demonstrated that the degradation patterns were less distinct in both the summer and winter trial for the blend samples. These findings indicated that the presence of the synthetic material may have inhibited the degradation of the natural material. The use of statistics to analyse the spectral data obtained for textiles of forensic interest provides a better foundation for the interpretation of the data obtained using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, and has provided insight into textile degradation processes relevant to a soil environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiken Ueland
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia.
| | - Johanna M Howes
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Shari L Forbes
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Barbara H Stuart
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia
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32
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Degradation of Various Plastics in the Environment. THE HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/698_2017_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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33
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Lewandowski S, Rejsek-Riba V, Bernès A, Perraud S, Lacabanne C. Influence of the environment during a photodegradation of multilayer films. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.44075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Lewandowski
- Physique Des Polymères, Institut Carnot CIRIMAT, Université Paul Sabatier; 118 Route De Narbonne Toulouse Cedex 9 31062 France
- ONERA, The French Aerospace Lab-DESP; Toulouse Cedex 04 F-31055 France
| | | | - Alain Bernès
- Physique Des Polymères, Institut Carnot CIRIMAT, Université Paul Sabatier; 118 Route De Narbonne Toulouse Cedex 9 31062 France
| | - Sophie Perraud
- Centre National D'Etudes Spatiales; 18 Avenue Edouard Belin Toulouse Cedex 9 31401 France
| | - Colette Lacabanne
- Physique Des Polymères, Institut Carnot CIRIMAT, Université Paul Sabatier; 118 Route De Narbonne Toulouse Cedex 9 31062 France
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34
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Ioakeimidis C, Fotopoulou KN, Karapanagioti HK, Geraga M, Zeri C, Papathanassiou E, Galgani F, Papatheodorou G. The degradation potential of PET bottles in the marine environment: An ATR-FTIR based approach. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23501. [PMID: 27000994 PMCID: PMC4802224 DOI: 10.1038/srep23501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The dominance and persistence of plastic debris in the marine environment are well documented. No information exists in respect to their lifespan in the marine environment. Nevertheless, the degradation potential of plastic litter items remains a critical issue for marine litter research. In the present study, polyethylene terephthalate bottles (PETs) collected from the submarine environment were characterized using ATR-FTIR in respect to their degradation potential attributed to environmental conditions. A temporal indication was used as indicative to the years of presence of the PETs in the environment as debris. PETs seem to remain robust for approximately fifteen years. Afterwards, a significant decrease of the native functional groups was recorded; some even disappear; or new-not typical for PETs-are created. At a later stage, using the PET time series collected from the Saronikos Gulf (Aegean Sea–E. Mediterranean), it was possible to date bottles that were collected from the bottom of the Ionian Sea (W. Greece). It is the first time that such a study has been conducted with samples that were actually degraded in the marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ioakeimidis
- Laboratory of Marine Geology and Physical Oceanography, Department of Geology, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece.,Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, 19013 Anavyssos, Greece
| | - K N Fotopoulou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece
| | | | - M Geraga
- Laboratory of Marine Geology and Physical Oceanography, Department of Geology, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece
| | - C Zeri
- Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, 19013 Anavyssos, Greece
| | - E Papathanassiou
- Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, 19013 Anavyssos, Greece
| | - F Galgani
- Departement Océanographie et Dynamique des Ecosystemes, Institut français de recherche pour l'exploitation de la mer (Ifremer), Bastia, Corsica, France
| | - G Papatheodorou
- Laboratory of Marine Geology and Physical Oceanography, Department of Geology, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece
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Fotopoulou KN, Karapanagioti HK. Surface properties of beached plastics. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:11022-32. [PMID: 25787219 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4332-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Studying plastic characteristics in the marine environment is important to better understand interaction between plastics and the environment. In the present study, high-density polyethylene (HDPE), polyethylene terephalate (PET), and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) samples were collected from the coastal environment in order to study their surface properties. Surface properties such as surface functional groups, surface topography, point of zero charge, and color change are important factors that change during degradation. Eroded HDPE demonstrated an altered surface topography and color and new functional groups. Eroded PET surface was uneven, yellow, and occasionally, colonized by microbes. A decrease in Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) peaks was observed for eroded PET suggesting that degradation had occurred. For eroded PVC, its surface became more lamellar and a new FTIR peak was observed. These surface properties were obtained due to degradation and could be used to explain the interaction between plastics, microbes, and pollutants.
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36
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Lin X, Qian Q, Xiao L, Chen Q, Huang Q, Zhang H. Influence of Reactive Compatibilizer on the Morphology, Rheological, and Mechanical Properties of Recycled Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate)/Polyamide 6 Blends. J MACROMOL SCI B 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00222348.2014.946840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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37
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Arrieta C, Dong Y, Lan A, Vu-Khanh T. Outdoor weathering of polyamide and polyester ropes used in fall arrest equipment. J Appl Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/app.39524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Arrieta
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; École de Technologie Supérieure; Montreal; H3C 1K3; Canada
| | - Yingying Dong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; École de Technologie Supérieure; Montreal; H3C 1K3; Canada
| | - André Lan
- Institut de Recherche Robert-Sauvé en Santé et Sécurité du Travail; De Maisonneuve Ouest; Montreal; H3A 3C2; Canada
| | - Toan Vu-Khanh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; École de Technologie Supérieure; Montreal; H3C 1K3; Canada
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38
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Sammon C, Everall N, Yarwood J. The diffusion of water into pet followed in-situ
using FT-IR ATR. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.19971190119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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39
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Alsewailem FD. Characterization of Some Post-Consumer Thermoplastic Food Packaging Reclaimed from Remote Desert Areas in Saudi Arabia. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/00914030802565418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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40
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Andanson JM, Kazarian SG. In situ ATR-FTIR Spectroscopy of Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Subjected to High-Temperature Methanol. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.200850521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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41
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de Carvalho GM, Muniz EC, Rubira AF. Hydrolysis of post-consume poly(ethylene terephthalate) with sulfuric acid and product characterization by WAXD, 13C NMR and DSC. Polym Degrad Stab 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2005.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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42
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Hosseini SS, Taheri S, Zadhoush A, Mehrabani-Zeinabad A. Hydrolytic degradation of poly(ethylene terephthalate). J Appl Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/app.24142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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43
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44
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Pegoretti A, Penati A. Effects of hygrothermal aging on the molar mass and thermal properties of recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) and its short glass fibre composites. Polym Degrad Stab 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2004.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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45
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Pegoretti A, Penati A. Recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) and its short glass fibres composites: effects of hygrothermal aging on the thermo-mechanical behaviour. POLYMER 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2004.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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46
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Fechine G, Rabello M, Souto Maior R, Catalani L. Surface characterization of photodegraded poly(ethylene terephthalate). The effect of ultraviolet absorbers. POLYMER 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2004.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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47
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Zhang J, Wang X, Gong J, Gu Z. A study on the biodegradability of polyethylene terephthalate fiber and diethylene glycol terephthalate. J Appl Polym Sci 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/app.20556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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48
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49
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Hakkarainen M, Gallet G, Karlsson S. Prediction by multivariate data analysis of long-term properties of glassfiber reinforced polyester composites. Polym Degrad Stab 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-3910(98)00180-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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50
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Nunes EDCD, Agnelli JAM, Rossi RA. Poli(Etileno Naftalato) - PEN: uma revisão do seu histórico e as principais tendências de sua aplicação mundial. POLIMEROS 1998. [DOI: 10.1590/s0104-14281998000200009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Este artigo contém uma revisão sobre o Poli(etileno naftalato) - PEN e também inclui vários aspectos relacionados com as blendas poliméricas Poli(etileno tereftalato) - PET / Poli(etileno naftalato) - PEN. O artigo é resultado de um desenvolvimento conjunto da Alcoa Alumínio S.A.- Divisão de Embalagens e do Departamento de Engenharia de Materiais - Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), que tem como objetivo pesquisar o tema aqui abordado.
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