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Rencoret J, Marques G, Rosado MJ, Benito J, Barro F, Gutiérrez A, Del Río JC. Variations in the composition and structure of the lignins of oat (Avena sativa L.) straws according to variety and planting season. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 242:124811. [PMID: 37187416 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The differences in the composition and structure of the lignins from straws of different oat (Avena sativa L.) varieties, planted in two seasons (winter and spring), were studied in detail by different analytical techniques such as pyrolysis coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS), two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (2D-NMR), derivatization followed by reductive cleavage (DFRC), and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Overall, the analyses revealed that oat straw lignins were enriched in guaiacyl (G; 50-56 %) and syringyl (S; 39-44 %) units, with relatively lower amounts of p-hydroxyphenyl (H; 4-6 %) units. The lignins also incorporated significant quantities of p-coumarates (9-14 % of total lignin units), which are acylating the γ-OH of the lignin side chains, and predominantly over the S units. Furthermore, oat straw lignins also incorporated considerable amounts of the flavone tricin (5-12 % of total lignin units). Interestingly, this study revealed that the lignin content and composition of the oat straws varies with genotype and planting season. Since p-coumarates and tricin are high-value aromatic compounds especially attractive from a biorefinery point of view, the information disclosed here is highly relevant to plant breeding programs aimed at developing functional foods and lignin modifications for improved biorefinery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Rencoret
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, CSIC, Seville, Spain.
| | - Gisela Marques
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, CSIC, Seville, Spain
| | - Mario J Rosado
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, CSIC, Seville, Spain
| | - Javier Benito
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, CSIC, Seville, Spain
| | - Francisco Barro
- Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible (IAS), CSIC, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ana Gutiérrez
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, CSIC, Seville, Spain
| | - José C Del Río
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, CSIC, Seville, Spain
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2
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Hararak B, Wanmolee W, Wijaranakul P, Prakymoramas N, Winotapun C, Kraithong W, Nakason K. Physicochemical properties of lignin nanoparticles from softwood and their potential application in sustainable pre-harvest bagging as transparent UV-shielding films. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 229:575-588. [PMID: 36592857 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Technical lignin can be mainly obtained as a waste by-product from pulp industry, and it exhibits unique properties including ultraviolet adsorption, biodegradable, antibacterial, and antioxidant which can be utilized for bioplastic applications. However, common limitations of technical lignin for plastic applications are compatibility mainly due to poor interfacial adhesion, relatively large particle size and impurity. In this study lignin nanoparticles from softwood (S-LNPs) were successfully produced through a continuous-green-scalable antisolvent precipitation and the suitability of S-LNPs for fabrication of bio-composite polybutylene succinate (PBS) films using conventional blown film extrusion was examined. The attained S-LNPs showed lower ash content, higher phenolic content and higher lignin content compared to pristine softwood kraft lignin (S-lignin). Rheological property including shear viscosity and melt-flow index was determined. The obtained PBS/S-LNP composite films showed improved tensile modulus, higher water vapor transmission rate and excellent UV-shielding ability compared to neat PBS and PBS/S-lignin films. Accelerated weathering testing was conducted to replicate outdoor conditions. Degradation indices including carbonyl, vinyl and hydroxyl of the weathered PBS/lignin composites were evaluated for photo-oxidative stability. The S-LNPs as multifunctional bio-additives in biodegradable composite film exhibited superior performances of transparency, UV-absorption and stiffness with high photo-oxidative stability suitable for outdoor applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bongkot Hararak
- National Metal and Materials Technology Center (MTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Khlong-Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand.
| | - Wanwitoo Wanmolee
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Khlong-Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Pawarisa Wijaranakul
- National Metal and Materials Technology Center (MTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Khlong-Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Natcha Prakymoramas
- National Metal and Materials Technology Center (MTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Khlong-Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Charinee Winotapun
- National Metal and Materials Technology Center (MTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Khlong-Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Wasawat Kraithong
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Khlong-Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Kamonwat Nakason
- Department of Sanitary Engineering, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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3
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Agrawal R, Kumar A, Singh S, Sharma K. Recent advances and future perspectives of lignin biopolymers. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-03068-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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4
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Rosado MJ, Rencoret J, Marques G, Gutiérrez A, del Río JC. Structural Characteristics of the Guaiacyl-Rich Lignins From Rice ( Oryza sativa L.) Husks and Straw. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:640475. [PMID: 33679856 PMCID: PMC7932998 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.640475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a major cereal crop used for human nutrition worldwide. Harvesting and processing of rice generates huge amounts of lignocellulosic by-products such as rice husks and straw, which present important lignin contents that can be used to produce chemicals and materials. In this work, the structural characteristics of the lignins from rice husks and straw have been studied in detail. For this, whole cell walls of rice husks and straw and their isolated lignin preparations were thoroughly analyzed by an array of analytical techniques, including pyrolysis coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and derivatization followed by reductive cleavage (DFRC). The analyses revealed that both lignins, particularly the lignin from rice husks, were highly enriched in guaiacyl (G) units, and depleted in p-hydroxyphenyl (H) and syringyl (S) units, with H:G:S compositions of 7:81:12 (for rice husks) and 5:71:24 (for rice straw). These compositions were reflected in the relative abundances of the different interunit linkages. Hence, the lignin from rice husks were depleted in β-O-4' alkyl-aryl ether units (representing 65% of all inter-unit linkages), but presented important amounts of β-5' (phenylcoumarans, 23%) and other condensed units. On the other hand, the lignin from rice straw presented higher levels of β-O-4' alkyl-aryl ethers (78%) but lower levels of phenylcoumarans (β-5', 12%) and other condensed linkages, consistent with a lignin with a slightly higher S/G ratio. In addition, both lignins were partially acylated at the γ-OH of the side-chain (ca. 10-12% acylation degree) with p-coumarates, which overwhelmingly occurred over S-units. Finally, important amounts of the flavone tricin were also found incorporated into these lignins, being particularly abundant in the lignin of rice straw.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - José C. del Río
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, CSIC, Seville, Spain
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5
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Williams AJ, Craft KL, Millan M, Johnson SS, Knudson CA, Juarez Rivera M, McAdam AC, Tobler D, Skok JR. Fatty Acid Preservation in Modern and Relict Hot-Spring Deposits in Iceland, with Implications for Organics Detection on Mars. ASTROBIOLOGY 2021; 21:60-82. [PMID: 33121252 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2019.2115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hydrothermal spring deposits host unique microbial ecosystems and have the capacity to preserve microbial communities as biosignatures within siliceous sinter layers. This quality makes terrestrial hot springs appealing natural laboratories to study the preservation of both organic and morphologic biosignatures. The discovery of hydrothermal deposits on Mars has called attention to these hot springs as Mars-analog environments, driving forward the study of biosignature preservation in these settings to help prepare future missions targeting the recovery of biosignatures from martian hot-spring deposits. This study quantifies the fatty acid load in three Icelandic hot-spring deposits ranging from modern and inactive to relict. Samples were collected from both the surface and 2-18 cm in depth to approximate the drilling capabilities of current and upcoming Mars rovers. To determine the preservation potential of organics in siliceous sinter deposits, fatty acid analyses were performed with pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) utilizing thermochemolysis with tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH). This technique is available on both current and upcoming Mars rovers. Results reveal that fatty acids are often degraded in the subsurface relative to surface samples but are preserved and detectable with the TMAH pyrolysis-GC-MS method. Hot-spring mid-to-distal aprons are often the best texturally and geomorphically definable feature in older, degraded terrestrial sinter systems and are therefore most readily detectable on Mars from orbital images. These findings have implications for the detection of organics in martian hydrothermal systems as they suggest that organics might be detectable on Mars in relatively recent hot-spring deposits, but preservation likely deteriorates over geological timescales. Rovers with thermochemolysis pyrolysis-GC-MS instrumentation may be able to detect fatty acids in hot-spring deposits if the organics are relatively young; therefore, martian landing site and sample selection are of paramount importance in the search for organics on Mars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy J Williams
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Planetary Environments Laboratory (Code 699), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - Kathleen L Craft
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, Maryland, USA
| | - Maëva Millan
- Planetary Environments Laboratory (Code 699), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Sarah Stewart Johnson
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
- Science, Technology, and International Affairs Program, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Christine A Knudson
- Planetary Environments Laboratory (Code 699), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
- CRESST Center for Research Exploration in Space Science and Technology at the University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Marisol Juarez Rivera
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Amy C McAdam
- Planetary Environments Laboratory (Code 699), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - Dominique Tobler
- Department of Chemistry, Nano-Science Center, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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6
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van Erven G, Wang J, Sun P, de Waard P, van der Putten J, Frissen GE, Gosselink RJA, Zinovyev G, Potthast A, van Berkel WJH, Kabel MA. Structural Motifs of Wheat Straw Lignin Differ in Susceptibility to Degradation by the White-Rot Fungus Ceriporiopsis subvermispora. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2019; 7:20032-20042. [PMID: 31867146 PMCID: PMC6921689 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b05780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The white-rot fungus Ceriporiopsis subvermispora delignifies plant biomass extensively and selectively and, therefore, has great biotechnological potential. We previously demonstrated that after 7 weeks of fungal growth on wheat straw 70% w/w of lignin was removed and established the underlying degradation mechanisms via selectively extracted diagnostic substructures. In this work, we fractionated the residual (more intact) lignin and comprehensively characterized the obtained isolates to determine the susceptibility of wheat straw lignin's structural motifs to fungal degradation. Using 13C IS pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (py-GC-MS), heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC) and 31P NMR spectroscopy, and size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) analyses, it was shown that β-O-4' ethers and the more condensed phenylcoumarans and resinols were equally susceptible to fungal breakdown. Interestingly, for β-O-4' ether substructures, marked cleavage preferences could be observed: β-O-4'-syringyl substructures were degraded more frequently than their β-O-4'-guaiacyl and β-O-4'-tricin analogues. Furthermore, diastereochemistry (threo > erythro) and γ-acylation (γ-OH > γ-acyl) influenced cleavage susceptibility. These results indicate that electron density of the 4'-O-coupled ring and local steric hindrance are important determinants of oxidative β-O-4' ether degradation. Our findings provide novel insight into the delignification mechanisms of C. subvermispora and contribute to improving the valorization of lignocellulosic biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gijs van Erven
- Laboratory
of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University
& Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jianli Wang
- Laboratory
of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University
& Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peicheng Sun
- Laboratory
of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University
& Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter de Waard
- MAGNEFY
(MAGNEtic Resonance Research FacilitY), Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708
WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jacinta van der Putten
- Wageningen
Food and Biobased Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Guus E. Frissen
- Wageningen
Food and Biobased Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard J. A. Gosselink
- Wageningen
Food and Biobased Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Grigory Zinovyev
- Department
of Chemistry, Division of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Antje Potthast
- Department
of Chemistry, Division of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Willem J. H. van Berkel
- Laboratory
of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University
& Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam A. Kabel
- Laboratory
of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University
& Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
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7
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Williams AJ, Eigenbrode J, Floyd M, Wilhelm MB, O'Reilly S, Johnson SS, Craft KL, Knudson CA, Andrejkovičová S, Lewis JM, Buch A, Glavin DP, Freissinet C, Williams RH, Szopa C, Millan M, Summons RE, McAdam A, Benison K, Navarro-González R, Malespin C, Mahaffy PR. Recovery of Fatty Acids from Mineralogic Mars Analogs by TMAH Thermochemolysis for the Sample Analysis at Mars Wet Chemistry Experiment on the Curiosity Rover. ASTROBIOLOGY 2019; 19:522-546. [PMID: 30869535 PMCID: PMC6459279 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2018.1819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The Mars Curiosity rover carries a diverse instrument payload to characterize habitable environments in the sedimentary layers of Aeolis Mons. One of these instruments is Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM), which contains a mass spectrometer that is capable of detecting organic compounds via pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry (py-GC-MS). To identify polar organic molecules, the SAM instrument carries the thermochemolysis reagent tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) in methanol (hereafter referred to as TMAH). TMAH can liberate fatty acids bound in macromolecules or chemically bound monomers associated with mineral phases and make these organics detectable via gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) by methylation. Fatty acids, a type of carboxylic acid that contains a carboxyl functional group, are of particular interest given their presence in both biotic and abiotic materials. This work represents the first analyses of a suite of Mars-analog samples using the TMAH experiment under select SAM-like conditions. Samples analyzed include iron oxyhydroxides and iron oxyhydroxysulfates, a mixture of iron oxides/oxyhydroxides and clays, iron sulfide, siliceous sinter, carbonates, and shale. The TMAH experiments produced detectable signals under SAM-like pyrolysis conditions when organics were present either at high concentrations or in geologically modern systems. Although only a few analog samples exhibited a high abundance and variety of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs), FAMEs were detected in the majority of analog samples tested. When utilized, the TMAH thermochemolysis experiment on SAM could be an opportunity to detect organic molecules bound in macromolecules on Mars. The detection of a FAME profile is of great astrobiological interest, as it could provide information regarding the source of martian organic material detected by SAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy J. Williams
- Department of Physics, Astronomy, and Geosciences, Towson University, Towson, Maryland, USA
- Center for Research and Exploration in Space Sciences and Technology/University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Space Science Exploration Division (Code 690), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - Jennifer Eigenbrode
- Space Science Exploration Division (Code 690), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - Melissa Floyd
- Space Science Exploration Division (Code 690), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Shane O'Reilly
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- School of Earth Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Kathleen L. Craft
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, Maryland, USA
| | - Christine A. Knudson
- Space Science Exploration Division (Code 690), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
- Center for Research and Exploration in Space Sciences and Technology/University of Maryland College Park, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Slavka Andrejkovičová
- Space Science Exploration Division (Code 690), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
- Center for Research and Exploration in Space Sciences and Technology/University of Maryland College Park, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - James M.T. Lewis
- Space Science Exploration Division (Code 690), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
- Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, Maryland, USA
| | - Arnaud Buch
- Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés et Matériaux, CentraleSupelec, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Daniel P. Glavin
- Space Science Exploration Division (Code 690), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - Caroline Freissinet
- CNRS–UVSQ Laboratoire Atmosphères Milieux Observations Spatiales LATMOS, Guyancourt, France
| | - Ross H. Williams
- Space Science Exploration Division (Code 690), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
- Center for Research and Exploration in Space Sciences and Technology/University of Maryland College Park, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Cyril Szopa
- CNRS–UVSQ Laboratoire Atmosphères Milieux Observations Spatiales LATMOS, Guyancourt, France
| | - Maëva Millan
- Space Science Exploration Division (Code 690), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Roger E. Summons
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Amy McAdam
- Space Science Exploration Division (Code 690), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - Kathleen Benison
- Department of Geology and Geography, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Rafael Navarro-González
- Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Charles Malespin
- Space Science Exploration Division (Code 690), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - Paul R. Mahaffy
- Space Science Exploration Division (Code 690), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
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Růžičková J, Raclavská H, Kucbel M, Raclavský K, Šafář M, Švédová B. The possibilities to identify combusted fuel based on an analysis of ash from local heating. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 219:269-276. [PMID: 29747105 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Combustion of undesirable components with a high calorific value (waste: plastics, rubber, chipboard, plywood etc.) contribute to an increased emissions of PM particles. The possibility of identification of non-desirable fuels was verified by analysis of unburned carbon from bottom ash by means of pyrolysis-GC/MS. Compounds derived from thermal conversion of main wood components in the unburned carbon are formed by aldehydes, ketones, alkanes, alkenes, alkanoates, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, compounds containing benzene, compounds containing phenol and nitrogen. Unburned carbon from plywood/chipboard contains compounds with nitrogen (heterocyclic and aliphatic) in increased concentrations (33-51 ng/mg) compared with unburned carbon from pure wood (7-12 ng/mg). The concentrations increased almost two times were proved for compounds containing phenols in unburned carbon from wood composite. Total amount of determined organic compounds is also almost two times higher than that contained in unburned carbon from wood. The indication of waste wood combustion from unburned carbon is possible using the ratio: phenol/(2-methylphenol+4-methylphenol).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Růžičková
- ENET - Energy Units for Utilization of Non-Traditional Energy Sources, VŠB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 708 33 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic.
| | - Helena Raclavská
- ENET - Energy Units for Utilization of Non-Traditional Energy Sources, VŠB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 708 33 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic; Institute of Geological Engineering, Faculty of Mining and Geology, VŠB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 708 33 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic.
| | - Marek Kucbel
- ENET - Energy Units for Utilization of Non-Traditional Energy Sources, VŠB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 708 33 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic; Institute of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Mining and Geology, VŠB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 708 33 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic.
| | - Konstantin Raclavský
- ENET - Energy Units for Utilization of Non-Traditional Energy Sources, VŠB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 708 33 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic.
| | - Michal Šafář
- ENET - Energy Units for Utilization of Non-Traditional Energy Sources, VŠB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 708 33 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic; Institute of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Mining and Geology, VŠB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 708 33 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic.
| | - Barbora Švédová
- ENET - Energy Units for Utilization of Non-Traditional Energy Sources, VŠB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 708 33 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic; Department of Power Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, VŠB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 708 33 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic.
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9
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Del Río JC, Rencoret J, Gutiérrez A, Kim H, Ralph J. Structural Characterization of Lignin from Maize ( Zea mays L.) Fibers: Evidence for Diferuloylputrescine Incorporated into the Lignin Polymer in Maize Kernels. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:4402-4413. [PMID: 29665690 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b00880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The structure of the phenolic polymer in maize grain fibers, with 5.5% Klason lignin content, has been studied. For this, the milled wood lignin (MWL) and dioxane lignin (DL) preparations were isolated and analyzed. The data indicated that the lignin in maize fibers was syringyl rich, mostly involved in β-aryl ether, resinol, and phenylcoumaran substructures. 2D NMR and derivatization followed by reductive cleavage (DFRC) also revealed the occurrence of associated ferulates together with trace amounts of p-coumarates acylating the γ-OH of lignin side chains, predominantly on S-lignin units. More interesting was the occurrence of diferuloylputrescine, a ferulic acid amide, which was identified by 2D NMR and comparison with a synthesized standard, that was apparently incorporated into this lignin. A phenylcoumaran structure involving a diferuloylputrescine coupled through 8-5' linkages to another diferuloylputrescine (or to a ferulate or a guaiacyl lignin unit) was found, providing compelling evidence for its participation in radical coupling reactions. The occurrence of diferuloylputrescine in cell walls of maize kernels and other cereal grains appears to have been missed in previous works, perhaps due to the alkaline hydrolysis commonly used for composition studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- José C Del Río
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS), CSIC , Avenida Reina Mercedes, 10 , 41012 Seville , Spain
| | - Jorge Rencoret
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS), CSIC , Avenida Reina Mercedes, 10 , 41012 Seville , Spain
| | - Ana Gutiérrez
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS), CSIC , Avenida Reina Mercedes, 10 , 41012 Seville , Spain
| | - Hoon Kim
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center , Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53726 , United States
- Department of Biochemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - John Ralph
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center , Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53726 , United States
- Department of Biochemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
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Rencoret J, Kim H, Evaristo AB, Gutiérrez A, Ralph J, Del Río JC. Variability in Lignin Composition and Structure in Cell Walls of Different Parts of Macaúba (Acrocomia aculeata) Palm Fruit. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:138-153. [PMID: 29241332 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The lignins from different anatomical parts of macaúba (Acrocomia aculeata) palm fruit, namely stalks, epicarp, and endocarp, were studied. The lignin from stalks was enriched in S-lignin units (S/G 1.2) and β-ether linkages (84% of the total) and was partially acylated at the γ-OH of the lignin side-chains (26% lignin acylation), predominantly with p-hydroxybenzoates and acetates. The epicarp lignin was highly enriched in G-lignin units (S/G 0.2) and consequently depleted in β-ethers (65%) and enriched in condensed structures such as phenylcoumarans (24%) and dibenzodioxocins (3%). The endocarp lignin was strikingly different from the rest and presented large amounts of piceatannol units incorporated into the polymer. This resulted in a lignin polymer depleted in β-ethers but enriched in condensed structures and linked piceatannol moieties. The incorporation of piceatannol into the lignin polymer seems to have a role in seed protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Rencoret
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS), CSIC , Av. Reina Mercedes, 10, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Hoon Kim
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53726, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Anderson B Evaristo
- Department of Agronomy, Universidade Estadual do Tocantins , Palmas, TO, Brazil
| | - Ana Gutiérrez
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS), CSIC , Av. Reina Mercedes, 10, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - John Ralph
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53726, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - José C Del Río
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS), CSIC , Av. Reina Mercedes, 10, 41012 Seville, Spain
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Ohra-aho T, Niemi P, Aura AM, Orlandi M, Poutanen K, Buchert J, Tamminen T. Structure of Brewer's Spent Grain Lignin and Its Interactions with Gut Microbiota in Vitro. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:812-20. [PMID: 26751846 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b05535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is part of dietary fiber, but its conversion in the gastrointestinal tract is not well understood. The aim of this work was to obtain structural information on brewer's spent grain (BSG) lignin and to understand the behavior of the polymeric part of lignin exposed to fecal microbiota. The original BSG and different lignin fractions were characterized by pyrolysis-GC/MS with and without methylation. Methylation pyrolysis proved that the ratio between guaiacyl and syringyl units was similar in all lignin samples, but the ratio between p-coumaric and ferulic acids varied by the isolation method. Combined pyrolysis results indicated higher acylation of γ-OH groups in syringyl than in guaiacyl lignin units. The polymeric lignin structure in the alkali-soluble fraction after enzymatic hydrolysis was slightly altered in the in vitro colon fermentation, whereas lignin in the insoluble residue after enzymatic treatments remained intact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taina Ohra-aho
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd. , P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland
| | - Piritta Niemi
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd. , P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland
| | - Anna-Marja Aura
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd. , P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland
| | - Marco Orlandi
- Department of Environmental and Earth Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca , Piazza della Scienza 1, Milan, I-20126 Italy
| | - Kaisa Poutanen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd. , P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland
| | - Johanna Buchert
- Natural Resources Institute Finland , Viikinkaari 4, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tarja Tamminen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd. , P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland
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Structural characterization of lignin: A potential source of antioxidants guaiacol and 4-vinylguaiacol. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 75:58-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 11/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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13
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Akalın MK, Karagöz S. Analytical pyrolysis of biomass using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Trends Analyt Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Rencoret J, Aracri E, Gutiérrez A, del Río JC, Torres AL, Vidal T, Martínez AT. Structural insights on laccase biografting of ferulic acid onto lignocellulosic fibers. Biochem Eng J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2014.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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15
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Chemical composition of lipids in brewer's spent grain: A promising source of valuable phytochemicals. J Cereal Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Aracri E, Fillat A, Colom JF, Gutiérrez A, Del Río JC, Martínez AT, Vidal T. Enzymatic grafting of simple phenols on flax and sisal pulp fibres using laccases. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2010; 101:8211-8216. [PMID: 20580550 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.05.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2010] [Revised: 05/19/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Flax and sisal pulps were treated with two laccases (from Pycnoporus cinnabarinus, PcL and Trametes villosa, TvL, respectively), in the presence of different phenolic compounds (syringaldehyde, acetosyringone and p-coumaric acid in the case of flax pulp, and coniferaldehyde, sinapaldehyde, ferulic acid and sinapic acid in the case of sisal pulp). In most cases the enzymatic treatments resulted in increased kappa number of pulps suggesting the incorporation of the phenols into fibres. The covalent binding of these compounds to fibres was evidenced by the analysis of the treated pulps, after acetone extraction, by pyrolysis coupled with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry in the absence and/or in the presence of tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) as methylating agent. The highest extents of phenol incorporation were observed with the p-hydroxycinnamic acids, p-coumaric and ferulic acids. The present work shows for the first time the use of analytical pyrolysis as an effective approach to study fibre functionalization by laccase-induced grafting of phenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Aracri
- Textile and Paper Engineering Department, ETSEIAT, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Colom 11, E-08222 Terrassa, Spain
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Martínez AT, Rencoret J, Nieto L, Jiménez-Barbero J, Gutiérrez A, del Río JC. Selective lignin and polysaccharide removal in natural fungal decay of wood as evidenced byin situstructural analyses. Environ Microbiol 2010; 13:96-107. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2010.02312.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Som MP, Lemée L, Amblès A. Stability and maturity of a green waste and biowaste compost assessed on the basis of a molecular study using spectroscopy, thermal analysis, thermodesorption and thermochemolysis. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2009; 100:4404-4416. [PMID: 19443212 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2008] [Revised: 04/07/2009] [Accepted: 04/08/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The organic matter (OM) of a green waste and bio waste compost was characterised over 8months and the observed evolution was correlated with physico-chemical parameters (temperature, pH, carbon content, C/N ratio). Thermochemolysis and thermodesorption were used to monitor bacterial activity (stability) whereas diffuse reflectance infrared fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) and thermodifferential analysis (TDA) permitted to determine the degree of OM humification (maturity). DRIFT spectroscopy and TDA provide two indicators of maturity since, with these two techniques, the signals associated with the biodegradable organic matter decrease relatively to the signals associated with refractory organic matter. This increase in R(TG) and R(IR) ratios between aromatic to aliphatic signals constitutes a proof for OM complexification. It correlates with humic acids/fulvic acids ratio known to be a maturity index. Pyrolysates are mainly constituted of lignin moieties, terpenoids, nitrogen containing compounds, carbohydrates (furanosic moiety), mono- and diacids (as methyl esters), and methoxyesters. The R(branched/linear) ratio between branched to linear acids traduces the evolution of the bacterial activity during composting. Moreover the R(di/mono) ratio between aliphatic mono to diacids correlates with the latter showing that diacids can occur from the biological oxidation of monoacids. These two ratios determined by thermochemolysis are useful to monitor the stability of compost. VOC, observed by thermodesorption are mainly constituted of terpenes, light acids, aldehydes and ketone. An unexpected result was obtained since the amount of phytol increases relatively to the isoprenoid ketone considered to originate from the latter.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-P Som
- Université de Poitiers, CNRS, UMR 6514, Poitiers, France
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Nanny MA, Ratasuk N. Characterization and comparison of hydrophobic neutral and hydrophobic acid dissolved organic carbon isolated from three municipal landfill leachates. WATER RESEARCH 2002; 36:1572-1584. [PMID: 11996346 DOI: 10.1016/s0043-1354(01)00359-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The acid-precipitated (AP) and acid-soluble (AS) fractions of the combined hydrophobic neutral and hydrophobic acid dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were isolated from leachate collected from three municipal landfills of different age and redox conditions. The AP and the AS combined hydrophobic neutral and hydrophobic acid DOC comprised 6-15% and 51-66%, respectively, of the leachate nonpurgable organic carbon. Elemental analysis, infra-red spectroscopy, 13C CP-MAS nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and dipolar dephasing experiments, and thermochemolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry results showed that the AP and AS fractions of hydrophobic neutral and hydrophobic acid DOC are highly aliphatic, with linear and branching moieties, and less oxidized than most terrestrial and aquatic humic substances. Very little, if any, polysaccharide or cellulose, lignin, or cutin components comprise these fractions. It is hypothesized that a majority of the organic carbon in these fractions originates highly branched, cyclic aliphatic organic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Nanny
- School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman 73019, USA.
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Allard B, Templier J. High molecular weight lipids from the trilaminar outer wall (TLS)-containing microalgae Chlorella emersonii, Scenedesmus conmmunis and Tetraedron minimum. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2001; 57:459-467. [PMID: 11393527 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9422(01)00071-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
High molecular weight lipids were isolated from Chlorella emersonii, Scenedesmus communis and Tetraedron minimum, thin trilaminar outer wall (TLS)-containing freshwater microalgae producing an insoluble non-hydrolysable biopolymer (i.e. algaenan). Molecular weight determination by gel permeation chromatography indicated that their molecular weights range from ca. 400 to 2000 Da. Flash pyrolysis with in situ methylation using tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) and alkaline hydrolysis showed that the high molecular weight lipids isolated from C. emersonii and S. communis are mainly composed of saturated n-C26 and n-C28 fatty acids and alcohols and of saturated n-C30 and n-C32 alpha,omega-diols and omega-hydroxy acids. In contrast the high molecular weight lipids isolated from T. minimum are predominantly composed of long-chain fatty acids and omega-hydroxy acids. Aromatic moieties were also identified in small amounts in the thermochemolysate and in the hydrolysate. Chemical structural models containing long-chain mono- and polyesters were proposed for the high molecular weight lipids isolated from the three microalgae in agreement with analytical and spectroscopic data. Structural similarity between the outer cell wall of these microalgae and the cuticular membrane of higher plants is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Allard
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bioorganique et Organique Physique, UMR CNRS 7573, ENSCP, Paris, France.
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