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Favrot C, Olivry T, Iwasaki T. An international seroprevalence survey of the IgE sensitisation to the Dermatophagoides farinae house dust mite and two of its major allergens (Der f 2, Zen 1) in atopic dogs. Vet Dermatol 2021; 33:117-e34. [PMID: 34414620 PMCID: PMC9292188 DOI: 10.1111/vde.13005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dogs with atopic dermatitis are often immunoglobulin (Ig)E-sensitised to Dermatophagoides farinae (Df) house dust mites, yet limited data exist on the sensitisation rates to the individual Df allergens, Der f 2 and Zen 1. OBJECTIVES To determine the IgE sensitisation rates to Df, Der f 2 and Zen 1 in atopic dogs from geographically diverse countries. ANIMALS Serum was collected from 32 laboratory dogs in Japan, and 837 atopic dogs from 11 countries from five continents: Asia (Japan, Thailand, Taiwan), Europe (Italy, Latvia, the Netherlands, UK), North America (USA), South America (Argentina, Brazil) and Africa (South Africa). METHODS AND MATERIALS We determined Df-, Der f 2- and Zen 1-specific IgE levels by ELISA. Correlations between the IgE values for these three allergens were calculated. RESULTS The IgE seropositivity rates for Df varied between 74% (Argentina) and 100% (the Netherlands, Thailand, South Africa), those for Der f 2 between 12% (Argentina) and 88% (South Africa), and for Zen 1 between 70% (Argentina) and 100% (the Netherlands). Apart from the especially low seropositivity rate for Der f 2-specific IgE in Argentina, the percentage of IgE sensitisation varied little between countries. There was significant correlation between the IgE levels to these three allergens which was highest between Df and Zen 1, and lowest between Zen 1 and Der f 2. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The IgE sensitisation to Df is geographically widespread. Der f 2 and Zen 1 are major allergens for dogs in almost all countries where this was evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Favrot
- Dermatology Unit, Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thierry Olivry
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Toshiro Iwasaki
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
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Khantavee N, Reamtong O, Sookrung N, Suradhat S, Prapasarakul N. Allergen components of Dermatophagoides farinae recognised by serum immunoglobulin (Ig)E in Thai dogs with atopic dermatitis. Vet Dermatol 2021; 32:338-e94. [PMID: 33999459 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dermatophagoides farinae (Der f) is a common allergen in dogs with atopic dermatitis (AD). However, the relevant components of Der f require further investigation. OBJECTIVES We aimed to provide data on the immunoglobulin (Ig)E-binding specific components of Der f for further diagnostic and therapeutic applications. ANIMALS Serum samples were collected from five healthy, nine Der f-allergic atopic and seven non-Der f-allergic atopic dogs identified based on an intradermal skin test. METHODS AND MATERIALS We explored the component profiles of Der f extracts through 2D gel electrophoresis and IgE immunoblotting. The IgE-binding components in both groups of atopic dogs were analysed by mass spectrometry. RESULTS The majority of Der f-allergic atopic dogs recognised Der f Alternaria alternata allergen 10 (Der f Alt a 10), elongation factor 1-alpha (EF1-α), gelsolin-like allergen Der f 16, Der f 28 and Der f 2. Der f 3, Der f 10, Der f 20 and Der f 32 were recognised as minor allergens. Alpha-enolase, serine protease, arginine kinase and a few hypothetical proteins were recognised components in both groups of atopic dogs. Unexpectedly, Der f 15 (chitinase) was found to be a minor component. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Multiple IgE-binding allergens of Der f were identified in Thai atopic dogs. We propose that the specific antigen set that is bound by IgE, comprising Der f Alt a 10, EF1-α, gelsolin-like Der f 16, Der f 28 and Der f 2, could be used for future diagnostics and immunotherapy platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathrada Khantavee
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, 39 Henri-Dunant Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Onrapak Reamtong
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Nitat Sookrung
- Department of Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, 2 Wanglang Road, Bangkok-noi, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Sanipa Suradhat
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, 39 Henri-Dunant Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Nuvee Prapasarakul
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, 39 Henri-Dunant Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.,Diagnosis and Monitoring of Animal Pathogens Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, 39 Henri-Dunant Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
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Ludwig L, Tsukui T, Kageyama M, Farias M. Evaluation of sensitization to the crude extract of Dermatophagoides farinae and its derived allergens, Der f 2 and Zen 1, in dogs with atopic dermatitis in Southern Brazil. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2021; 234:110199. [PMID: 33662650 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2021.110199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis is associated with the production of IgE antibodies against environmental allergens and allergens of the house dust miteDermatophagoides farinae are frequently implicated in the disease. OBJECTIVES We aimed to observe the allergen-specific IgE against crudeD. farinae, Der f 2 and Zen 1 in dogs with atopic dermatitis and report if these dogs are in contact with material that could shelter mite allergens. METHODS 100 dogs with clinical diagnosis of atopic dermatitis were included after exclusion of other forms of pruritic skin disease and dogs that already received specific or non-specific immunotherapy. These dogs were of different breeds and ages and they were presented at a veterinary teaching hospital and a private service of veterinary dermatology, both located in Curitiba, Southern Brazil. At the time of anamnesis, some questions were applied to know the possibility of these dogs having had contact with furniture and textile material which could shelter house dust mites. Sera samples were obtained and further analyzed by ELISA assay to measure serum IgE levels against these allergens with an established cut-off of 0.200 IgE optical density. RESULTS The allergen-specific IgE positivity against crudeD. farinae (92 %) and Zen 1 (77 %) was higher than Der f 2 (56 %). There was a correlation in sensitization to crude D. farinae and Zen 1 that was not observed between crude D. farinae and Der f 2 and Der f 2 and Zen 1. The sensitization to D. farinae and its allergens was associated with an unrestricted exposition to furniture and textile material. CONCLUSION & CLINICAL RELEVANCE: dogs with atopic dermatitis are frequently sensitized to D. farinae and its allergens, Der f 2 and Zen 1, may be considered major allergens in these dogs. Zen 1 may be the main allergen responsible for the sensitization to crude D. farinae.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ludwig
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Life and Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, 1155 Imaculada Conceição Street, 80215901, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
| | - T Tsukui
- Central Research Laboratory, ZENOAQ, 1-1 Tairanoue, Sasagawa, Asaka-machi, Koriyama, Fukushima, 963-0196, Japan
| | - M Kageyama
- Central Research Laboratory, ZENOAQ, 1-1 Tairanoue, Sasagawa, Asaka-machi, Koriyama, Fukushima, 963-0196, Japan
| | - M Farias
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Life and Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, 1155 Imaculada Conceição Street, 80215901, Curitiba, PR, Brazil; Dermatovet Veterinary Clinic, 85 Carmelo Rangel Street, 80440050, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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Moya R, Ramió-Lluch L, Parody N, Brazis P, Puigdemont A, Carnés J. Specific Dermatophagoides farinae extract for canine immunotherapy. Vet Dermatol 2020; 32:131-e29. [PMID: 33112005 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canine atopic dermatitis (cAD) is a pruritic allergic skin disease most often caused by Dermatophagoides farinae. Differences in the sensitization profile to D. farinae have been reported between people and dogs. However, allergic dogs traditionally have been treated with extracts intended for human immunotherapy. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To develop a specific allergen immunotherapy for veterinary practice enriched in canine major allergens and to demonstrate its in vitro efficacy. ANIMALS Twenty privately owned dogs, clinically diagnosed with cAD, and three healthy dogs. METHODS AND MATERIALS A veterinary D. farinae allergen extract was manufactured and characterized compared to D. farinae extract used for human immunotherapy. The protein profile was analysed by SDS-PAGE and size exclusion chromatography and Der f 15 and Der f 18 allergens quantified by mass spectrometry. The allergenic profile was studied by immunoblot and the biological potency by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-inhibition assays. The extract's capacity to induce cytokine production [interleukin (IL)-10, interferon (IFN)-Ɣ] by peripheral blood mononuclear cells also was evaluated. RESULTS The veterinary extract showed a higher content of high molecular weight proteins, preferentially recognized by atopic dog sera. The fold-increases in Der f 15 and Der f 18 with respect to the human extract were 2.07 ± 0.32 and 1.63 ± 0.15, respectively. The veterinary extract showed higher biological potency (0.062 versus 0.132 µg required for 50% inhibition of dogs sera) compared to the human extract and induced significantly higher levels of IL-10 (1,780 pg/mL) and IFN-Ɣ (50.4 pg/mL) with respect to the negative control. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE A veterinary D. farinae extract with a higher content of dog major allergens was developed and in vitro efficacy demonstrated by immunological parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Moya
- R&D Allergy & Immunology Unit, Laboratorios LETI, S.L, Calle del Sol no. 5, Tres Cantos, Madrid, 28760, Spain
| | - Laura Ramió-Lluch
- Animal Health B.U, Laboratorios LETI, S.L, Gran Via de les Corts Catalanes 184, Barcelona, 08038, Spain
| | - Nuria Parody
- R&D Allergy & Immunology Unit, Laboratorios LETI, S.L, Calle del Sol no. 5, Tres Cantos, Madrid, 28760, Spain
| | - Pilar Brazis
- Animal Health B.U, Laboratorios LETI, S.L, Gran Via de les Corts Catalanes 184, Barcelona, 08038, Spain
| | - Anna Puigdemont
- Department of Therapeutic Pharmacology and Toxicology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici M, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Jerónimo Carnés
- R&D Allergy & Immunology Unit, Laboratorios LETI, S.L, Calle del Sol no. 5, Tres Cantos, Madrid, 28760, Spain
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The detection of house dust mite Dermatophagoides farinae, Der f 2 and Zen-1 allergen-specific immunoglobulin E antibodies in dogs with atopic Dermatitis in Malaysia. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2019; 212:43-49. [PMID: 31213251 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Canine atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, inflammatory and pruritic allergic skin disease in dogs. House dust mites such as Dermatophagoides farinae are one of the known causative agents for the induction of canine AD worldwide. D. farinae protein Der f 2 is known as an important allergen involved in canine AD and recently, Zen-1 has also been identified as an allergenic protein. There is limited information on the prevalence and role of allergen sensitization to crude D. farinae extract (CDF), Der f 2 and Zen-1 among dogs diagnosed with AD in Malaysia. The aim of this study was to determine the proportion of CDF-, Der f 2- and Zen-1-specific reactive sera among dogs diagnosed with AD in Malaysia using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Serum samples were collected from dogs diagnosed with AD from several veterinary clinics in Malaysia. The canine case records were retrieved and information on signalment, dermatological and non-dermatological histories, clinical presentation, food allergies, and exclusion of ectoparasitic, microbial and fungal skin infections were obtained through a survey form. All serum samples were evaluated to quantify the CDF-, Der f 2- and Zen-1-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels. A total of 24.6%, 48.4% and 29.8% of dogs diagnosed with AD were positive for CDF-, Der f 2- and Zen-1-specific IgE, respectively. These results suggest that CDF-, Der f 2- and Zen-1 are important allergens that can contribute to AD in dogs in Malaysia, and serological testing can be performed to provide additional treatment options involving specific immunotherapies.
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Patel A, Curtis CF, Cerundolo R. Incidence of anti-Der f 2 and anti-Zen 1-specific immunoglobulin E antibodies in atopic dogs from South-East England. Vet Rec 2019; 184:317. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.104810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rosario Cerundolo
- Dick White Referrals; Station Farm, London Road, Six Mile Bottom Suffolk CB8 0UH UK
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Olivry T, Dunston SM, Favrot C, Prélaud P, Tsukui T. The novel high molecular weight Dermatophagoides farinae protein Zen-1 is a major allergen in North American and European mite allergic dogs with atopic dermatitis. Vet Dermatol 2016; 28:177-e38. [PMID: 28261917 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dogs with hypersensitivity to Dermatophagoides farinae (Df) have IgE recognizing high molecular weight (MW) allergens more often than the low MW Der f 1 and 2. A new high MW Df allergen, Zen-1, has been identified recently. OBJECTIVES To determine the IgE reactivity of American and European Df-hypersensitive dogs to Zen-1, Der f 1 and Der f 2. METHODS We tested sera from 33 Df-reactive dogs from the USA, 29 from Europe and 15 experimentally sensitized to Df, by ELISA against crude Df, Der f 1, Der f 2 and Zen-1. ELISA inhibition was performed with sera reactive to Zen-1. Intradermal testing (IDT) was also done with the same allergens in 25 other American atopic dogs. RESULTS Altogether, IgE seropositivity to Zen-1 was more prevalent (86%) than that to Der f 1 (17%) or Der f 2 (19%). The IgE reactivity to Zen-1 was correlated to that against crude Df; this allergen alone inhibited a high percentage (median: 50%; range: 22-84%) of the binding to the crude mite extract. The seropositivity to low MW allergens was highest in experimentally sensitized dogs. Serum IgE recognition of Der f 1 was low in dogs with AD; that to Der f 2 was significantly lower in American dogs (6%) than in European ones (28%). A high prevalence of positive immediate IDT reactions to Zen-1 confirmed the likely relevance of serological results. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE This study establishes Zen-1 as a major allergen in atopic dogs sensitized to Df.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Olivry
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA.,Comparative Medicine Institute, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
| | - Stanley M Dunston
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Claude Favrot
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Dermatology Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Prélaud
- Clinique Vétérinaire Advetia, 5 Rue Dubrunfaut, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Toshiroh Tsukui
- Animal Life Science Laboratories, Nippon Zenyaku Kogyo Corporation (Zenoaq), 1-1 Tairanoue, Sasagawa, Asaka-machi, Koriyama, Fukushima, 963-0196, Japan
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Immunoproteomic characterization of a Dermatophagoides farinae extract used in the treatment of canine atopic dermatitis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2016; 180:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Abstract
Allergic diseases in animals are increasingly gaining importance in veterinary practice and as research models. For intradermal testing and allergen immunotherapy, a good knowledge of relevant allergens for the individual species is of great importance. Currently, the knowledge about relevant veterinary allergens is based on sensitization rates identified by intradermal testing or serum testing for allergen-specific IgE; crude extracts are the basis for most evaluations. Only a few studies provide evidence about the molecular structure of (particularly) dust mite, insect and mould allergens in dogs and horses, respectively. In those species, some major allergens differ from those in humans. This position paper summarizes the current knowledge about relevant allergens in dogs, cats and horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Mueller
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - J Janda
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Libechov, Czech Republic
| | - E Jensen-Jarolim
- Comparative Medicine, Messerli Research-Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna and University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - C Rhyner
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research, Davos, Switzerland
| | - E Marti
- Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Pucheu-Haston CM, Bizikova P, Eisenschenk MNC, Santoro D, Nuttall T, Marsella R. Review: The role of antibodies, autoantigens and food allergens in canine atopic dermatitis. Vet Dermatol 2015; 26:115-e30. [DOI: 10.1111/vde.12201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cherie M. Pucheu-Haston
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine; Louisiana State University; 1909 Skip Bertman Drive Baton Rouge LA 70803 USA
| | - Petra Bizikova
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; North Carolina State University; 1060 William Moore Drive Raleigh NC 27606 USA
| | | | - Domenico Santoro
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida; 2015 SW 16th Avenue Gainesville FL 32610 USA
| | - Tim Nuttall
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies; Easter Bush Veterinary Centre; University of Edinburgh; Roslin EH25 9RG UK
| | - Rosanna Marsella
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida; 2015 SW 16th Avenue Gainesville FL 32610 USA
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Bizikova P, Pucheu-Haston CM, Eisenschenk MNC, Marsella R, Nuttall T, Santoro D. Review: Role of genetics and the environment in the pathogenesis of canine atopic dermatitis. Vet Dermatol 2015; 26:95-e26. [DOI: 10.1111/vde.12198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Petra Bizikova
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; North Carolina State University; 1060 William Moore Drive Raleigh NC 27606 USA
| | - Cherie M. Pucheu-Haston
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine; Louisiana State University; 1909 Skip Bertman Drive Baton Rouge LA 70803 USA
| | | | - Rosanna Marsella
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida; 2015 SW 16th Avenue Gainesville FL 32610 USA
| | - Tim Nuttall
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies; Easter Bush Veterinary Centre; University of Edinburgh; Roslin EH25 9RG UK
| | - Domenico Santoro
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida; 2015 SW 16th Avenue Gainesville FL 32610 USA
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Hales BJ, Elliot CE, Chai LY, Pearce LJ, Tipayanon T, Hazell L, Stone S, Piboonpocanun S, Thomas WR, Smith WA. Quantitation of IgE binding to the chitinase and chitinase-like house dust mite allergens Der p 15 and Der p 18 compared to the major and mid-range allergens. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2012; 160:233-40. [PMID: 23075813 DOI: 10.1159/000339760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of IgE binding to the group 15 and 18 house dust mite (HDM) allergens of the Dermatophagoides species is reported to be >50% and they are the major allergens of HDM-sensitised dogs. The objective was to quantitate the IgE titres to Der p 15 and Der p 18 and evaluate their importance in human HDM sensitisation compared to the known major and mid-tier allergens. METHODS Der p 15 and Der p 18 were produced in Pichia pastoris, and their structure validated by circular dichroism. IgE binding was measured in 37 Australian HDM-allergic adults using a quantitative DELFIA™ assay. RESULTS The prevalence of IgE titres to Der p 15 and Der p 18 >0.1 ng/ml was low (38%) and only one subject had a titre >10 ng/ml to either allergen. The mean anti-Der p 15 and Der p 18 titres were 1.2 and 2.6 ng/ml, respectively, i.e. approximately 10- to 20-fold lower than the response to the major Der p 1 and Der p 2 allergens (p < 0.001). The IgE responses to Der p 15 and Der p 18 were lower than the mid-tier allergens Der p 5 and Der p 7 and although they correlated with each other, they did not correlate with titres to either the major or mid-tier allergens. CONCLUSIONS Sensitisation to Der p 15 and Der p 18 makes a minor contribution to anti-HDM IgE titres, and the titres do not correlate with the size of the response to the major allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda J Hales
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research and Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Subiaco, W.A., Australia.
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Farmaki R, Saridomichelakis MN, Leontides L, Papazahariadou MG, Gioulekas D, Koutinas AF. Dust mite species in the households of mite-sensitive dogs with atopic dermatitis. Vet Dermatol 2012; 23:222-e45. [PMID: 22575020 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2012.01052.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The presence of important house dust and storage mite species in the microenvironment of atopic dogs has not been thoroughly investigated. OBJECTIVES To compare the presence and population of five dust mite species (Dermatophagoides farinae, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, Acarus siro, Tyrophagus putrescentiae and Lepidoglyphus destructor) among households with mite-sensitive atopic dogs (Group A), households with clinically healthy dogs (Group B) and households without pets (Group C, n=25) in Greece. ANIMALS Twenty mite-sensitive atopic dogs and 20 clinically healthy dogs. METHODS Dust samples were collected with a vacuum cleaner from owners' mattresses (all groups) and from dogs' sleeping areas (Groups A and B) or living room couch (Group C), once every season of the year. Following dust flotation, mites were counted and identified. RESULTS Dermatophagoides farinae was the most prevalent (60, 40 and 64% in Groups A, B and C, respectively), followed by D. pteronyssinus (45, 35 and 48%, respectively), whereas the three storage mites were found in fewer households. No major differences could be found between Groups A and B or between households with (Groups A and B) and without dogs (Group C) regarding the presence or numbers of the five dust mite species. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The presence and population of five common house dust and storage mite species does not differ among Greek households with mite-sensitive atopic dogs, households with healthy dogs and households without pets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Farmaki
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, Trikalon 224, GR-43100, Karditsa, Greece
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Cunha VE, Silva MH, Faccini JLH. Serological identification of house dust mite allergens in dogs with atopic dermatitis. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2012000900016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
House dust mite antigens have been used for decades to diagnose allergic diseases in humans and animals. The objective of this study was to identify allergens in commercial Dermatophagoides farinae and Blomia tropicalis extracts by immunoblotting using sera from allergic dogs and anti-dog IgE conjugate. The analysis of antigens present in the D. farinae extract (FDA Allergenic) using sera from 10 dogs allergic to D. farinae showed that eight sera recognized a band of approximately 102 kDa, eight recognized two bands of 52 to 76 kDa, five recognized one band of approximately 76 kDa, four recognized one band of 31 to 38 kDa, and two recognized one band of 12 to 17 kDa. Immunoblot assays of the B. tropicalis extract (FDA Allergenic) using sera from 10 animals allergic to B. tropicalis showed that five sera recognized two bands of 52 to 76 kDa. These results demonstrate the importance of the two house dust mite species for the pathogenesis of canine atopic dermatitis in Brazil. In addition, the results indicate which allergens should be present in allergenic extracts used for diagnosis and allergen-specific immunotherapy.
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Bexley J, Hogg JE, Hammerberg B, Halliwell RE. Levels of house dust mite-specific serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) in different cat populations using a monoclonal based anti-IgE enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Vet Dermatol 2009; 20:562-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2009.00840.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Chanthick C, Anaman S, Buathet K. The prevalence of positive intradermal allergy tests in 114 dogs with atopic dermatitis in the Bangkok metropolis, Thailand. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2008; 126:256-62. [PMID: 18783836 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2007] [Revised: 07/20/2008] [Accepted: 07/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Intradermal allergy tests using 47 selected local aero-allergens were performed on 114 dogs with atopic dermatitis. The subject animals visited the Dermatology Unit at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of Kasetsart University or the SLV Pet Hospital with chronic pruritus and various skin lesions. Allergen extracts were composed of: 4 house dust and house dust mites, 7 household insects, 24 pollens, 11 mold spores, and Kapok. The prevalence of sensitization to various allergens were as follows: Dermatophagoides farinae (74.56%), Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (53.51%), house dust (26.32%), American cockroach (Periplaneta americana) (23.68%), Para glass (21.93%) and mixed ants (20.18%). No relationship was noted between the various allergen groups and the location of the skin lesions except for those animals that reacted to pollens which appeared to have be more likely to have lesion affecting the perineum and tail area (p=0.022; OR, 6.429; 95% CI, 1.003-40.292).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanettee Chanthick
- Dermatology Unit, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, 50 Paholyothin Road, Ladyao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
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Hou CC, Griffin CE, Hill PB. Dermatophagoides farinae-specific IgG responses in atopic dogs undergoing allergen-specific immunotherapy with aqueous vaccines. Vet Dermatol 2008; 19:215-20. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2008.00682.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Saridomichelakis MN, Marsella R, Lee KW, Esch RE, Farmaki R, Koutinas AF. Assessment of cross-reactivity among five species of house dust and storage mites. Vet Dermatol 2008; 19:67-76. [PMID: 18336423 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2008.00654.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In vitro cross-reactivity among two house dust (Dermatophagoides farinae, D. pteronyssinus) and three storage (Acarus siro, Tyrophagus putrescentiae, Lepidoglyphus destructor) mites was examined in 20 mite-sensitive dogs with natural occurring atopic dermatitis (group A), 13 high-IgE beagles experimentally sensitized to D. farinae (group B), and five healthy beagles (group C). Intradermal testing (IDT) and serology for allergen-specific IgE demonstrated that co-sensitization for all possible pairs of the five mites was generally 45% or higher among group A dogs. In the same dogs, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay cross-inhibition results indicated that each one of D. farinae, A. siro and T. putrescentiae was a strong inhibitor of all the remaining mites, whereas D. pteronyssinus was a strong inhibitor of L. destructor. A high number of positive IDT and serology test results for D. pteronyssinus, A. siro, T. putrescentiae and L. destructor were recorded among group B dogs. No conclusive evidence of exposure to these mites was found upon analysis of dust samples from their environment and their food for the presence of mites and guanine. Also, the number of positive test results was generally higher among group B than among group C dogs. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay cross-inhibition revealed that D. farinae was a strong inhibitor of D. pteronyssinus, A. siro and T. putrescentiae. Collectively, these results demonstrated extensive in vitro cross-reactivity among house dust and/or storage mites that can explain false-positive results upon testing of dust mite-sensitive dogs with atopic dermatitis.
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Nuttall TJ, Hill PB, Bensignor E, Willemse T. House dust and forage mite allergens and their role in human and canine atopic dermatitis. Vet Dermatol 2006; 17:223-35. [PMID: 16827665 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2006.00532.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews the literature regarding the role of house dust and forage mite allergens in canine atopic dermatitis. The presence of immunoglobulin E (IgE) to these mites, especially to Dermatophagoides farinae, is common in both normal and atopic dogs. Exposure of dogs to the different mites is described both in the direct environment and in the coat of animals for house dust mites and in the food for forage mites. Allergens causing allergic disease in dogs seem to be different from those in humans. Dogs seem to react to high molecular weight allergens, compared to the low molecular weight group 1 and group 2 proteases that are commonly implicated in humans with atopic diseases. Despite numerous published studies dealing with this subject, a number of questions still need to be addressed to better understand the exact role of these mites in the pathogenesis of canine atopic dermatitis and to improve the quality of the allergens used in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Nuttall
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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21
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O'Neil SE, Heinrich TK, Hales BJ, Hazell LA, Holt DC, Fischer K, Thomas WR. The chitinase allergens Der p 15 and Der p 18 from Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus. Clin Exp Allergy 2006; 36:831-9. [PMID: 16776685 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2006.02497.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND House dust mites Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and Dermatophagoides farinae cause allergic disease in humans as well as in dogs. In geographical regions where the two mite species coexist, they both elicit specific immunoglobulin (Ig E) responses in humans whereas dogs preferentially react to D. farinae extracts. In dogs the main IgE binding is directed to the D. farinae chitinase allergens Der f 15 and Der f 18 and not to the groups 1 and 2 allergens as found for humans. Although the IgE response of humans to Der f 18 has been investigated there is no report on Der f 15-specific IgE in humans. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to characterize the chitinase allergens Der p 15 and Der p 18 of D. pteronyssinus and to find out whether they are important allergens for humans. METHODS cDNA was cloned by a polymerase chain reaction strategy from D. pteronyssinus libraries using primers based on conserved chitinase sequences. IgE binding to the recombinant polypeptides was measured by immunosorbent assay. Mice were immunized with the polypeptides and cross-reactivity examined. RESULTS Two variants of Der p 15 were isolated, encoding mature proteins of 58.8 and 61.4 kDa. The amino acid sequences had 90% identity to Der f 15. The cDNA for Der p 18 encoded a mature protein of 49.2 kDa with 88% sequence identity to Der f 18. Der p 15-specific IgE was detected in 70% and Der p 18-specific IgE in 63% of a panel of 27 human allergic sera. CONCLUSIONS The D. pteronyssinus chitinases Der p 15 and Der p 18 show a high frequency of binding to IgE in allergic human sera. They are therefore potentially important allergens for humans as well as dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E O'Neil
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Subiaco, and Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Malaria and Scabies Laboratory, PO Royal Brisbane Hospital, Australia
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22
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Krämer U, Lemmen C, Bartusel E, Link E, Ring J, Behrendt H. Current eczema in children is related to Der f 1 exposure but not to Der p 1 exposure. Br J Dermatol 2006; 154:99-105. [PMID: 16403101 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.07003.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mite allergen exposure is an important risk factor for specific IgE production and is associated with asthma, hay fever and eczema. Whether these associations are independent of mite species has not been investigated so far. OBJECTIVES To investigate the influence of exposure to the major house dust mite (HDM) allergens Der p 1 and Der f 1 on sensitization, respiratory symptoms, and especially on eczema and related skin symptoms in 6-7-year-old children. METHODS In a cross-sectional study in Augsburg (Bavaria, Germany) 1669 school beginners (mean age 6.5 years) were investigated in 1996. The concentrations of Der p 1 and Der f 1 were measured in dust samples from mattresses of 1081 children by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The prevalence of atopy-related health outcomes was assessed by questionnaire, dermatological examination, skin prick testing and determination of specific serum IgE concentrations by radioallergosorbent test. Information about covariates was taken from questionnaires and interview data. Logistic regression was used to adjust for confounding. RESULTS The mean concentrations of Der p 1 and Der f 1 were 0.68 and 0.79 microg g(-1) dust, respectively. The relationship between the two species-specific allergens in individual homes was poor (Pearson correlation 0.2). Influencing variables were bedroom-sharing (Der p 1) and social status of the parents (Der f 1). Respiratory diseases were positively associated with both allergen concentrations [odds ratio (OR) between 1.1 and 2.6]. These associations were significant for sneezing attacks (Der p 1 and Der f 1). Reported prevalence of current (in the last 12 months) itchy skin rash was significantly associated with exposure to Der f 1 only (OR 2.4, P < 0.003); also a diagnosis of atopic eczema on the day of investigation was positively associated with Der f 1 only (OR 1.8, P = 0.14). CONCLUSIONS Studies on the effects of HDM exposure on eczema and allergies should consider specific effects of different mite species. This might have implications on assessment of allergen exposure and consecutive prevention or therapeutic measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Krämer
- Division of Environmental Dermatology and Allergy, National Research Centre for Environment and Health (GSF), Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany.
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Hou CC, Day MJ, Nuttall TJ, Hill PB. Evaluation of IgG subclass responses against Dermatophagoides farinae allergens in healthy and atopic dogs. Vet Dermatol 2006; 17:103-10. [PMID: 16515652 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2006.00509.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A semiquantitative chemiluminescent Western blot analysis system was developed and validated to evaluate antigen-specific IgG subclass responses to electrophoretically separated proteins of Dermatophagoides farinae in healthy and atopic dogs. Both groups mounted similar D. farinae-specific IgG1 and IgG4 responses to multiple antigens, but IgG2 and IgG3 responses were difficult to detect. The most commonly recognized bands in both groups were 18 and 98 kDa antigens for IgG1 and 18, 45, 66, 98, 130 and 180 kDa for IgG4. The number of bands recognized per dog did not differ significantly, but significantly more atopic dogs had an IgG1 response to a 180 kDa protein. The overall D. farinae-specific IgG1 and IgG4 responses were slightly higher, but not significantly different, in the healthy group. The results suggest that some antigens produced by D. farinae can induce different subclass responses. However, as most of these responses are seen in both healthy and atopic dogs, they are likely to merely represent recognition of foreign proteins presented to the immune system, rather than involvement in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. The role of the 180 kDa antigen warrants further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chun Hou
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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24
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Raffan E, Lawrence H, Henderson T, Nelson S, Isherwood D, McArdle C, Nuttall T. Prevalence of the group 1 Dermatophagoides allergens Der p 1 and Der f 1 in homes with no dogs, healthy dogs and Dermatophagoides-sensitized atopic dogs in Liverpool. Vet Dermatol 2005; 16:253-60. [PMID: 16101796 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2005.00461.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Dermatophagoides farinae is a frequent allergen in canine atopic dermatitis despite its reported scarcity in the UK, and the aim of this study was to determine whether dogs were uniquely exposed to this species. Der f 1 and Der p 1 in dust collected from living room carpets, bedroom carpets and dog beds of 13 houses with no dogs, 13 with healthy dogs, and 16 with Dermatophagoides-sensitized atopic dogs were quantified by ELISA. Der p 1 levels (microg g(-1) house dust) were significantly higher than Der f 1 in living rooms (Der p 1 median = 1.9, 95% CI = 2.05-6.32, n = 42; Der f 1 median = 0.07, 95% CI = 0.01-0.06, n = 42), bedrooms (Der p 1 median = 4.35, SD = 5.52; Der f 1 median = 0.01, 95% CI = 0.001-0.1, n = 42) and dog beds (Der p 1 median = 1.04, 95% CI = 1.4-8.1, n = 29; Der f 1 median = 0.008, 95% CI = 0.01-0.04, n = 29) (P < 0.0001). Living rooms in houses without dogs had significantly greater Der p 1 levels (median = 7.0, 95% CI = 3.53-15.8, n = 13) than houses with healthy (median = 1.19, 95% CI = 0.44-3.49, n = 13) or atopic dogs (median = 0.78, 95% CI = 0.63-2.42, n = 16) (P = 0.0004). Environmental flea control in living rooms and washing dog beds was associated with significantly reduced Der p 1 levels. This confirms that D. pteronyssinus is common but D. farinae is rare in the sampling area. Apparent sensitization to D. farinae is probably due to cross-reaction. A combination of environmental measures could reduce allergen exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Raffan
- The University of Liverpool Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Crown Street, Liverpool, L7 7EX, UK
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25
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Jackson AP, Foster AP, Hart BJ, Helps CR, Shaw SE. Prevalence of house dust mites and dermatophagoides group 1 antigens collected from bedding, skin and hair coat of dogs in south-west England. Vet Dermatol 2005; 16:32-8. [PMID: 15725103 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2005.00427.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The house dust mites Dermatophagoides farinae (Df) and D. pteronyssinus (Dpt) are commonly implicated as allergens causing canine atopic dermatitis in the UK. However, there are few studies that characterize the exposure of UK pet dogs to these mites. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of the mite species on the skin, hair coat and bedding of a population of pet dogs. Dust samples (n = 68) were collected from both dogs and their beds using a standardized vacuuming technique and stored at -20 degrees C. Mites were identified using accepted morphological criteria. House dust mite allergen concentrations were assayed using standardized ELISA for Dpt and Df group 1 allergens (Der p 1 and Der f 1). Mites were identified in 15/68 samples (22%) and Dpt was the most common. Df mites were not present. Der p 1 allergens were detected in 60% of samples, and Der f 1 in 6% of samples. There were no significant differences between the number of Der p 1 positive samples from dogs and the number of those from their bedding, or between the average Der p 1 concentrations from dogs and the number of those from their bedding. Contrary to studies elsewhere in Europe and the USA, these findings support studies of human asthma patients in the UK, where exposure to Df is rare, but to Dpt is common. As the prevalence of positive intradermal and serological reactions to Df in atopic dogs is high, further investigations are warranted to clarify true Df hypersensitivity or potential immunological cross-reactivity between mite allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna P Jackson
- School of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, North Somerset, BS40 5 DU, UK.
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26
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Hou CC, Pemberton A, Nuttall T, Hill PB. IgG responses to antigens from Dermatophagoides farinae in healthy and atopic dogs. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2005; 106:121-8. [PMID: 15910999 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2005.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2004] [Revised: 01/17/2005] [Accepted: 01/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we used a semi-quantitative electrophoresis and immunoblotting technique to characterise the IgG response to antigens from Dermatophagoides farinae in 20 healthy and 20 atopic dogs. Both groups mounted an IgG response to multiple antigens from the mite. There was no significant difference in the number of bands recognised, or the molecular weights of the bands, between the two groups. The two most obvious bands in both groups were proteins with molecular weights of 98 kDa (likely to be the high molecular weight allergen Der f 15) and 44 kDa, although dogs in both groups recognised a similar pattern of other antigens. The magnitude of the IgG response was greater in the atopic group although this was not statistically significant. The results indicate that the immune system of both healthy and atopic dogs generates an IgG response to multiple antigens from D. farinae. As some of these antigens (such as the 98 and 44 kDa proteins) are also targeted by IgE in atopic dogs, immunoglobulin class switching in response to Th2 cytokines may not be as dominant a process as has been proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chun Hou
- Hospital for Small Animals, Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, Scotland EH25 9RG, UK
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27
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Maeda S, Ohmori K, Yasuda N, Kurata K, Sakaguchi M, Masuda K, Ohno K, Tsujimoto H. Increase of CC chemokine receptor 4-positive cells in the peripheral CD4+ cells in dogs with atopic dermatitis or experimentally sensitized to Japanese cedar pollen. Clin Exp Allergy 2004; 34:1467-73. [PMID: 15347382 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2004.02039.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since dogs frequently develop allergic diseases, similar to those in humans, dogs represent a possible animal model for allergy in humans. In human atopic dermatitis (AD), CC chemokine receptor 4 (CCR4) has been shown to play an important role in the development of allergic inflammation of AD; however, the association between allergic reaction and CCR4 is not well understood in dogs. OBJECTIVE To examine CCR4 expression in peripheral blood CD4+ cells in dogs that had AD and were experimentally sensitized with Japanese cedar pollen. MATERIALS AND METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from 17 dogs with AD. The proportion of CCR4+ cells in peripheral blood CD4+ cells (CCR4/CD4) was evaluated by flow cytometry and compared with that in 10 healthy dogs. Similarly, in dogs that were experimentally sensitized to Japanese cedar pollen antigen, the proportion of CCR4/CD4 was examined pre- and post-sensitization. RESULTS The proportion of CCR4/CD4 in dogs with AD was 40.3+/-3.3%, which was significantly higher than that in normal dogs (23.6+/-4.3%) (P<0.01). In the experimentally sensitized dogs, the proportion of CCR4/CD4 was 25.4+/-2.6% at pre-sensitization and it was significantly increased (29.8+/-2.9%) at post-sensitization (P<0.01). CONCLUSION The proportion of CCR4+ cells in peripheral blood CD4+ cells was measured in dogs with allergic conditions. The present findings indicate that CCR4+ cells may be involved in the pathogenesis of allergy in dogs as in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Maeda
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate concurrent positive reactions of related versus nonrelated allergens based on 1000 intradermal tests of dogs with atopic dermatitis. PROCEDURE Pairs of closely related allergens (based on botanical relations and results of research in human allergic disease) and nonrelated allergens were evaluated. Significance of the difference between group means of log odds ratios was estimated using a Bootstrap percentile confidence interval. RESULTS There was a significant difference in the mean log odds ratio between related and nonrelated allergen pairs. However, there was also a significant difference between most groups consisting of nonrelated allergen pairs. CONCLUSION These results provide conflicting evidence and emphasise the need for further studies. Numbers of concurrent reactions of related allergens indicate that immunotherapy should be formulated based on testing with single allergens to avoid exposure to allergens not involved in the dog's atopic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Mueller
- Medizinische Tierklinik, University of Munich, Veterinaerstr. 13, 80539 Muenchen, Germany
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29
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Weber E, Hunter S, Stedman K, Dreitz S, Olivry T, Hillier A, McCall C. Identification, characterization, and cloning of a complementary DNA encoding a 60-kd house dust mite allergen (Der f 18) for human beings and dogs. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003; 112:79-86. [PMID: 12847483 DOI: 10.1067/mai.2003.1602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND House dust mites of the Dermatophagoides genus are the most important cause of perennial allergic disease in both humans and companion animals. Although the major mite allergens for humans are proteins of relatively low molecular weight, this is not the case for dogs. Western blotting shows that canine anti-mite IgE responses are directed primarily toward proteins in the molecular weight range of 50 to 120 kd. OBJECTIVE The objectives of this study were to characterize a D farinae allergen with a molecular weight of approximately 60 kd and to isolate the cDNA coding for this allergen. METHODS A protein of apparent molecular weight of 60 kd was identified by Western blotting by using canine serum IgE from house dust mite-sensitized atopic dogs. The protein was purified from homogenized D farinae mite bodies by ammonium sulfate precipitation, followed by gel filtration and cation exchange HPLC. The presence of IgE directed to the 60-kd protein in sera from humans and dogs with dust mite allergy was measured by FcepsilonRIalpha-based ELISA. A cDNA encoding a full-length 60-kd protein was isolated from a D farinae cDNA library by a combination of both PCR amplification and hybridization screening. A panel of mAbs specific for the 60-kd protein was generated and used to localize the protein in whole body sections of D farinae mites. RESULTS ELISA showed that the purified protein bound IgE in 54% of the sera from patients with D farinae allergy. In addition, the 60-kd protein was able to bind IgE in 57% to 77% of D farinae -sensitized dogs. A cDNA was isolated that encoded a protein of 462 amino acids, consisting of a 25 amino acid signal sequence and a 437 amino acid mature protein. The calculated molecular weight of the mature protein is 50 kd, and the amino acid sequence contains a single N-glycosylation site. A protein database search showed homology with multiple chitinases. A mAb specific for the 60-kd chitinase recognized the allergen in the mite digestive system, but fecal pellets did not stain positively for this allergen. CONCLUSIONS A 60-kd D farinae protein (Der f 18), with homology to chitinase, is a major allergen for humans and dogs sensitive to house dust mites.
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Foster AP, Littlewood JD, Webb P, Wood JLN, Rogers K, Shaw SE. Comparison of intradermal and serum testing for allergen-specific IgE using a Fcepsilon RIalpha-based assay in atopic dogs in the UK. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2003; 93:51-60. [PMID: 12753775 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(03)00052-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis in dogs is a common allergic skin disease that affects substantial numbers of dogs in the UK. The purpose of this study was to compare the results of an intradermal test (IDT) and an in vitro test in a large cohort of dogs. Dogs were intradermal tested with Greer allergens (Greer Labs Inc, Lenoir, NC, USA) using standard techniques. At the same time blood samples were drawn and submitted for evaluation by ELISA using the ALLERCEPT Definitive Allergen Panels for allergen-specific IgE, a commercial assay that uses a biotinylated recombinant extracellular domain of the high affinity Fc-epsilon receptor alpha chain protein (Fcepsilon RIalpha). The allergens used in the two tests included grass, tree and weed pollens, moulds, flea saliva/whole flea extract and house dust mite species. The optical density readings from the ELISA for each allergen were compared with the results of the IDT for 265 dogs. The prevalence of positive reactions in the ELISA was equal to or greater than the results of the IDT in the case of almost all of the allergens, but two notable exceptions were the house dust mites Dermatophagoides farinae and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus. These two allergens were the most common positive reactions by IDT (prevalence D. farinae 78.9%, D. pteronyssinus 66.4%). The results of the two tests were significantly different (McNemar's test, P<0.05) for 16 of the 22 allergens. The sensitivities of the ELISA compared to the IDT (where there were more than 3 dogs with positive reactions in both tests) varied between 19.3 and 77.1% (D. pteronyssinus 19.3% and D. farinae 67.9%) and the specificities varied between 64.2 and 96.6% (D. pteronyssinus 96.6% and D. farinae 89.3%).
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Foster
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, North Somerset BS40 5DU, UK.
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31
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Glass EV, Reid RA, Hillier A, Needham GR. Use of an amplified ELISA technique for detection of a house dust mite allergen (Der f 1) in skin and coat dust samples from dogs. Am J Vet Res 2003; 64:162-5. [PMID: 12602584 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2003.64.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To use an amplified ELISA technique to document the presence and quantify the concentration of the house dust mite allergen, Der f 1, in skin and coat dust samples collected from dogs. ANIMALS 29 pet dogs of various breeds. PROCEDURE Dogs were weighed, and body surface area in square meters was determined. Skin and coat dust samples were obtained by vacuuming dogs. Collected dust was analyzed by use of standard and amplified ELISA techniques. RESULTS By use of the standard ELISA technique, Der f 1 was detected in skin and coat dust samples from 6 of 29 (21%) dogs. Mean concentration of Der f 1 in the 6 samples with positive assay results was 16.16 ng/mL (range, 5.61 to 31.24 ng/mL). Samples with negative assay results were retested for dust mite allergen by use of an amplified ELISA technique; an additional 14 dogs had positive assay results. Mean concentration of allergen was 0.36 ng/mL (range, 0.19 to 2.20 ng/mL). Combining both techniques, 20 of 29 (69%) dogs had positive assay results for Der f 1. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results of our study indicate that house dust mite allergens are present on the skin and in the coat of dogs, and this source of allergen may act as a reservoir for allergen exposure in hypersensitive dogs. Use of an amplified ELISA technique to determine environmental concentrations of house dust mite allergens in homes and on dogs will help to identify the relationship between immunologic findings and environmental exposures in dogs with atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmett V Glass
- Acarine Physiology Laboratory, Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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32
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Saevik BK, Ulstein TL, Larsen HJS. Evaluation of a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of allergen-specific IgE antibodies in dogs. Res Vet Sci 2003; 74:37-45. [PMID: 12507565 DOI: 10.1016/s0034-5288(02)00151-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-eight atopic dogs, 22 pruritic, non-atopic dogs and 10 healthy dogs were ELISA tested. For calculations of diagnostic specificity and sensitivity, positive ELISA test results in non-atopic dogs were considered false positive results. The absence of any positive results in the atopic dogs was considered false negative results. The atopic dogs were tested both with ELISA and an intradermal test, utilising allergen extracts from the same manufacturer, to determine the frequency of positive allergen reactions in the ELISA test compared with the intradermal test. The Prausnitz-Küstner test was performed to evaluate the significance of a positive ELISA test result. Based on cross-tabulations with clinically defined atopic dermatitis, the ELISA test showed a sensitivity of 53.6% and a specificity of 84.4%. The correlation between the ELISA and the intradermal test was poor. Positive Prausnitz-Küstner tests were not obtained using sera from dogs that were intradermal test negative for the tested allergens, even though sera had high levels of IgE as measured by the ELISA. These findings question the significance of a positive ELISA test result and indicate that the test is not measuring functional allergen-specific IgE.
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Saevik
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, The Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, P.O. Box 8146, Dep., N-0033, Oslo, Norway.
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Arlian LG, Schumann RJ, Morgan MS, Glass RL. Serum immunoglobulin E against storage mite allergens in dogs with atopic dermatitis. Am J Vet Res 2003; 64:32-6. [PMID: 12518875 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2003.64.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of serum IgE against the storage mites Acarus siro, Blomia tropicalis, and Tyrophagus putrescentiae in a population of dogs with atopic dermatitis. SAMPLE POPULATION Sera from 84 dogs with atopic dermatitis residing in various regions of the United States and Europe. PROCEDURE Immunoblotting of sera from atopic dogs was used to identify proteins in mite extracts that bound IgE. RESULTS 94% of the dogs had serum IgE against proteins in extracts of 1 or more of the storage mite species. Ninety-five, 92, and 89% of the storage mite-sensitive dogs had serum IgE against proteins in extracts of A siro, B tropicalis, and T putrescentiae, respectively. Eighty-two percent had serum IgE against at least 1 protein in all 3 species. Most of the major allergens had molecular weights > 80 kd. A greater percentage of the dog sera had IgE against storage mite proteins, compared with proteins of the house dust mites Dermatophagoides farinae and D pteronyssinus. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Many dogs with atopic dermatitis have serum IgE against many allergens of storage mites. Most of these allergens, like allergens of dust mites, had molecular weights > 80 kd. Storage mite sensitivity in dogs may be as important, if not more important, than dust mite sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry G Arlian
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
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34
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Saevik BK, Thoresen SI, Kristensen F. A retrospective study of hyposensitization in canine atopy based on a polyclonal ELISA test. Vet Res Commun 2002; 26:613-24. [PMID: 12507036 DOI: 10.1023/a:1020968703929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Compliance with the treatment protocol and the most significant reasons encountered in general practice for the discontinuation of treatment in hyposensitized dogs are examined. The data are based on (1) a review of order forms for the hyposenzitization mixture and information sheets for an ELISA test and (2) telephone interviews with dog owners. Most of the owners (81%) gave their dogs allergen injections at home. Non-compliance was defined as discontinuation of treatment in the induction period; 33.9% of the owners became non-compliant. A large proportion of non-compliant owners (51.2%) claimed to be unaware of the length of the induction period. Furthermore, 70.2% of the owners were not aware that treatment would most likely need to be lifelong if it was to remain effective. Although 67.5% of the owners perceived that their dogs had beneficial effects from hyposensitization, only 36.3% of the dogs were receiving maintenance injections at the time of the telephone interview, considerably reducing the long-term benefit from treatment. Canine atopy is a chronic disease characterized by remission and relapses. Since no control group was available in this study, the beneficial outcome of treatment reported by the owners could be partly due to the natural course of the disease. Nevertheless, the results indicated that the long-term effect of hyposensitization in canine atopy will be reduced by premature discontinuation of treatment in the maintenance period. The discontinuation of treatment could be a reflection of the treatment becoming less effective, owing to the development of new hypersensitivities or to a reduction in the placebo effect that may occur in 'new' treatments. However, poor client education and follow-up seem to be important reasons for both noncompliance and discontinuation of the treatment in the maintenance period.
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Saevik
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, The Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, PO Box 8146, Dep., N-0033 Oslo, Norway
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Yamashita K, Fujiwara C, Azuma R, Sawazaki T, Nakao Y, Hasegawa A. Determination of antigenic proteins of housedust mites in 90 dogs suffering from atopic dermatitis. J Vet Med Sci 2002; 64:673-6. [PMID: 12237510 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.64.673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Housedust mites, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (D. pteronyssinus) and Dermatophagoides farinae (D. farinae), are the important causative agents of allergic diseases in human and animals. By using 165 dogs suffering from atopic dermatitis (AD), serum levels of immunogloblin E (IgE) antibody against 25 kinds of allergen including housedust mites were determined. Housedust mites were the most frequent allergen against which 90 of the 165 allergic dogs (54.5%) by IMMUNODOT assay. With the further analysis of immunoblotting assay in the 90 dogs sensitized with housedust mites, antigenic proteins of housedust mites recognized by IgE antibodies were with the apparent molecular masses of 15, 76, 90, 98, and 170-kD. Among them, the 15-kD protein that might be identical to Group 2 antigens (Der f2, Der p2) was prominently observed (52/90). This study indicates that about a half of dogs with AD were sensitized to housedust mites, suggesting that Group 2 antigens of housedust mites may be a major allergen in canine AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Yamashita
- Pharmaceutical Research Laboratory, Hitachi Chemical Co., Ltd., Hitachi-shi, Ibaraki, Japan
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36
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Chen TA, Halliwell REW, Pemberton AD, Hill PB. Identification of major allergens of Malassezia pachydermatis in dogs with atopic dermatitis and Malassezia overgrowth. Vet Dermatol 2002; 13:141-50. [PMID: 12074703 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3164.2002.00291.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that both atopic and normal dogs generate an IgG response to antigens of Malassezia pachydermatis. The aim of this study was to compare IgE responses to separated proteins of M. pachydermatis in 28 atopic dogs with Malassezia dermatitis and 22 clinically normal dogs using Western immunoblotting. Six different detection systems were evaluated in order to assess sensitivity and eliminate nonspecific binding and cross-reactivity. The protocol yielding the best results utilized a monoclonal mouse antidog IgE, an alkaline phosphatase conjugated goat antimouse IgG which had been passed through a canine IgG column 3 times, a chemiluminescent substrate and a digital imaging system. Proteins of 45, 52, 56 and 63 kDa were recognized by more than 50% of the atopic dog sera and thus represented major allergens. Only a minority of normal dogs showed faint IgE binding to these proteins. The results indicate that the majority of atopic dogs with Malassezia dermatitis have a greater IgE response than normal dogs, suggesting an IgE-mediated immune response may be clinically important in the pathogenesis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai-An Chen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, UK
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37
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Mueller RS, Chapman PL, Rosychuk REW, Bettenay SV, Fieseler KV. Evaluation of cross-reactivity of allergens by use of intradermal testing in atopic dogs. Am J Vet Res 2002; 63:874-9. [PMID: 12061535 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2002.63.874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine cross-reactivity of aeroallergens in Colorado and surrounding states by evaluating concurrent positive reactions of related and nonrelated allergens of intradermal tests in dogs. SAMPLE POPULATION Intradermal test results of 268 atopic dogs. PROCEDURE A retrospective evaluation of skin test results for 268 dogs was performed. Pairs of closely related and nonrelated allergens were evaluated. Group 1 consisted of closely related allergens with demonstrated antibody cross-reactivity in humans. In group 2, allergens of the same plant group (ie, trees, grasses, or weeds) that were not closely related were paired. In group 3, allergen pairs were of different plant groups. Plant allergens were paired with dust mite allergens, animal dander, or mold spores in group 4. In the last group, allergens not derived from plants were paired. Data were evaluated twice by use of a different definition of a positive reaction. Significance of the difference between group means of log odds ratios was estimated by use of a boot-strap percentile confidence interval. RESULTS Significant differences in the number of concurrent positive reactions were not found between related versus nonrelated grass, weed, or tree allergens. Significant differences in the number of concurrent positive reactions were found between plant allergens of different groups (ie, grasses, weeds, and trees) and plant allergens of the same groups, related or nonrelated, as well as between plant-derived and nonplant-derived allergens. Many dogs reacting to a specific allergen did not react to a closely related allergen at the same time. CONCLUSION These results provide evidence against clinically relevant cross-reactivity and suggest that allergen-specific immunotherapy should be formulated on the basis of single allergen test results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf S Mueller
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523, USA
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Bensignor E, Carlotti DN. Sensitivity patterns to house dust mites and forage mites in atopic dogs: 150 cases. Vet Dermatol 2002; 13:37-42. [PMID: 11896969 DOI: 10.1046/j.0959-4493.2001.00270.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated intradermal test reactions to extracts of six species of mites in 150 dogs with atopic dermatitis. At least one positive reaction was seen in 120 animals (80%). Dermatophagoides farinae attracted the highest number of positive reactions (108 dogs, 90% of dogs and 72% of atopic dogs showing positive reactions). Positive reactions to other mites were not uncommon, with many dogs testing positive for Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (32% of dogs tested), Acarus siro (35%), Tyrophagus putrescentiae (30%), Glycyphagus domesticus (27%) and Lepidoglyphus destructor (23%). Sensitivity to D. farinae alone occurred commonly (57% of cases), but multiple sensitivities were seen frequently with the other mites. Cases of sensitivity to only one mite were also seen: D. pteronyssinus (five cases), T. putrescentiae (one case) and G. domesticus (one case). Further studies are needed to appreciate more clearly the precise role played by the different species of mite in canine atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Bensignor
- Dermatology Referral Service, Veterinary Clinic, 17 bvd des Filles du Calvaire, 75003 Paris, France.
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39
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Nuttall TJ, Pemberton AD, Lamb JR, Hill PB. Peripheral blood mononuclear cell responses to major and minor Dermatophagoides allergens in canine atopic dermatitis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2002; 84:143-50. [PMID: 11777530 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(01)00405-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory and pruritic skin disease commonly seen in dogs and humans. Most cases involve hypersensitivity to the house dust mites (HDM) Dermatophagoides farinae and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus. Human atopic dermatitis is associated with the HDM derived allergens Der f 1 and 2, and Der p 1 and 2. Serological data, however, suggest that a 98/104kD protein is the most important allergen in dogs with atopic dermatitis. The aim of this study was to characterise the specificity of circulating T-cells in canine atopic dermatitis for HDM derived allergens. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from dogs with atopic dermatitis that were skin test positive for D. farinae and D. pteronyssinus were cultured with crude extracts of D. farinae, D. pteronyssinus and D. microceras, a 98/104kD allergen purified from D. farinae, Der f 1 and Der f 2. There was significantly greater responsiveness of PBMCs to the D. farinae and D. pteronyssinus extracts compared to the D. microceras extract, and similarly to the purified 98/104kD allergen compared to Der f 1 and Der f 2. The close association between serological findings and PBMC proliferation implies that the 98/104kD HDM protein is a major target of immune recognition and that T-cells also participate in the pathogenesis of canine atopic dermatitis by supporting IgE production.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Nuttall
- Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, University of Edinburgh Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK.
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40
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Hillier A, DeBoer DJ. The ACVD task force on canine atopic dermatitis (XVII): intradermal testing. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2001; 81:289-304. [PMID: 11553391 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(01)00313-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Intradermal testing has been practiced for decades in human and veterinary medicine. The primary utility of intradermal testing is in the demonstration of IgE-mediated allergen hypersensitivity. The presence of a positive reaction on an intradermal test is not always indicative of allergy, as it may sometimes be an indication of sub-clinical hypersensitivity. Despite its widespread use by veterinary dermatologists, the usefulness of the intradermal test would be greatly enhanced by the use of standardized allergen extracts and homogeneous criteria for the interpretation of results. Irrespective of these shortcomings, intradermal testing is regarded as a valuable tool in the demonstration of allergen-specific hypersensitivity when performed according to accepted guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hillier
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, 601 Vernon L. Tharp Street, Columbus, OH 43017, USA.
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41
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Hill PB, DeBoer DJ. The ACVD task force on canine atopic dermatitis (IV): environmental allergens. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2001; 81:169-86. [PMID: 11553378 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(01)00298-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Numerous environmental allergens have been incriminated in the pathogenesis of canine atopic dermatitis (AD). These include dust and storage mite antigens, house dust, pollens from grasses, trees and weeds, mould spores, epidermal antigens, insect antigens, and miscellaneous antigens such as kapok. In this paper, we review the literature concerning the allergens that have been reported to contribute to canine AD. We conclude that attempts to identify the relevant canine antigens in the past have been plagued by a lack of standardisation of extracts and techniques, and the presence of false-positive and -negative reactions in allergy tests. Until these problems are rectified, it is unlikely that we will be able to provide a list of major and minor antigens for dogs. Hence, we recommend that future studies should be aimed at determining the major patterns of reactivity and cross-reactivity to specific protein allergens within antigenic extracts using electrophoresis and immunoblotting techniques. Once this information becomes available, it may be possible to use a selection of genetically engineered, highly pure antigens for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in canine allergy investigations. The use of such antigens will allow standardisation of canine allergy testing and immunotherapy so that the reliability and efficacy of these procedures can be objectively assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P B Hill
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK.
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Schumann RJ, Morgan MS, Glass R, Arlian LG. Characterization of house dust mite and scabies mite allergens by use of canine serum antibodies. Am J Vet Res 2001; 62:1344-8. [PMID: 11560257 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2001.62.1344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify the major allergenic proteins from the 3 main species of dust mites to which dogs react (Dermatophagoides farinae, D. pteronyssinus, and Euroglyphus maynei) and evaluate the potential cross-reactivity of dust mite allergens with antigens from the ectoparasitic mite Sarcoptes scabiei var canis. SAMPLE POPULATION Sera from 83 dogs with atopic dermatitis. PROCEDURE Sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting using serum from atopic dogs was used to identify IgE-binding proteins in extracts of the 4 mite species. RESULTS Sera of atopic dogs contained IgE against 23, 17, 25, and 17 allergens from D. farinae, D. pteronyssinus, E. maynei, and S. scabiei, respectively. Unlike the situation for humans, the major allergens for dogs are mostly proteins that are larger than 90 kd molecular weight. Dermatophagoides farinae and E. maynei appear to be more allergenic for dogs than is D. pteronyssinus. Some dogs with serum IgE against dust mites also had IgE against antigens of S. scabiei var canis. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Multiple dust mite allergens induce an IgE response in dogs. These allergens are mostly greater than 90 kd molecular weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Schumann
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
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Nuttall TJ, Lamb JR, Hill PB. Characterisation of major and minor Dermatophagoides allergens in canine atopic dermatitis. Res Vet Sci 2001; 71:51-7. [PMID: 11666148 DOI: 10.1053/rvsc.2001.0485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis is a well-recognised chronic inflammatory skin disease of humans and dogs. Most atopic dogs are sensitised to Dermatophagoides mites. The aim of this study was to characterise allergens in different Dermatophagoides species using polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies to canine IgE. Western blots were prepared from crude extracts of D farinae, D pteronyssinus and D microceras, and purified group 1 and 2 allergens under reducing and non-reducing conditions. They were probed with sera from atopic (n = 33) and healthy (n = 27) dogs. There was no significant difference in the sensitivity or specificity between the polyclonal and monoclonal sera in detecting Dermatophagoides -specific IgE. Major allergens common to both D farinae and D pteronyssinus were detected at 97-98 kDa, 103-104 kDa and 134-139 kDa on both reducing and non-reducing blots. Major allergens at 84-85 kDa, 65-69 kDa and 44-45 kDa were only recognised on reducing blots, suggesting that these are fragments of the larger allergens. Only a few sera recognised group 1 or 2 allergens on blots of crude extracts or purified allergens. These results confirm that, in atopic dogs, high molecular weight allergens are the most important Dermatophagoides allergens, rather than the low molecular weight group 1 and 2 proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Nuttall
- University of Edinburgh Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Easter Bush, Midlothian
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McCall C, Hunter S, Stedman K, Weber E, Hillier A, Bozic C, Rivoire B, Olivry T. Characterization and cloning of a major high molecular weight house dust mite allergen (Der f 15) for dogs. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2001; 78:231-47. [PMID: 11292526 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(00)00258-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Although house dust mites (HDM(s)) are important elicitors of canine allergy, the low molecular weight molecules defined as major allergens for humans do not appear to be major allergens for dogs. Western blotting of Dermatophagoides farinae (D. farinae) extracts with sera from sensitized dogs showed that the majority of animals had IgE antibodies specific for two proteins of apparent molecular weights of 98 and 109kDa (98/109kDa). The N-terminal sequences of these two proteins were identical, suggesting they were very closely related, and sequencing of internal peptides showed the protein(s) to have homology with insect chitinases. A purified preparation of 98/109kDa proteins elicited positive intradermal skin tests (IDST(s)) in a group of well-characterized atopic dogs sensitized to D. farinae, but not in normal dogs. A rabbit polyclonal antiserum raised against the purified proteins was used to immunoscreen a D. farinae cDNA library. The mature coding region of the isolated chitinase cDNA predicts a protein of 63.2kDa; sequence analysis and glycan detection blotting suggest that the molecule is extensively O-glycosylated. Monoclonal antibodies made against the purified native protein were used to localize the chitinase in sections of whole D. farinae mites. The protein displayed an intracellular distribution in the proventriculus and intestine of the mite, suggesting that it has a digestive, rather than a moulting-related, function. The high prevalence of IgE antibodies to this antigen in canine atopic dermatitis makes it a major HDM allergen for dogs, and the protein has been formally designated Der f 15.
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Affiliation(s)
- C McCall
- Heska Corporation, 1825 Sharp Point Drive, Fort Collins, CO 80525, USA.
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Marsella R, Nicklin CF. Sulphido-leukotriene production from peripheral leukocytes and skin in clinically normal dogs and house dust mite positive atopic dogs. Vet Dermatol 2001; 12:3-12. [PMID: 11301537 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3164.2001.00203.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenesis of canine atopy has not been completely elucidated. In humans, sulphido-leukotrienes (s-LT) play a role in atopy, and increased production of s-LT occurs in the skin and peripheral leukocytes after allergen challenge. The study population included 16 clinically normal and 13 atopic dogs. All atopic dogs had in common a positive reaction (4+) to the intradermal injection of house dust mite (allergen of reference). Blood samples and skin biopsies were collected. Sulphido-LT synthesis by peripheral leukocytes after stimulation was measured, and no statistically significant difference was found between clinically normal and atopic dogs. Sulphido-LT concentrations in skin samples from stimulated and unstimulated sites were measured, and no statistically significant difference was detected between clinically normal and atopic dogs or between lesional and nonlesional skin within the atopic group. Clinical signs of atopic dogs were graded by owners and no correlation was found between their severity and cutaneous concentrations of s-LT. In this study there was no increase in s-LT synthesis in atopic dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Marsella
- Blanche Saunders Dermatology Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, PO Box 100126, Gainesville, FL 32610-0126, USA
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Hillier A, Kwochka KW, Pinchbeck LR. Reactivity to intradermal injection of extracts of Dermatophagoides farinae, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, house dust mite mix, and house dust in dogs suspected to have atopic dermatitis: 115 cases (1996-1998). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2000; 217:536-40. [PMID: 10953719 DOI: 10.2460/javma.2000.217.536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare reactivities to intradermal injection of extracts of Dermatophagoides farinae, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, house dust mite mix, and house dust in dogs suspected to have atopic dermatitis. DESIGN Retrospective study. ANIMALS 115 dogs. PROCEDURES Records of all dogs suspected to have atopic dermatitis that underwent intradermal testing between October 1996 and July 1998 were reviewed. Reactivities to intradermal injection of crude mixed house dust mite (1:25,000 wt/vol) and crude house dust (25 PNU/ml) extracts were compared with reactivities to intradermal injection of individual extracts of D farinae and D pteronyssinus (1:50,000 wt/vol). RESULTS Ninety dogs were confirmed to have atopic dermatitis including 61 of the 69 dogs with positive reactions to either or both of the individual house dust mite extracts. Intradermal testing with the mixed house dust mite extract had sensitivity of 75%, specificity of 96%, and accuracy of 83%. Intradermal testing with the house dust extract had sensitivity of 30%, specificity of 93%, and accuracy of 56%. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggest that use of crude mixed house dust mite and crude house dust extracts for intradermal testing in dogs is not as accurate a method of determining house dust mite hypersensitivity as is the use of individual D farinae and D pteronyssinus extracts mainly because of the high percentage of false-negative results. Extracts of individual house dust mites are recommended for intradermal testing of dogs suspected to have atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hillier
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210, USA
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Arlian LG, Morgan MS. Serum antibody to Sarcoptes scabiei and house dust mite prior to and during infestation with S. scabiei. Vet Parasitol 2000; 90:315-26. [PMID: 10856817 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4017(00)00251-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study, serum antibodies to Sarcoptes scabiei var. canis (SS), Dermatophagoides farinae (DF), and D. pteronyssinus (DP) were determined in 19 healthy, random-source dogs prior to infestation with scabies then again during a primary infestation, cure and challenge infestation with scabies. Prior to scabies infestation, serum of 11 dogs contained faintly detectable amounts of IgE and/or IgG to proteins in SS extract, probably resulting from sensitization to dust mites that share cross-reactive antigenic epitopes with SS. After becoming infested with scabies, the response to SS antigens became stronger with antibodies appearing to more antigens as the scabies infestation progressed. Three of the newly recognized proteins were 170, 155 and 142/133kD and could be used in a diagnostic test since antibodies to them appeared during the primary infestation. In addition, during the primary infestation, 14 of 15 dogs developed IgE to 1-11 new SS proteins in addition to an increase in IgE binding to those proteins recognized prior to infestation. Overall, the strongest antibody responses (IgE and IgG) were exhibited during cure of the first infestation, when dead mites were still present in the stratum corneum. As expected, the antibody response was strong and rapid during challenge when the infestation self-cured. The immunogenic SS proteins identified by serum antibody binding during challenge, when the hosts self-cured, are candidates for inclusion in a vaccine. These candidate proteins are 200, 185, 170, 155, 142/133, 112, 97, 74, 57, 45/42, 32 and 22kD. Some of the proteins in SS that exhibited new or increased antibody binding during the experiment also had IgE and IgG binding to proteins with similar molecular weights in DF and DP extracts. These results illustrate the difficulties involved in understanding and interpreting serum antibody for developing a serological test for the diagnosis of scabies, isolating relevant SS antigens that could be included in a vaccine for prevention of scabies, and for understanding the immune response mechanism to scabies.
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Affiliation(s)
- L G Arlian
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA.
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Mueller RS, Bettenay SV, Tideman L. Aero-allergens in canine atopic dermatitis in southeastern Australia based on 1000 intradermal skin tests. Aust Vet J 2000; 78:392-9. [PMID: 10920777 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2000.tb11824.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the most relevant aero-allergens involved in canine atopic dermatitis in southeastern Australia and provide information about these aero-allergens to the general practitioner. PROCEDURE Dogs presented to the Animal Skin & Allergy Clinic with history and clinical signs of atopic dermatitis were injected intradermally with 38 different allergens and negative and positive control. Intradermal skin tests in 1000 dogs were retrospectively evaluated. RESULTS One third of all patients reacted to the house dust mite Dermatophagoides farinae. Allergens reacting in more than 15% of the patients were wheat (Triticum aestivum), sweet vernal (Anthoxanthum odoratum), English couch (Agropyron repens), yellow dock (Rumex crispus), Mexican tea (Chenopodium ambrosioides), plantain (Plantago lanceolata), melaleuca (Melaleuca quinquenervia) and peppercorn (Schimus spp). CONCLUSION House dust mites are the most common allergens in canine atopic dermatitis in southeastern Australia and D farinae is involved most frequently. However, a number of grass, weed and tree pollens also are involved regularly.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Mueller
- Animal Skin & Allergy Clinic, Mount Waverley, Victoria.
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Masuda K, Tsujimoto H, Fujiwara S, Kurata K, Hasegawa A, Yasueda H, Yamashita K, DeBoer DJ, de Weck AL, Sakaguchi M. IgE sensitivity and cross-reactivity to crude and purified mite allergens (Der f 1, Der f 2, Der p 1, Der p 2) in atopic dogs sensitive to Dermatophagoides mite allergens. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1999; 72:303-13. [PMID: 10628674 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(99)00142-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigates IgE-reactivity to crude and purified mite allergens by intradermal skin test (IDST), Immunodot method, and ELISA in atopic dogs sensitive to mite allergens, as well as the allergenic cross-reactivity between Dermatophgoides (D) farinae (DF) and D. pteronyssinus (DP) in dogs by IgE-ELISA inhibition. IDST and Immunodot method for crude mite allergens were performed for atopic dogs and 16 atopic dogs showed sensitivity to mite allergens. Of the 16 dogs, all dogs had anti-DF IgE and 11 had anti-DP IgE. We measured specific IgE to purified major allergens (Der f 1, Der f 2, Der p 1, Der p 2). Of the 16 atopic dogs, six had anti-Der f 1 IgE and seven had anti-Der f 2 IgE. Similarly, of the 16 dogs, six had anti-Der p 1 IgE and seven had anti-Der p 2 IgE. However, eight dogs had no specific IgE to these mite allergens. These dogs may be sensitive to other major mite allergens except Der 1 and Der 2. In the dogs that had both anti-DF and DP IgE, IgE binding to DF was greatly inhibited by DP, and reciprocal inhibition was observed. Based on these data, it appears that there is a strong cross-reactivity between DF and DP in dogs. Similarly, a cross-reactivity between DF and DP in purified allergens was also observed. IDST and Immunodot method are useful methods for the diagnosis of atopic diseases in dogs, and ELISA is a useful method for further investigation of IgE-reactivity for the allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Masuda
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduates School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
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50
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Abstract
Insect hypersensitivity reactions can have a large number of clinical presentations. The majority of reactions are pruritic and involve the short- or sparsely haired areas of the body. Most are associated with eosinophilic infiltration into the skin, often in a perivascular pattern. The diagnosis may be based on compatible clinical signs and improvement with aggressive insect control and, in some cases, confirmation via provocative exposure. Intradermal, prick, or serum testing for allergen-specific IgE can be used to document the presence of reaginic antibodies against insect allergens. Treatments include avoidance, aggressive insect control, and symptomatic support; in some cases, immunotherapy may be useful in decreasing the severity of clinical reactions to insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Bevier
- Colorado State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Fort Collins, USA
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