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Wang J, Cao B, Zhao H, Feng J. Emerging Roles of Ganoderma Lucidum in Anti-Aging. Aging Dis 2017; 8:691-707. [PMID: 29344411 PMCID: PMC5758346 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2017.0410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum is a white-rot fungus that has been viewed as a traditional Chinese tonic for promoting health and longevity. It has been revealed that several extractions from Ganoderma lucidum, such as Ethanol extract, aqueous extract, mycelia extract, water soluble extract of the culture medium of Ganoderma lucidum mycelia, Ganodermasides A, B, C, D, and some bioactive components of Ganoderma lucidum, including Reishi Polysaccharide Fraction 3, Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides I, II, III, IV, Ganoderma lucidum peptide, Ganoderma polysaccharide peptide, total G. lucidum triterpenes and Ganoderic acid C1 could exert lifespan elongation or related activities. Although the use of Ganoderma lucidum as an elixir has been around for thousands of years, studies revealing its effect of lifespan extension are only the tip of the iceberg. Besides which, the kinds of extractions or components being comfrimed to be anti-aging are too few compared with the large amounts of Ganoderma lucidum extractions or constituients being discovered. This review aims to lay the ground for fully elucidating the potential mechanisms of Ganoderma lucidum underlying anti-aging effect and its clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jue Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China
- Cerebrovascular Diseases Research Institute, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Bin Cao
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Haiping Zhao
- Cerebrovascular Diseases Research Institute, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Juan Feng
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China
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Salvador J, Adams EJ, Ershler R, Ershler WB. Future challenges in analysis and treatment of human immune senescence. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2003; 23:133-48. [PMID: 12645883 DOI: 10.1016/s0889-8561(02)00076-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Immune functions decline with age; immunorestorative approaches have been explored in laboratory animals and humans with definite, but limited success. In the clinical setting, the age-associated immune deficiency (immunesenescence) is compounded by the presence of comorbidities that are associated with a functional decline in immunity. Thus, any successful immune reconstitution strategy for humans must involve treatment of the underlying diseases. Furthermore, general health measures such as nutrition and exercises may have powerful effects on restoring immunity, to the extent that malnutrition and a sedentary lifestyle have contributed to existing immune deficiency. More selective approaches, such as with specific cytokines or organ transplantation are of experimental interest but are quite distant from achieving clinical applicability as interventions to restore immunity in the frail elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Salvador
- Institute for Advanced Studies in Aging and Geriatric Medicine, 1700 Wisconsin Ave, NW, Washington, DC 20007, USA
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3
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Alterations in signal transduction inT lymphocytes and neutrophils with ageing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s1566-3124(02)13006-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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4
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Katz JM, Lu X, Todd CW, Newman MJ. A nonionic block co-polymer adjuvant (CRL1005) enhances the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of inactivated influenza vaccine in young and aged mice. Vaccine 2000; 18:2177-87. [PMID: 10717336 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(00)00022-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The use of adjuvants is one approach to improve influenza vaccine immunogenicity and efficacy, particularly in aged populations. The response of BALB/c mice to subcutaneously administered formalin-inactivated whole influenza virus vaccine in the presence or absence of a nonionic block copolymer adjuvant CRL1005 was evaluated. In young adult naïve mice, the copolymer adjuvant significantly enhanced virus-specific IgG and hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibody responses and augmented the production of IL-2 following vaccination. Influenza vaccine formulated with 2.5 mg CRL1005 significantly enhanced the protective efficacy of the inactivated vaccine in the upper and lower respiratory tract. In mice previously infected with influenza virus or naïve aged mice, inactivated vaccine administered with the copolymer adjuvant substantially enhanced the serum HI antibody response to inactivated influenza vaccine and significantly reduced lung virus titers following subsequent challenge with live virus compared with mice administered vaccine alone. These results suggest that the copolymer adjuvant warrants further investigation as a potential adjuvant for use in human vaccination against influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Katz
- Influenza Branch, Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
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5
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Mbawuike IN, Acuna CL, Walz KC, Atmar RL, Greenberg SB, Couch RB. Cytokines and impaired CD8+ CTL activity among elderly persons and the enhancing effect of IL-12. Mech Ageing Dev 1997; 94:25-39. [PMID: 9147358 DOI: 10.1016/s0047-6374(96)01855-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that about 70% of elderly persons exhibit deficient cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CD8+ CTL) responses against influenza viruses when compared to young persons. Since IFN-gamma, a Th1 cytokine and IL-4, a Th2 cytokine, stimulate and inhibit CD8+ CTL responses respectively, their role(s) in the age-related CTL deficiency was investigated. Lymphocytes from young adults (34 +/- 5 years old) and elderly subjects (71 +/- 1 years old) were stimulated in vitro with influenza A/H3N2, A/H1N1 or influenza B virus for 6-7 days. The CD8+ CTL activity against virus-infected autologous target cells was significantly lower among the elderly than the young subjects (P < 0.01). Following stimulation with influenza virus, IL-4 production in both age groups was similar on day 3 but significantly higher among elderly persons on day 6 (P < 0.05). In contrast, T cells from the elderly produced significantly lower IFN-gamma than did those from young persons on both days (P < 0.05). Treatment of T cells from young and elderly adults with recombinant human IL-12, a pivotal cytokine that stimulates Th1 cytokines, resulted in enhancement of CD8+ CTL activity and IFN-gamma production in a dose dependent manner (P < 0.01). IL-12-dependent enhancement of CTL activity was not always abrogated by anti-IFN-gamma antibody treatment. These results suggest that deficient influenza virus-specific CTL activity among the elderly is attributable to a Th1 to Th2 cytokine production switch. Immunotherapy with IL-12 could represent a useful approach to correct the CD8+ CTL deficiency and cytokine imbalance among elderly humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- I N Mbawuike
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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6
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Gravenstein S, Drinka P, Duthie EH, Miller BA, Brown CS, Hensley M, Circo R, Langer E, Ershler WB. Efficacy of an influenza hemagglutinin-diphtheria toxoid conjugate vaccine in elderly nursing home subjects during an influenza outbreak. J Am Geriatr Soc 1994; 42:245-51. [PMID: 8120307 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.1994.tb01746.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the efficacy of an influenza hemagglutinin-diphtheria toxoid conjugate vaccine with the commercially available influenza hemagglutinin-subunit vaccine in preventing influenza in older adults living in a nursing home. DESIGN A prospective, randomized, double-blind vaccine trial with 5 months of follow-up after vaccination. SETTING Fourteen Wisconsin nursing homes. PARTICIPANTS Nursing home residents at least 65 years old who were able to give informed consent and were free of malignancy and not receiving immunosuppressive therapy. INTERVENTIONS Participants received, by intramuscular injection, 0.5 mL of a trivalent influenza vaccine containing 15 micrograms each of A/Leningrad/360/86 (H3N2), A/Taiwan/1/86 (H1N1), and B/Ann Arbor/1/86 (HA) or 0.5 mL of an influenza vaccine containing the same antigens conjugated to diphtheria toxoid (HA-D). MEASUREMENTS Blood was obtained pre- and 1 month post-vaccination to assess for any vaccine-induced antibody titer change. Clinical surveillance for respiratory illness was performed twice weekly for 5 months. A record was kept of all signs and symptoms of new respiratory illness, and a viral culture and acute and convalescent sera were obtained. RESULTS 204 participants received HA and 204 received HA-D. Both groups had similar baseline antibody levels to all influenza antigens. HA-D recipients seroconverted more frequently based on serum neutralizing activity (P < 0.05), had a greater increase in geometric mean titer (GMT), and sustained the increase in antibody titer longer than HA recipients. Vaccine hemagglutinin recall was greater in a subset of HA-D recipients as measured by lymphocyte proliferative assays (P < 0.05). During an outbreak of influenza A (H3N2 A/Shanghai/11/87-like and A/Victoria/7/87-like), fewer HA-D (29/195) than HA (43/204) recipients had laboratory-confirmed infection (P = 0.053), and, of these, fewer HA-D-treated subjects had lower respiratory tract involvement (5/29 HA-D and 17/43 HA) (P = 0.022). CONCLUSIONS HA-D was more immunogenic in institutionalized elderly recipients and produced greater protection from influenza infection. Superior protection may be due to HA-D's ability to stimulate and recruit antigen-presenting cells, thus enabling the recipient to achieve and maintain functional antibody titers.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gravenstein
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison
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7
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Mbawuike IN, Lange AR, Couch RB. Diminished influenza A virus-specific MHC class I-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity among elderly persons. Viral Immunol 1993; 6:55-64. [PMID: 8476508 DOI: 10.1089/vim.1993.6.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus-specific MHC class I-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activities among young and elderly adults were compared. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from 10 young adults, (mean age 27 +/- 2.4 years) and elderly persons (mean age 71 +/- 1.6 years) were stimulated with influenza A/Taiwan/1/86 (H1N1) virus for 7 days and assayed for lytic activity against A/Taiwan, A/Shanghai (H3N2), and B/USSR virus-infected autologous target cells. Young adults exhibited significantly higher influenza A cross-reactive CTL activity against A/H1N1 and A/H3N2 target cells when compared to aged persons. This was true at all effector-to-target cell ratios tested. Negligible lysis of B/USSR-infected target cells or nonautologous A/Taiwan-infected cells was observed. The number of leukocytes recovered per milliliter of blood was also significantly higher in young adults than in old donors; however, the percentage of CD45+ (common leukocyte antigen), CD3+ (T cells), CD4+ (T helper), and CD8+ (T cytotoxic/suppressor) as well as the CD4+/CD8+ ratios was similar in both groups. Depletion of cells with monoclonal antibodies indicated that the effector cells were CD8+ T cells. Serum-neutralizing antibody (Nt Ab) titers were similar among young and elderly persons and there was no correlation between Nt Ab and CTL activity. These results demonstrate a reduced influenza virus-specific MHC class I-restricted CTL activity among elderly persons. The deficiency in this cell-mediated immune function may contribute to the morbidity and mortality from influenza virus infections in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- I N Mbawuike
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
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8
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Ershler WB. Tumors and aging: the influence of age-associated immune changes upon tumor growth and spread. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1993; 330:77-92. [PMID: 8368144 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-2926-2_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- W B Ershler
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
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9
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Abstract
Tumors in general occur more frequently in older people, but many of the common tumors appear to be less malignant in older hosts. In this article mechanisms of tumor enhancement are reviewed, and those that are age-sensitive are emphasized. In this regard, our earlier experimental work suggested that age-associated immune change (immune senescence) is most important in explaining reduced tumor growth. We have found that unstimulated spleen cells in culture produce a tumor-enhancing factor (TEF) that enhances B16 murine melanoma cell proliferation. TEF, and others, such as lymphocyte-induced angiogenesis factor (LIA) and various other autocrine growth factors, may stimulate malignant cells in cancer-bearing hosts. An age-associated reduction in those factors could account for the observed reduced tumor growth and spread in hosts of advanced age.
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Affiliation(s)
- W B Ershler
- Department of Medicine, Madison VA GRECC, Wisconsin
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10
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Guidi L, Bartoloni C, Frasca D, Antico L, Pili R, Cursi F, Tempesta E, Rumi C, Menini E, Carbonin P. Impairment of lymphocyte activities in depressed aged subjects. Mech Ageing Dev 1991; 60:13-24. [PMID: 1745061 DOI: 10.1016/0047-6374(91)90105-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lymphocyte activities were determined in a population of 26 institutionalized aged subjects, selected as healthy according to the SENIEUR protocol and previously reported to display immunological and endocrinological abnormalities correlated with depressive disorders. The lymphocyte mitotic response to PHA, which was reduced in aged as compared to adult subjects, was found to be significantly lower and negatively correlated with the depression score in the elderly subjects. In supernatants of PHA-stimulated lymphocyte culture from aged subjects, IL-2, IL-4 and gamma-IFN levels were very low and more severely affected in the depressed aged group. Each cytokine production was negatively correlated with age and depression score. NK activity was lower in the aged and it could be augmented by the addition of IL-2 or alpha-IFN, even though to a lesser extent than in the adult subjects. The nondepressed aged displayed higher levels of IL-2 inducible NK activity than the depressed aged subjects. IL-2 and alpha-IFN stimulated NK activities were negatively correlated with depression score. The present work indicates that the psychological status could affect lymphocyte reactivity in the aged. Given the relatively high frequency of affective disorders in these subjects, the psychological status should be considered in studies of immune senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Guidi
- Institute of Clinica Medica Generale, Universitá Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Facoltá di Medicina, Roma, Italy
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11
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Mbawuike IN, Wyde PR, Anderson PM. Enhancement of the protective efficacy of inactivated influenza A virus vaccine in aged mice by IL-2 liposomes. Vaccine 1990; 8:347-52. [PMID: 1697721 DOI: 10.1016/0264-410x(90)90093-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A dose-dependent, vaccine-induced protection of aged and young Balb/c mice against lethal influenza A virus challenge has been demonstrated. Low dose formalin-inactivated influenza A virus vaccine was protective in young mice, but not in aged mice, while a higher dose was protective in both. Administration of low dose vaccine with IL-2 liposomes conferred protection comparable to the high dose in aged mice. Serum neutralizing antibody responses were stimulated by vaccine in a dose-dependent manner while IL-2 liposomes significantly enhanced responses in the low dose paralleled protection in young but not in aged mice. Lung interferon levels paralleled lung virus titres in young but not in aged mice. CTL responses in infected mice were generally higher in young than aged mice. These results demonstrate efficacy of IL-2 liposomes as an adjuvant for influenza virus vaccines in the aged.
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Affiliation(s)
- I N Mbawuike
- Influenza Research Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
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12
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Orson FM, Saadeh CK, Lewis DE, Nelson DL. Interleukin 2 receptor expression by T cells in human aging. Cell Immunol 1989; 124:278-91. [PMID: 2510938 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(89)90131-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Aged individuals have depressed cell-mediated immunity and diminished T cell proliferation to mitogenic and antigenic stimuli. Because T cell responses depend on the surface expression and normal function of interleukin 2 receptors, we measured the quantities and affinities of cell surface IL-2R and the amount of soluble IL-2R alpha chain (p55) release in vitro in PHA-stimulated mononuclear cells from healthy aged (greater than or equal to 65 years old) and young (less than or equal to 39 years old) donors. At the peak of the PHA response, the fraction of cells expressing IL-2R alpha chain (CD25+) was lower in the aged (43% vs 56%, P = 0.033). Relative to the lower proliferation and CD25 expression, old donor cells released unexpectedly high quantities of soluble alpha chain into culture supernatants. However, the average affinities and the mean numbers of high- and low-affinity surface receptors per CD25+ cell were equivalent in cells from eight pairs of aged and young donors (1850 vs 1586 high affinity, and 20,655 vs 23,466 low affinity, P greater than 0.2 for both). The soluble IL-2R released by stimulated cells had no effect on proliferative responses, because addition of saturating doses of exogenous recombinant IL-2 did not increase cellular proliferation, and addition of soluble anchor-minus recombinant IL-2R alpha chain did not suppress it. These results indicate that in healthy older individuals, diminished numbers of T cells can be induced to express cell surface IL-2R following mitogenic stimulation, although aged CD25+ can express a normal complement of IL-2R molecules. In the aged, either CD25+ cells release excessive quantities or a subset of cells synthesizes and releases soluble IL-2R alpha chain into the extracellular environment without expressing it on the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Orson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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13
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Branda RF, Moore AL, McCormack JJ. Immunosuppressive properties of chloroquinoxaline sulfonamide. Biochem Pharmacol 1989; 38:3521-6. [PMID: 2818644 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(89)90123-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Chloroquinoxaline sulfonamide (CQS), a sulfanilamide derivative with antitumor activity, was found to be toxic to lymphoid tissue during preclinical studies. The mechanism of this toxicity appears to involve profound inhibition of lymphocyte activation. Incubation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNCs) with CQS decreased cellular incorporation of thymidine and deoxyuridine in a dose-dependent manner. Analysis of cell cycle distribution by flow cytometry indicated that CQS blocked movement out of the G0/G1 phase. Drug-treated cells were smaller and expressed fewer receptors for interleukin-2 (IL-2) and transferrin than untreated mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes. These observations support the notion that CQS has cell cycle specificity in regulating lymphocyte proliferation. As little as 10 microM CQS markedly inhibited both human lymphocyte and murine CTLL cell replication in response to IL-2 containing growth factors. However, CQS did not block secretion of IL-2 into culture supernatant fractions by human PBMNCs. Finally, CQS inhibited in vitro production of immunoglobulins G and M by mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes, primarily by causing cytotoxicity. In all of these drug effects, CQS was approximately one to two logs more potent than the parent compound, sulfaquinoxaline (SQ). These studies indicate that CQS inhibits essential basic processes in human lymphocytes. This agent may find use as an immunosuppressive drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Branda
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington 05401
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14
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Beyer WE, Palache AM, Baljet M, Masurel N. Antibody induction by influenza vaccines in the elderly: a review of the literature. Vaccine 1989; 7:385-94. [PMID: 2683459 DOI: 10.1016/0264-410x(89)90150-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Conflicting results have been reported concerning the association between high age and response to influenza vaccines. Some authors have found a reduced response in aged subjects, others have found no difference or even better results as compared with younger control subjects. Seventeen papers were selected from international literature published in the period 1968-1988 for a review of the anti-haemagglutinin-IgG sero-response following vaccination: among 30 cases in which vaccine components could be studied independently, ten revealed a better immune response in young subjects than in the elderly, four found more favourable results in the elderly, and 16 could not detect any significant between-group-differences, the latter most probably because of a high type-2-error. Nine of these 16 cases tended to favour young subjects. These results were relativated by the finding that each paper had at least one of three methodological limitations: (1) the failure to exclude subjects with illnesses or using drugs influencing the immune system, (2) the failure to exclude subjects with previous vaccinations against influenza, (3) the failure to exclude subjects with high prevaccination antibody titres. The direction of these biases is such that failure to address any one issue will lead to an underestimate of the response of aged subjects. In view of the failure to control these biases, it was not surprising that the papers reviewed presented a heterogeneous picture. Thus, the association between high age per se and response to influenza vaccines, if any, has not yet been established. Suggestions are made for future studies in which admission criteria should control health state and previous exposure to influenza antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- W E Beyer
- Department of Virology, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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15
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Abstract
Several aspects of T cell-mediated immune responses decline with age, but it is not known how gender affects this decline. Using 3- and 26-month-old male and female Fischer 344 rats, we examined the effects of sex and age on four different immune events that normally decline during aging: antibody synthesis to a T-dependent antigen, lectin-induced proliferative responses, IL-2 synthesis, and natural killer activity. We found that all these responses decreased with age. Spleen cells from aged females had higher spontaneous, phytohemagglutinin (PHA), and concanavalin A (Con A)-induced proliferative responses, and a two-fold increase in IL-2 synthesis than aged males, although no differences in these responses were evident between young males and females. Both natural killer (NK) activity and the ability to generate plaque-forming cells to sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) declined with age, but there were no differences between males and females for these responses in either age group. These data indicate that sex-associated differences in IL-2 synthesis and spontaneous and lectin-induced proliferative responses that are not detected in young animals become evident with advancing age.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Davila
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
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16
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Solomon GF, Fiatarone MA, Benton D, Morley JE, Bloom E, Makinodan T. Psychoimmunologic and endorphin function in the aged. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1988; 521:43-58. [PMID: 2967663 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1988.tb35264.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G F Solomon
- Geriatric Research, Sepulveda Veterans Administration Medical Center, California
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17
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Abstract
Certain immune functions decline in a gradual way over the life span. To the extent that these changes are well characterized and are phylogenetically observed, they may be considered excellent biomarkers of aging. Many of these age-related changes, however, are significantly influenced by age-associated phenomena such as certain diseases or psychosocial factors. Immunologic factors, therefore, should be considered as markers of physiologic aging only under very careful experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- W B Ershler
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
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18
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Ershler WB, Robbins DL, Moore AL, Hebert JC. The age-related decline in antibody response is transferred by old to young bone marrow transplantation. Exp Gerontol 1986; 21:45-53. [PMID: 3527730 DOI: 10.1016/0531-5565(86)90017-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The immune response declines with age. This decline correlates with thymic involution and involves primarily a loss in T-cell function, whereas humoral immunity is more variably affected. In the current experiments we have measured immunoglobulin synthesis in vitro after mitogen stimulation, and specific antibody response after vaccination. We found that the response to pokeweed mitogen by non-specific immunoglobulin production, and the response to vaccine was shown to be transferred to lethally irradiated young mice by old to young bone marrow transplantation. Both pokeweed mitogen and tetanus toxoid require T-cell help for optimal response, and, therefore, our observations are in accordance with the age-associated decline in T-cell immunity. The finding that young hosts transplanted with old bone marrow produce less antibody than young hosts transplanted with young bone marrow highlights the importance of the decline in cellular function with age.
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