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Nandy S, Crum M, Wasden K, Strych U, Goyal A, Maranholkar V, Mo W, Vu B, Kourentzi K, Willson RC. Protein A-Nanoluciferase fusion protein for generalized, sensitive detection of immunoglobulin G. Anal Biochem 2023; 660:114929. [PMID: 36270332 PMCID: PMC9826736 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2022.114929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Detection and quantification of antibodies, especially immunoglobulin G (IgG), is a cornerstone of ELISAs, many diagnostics, and the development of antibody-based drugs. Current state-of-the-art immunoassay techniques for antibody detection require species-specific secondary antibodies and carefully-controlled bioconjugations. Poor conjugation efficiency degrades assay performance and increases the risk of clinical false positives due to non-specific binding. We developed a generic, highly-sensitive platform for IgG quantification by fusing the IgG-Fc binding Z domain of Staphylococcal Protein A with the ultrabright bioluminescence reporter Nanoluc-luciferase (Nluc). We demonstrated the application of this fusion protein in a sandwich IgG detection immunoassay using surface-bound antigens to capture target IgG and protein A-Nanoluc fusion as the detector. We optimized the platform's sensitivity by incorporating multiple repeats of the Z domain into the fusion protein constructs. Using rabbit and mouse anti-SARS-CoV-2 Nucleoprotein IgGs as model analytes, we performed ELISAs in two different formats, either with SARS-CoV-2 Nucleoprotein as the capture antigen or with polyclonal chicken IgY as the capture antibody. Using standard laboratory equipment, the platform enabled the quantitation of antibody analytes at concentrations as low as 10 pg/mL (67 fM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Nandy
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mary Crum
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA,Present address: Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Katherine Wasden
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA,Present address: Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ulrich Strych
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA,Present address: Department of Paediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Atul Goyal
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA,Present address: Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River, NY, USA
| | - Vijay Maranholkar
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - William Mo
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA,Present address: Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA
| | - Binh Vu
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Katerina Kourentzi
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Richard C Willson
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA,Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA,Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de Salud, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico,Corresponding author. (Richard C Willson)
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Mazigi O, Schofield P, Langley DB, Christ D. Protein A superantigen: structure, engineering and molecular basis of antibody recognition. Protein Eng Des Sel 2019; 32:359-366. [PMID: 31641749 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzz026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus interacts with the human immune system through the production of secreted factors. Key among these is protein A, a B-cell superantigen capable of interacting with both antibody Fc and VH regions. Here, we review structural and molecular features of this important example of naturally occurring bacterial superantigens, as well as engineered variants and their application in biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ohan Mazigi
- Department of Immunology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Peter Schofield
- Department of Immunology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - David B Langley
- Department of Immunology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Daniel Christ
- Department of Immunology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
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3
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Cruz-Bustos T, González-González G, Morales-Sanfrutos J, Megía-Fernández A, Santoyo-González F, Osuna A. Functionalization of immunostimulating complexes (ISCOMs) with lipid vinyl sulfones and their application in immunological techniques and therapy. Int J Nanomedicine 2012; 7:5941-56. [PMID: 23233802 PMCID: PMC3518286 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s35556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Immunostimulating complexes (ISCOM)-type nanocapsules have been functionalized with lipid vinyl sulfones that anchor to them via the hydrophobic zone of their structure and can be charged with pharmacologically active molecules or macromolecules. These functionalized nanocapsules can incorporate protein A and bind to G immunoglobulins (IgGs) to make vehicles directed at the surface antigens of infectious agents, tumor cells, or receptor cells and deliver the encapsulated molecules in a highly specific way. They may be of particular use in pharmacological treatments with highly toxic molecules that should not be used in solution whenever it can be avoided. When bound to antibodies they can be used in biological processes that require the delivery or presentation of macromolecules to certain specific cells, in immunization processes for instance, or in diagnostic immunological techniques, as they are able to transport both the secondary antibodies and the reaction labels. Methods and results We describe the preparation of ISCOMs, the binding to the ISCOMS of newly synthesized compounds composed of chain alkyl vinyl sulfone, and the subsequent binding of the vinyl-sulfone compounds to IgGs. Within this context, a compound deriving from cholesterol functionalized with vinyl sulfone and used together with cholesterol in varying proportions has been linked to the structure of the ISCOMs and bound to protein A–IgG. This functionalization in no way altered the form or structure of the ISCOMs and allowed the nanocapsules carrying the specific IgGs to bind to forms of Trypanosoma cruzi against which antibodies had been developed. The fact that functionalized ISCOMs containing antibodies could deliver actinomycin D directly to the parasite meant that the effective dose of the antibiotic could be reduced very significantly. Conclusion We have developed ISCOM-type nanocapsules functionalized with lipid vinyl sulfone capable of anchoring to the surface of functional IgGs, which favors the recognition and transport of these nanocapsules precisely to certain kinds of cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Cruz-Bustos
- Molecular Biochemistry and Parasitology Research Group, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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4
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Bloom ME, Best SM, Hayes SF, Wells RD, Wolfinbarger JB, McKenna R, Agbandje-McKenna M. Identification of aleutian mink disease parvovirus capsid sequences mediating antibody-dependent enhancement of infection, virus neutralization, and immune complex formation. J Virol 2001; 75:11116-27. [PMID: 11602751 PMCID: PMC114691 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.22.11116-11127.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2001] [Accepted: 07/30/2001] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aleutian mink disease parvovirus (ADV) causes a persistent infection associated with circulating immune complexes, immune complex disease, hypergammaglobulinemia, and high levels of antiviral antibody. Although antibody can neutralize ADV infectivity in Crandell feline kidney cells in vitro, virus is not cleared in vivo, and capsid-based vaccines have proven uniformly ineffective. Antiviral antibody also enables ADV to infect macrophages, the target cells for persistent infection, by Fc-receptor-mediated antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE). The antibodies involved in these unique aspects of ADV pathogenesis may have specific targets on the ADV capsid. Prominent differences exist between the structure of ADV and other, more-typical parvoviruses, which can be accounted for by short peptide sequences in the flexible loop regions of the capsid proteins. In order to determine whether these short sequences are targets for antibodies involved in ADV pathogenesis, we studied heterologous antibodies against several peptides present in the major capsid protein, VP2. Of these antibodies, a polyclonal rabbit antibody to peptide VP2:428-446 was the most interesting. The anti-VP2:428-446 antibody aggregated virus particles into immune complexes, mediated ADE, and neutralized virus infectivity in vitro. Thus, antibody against this short peptide can be implicated in key facets of ADV pathogenesis. Structural modeling suggested that surface-exposed residues of VP2:428-446 are readily accessible for antibody binding. The observation that antibodies against a single target peptide in the ADV capsid can mediate both neutralization and ADE may explain the failure of capsid-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Bloom
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, Montana 59840, USA.
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Coe JE, Prince GA. Definition of cotton rat immunoglobulins: sigmodon species differ in expression of IgG isotypes and production of respiratory syncytial virus antibody. Immunology 1996; 88:323-30. [PMID: 8774346 PMCID: PMC1456358 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.1996.d01-678.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The cotton rat (Sigmodon species) is the preferred animal model for experiments with a number of human pathogens, especially the respiratory viruses. The cotton rat is classified in the family Cricetidae (with hamsters and gerbils) and is a distant cousin of the common laboratory rat (Rattus) classified in the family Muridae (with the common laboratory mouse, Mus). Antibody reagents that are specific for cotton rat immunoglobulins have not been described. To enhance the usefulness of this model, four immunoglobulins in Sigmodon serum were characterized (IgG1, IgG2, IgA, IgM) and antisera specific for each immunoglobulin were made. Sera from three different species of Sigmodon were examined, S. hispidus (SH), S. arizoni (SA) and S. fulviventer (SF). Although IgA and IgM appeared similar in all three species, the IgG were expressed differently because normal serum levels of IgG2 were deficient in SH when compared with SA and SF and to other rodents. Similarly, IgG2 antibody response to purified protein antigen was deficient in SH although the IgG1 antibody response was superior to that in SF and SA. The three cotton rat species were infected with respiratory syncytial virus, and the kinetics of the antibody response was measured. Neutralizing antibody developed faster and to a higher titre in SH than in SA and SF. The enhanced immunoresponsiveness in SH may compensate for the IgG2 deficiency in SH and these changes appear to be relatively recent events in the evolution of this most populous species of Sigmodon.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Coe
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
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Diaz Romero J, Outschoorn IM. A comparative study of the immune response to poly-[alpha(2-->8)-N-acetyl neuraminic acid]. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1995; 371A:543-8. [PMID: 8525985 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-1941-6_114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Diaz Romero
- Centro Nacional de Microbiologia, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
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Schmitz JL, Schell RF, Callister SM, Lovrich SD, Day SP, Coe JE. Immunoglobulin G2 confers protection against Borrelia burgdorferi infection in LSH hamsters. Infect Immun 1992; 60:2677-82. [PMID: 1612738 PMCID: PMC257220 DOI: 10.1128/iai.60.7.2677-2682.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We showed that immune serum and its immunoglobulin fractions, specifically immunoglobulin G2 (IgG2), could confer complete protection to irradiated hamsters challenged with the Lyme disease spirochete. Immune serum and its immunoglobulin fractions also killed Borrelia burgdorferi in vitro. Depletion of complement in vivo abrogated the ability of IgG2 to confer complete protection against B. burgdorferi. Furthermore, the majority of antibody reactivity directed against B. burgdorferi was found in the IgG2 fraction. These findings demonstrate that IgG2 plays an important role in acquired resistance against infection with B. burgdorferi. Additional studies are needed to determine the mechanism(s) by which B. burgdorferi evades host defenses despite the development of an effective borreliacidal antibody response.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Schmitz
- Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 53706
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8
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Schwan TG, Kime KK, Schrumpf ME, Coe JE, Simpson WJ. Antibody response in white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) experimentally infected with the Lyme disease spirochete (Borrelia burgdorferi). Infect Immun 1989; 57:3445-51. [PMID: 2807530 PMCID: PMC259851 DOI: 10.1128/iai.57.11.3445-3451.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
White-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus), the primary reservoir for Borrelia burgdorferi in the northern midwest and northeastern United States, were experimentally inoculated with an infectious strain or a noninfectious strain of the Lyme disease spirochete and examined for their specific antibody response with the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot (immunoblot) analysis. Immunoglobulin M (IgM) anti-B. burgdorferi antibodies were detected in mice 1 to 2 days after inoculation with either the infectious or noninfectious strain of spirochetes and peaked on days 4 and 5. Mice inoculated with the infectious strain of spirochete had a secondary increase in IgM 21 days after inoculation. Mice also produced both IgG1 and IgG2 antibodies beginning 5 to 7 days after inoculation and they increased in titer until 84 days after inoculation when the experiment was terminated. Western blot analysis of sequential plasma samples from mice inoculated with the infectious strain of spirochete demonstrated the development of IgM, IgG1, and IgG2 antibodies to numerous spirochetal antigens, whereas mice inoculated with the noninfectious strain had reduced blot patterns with antibodies reactive primarily to the 31,000-kilodalton outer surface protein A. Persistent spirochetal infection in some mice, in spite of a strong and diverse antibody response, deserves further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T G Schwan
- Arthropod-borne Diseases Section, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, Montana 59840
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Yamamoto S, Omura M, Hirata H. Isolation of porcine, canine and feline IgG by affinity chromatography using protein A. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1985; 9:195-200. [PMID: 4035977 DOI: 10.1016/0165-2427(85)90019-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Isolation of porcine, canine and feline IgG has hitherto been achieved usually by DEAE-ion exchange chromatography and gel filtration. These procedures, however, are rather time-consuming, as they involve purification of IgG. Isolation of IgG by affinity chromatography on a column of protein A-Sepharose was attempted. IgG of all three animal species was very easily isolated with a high yield. In the absence of any other method that allows isolation of IgG of three animal species from a single column, the procedure proposed would be very useful.
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Leatherbarrow RJ, Dwek RA. The effect of aglycosylation on the binding of mouse IgG to staphylococcal protein A. FEBS Lett 1983; 164:227-30. [PMID: 6653789 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(83)80290-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Aglycosylated IgG produced by hybridoma cells cultured in the presence of tunicamycin was compared with normal IgG for its ability to bind to staphylococcal protein A. No differences were found in binding or elution profiles. It is concluded that aglycosylation does not produce major structural alterations at the CH2-CH3 interface of the Fc region of IgG.
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Lindmark R, Thorén-Tolling K, Sjöquist J. Binding of immunoglobulins to protein A and immunoglobulin levels in mammalian sera. J Immunol Methods 1983; 62:1-13. [PMID: 6348168 DOI: 10.1016/0022-1759(83)90104-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The use of protein A from S. aureus (SpA) as an anti-IgG reagent in immunological techniques has extended in recent years, together with knowledge about its interaction with immunoglobulins of different species. Current data with respect to the binding of protein A to immunoglobulins and to the levels of immunoglobulins in the sera of some mammalian species are reviewed.
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Underwood PA, Kelly JF, Harman DF, MacMillan HM. Use of protein A to remove immunoglobulins from serum in hybridoma culture media. J Immunol Methods 1983; 60:33-45. [PMID: 6854030 DOI: 10.1016/0022-1759(83)90332-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The levels of protein A-reactive immunoglobulin (PA-Ig) in foetal bovine serum were measured in commercial batches. For tissue culture media incorporating 10% foetal bovine serum, the levels of bovine PA-Ig were of a similar order to those of mouse monoclonal antibodies produced by hybridomas grown in such media. The equilibrium constants were calculated for the binding to protein A-Sepharose of a number of mouse monoclonal antibodies, and of PA-Ig in foetal bovine serum and normal mouse serum. The average affinity of the mouse PA-Ig was 10 times higher than that of the bovine PA-Ig, suggesting that the two could be separated by affinity chromatography on protein A-Sepharose. The mouse monoclonal antibodies, however, displayed a range of affinity 1.5-100 times that of the bovine PA-Ig, indicating that such separation could not be generally applied. The optimal technique involved removing PA-Ig from bovine serum before its inclusion in the culture medium and then purifying the monoclonal antibody on a second protein A-Sepharose column.
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