1
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Choi SM, Nam YE, An YJ, Choi ER, Park H, Schinazi RF, Cho JH. Direct Synthesis of Aryloxy Phosphonamidate Nucleotide Prodrugs Using the Cross Metathesis Assisted by Ultrasonic Irradiation. Org Lett 2024; 26:4841-4846. [PMID: 38381649 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
A direct synthetic strategy of aryloxy phosphonamidate nucleotide prodrugs (A, G, C, and U) was developed with the CM reaction assisted by ultrasonic irradiation and partitioned addition of 12 mol % of Hoveyda-Grubbs (H-G) II catalyst in 61-82% yields as a mixture of E-/Z-isomers (∼2:1) from aryloxy vinylphosponamidate and 5'-vinyl nucleoside moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Myeong Choi
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea
| | - Ye Eun Nam
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea
| | - Yeon Jin An
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea
| | - Eun Rang Choi
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea
| | - Hyejin Park
- Department of Translational Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Dong-A University, Busan 49201, Korea
| | - Raymond F Schinazi
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Jong Hyun Cho
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea
- Department of Translational Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Dong-A University, Busan 49201, Korea
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2
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Gniech T, Humboldt A, Keith KA, James SH, Richert C. A ProTide of AZT Shows Activity Against Human Papillomaviruses. ChemMedChem 2024; 19:e202300661. [PMID: 38241205 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202300661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Infection by human papillomaviruses (HPV) can cause warts and tumors. So far, no small molecule antiviral has been approved for the treatment of infections with this DNA virus, although preclinical studies show activity for nucleosidic compounds, such as 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxy)ethylguanine (PMEG) or cidofovir. This prompted us to test new prodrug versions of the nucleoside analog 3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxythymidine (AZT), known to be active against reverse transcriptases and approved for the treatment of HIV. Here we report the synthesis of an ethylbutyl alaninyl ester phosphosphoramidate prodrug of AZT, dubbed AZAEB, and its activity against HPV, a target not known to be sensitive to AZT. A methyl ester derivative was found to be inactive against this and three other DNA viruses, while the phosphoramidate prodrug AZAEB showed a modest inhibitory effect against HPV types 6, 11, 18 and 31. Our results open up new avenues of study for the treatment of diseases caused by members of the papillomaviridae family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Gniech
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Adrian Humboldt
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Kathy A Keith
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Scott H James
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Clemens Richert
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
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3
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Humboldt A, Rami F, Topp FM, Arnold D, Göhringer D, Pallan PS, Egli M, Richert C. Prolinyl Phosphoramidates of Nucleotides with Increased Reactivity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202319958. [PMID: 38300702 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202319958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Nucleoside monophosphates (NMPs) are the subunits of RNA. They are incorporated into growing complementary strands when sequences are copied in enzyme-free reactions using organic leaving groups at the phosphates. Amino acids are rarely considered as leaving groups, but proline can act as a leaving group when N-linked to NMPs, so that prolinyl NMPs hydrolyze in aqueous buffer at 37 °C, with half-life times as short as 2.4 h, and they act as monomers in enzyme-free primer extension. Still, their level of reactivity is insufficient for practical purposes, requiring months for some extensions. Herein we report the synthesis of eight substituted prolinyl AMPs together with seven related compounds and the results of a study of their reactivity. A δ-carboxy prolinyl NMP was found to be converted with a half-life time of just 11 min in magnesium-free buffer, and a δ-isopropyl prolinyl NMP was shown to react sevenfold faster than its prolinyl counterpart in enzyme-free genetic copying of RNA. Our results indicate that both anchimeric and steric effects can be employed to increase the reactivity of aminoacidyl nucleotides, i.e. compounds that combine two fundamental classes of biomolecules in one functional entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Humboldt
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Fabian Rami
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Franka M Topp
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Dejana Arnold
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Daniela Göhringer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Pradeep S Pallan
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, 37232, USA
| | - Martin Egli
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, 37232, USA
| | - Clemens Richert
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
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4
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Jia X, Schols D, Meier C. Antiviral Activity of Lipophilic Nucleoside Tetraphosphate Compounds. J Med Chem 2024; 67:2864-2883. [PMID: 38345794 PMCID: PMC10895676 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c02022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
We report on the synthesis and characterization of three types of nucleoside tetraphosphate derivatives 4-9 acting as potential prodrugs of d4T nucleotides: (i) the δ-phosph(on)ate is modified by two hydrolytically stable alkyl residues 4 and 5; (ii) the δ-phosph(on)ate is esterified covalently by one biodegradable acyloxybenzyl moiety and a nonbioreversible moiety 6 and 7; or (iii) the δ-phosphate of nucleoside tetraphosphate is masked by two biodegradable prodrug groups 8 and 9. We were able to prove the efficient release of d4T triphosphate (d4TTP, (i)), δ-monoalkylated d4T tetraphosphates (20 and 24, (ii)), and d4T tetraphosphate (d4T4P, (iii)), respectively, by chemical or enzymatic processes. Surprisingly, δ-dialkylated d4T tetraphosphates, δ-monoalkylated d4T tetraphosphates, and d4T4P were substrates for HIV-RT. Remarkably, the antiviral activity of TetraPPPPro-prodrug 7 was improved by 7700-fold (SI 5700) as compared to the parent d4T in CEM/TK- cells, denoting a successful cell membrane passage of these lipophilic prodrugs and an intracellular delivery of the nucleotide metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Jia
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, Hamburg D-20146, Germany
| | - Dominique Schols
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven B-3000, Belgium
| | - Chris Meier
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, Hamburg D-20146, Germany
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology (CSSB), Hamburg, DESY Campus, Notkestrasse 85, Hamburg D-22607, Germany
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5
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Jia X, Kullik GA, Bufano M, Brancale A, Schols D, Meier C. Membrane-permeable tenofovir-di- and monophosphate analogues. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 264:116020. [PMID: 38086193 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.116020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
The development of new antiviral agents such as nucleoside analogues or acyclic nucleotide analogues (ANPs) and prodrugs thereof is an ongoing task. We report on the synthesis of three types of lipophilic triphosphate analogues of (R)-PMPA and dialkylated diphosphate analogues of (R)-PMPA. A highly selective release of the different nucleotide analogues ((R)-PMPA-DP, (R)-PMPA-MP, and (R)-PMPA) from these compounds was achieved. All dialkylated (R)-PMPA-prodrugs proved to be very stable in PBS as well as in CEM/0 cell extracts and human plasma. In primer extension assays, both the monoalkylated and the dialkylated (R)-PMPA-DP derivatives acted as (R)-PMPA-DP as a substrate for HIV-RT. In contrast, no incorporation events were observed using human polymerase γ. The dialkylated (R)-PMPA-compounds exhibited significant anti-HIV efficacy in HIV-1/2 infected cells (CEM/0 and CEM/TK-). Remarkably, the dialkylated (R)-PMPA-MP derivative 9a showed a 326-fold improved activity as compared to (R)-PMPA in HIV-2 infected CEM/TK- cells as well as a very high SI of 14,000. We are convinced that this study may significantly contribute to advancing antiviral agents developed based on nucleotide analogues in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Jia
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, D-20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Giuliano A Kullik
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, D-20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marianna Bufano
- Dipartimento Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Facoltà di Farmacia e Medicina, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Brancale
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Vysoká Škola Chemicko-Technologická v Praze, Technická 5, 16628, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dominique Schols
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Chris Meier
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, D-20146, Hamburg, Germany; Centre for Structural Systems Biology (CSSB), Hamburg, DESY Campus, Notkestrasse 85, D-22607, Hamburg, Germany.
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6
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Jia X, Schols D, Meier C. Lipophilic Nucleoside Triphosphate Prodrugs of Anti-HIV Active Nucleoside Analogs as Potential Antiviral Compounds. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2306021. [PMID: 37884485 PMCID: PMC10754118 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Nucleoside analogs require three phosphorylation steps catalyzed by cellular kinases to give their triphosphorylated metabolites. Herein, the synthesis of two types of triphosphate prodrugs of different nucleoside analogs is disclosed. Triphosphates comprising: i) a γ-phosphate or γ-phosphonate bearing a bioreversible acyloxybenzyl group and a long alkyl group and ii) γ-dialkyl phosphate/phosphonate modified nucleoside triphosphate analogs. Almost selective conversion of the former TriPPPro-compounds into the corresponding γ-alkylated nucleoside triphosphate derivatives is demonstrated in CEM/0 cell extracts that proved to be stable toward further hydrolysis. The latter γ-dialkylated triphosphate derivatives lead to the slow formation of the corresponding NDPs. Both types of TriPPPro-compounds are highly potent in wild-type CEM/0 cells and more importantly, they exhibit even better activities against HIV-2 replication in CEM/TK- cell cultures. A finding of major importance is that, in primer extension assays, γ-phosphate-modified-NTPs, γ-mono-alkylated-triphosphates, and NDPs prove to be substrates for HIV-RT but not for cellular DNA-polymerases α,γ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Jia
- Organic ChemistryDepartment of ChemistryFaculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural SciencesUniversität HamburgMartin‐Luther‐King‐Platz 6D‐20146HamburgGermany
| | - Dominique Schols
- Laboratory of Virology and ChemotherapyDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology and TransplantationRega Institute for Medical ResearchKU Leuven, Herestraat 49LeuvenB‐3000Belgium
| | - Chris Meier
- Organic ChemistryDepartment of ChemistryFaculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural SciencesUniversität HamburgMartin‐Luther‐King‐Platz 6D‐20146HamburgGermany
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7
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Dillenburg M, Smith J, Wagner CR. The Many Faces of Histidine Triad Nucleotide Binding Protein 1 (HINT1). ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2023; 6:1310-1322. [PMID: 37854629 PMCID: PMC10580397 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.3c00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
The histidine triad nucleotide binding protein 1 (HINT1) is a nucleoside phosphoramidase that has garnered interest due to its widespread expression and participation in a broad range of biological processes. Herein, we discuss the role of HINT1 as a regulator of several CNS functions, tumor suppressor, and mast cell activator via its interactions with multiple G-protein-coupled receptors and transcription factors. Importantly, altered HINT1 expression and mutation are connected to the progression of multiple disease states, including several neuropsychiatric disorders, peripheral neuropathy, and tumorigenesis. Additionally, due to its involvement in the activation of several clinically used phosphoramidate prodrugs, tremendous efforts have been made to better understand the interactions behind nucleoside binding and phosphoramidate hydrolysis by HINT1. We detail the substrate specificity and catalytic mechanism of HINT1 hydrolysis, while highlighting the structural biology behind these efforts. The aim of this review is to summarize the multitude of biological and pharmacological functions in which HINT1 participates while addressing the areas of need for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell Dillenburg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Jacob Smith
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Carston R Wagner
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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8
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Jia X, Schols D, Meier C. Pronucleotides of 2',3'-Dideoxy-2',3'-Didehydrothymidine as Potent Anti-HIV Compounds. J Med Chem 2023; 66:12163-12184. [PMID: 37647547 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
We report on the synthesis and evaluation of three different nucleotide prodrug systems: (i) nucleoside triphosphate analogues in which the γ-phosph(on)ate has two different lipophilic nonbioreversible alkyl residues with d4TDP as the released nucleotide analogue; (ii) nucleoside diphosphate analogues bearing a bioreversible and a stable β-alkyl group; or (iii) nucleoside diphosphate analogues bearing two nonhydrolysable lipophilic alkyl moieties. The delivery of d4TDP (for the triphosphate precursor) and d4TMP (for the diphosphate precursor) was demonstrated in CD4+ T-lymphocyte CEM cell extracts as well as in phosphate buffer saline (PBS). In primer extension assay, we found that γ-dialkylated d4TTP derivatives and d4TDP were accepted as substrates by HIV-RT. Several of these compounds were observed to be extremely active against HIV-1/2 replication in HIV-infected cells. A more than 45,000-fold increase in the anti-HIV activity was detected for compound 18a as compared to the parent d4T which results in a selectivity index value of 37,000.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Jia
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, Hamburg D-20146, Germany
| | - Dominique Schols
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven B-3000, Belgium
| | - Chris Meier
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, Hamburg D-20146, Germany
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9
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Roy B, Navarro V, Peyrottes S. Prodrugs of Nucleoside 5'-Monophosphate Analogues: Overview of the Recent Literature Concerning their Synthesis and Applications. Curr Med Chem 2023; 30:1256-1303. [PMID: 36093825 DOI: 10.2174/0929867329666220909122820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoside analogues are widely used as anti-infectious and antitumoral agents. However, their clinical use may face limitations associated with their physicochemical properties, pharmacokinetic parameters, and/or their peculiar mechanisms of action. Indeed, once inside the cells, nucleoside analogues require to be metabolized into their corresponding (poly-)phosphorylated derivatives, mediated by cellular and/or viral kinases, in order to interfere with nucleic acid biosynthesis. Within this activation process, the first-phosphorylation step is often the limiting one and to overcome this limitation, numerous prodrug approaches have been proposed. Herein, we will focus on recent literature data (from 2015 and onwards) related to new prodrug strategies, the development of original synthetic approaches and novel applications of nucleotide prodrugs (namely pronucleotides) leading to the intracellular delivery of 5'-monophosphate nucleoside analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Béatrice Roy
- Team Nucleosides & Phosphorylated Effectors, Institute for Biomolecules Max Mousseron (IBMM), University of Montpellier, Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Valentin Navarro
- Team Nucleosides & Phosphorylated Effectors, Institute for Biomolecules Max Mousseron (IBMM), University of Montpellier, Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Suzanne Peyrottes
- Team Nucleosides & Phosphorylated Effectors, Institute for Biomolecules Max Mousseron (IBMM), University of Montpellier, Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
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10
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Inhibition of Viral RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerases by Nucleoside Inhibitors: An Illustration of the Unity and Diversity of Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012649. [PMID: 36293509 PMCID: PMC9604226 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) is essential for the replication and expression of RNA viral genomes. This class of viruses comprise a large number of highly pathogenic agents that infect essentially all species of plants and animals including humans. Infections often lead to epidemics and pandemics that have remained largely out of control due to the lack of specific and reliable preventive and therapeutic regimens. This unmet medical need has led to the exploration of new antiviral targets, of which RdRP is a major one, due to the fact of its obligatory need in virus growth. Recent studies have demonstrated the ability of several synthetic nucleoside analogs to serve as mimics of the corresponding natural nucleosides. These mimics cause stalling/termination of RdRP, or misincorporation, preventing virus replication or promoting large-scale lethal mutations. Several such analogs have received clinical approval and are being routinely used in therapy. In parallel, the molecular structural basis of their inhibitory interactions with RdRP is being elucidated, revealing both traditional and novel mechanisms including a delayed chain termination effect. This review offers a molecular commentary on these mechanisms along with their clinical implications based on analyses of recent results, which should facilitate the rational design of structure-based antiviral drugs.
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11
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Amblard F, Patel D, Michailidis E, Coats SJ, Kasthuri M, Biteau N, Tber Z, Ehteshami M, Schinazi RF. HIV nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 240:114554. [PMID: 35792384 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
More than 40 years into the pandemic, HIV remains a global burden and as of now, there is no cure in sight. Fortunately, highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has been developed to manage and suppress HIV infection. Combinations of two to three drugs targeting key viral proteins, including compounds inhibiting HIV reverse transcriptase (RT), have become the cornerstone of HIV treatment. This review discusses nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), including chain terminators, delayed chain terminators, nucleoside reverse transcriptase translocation inhibitors (NRTTIs), and nucleotide competing RT inhibitors (NcRTIs); focusing on their history, mechanism of action, resistance, and current clinical application, including long-acting regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Amblard
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Dharmeshkumar Patel
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Eleftherios Michailidis
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Steven J Coats
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Mahesh Kasthuri
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Nicolas Biteau
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Zahira Tber
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Maryam Ehteshami
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Raymond F Schinazi
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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12
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Ying H, Yao J, Wu F, Zhao Y, Ni F. A mild and concise synthesis of aryloxy phosphoramidate prodrug of alcohols via transesterification reaction. RSC Adv 2022; 12:13111-13115. [PMID: 35497010 PMCID: PMC9052952 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra01995g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A synthesis of aryloxy phosphoramidate prodrug of alcohols enabled by a transesterification strategy is described here. This reaction operates under mild conditions and thus has excellent functional group tolerance. This method provides an efficient and practical solution to the rapid construction of the aryloxy phosphoramidate prodrugs library for potential SAR studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanglu Ying
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University Ningbo Zhejiang 315211 P. R. China
- Qian Xuesen Collaborative Research Center of Astrochemistry and Space Life Sciences, Ningbo University Ningbo Zhejiang 315211 P. R. China
| | - Jie Yao
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University Ningbo Zhejiang 315211 P. R. China
- Qian Xuesen Collaborative Research Center of Astrochemistry and Space Life Sciences, Ningbo University Ningbo Zhejiang 315211 P. R. China
| | - Fan Wu
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University Ningbo Zhejiang 315211 P. R. China
- Qian Xuesen Collaborative Research Center of Astrochemistry and Space Life Sciences, Ningbo University Ningbo Zhejiang 315211 P. R. China
| | - Yufen Zhao
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University Ningbo Zhejiang 315211 P. R. China
- Qian Xuesen Collaborative Research Center of Astrochemistry and Space Life Sciences, Ningbo University Ningbo Zhejiang 315211 P. R. China
| | - Feng Ni
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University Ningbo Zhejiang 315211 P. R. China
- Qian Xuesen Collaborative Research Center of Astrochemistry and Space Life Sciences, Ningbo University Ningbo Zhejiang 315211 P. R. China
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13
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Tichotová M, Ešnerová A, Tučková L, Bednárová L, Císařová I, Baszczyňski O, Procházková E. 31P NMR parameters may facilitate the stereochemical analysis of phosphorus-containing compounds. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2022; 336:107149. [PMID: 35121491 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2022.107149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Conventional Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) analysis relies on H-H/C-H interactions. However, these interactions are sometimes insufficient for an accurate and precise NMR analysis. In this study, we show that 31P NMR parameters can provide critical structural insights into the stereochemistry of phosphorus-containing compounds. For this purpose, we prepared a set of model phosphorus-based proline derivatives, separated diastereoisomers, and determined their absolute configuration by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. After supplementing these results by electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectroscopy, we combined experimental data and DFT calculations from our model compounds to perform a detailed conformational analysis, thereby determining their relative configuration. Overall, our findings establish an experimental paradigm for combining 31P NMR spectroscopy with other optical methods to facilitate the stereochemical analysis of phosphorus-containing compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markéta Tichotová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, 160 00 Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 116 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Aneta Ešnerová
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 116 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Tučková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, 160 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Bednárová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, 160 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Císařová
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 116 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Baszczyňski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, 160 00 Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 116 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eliška Procházková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, 160 00 Prague, Czech Republic.
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14
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Prodrug Therapies for Infectious and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14030518. [PMID: 35335894 PMCID: PMC8953076 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14030518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Prodrugs are bioreversible drug derivatives which are metabolized into a pharmacologically active drug following chemical or enzymatic modification. This approach is designed to overcome several obstacles that are faced by the parent drug in physiological conditions that include rapid drug metabolism, poor solubility, permeability, and suboptimal pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles. These suboptimal physicochemical features can lead to rapid drug elimination, systemic toxicities, and limited drug-targeting to disease-affected tissue. Improving upon these properties can be accomplished by a prodrug design that includes the careful choosing of the promoiety, the linker, the prodrug synthesis, and targeting decorations. We now provide an overview of recent developments and applications of prodrugs for treating neurodegenerative, inflammatory, and infectious diseases. Disease interplay reflects that microbial infections and consequent inflammation affects neurodegenerative diseases and vice versa, independent of aging. Given the high prevalence, personal, social, and economic burden of both infectious and neurodegenerative disorders, therapeutic improvements are immediately needed. Prodrugs are an important, and might be said a critical tool, in providing an avenue for effective drug therapy.
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15
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Samineni R, Eda V, Rao P, Sen S, Oruganti S. Grignard Reagents as Niche Bases in the Synthesis of Pharmaceutically Relevant Molecules. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202102853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Samineni
- Center for Innovation in Molecular and Pharmaceutical Sciences (CIMPS) Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences University of Hyderabad campus, Gachibowli Hyderabad 500046 India
| | - Vishnuvardhana Eda
- Center for Process Research and Innovation (CPRI) Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences University of Hyderabad campus, Gachibowli Hyderabad 500046 India
| | - Pallavi Rao
- Center for Process Research and Innovation (CPRI) Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences University of Hyderabad campus, Gachibowli Hyderabad 500046 India
| | - Saikat Sen
- Center for Process Research and Innovation (CPRI) Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences University of Hyderabad campus, Gachibowli Hyderabad 500046 India
| | - Srinivas Oruganti
- Center for Process Research and Innovation (CPRI) Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences University of Hyderabad campus, Gachibowli Hyderabad 500046 India
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16
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Gavriel A, Sambrook M, Russell AT, Hayes W. Recent advances in self-immolative linkers and their applications in polymeric reporting systems. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00414c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Interest in self-immolative chemistry has grown over the past decade with more research groups harnessing the versatility to control the release of a compound from a larger chemical entity, given...
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17
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Nakamura M, Uemura K, Saito-Tarashima N, Sato A, Orba Y, Sawa H, Matsuda A, Maenaka K, Minakawa N. Synthesis and anti-dengue virus activity of 5-ethynylimidazole-4-carboxamide (EICA) nucleotide prodrugs. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2021; 70:220-225. [PMID: 34955490 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c21-01038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We previously showed that 5-ethynyl-(1-β-D-ribofuranosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamide (1; EICAR) is a potent anti-dengue virus (DENV) compound but is cytotoxic to some cell lines, while its 4-thio derivative, 5-ethynyl-(4-thio-1-β-D-ribofuranosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamide (2; 4'-thioEICAR), has less cytotoxicity but also less anti-DENV activity. Based on the hypothesis that the lower anti-DENV activity of 2 is due to reduced susceptibility to phosphorylation by cellular kinase(s), we investigated whether a monophosphate prodrug of 2 can improve its activity. Here, we first prepared two types of prodrug of 1, which revealed that the S-acyl-2-thioethyl (SATE) prodrug had stronger anti-DENV activity than the aryloxyphosphoramidate (so-called ProTide) prodrug. Based on these findings, we next prepared the SATE prodrug of 4'-thioEICAR 18. As expected, the resulting 18 showed potent anti-DENV activity, which was comparable to that of 1; however, its cytotoxicity was also increased relative to 2. Our findings suggest that prodrugs of 4'-thioribonucleoside derivatives such as EICAR (1) represent an effective approach to developing potent biologically active compounds; however, the balance between antiviral activity and cytotoxicity remains to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoki Nakamura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Tokushima University
| | - Kentaro Uemura
- Drug Discovery and Disease Research Laboratory, Shionogi & Co., Ltd.,Division of Molecular Pathobiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University.,Laboratory of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University
| | | | - Akihiko Sato
- Drug Discovery and Disease Research Laboratory, Shionogi & Co., Ltd.,Division of Molecular Pathobiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University
| | - Yasuko Orba
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University.,International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University
| | - Hirofumi Sawa
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University.,International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University.,One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University
| | - Akira Matsuda
- Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University
| | - Katsumi Maenaka
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University.,Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University.,Global Station for Biosurfaces and Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University
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18
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Zenchenko AA, Drenichev MS, Il’icheva IA, Mikhailov SN. Antiviral and Antimicrobial Nucleoside Derivatives: Structural Features and Mechanisms of Action. Mol Biol 2021; 55:786-812. [PMID: 34955556 PMCID: PMC8682041 DOI: 10.1134/s0026893321040105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of new viruses and resistant strains of pathogenic microorganisms has become a powerful stimulus in the search for new drugs. Nucleosides are a promising class of natural compounds, and more than a hundred drugs have already been created based on them, including antiviral, antibacterial and antitumor agents. The review considers the structural and functional features and mechanisms of action of known nucleoside analogs with antiviral, antibacterial or antiprotozoal activity. Particular attention is paid to the mechanisms that determine the antiviral effect of nucleoside analogs containing hydrophobic fragments. Depending on the structure and position of the hydrophobic substituent, such nucleosides can either block the process of penetration of viruses into cells or inhibit the stage of genome replication. The mechanisms of inhibition of viral enzymes by compounds of nucleoside and non-nucleoside nature have been compared. The stages of creation of antiparasitic drugs, which are based on the peculiarities of metabolic transformations of nucleosides in humans body and parasites, have been considered. A new approach to the creation of drugs is described, based on the use of prodrugs of modified nucleosides, which, as a result of metabolic processes, are converted into an effective drug directly in the target organ or tissue. This strategy makes it possible to reduce the general toxicity of the drug to humans and to increase the effectiveness of its action on cells infected by the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. A. Zenchenko
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - M. S. Drenichev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - I. A. Il’icheva
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - S. N. Mikhailov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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19
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Bouchareb F, Berredjem M. Recent progress in the synthesis of phosphoramidate and phosphonamide derivatives: A review. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2021.2012781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fouzia Bouchareb
- Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Synthesis of Biomolecules and Molecular Modelling Group, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Badji-Mokhtar - Annaba University, Annaba, Algeria
- Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Chadli Bendjedid - EL Tarf University, El Tarf, Algeria
| | - Malika Berredjem
- Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Synthesis of Biomolecules and Molecular Modelling Group, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Badji-Mokhtar - Annaba University, Annaba, Algeria
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20
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Kleiner RE. Interrogating the transcriptome with metabolically incorporated ribonucleosides. Mol Omics 2021; 17:833-841. [PMID: 34635895 DOI: 10.1039/d1mo00334h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
RNA is a central player in biological processes, but there remain major gaps in our understanding of transcriptomic processes and the underlying biochemical mechanisms regulating RNA in cells. A powerful strategy to facilitate molecular analysis of cellular RNA is the metabolic incorporation of chemical probes. In this review, we discuss current approaches for RNA metabolic labeling with modified ribonucleosides and their integration with Next-Generation Sequencing, mass spectrometry-based proteomics, and fluorescence microscopy in order to interrogate RNA behavior in its native context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph E Kleiner
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA.
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21
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Kalčic F, Zgarbová M, Hodek J, Chalupský K, Dračínský M, Dvořáková A, Strmeň T, Šebestík J, Baszczyňski O, Weber J, Mertlíková-Kaiserová H, Janeba Z. Discovery of Modified Amidate (ProTide) Prodrugs of Tenofovir with Enhanced Antiviral Properties. J Med Chem 2021; 64:16425-16449. [PMID: 34713696 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the discovery of novel prodrugs bearing tyrosine derivatives instead of the phenol moiety present in FDA-approved tenofovir alafenamide fumarate (TAF). The synthesis was optimized to afford diastereomeric mixtures of novel prodrugs in one pot (yields up to 86%), and the epimers were resolved using a chiral HPLC column into fast-eluting and slow-eluting epimers. In human lymphocytes, the most efficient tyrosine-based prodrug reached a single-digit picomolar EC50 value against HIV-1 and nearly 300-fold higher selectivity index (SI) compared to TAF. In human hepatocytes, the most efficient prodrugs exhibited subnanomolar EC50 values for HBV and up to 26-fold higher SI compared to TAF. Metabolic studies demonstrated markedly higher cellular uptake of the prodrugs and substantially higher levels of released tenofovir inside the cells compared to TAF. These promising results provide a strong foundation for further evaluation of the reported prodrugs and their potential utility in the development of highly potent antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Kalčic
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 160 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic.,Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Michala Zgarbová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 160 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Hodek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 160 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Chalupský
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 160 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Dračínský
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 160 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Alexandra Dvořáková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 160 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Timotej Strmeň
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 160 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Šebestík
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 160 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Baszczyňski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 160 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic.,Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Weber
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 160 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Mertlíková-Kaiserová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 160 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Zlatko Janeba
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 160 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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22
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Cobb DA, Smith N, Deodhar S, Bade AN, Gautam N, Shetty BLD, McMillan J, Alnouti Y, Cohen SM, Gendelman HE, Edagwa B. Transformation of tenofovir into stable ProTide nanocrystals with long-acting pharmacokinetic profiles. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5458. [PMID: 34531390 PMCID: PMC8445934 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25690-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment and prevention of human immunodeficiency virus type one (HIV-1) infection was transformed through widespread use of antiretroviral therapy (ART). However, ART has limitations in requiring life-long daily adherence. Such limitations have led to the creation of long-acting (LA) ART. While nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) remain the ART backbone, to the best of our knowledge, none have been converted into LA agents. To these ends, we transformed tenofovir (TFV) into LA surfactant stabilized aqueous prodrug nanocrystals (referred to as NM1TFV and NM2TFV), enhancing intracellular drug uptake and retention. A single intramuscular injection of NM1TFV, NM2TFV, or a nanoformulated tenofovir alafenamide (NTAF) at 75 mg/kg TFV equivalents to Sprague Dawley rats sustains active TFV-diphosphate (TFV-DP) levels ≥ four times the 90% effective dose for two months. NM1TFV, NM2TFV and NTAF elicit TFV-DP levels of 11,276, 1,651, and 397 fmol/g in rectal tissue, respectively. These results are a significant step towards a LA TFV ProTide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise A Cobb
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Nathan Smith
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Suyash Deodhar
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Aditya N Bade
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Nagsen Gautam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Bhagya Laxmi Dyavar Shetty
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - JoEllyn McMillan
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Yazen Alnouti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Samuel M Cohen
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Howard E Gendelman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Benson Edagwa
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
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23
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Klapars A, Chung JYL, Limanto J, Calabria R, Campeau LC, Campos KR, Chen W, Dalby SM, Davis TA, DiRocco DA, Hyde AM, Kassim AM, Larsen MU, Liu G, Maligres PE, Moment A, Peng F, Ruck RT, Shevlin M, Simmons BL, Song ZJ, Tan L, Wright TJ, Zultanski SL. Efficient synthesis of antiviral agent uprifosbuvir enabled by new synthetic methods. Chem Sci 2021; 12:9031-9036. [PMID: 34276931 PMCID: PMC8261776 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc01978c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficient route to the HCV antiviral agent uprifosbuvir was developed in 5 steps from readily available uridine in 50% overall yield. This concise synthesis was achieved by development of several synthetic methods: (1) complexation-driven selective acyl migration/oxidation; (2) BSA-mediated cyclization to anhydrouridine; (3) hydrochlorination using FeCl3/TMDSO; (4) dynamic stereoselective phosphoramidation using a chiral nucleophilic catalyst. The new route improves the yield of uprifosbuvir 50-fold over the previous manufacturing process and expands the tool set available for synthesis of antiviral nucleotides. An efficient route to the HCV antiviral agent uprifosbuvir was developed in 5 steps from readily available uridine in 50% overall yield.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Artis Klapars
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc. Rahway New Jersey 07065 USA
| | - John Y L Chung
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc. Rahway New Jersey 07065 USA
| | - John Limanto
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc. Rahway New Jersey 07065 USA
| | - Ralph Calabria
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc. Rahway New Jersey 07065 USA
| | - Louis-Charles Campeau
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc. Rahway New Jersey 07065 USA
| | - Kevin R Campos
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc. Rahway New Jersey 07065 USA
| | - Wenyong Chen
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc. Rahway New Jersey 07065 USA
| | - Stephen M Dalby
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc. Rahway New Jersey 07065 USA
| | - Tyler A Davis
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc. Rahway New Jersey 07065 USA
| | - Daniel A DiRocco
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc. Rahway New Jersey 07065 USA
| | - Alan M Hyde
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc. Rahway New Jersey 07065 USA
| | - Amude M Kassim
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc. Rahway New Jersey 07065 USA
| | - Mona Utne Larsen
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc. Rahway New Jersey 07065 USA
| | - Guiquan Liu
- WuXi STA 90 Delin Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone Shanghai 200131 China
| | - Peter E Maligres
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc. Rahway New Jersey 07065 USA
| | - Aaron Moment
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc. Rahway New Jersey 07065 USA
| | - Feng Peng
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc. Rahway New Jersey 07065 USA
| | - Rebecca T Ruck
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc. Rahway New Jersey 07065 USA
| | - Michael Shevlin
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc. Rahway New Jersey 07065 USA
| | - Bryon L Simmons
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc. Rahway New Jersey 07065 USA
| | - Zhiguo Jake Song
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc. Rahway New Jersey 07065 USA
| | - Lushi Tan
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc. Rahway New Jersey 07065 USA
| | - Timothy J Wright
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc. Rahway New Jersey 07065 USA
| | - Susan L Zultanski
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc. Rahway New Jersey 07065 USA
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24
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Brickute D, Beckley A, Allott L, Braga M, Barnes C, Thorley KJ, Aboagye EO. Synthesis and evaluation of 3'-[ 18F]fluorothymidine-5'-squaryl as a bioisostere of 3'-[ 18F]fluorothymidine-5'-monophosphate. RSC Adv 2021; 11:12423-12433. [PMID: 35423725 PMCID: PMC8696986 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra00205h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The squaryl moiety has emerged as an important phosphate bioisostere with reportedly greater cell permeability. It has been used in the synthesis of several therapeutic drug molecules including nucleoside and nucleotide analogues but is yet to be evaluated in the context of positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. We have designed, synthesised and evaluated 3'-[18F]fluorothymidine-5'-squaryl ([18F]SqFLT) as a bioisostere to 3'-[18F]fluorothymidine-5'-monophosphate ([18F]FLTMP) for imaging thymidylate kinase (TMPK) activity. The overall radiochemical yield (RCY) was 6.7 ± 2.5% and radiochemical purity (RCP) was >90%. Biological evaluation in vitro showed low tracer uptake (<0.3% ID mg-1) but significantly discriminated between wildtype HCT116 and CRISPR/Cas9 generated TMPK knockdown HCT116shTMPK-. Evaluation of [18F]SqFLT in HCT116 and HCT116shTMPK- xenograft mouse models showed statistically significant differences in tumour uptake, but lacked an effective tissue retention mechanism, making the radiotracer in its current form unsuitable for PET imaging of proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Brickute
- Comprehensive Cancer Imaging Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital W12 0NN London UK
| | - A Beckley
- Comprehensive Cancer Imaging Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital W12 0NN London UK
| | - L Allott
- Comprehensive Cancer Imaging Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital W12 0NN London UK
| | - M Braga
- Comprehensive Cancer Imaging Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital W12 0NN London UK
| | - C Barnes
- Comprehensive Cancer Imaging Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital W12 0NN London UK
| | - K J Thorley
- University of Kentucky, Department of Chemistry Lexington KY 40506 USA
| | - E O Aboagye
- Comprehensive Cancer Imaging Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital W12 0NN London UK
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25
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Liu Z, Klapars A, Simmons B, Bellomo A, Kalinin A, Weisel M, Hill J, Silverman SM. Development and Implementation of an Aluminum-Promoted Phosphorylation in the Uprifosbuvir Manufacturing Route. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuqing Liu
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Artis Klapars
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Bryon Simmons
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Ana Bellomo
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Alexei Kalinin
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Mark Weisel
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Jerry Hill
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Steven M. Silverman
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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26
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Jovanovic D, Tremmel P, Pallan PS, Egli M, Richert C. The Enzyme‐Free Release of Nucleotides from Phosphoramidates Depends Strongly on the Amino Acid. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202008665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dejana Jovanovic
- Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Stuttgart 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Peter Tremmel
- Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Stuttgart 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Pradeep S. Pallan
- Department of Biochemistry Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Nashville TN 37232 USA
| | - Martin Egli
- Department of Biochemistry Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Nashville TN 37232 USA
| | - Clemens Richert
- Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Stuttgart 70569 Stuttgart Germany
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27
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Jovanovic D, Tremmel P, Pallan PS, Egli M, Richert C. The Enzyme-Free Release of Nucleotides from Phosphoramidates Depends Strongly on the Amino Acid. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:20154-20160. [PMID: 32757352 PMCID: PMC7436718 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202008665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoramidates composed of an amino acid and a nucleotide analogue are critical metabolites of prodrugs, such as remdesivir. Hydrolysis of the phosphoramidate liberates the nucleotide, which can then be phosphorylated to become the pharmacologically active triphosphate. Enzymatic hydrolysis has been demonstrated, but a spontaneous chemical process may also occur. We measured the rate of enzyme-free hydrolysis for 17 phosphoramidates of ribonucleotides with amino acids or related compounds at pH 7.5. Phosphoramidates of proline hydrolyzed fast, with a half-life time as short as 2.4 h for Pro-AMP in ethylimidazole-containing buffer at 37 °C; 45-fold faster than Ala-AMP and 120-fold faster than Phe-AMP. Crystal structures of Gly-AMP, Pro-AMP, βPro-AMP and Phe-AMP bound to RNase A as crystallization chaperone showed how well the carboxylate is poised to attack the phosphoramidate, helping to explain this reactivity. Our results are significant for the design of new antiviral prodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejana Jovanovic
- Institut für Organische ChemieUniversität Stuttgart70569StuttgartGermany
| | - Peter Tremmel
- Institut für Organische ChemieUniversität Stuttgart70569StuttgartGermany
| | - Pradeep S. Pallan
- Department of BiochemistryVanderbilt UniversitySchool of MedicineNashvilleTN37232USA
| | - Martin Egli
- Department of BiochemistryVanderbilt UniversitySchool of MedicineNashvilleTN37232USA
| | - Clemens Richert
- Institut für Organische ChemieUniversität Stuttgart70569StuttgartGermany
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28
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Jia X, Weber S, Schols D, Meier C. Membrane Permeable, Bioreversibly Modified Prodrugs of Nucleoside Diphosphate-γ-Phosphonates. J Med Chem 2020; 63:11990-12007. [PMID: 32991174 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) are widely used as antiviral and anticancer agents, although they require intracellular phosphorylation into their antivirally active form, the triphosphorylated nucleoside analogue metabolites. We report on the synthesis and characterization of a new class of nucleoside triphosphate analogues comprising a C-alkyl-phosphonate moiety replacing the γ-phosphate. These compounds were converted into bioreversibly modified lipophilic prodrugs at the γ-phosphonate by the attachment of an acyloxybenzyl (ester) or an alkoxycarbonyloxybenzyl (carbonate) group. Such compounds formed γ-C-(alkyl)-nucleoside triphosphate analogues with high selectivity because of an enzyme-triggered delivery mechanism. The latter compounds were very stable in CD4+ T-lymphocyte (CEM cell) extracts, and they were substrates for HIV-reverse transcriptase without being substrates for DNA-polymerases α, β, and γ. In antiviral assays, the excellent antiviral activity of the prodrugs that was found in CEM/0 cells was completely kept in CEM/TK- cells. The activity was improved by 3 logs as compared to the parent nucleoside d4T.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Jia
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Weber
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dominique Schols
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Chris Meier
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
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29
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Ganz D, Harijan D, Wagenknecht HA. Labelling of DNA and RNA in the cellular environment by means of bioorthogonal cycloaddition chemistry. RSC Chem Biol 2020; 1:86-97. [PMID: 34458750 PMCID: PMC8341813 DOI: 10.1039/d0cb00047g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Labelling of nucleic acids as biologically important cellular components is a crucial prerequisite for the visualization and understanding of biological processes. Efficient bioorthogonal chemistry and in particular cycloadditions fullfill the requirements for cellular applications. The broadly applied Cu(i)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC), however, is limited to labellings in vitro and in fixed cells due to the cytotoxicity of copper salts. Currently, there are three types of copper-free cycloadditions used for nucleic acid labelling in the cellular environment: (i) the ring-strain promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition (SPAAC), (ii) the "photoclick" 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions, and (iii) the Diels-Alder reactions with inverse electron demand (iEDDA). We review only those building blocks for chemical synthesis on solid phase of DNA and RNA and for enzymatic DNA and RNA preparation, which were applied for labelling of DNA and RNA in situ or in vivo, i.e. in the cellular environment, in fixed or in living cells, by the use of bioorthogonal cycloaddition chemistry. Additionally, we review the current status of orthogonal dual and triple labelling of DNA and RNA in vitro to demonstrate their potential for future applications in situ or in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothée Ganz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Dennis Harijan
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Hans-Achim Wagenknecht
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
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30
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Wiemer AJ. Metabolic Efficacy of Phosphate Prodrugs and the Remdesivir Paradigm. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2020; 3:613-626. [PMID: 32821882 PMCID: PMC7409933 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.0c00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Drugs that contain phosphates (and
phosphonates or phosphinates)
have intrinsic absorption issues and are therefore often delivered
in prodrug forms to promote their uptake. Effective prodrug forms
distribute their payload to the site of the intended target and release
it efficiently with minimal byproduct toxicity. The ability to balance
unwanted payload release during transit with desired release at the
site of action is critical to prodrug efficacy. Despite decades of
research on prodrug forms, choosing the ideal prodrug form remains
a challenge which is often solved empirically. The recent emergency
use authorization of the antiviral remdesivir for COVID-19 exemplifies
a new approach for delivery of phosphate prodrugs by parenteral dosing,
which minimizes payload release during transit and maximizes tissue
payload distribution. This review focuses on the role of metabolic
activation in efficacy during oral and parenteral dosing of phosphate,
phosphonate, and phosphinate prodrugs. Through examining prior structure–activity
studies on prodrug forms and the choices that led to development of
remdesivir and other clinical drugs and drug candidates, a better
understanding of their ability to distribute to the planned site of
action, such as the liver, plasma, PBMCs, or peripheral tissues, can
be gained. The structure–activity relationships described here
will facilitate the rational design of future prodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Wiemer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States.,Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
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31
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Jia X, Schols D, Meier C. Lipophilic Triphosphate Prodrugs of Various Nucleoside Analogues. J Med Chem 2020; 63:6991-7007. [PMID: 32515595 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The antiviral efficacy of many nucleoside analogues is strongly dependent on their intracellular activation by host cellular kinases to yield ultimately the bioactive nucleoside analogue triphosphates (NTP). The metabolic conversion of nucleoside analogues into their triphosphates often proceeds insufficiently. We developed a nucleoside triphosphate (NTP) delivery system (the TriPPPro approach), in which the γ-phosphate is covalently modified by two different biodegradable masking units, one is the acyloxybenzyl (AB) moiety and the other is the alkoxycarbonyloxybenzyl (ACB) group. Such compounds formed NTPs with high selectivity by an enzyme-triggered mechanism in human T-lymphocyte CEM cell extracts loosing first the AB moiety, followed by the ACB group. This enables the bypass of all steps of the intracellular phosphorylation. This approach was applied here to convert some modestly active or even inactive nucleoside analogues into powerful biologically active metabolites. Potent antiviral activity profiles were obtained depending on the lipophilicity of the TriPPPro-NTP prodrugs against HIV-1 and HIV-2 replication in cultures of infected wild-type CD4+ CEM T-cells and more importantly in thymidine kinase-deficient CD4+ T-cells (CEM/TK-). This TriPPPro strategy offers high potential for future antiviral and antitumoral chemotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Jia
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dominique Schols
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Chris Meier
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
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32
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Abu-Zaied M, Hammad SF, Halaweish FT, Elgemeie GH. Sofosbuvir Thio-analogues: Synthesis and Antiviral Evaluation of the First Novel Pyridine- and Pyrimidine-Based Thioglycoside Phosphoramidates. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:14645-14655. [PMID: 32596602 PMCID: PMC7315579 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c01364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and antiviral screening of the first reported series of pyridine- and pyrimidine-based thioglycoside phosphoramidates are herein reported. They were prepared through two synthetic steps: The first step is via coupling of mercapto-derivatized heterocyclic bases with the appropriate α-bromo per-acetylated sugars. The second one is the hydrolysis of the acetate esters under basic conditions that were consequently conjugated with the phosphoramidating reagent to afford the desired thioglycoside protides. Eight compounds were evaluated for their antiviral activities against different viral cell lines, namely, adenovirus 7, HAV (hepatitis A) HM175, Coxsackievirus B4, and HSV-1 (herpes simplex virus type 1), in addition to the antiviral bioassay against ED-43/SG-Feo (VYG) replicon of HCV (hepatitis C virus) genotype 4a. Both compounds 5b and 11 showed notable antiviral activity against Coxsackie virus B4, reflected from the CC50 values of 17 and 20 μg/100 μL and IC50 values of 4.5 and 6.0 μg/100 μL, respectively. Same two compounds elicited remarkable activities toward herpes simplex virus type 1, represented by CC50 values of 17 and 16 μg/100 μL and IC50 values of 6.3 and 6.6 μg/100 μL, respectively. Combination of 11 with acyclovir elicited a notable synergistic activity in comparison with acyclovir alone, as inferred from herpes simplex polymerase enzyme inhibitory assay values of 2.64 and 4.78 μg/100 mL, respectively. Only compound 11 elicited a remarkable activity against HCV. Potential promising activities of compound 11 have been shown with respect to CC50, IC50, and enzyme assay inhibitory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sherif F. Hammad
- Pharmaceutical
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Helwan, Cairo 11795, Egypt
- Basic
and Applied Sciences Institute, Egypt-Japan
University of Science and Technology (E-JUST), P.O Box 179, New Borg El-Arab City, Alexandria 21934, Egypt
| | - Fathi T. Halaweish
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, South Dakota
State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007, United States
| | - Galal Hamza Elgemeie
- Chemistry
Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Helwan, Cairo 11795, Egypt
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33
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Abstract
We disclose a study on nucleoside triphosphate (NTP) analogues in which the γ-phosphate is covalently modified by two different biodegradable masking units and d4T as nucleoside analogue that enable the delivery of d4TTP with high selectivity in phosphate buffer (pH 7.3) and by enzyme-triggered reactions in human CD4+ T-lymphocyte CEM cell extracts. This allows the bypass of all steps normally needed in the intracellular phosphorylation. These TriPPPro-nucleotides comprising an acyloxybenzyl (AB; ester) or an alkoxycarbonyloxybenzyl (ACB; carbonate) in combination with an ACB moiety are described as NTP delivery systems. The introduction of these two different groups led to the selective formation of γ-(ACB)-d4TTPs by chemical hydrolysis and in particular by cell extract enzymes. γ-(AB)-d4TTPs are faster cleaved than γ-(ACB)-d4TTPs. In antiviral assays, the compounds are highly active against HIV-1 and HIV-2 in wild-type CEM/O cells and more importantly in thymidine kinase-deficient CD4+ T-cells (CEM/TK-).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Jia
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dominique Schols
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Chris Meier
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
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34
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Krell K, Harijan D, Ganz D, Doll L, Wagenknecht HA. Postsynthetic Modifications of DNA and RNA by Means of Copper-Free Cycloadditions as Bioorthogonal Reactions. Bioconjug Chem 2020; 31:990-1011. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katja Krell
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Organic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Dennis Harijan
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Organic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Dorothée Ganz
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Organic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Larissa Doll
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Organic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Hans-Achim Wagenknecht
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Organic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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35
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Bernatchez JA, Coste M, Beck S, Wells GA, Luna LA, Clark AE, Zhu Z, Hecht D, Rich JN, Sohl CD, Purse BW, Siqueira-Neto JL. Activity of Selected Nucleoside Analogue ProTides against Zika Virus in Human Neural Stem Cells. Viruses 2019; 11:v11040365. [PMID: 31010044 PMCID: PMC6521205 DOI: 10.3390/v11040365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV), an emerging flavivirus that causes neurodevelopmental impairment to fetuses and has been linked to Guillain-Barré syndrome continues to threaten global health due to the absence of targeted prophylaxis or treatment. Nucleoside analogues are good examples of efficient anti-viral inhibitors, and prodrug strategies using phosphate masking groups (ProTides) have been employed to improve the bioavailability of ribonucleoside analogues. Here, we synthesized and tested a small library of 13 ProTides against ZIKV in human neural stem cells. Strong activity was observed for 2′-C-methyluridine and 2′-C-ethynyluridine ProTides with an aryloxyl phosphoramidate masking group. Substitution of a 2-(methylthio) ethyl phosphoramidate for the aryloxyl phosphoramidate ProTide group of 2′-C-methyluridine completely abolished antiviral activity of the compound. The aryloxyl phosphoramidate ProTide of 2′-C-methyluridine outperformed the hepatitis C virus (HCV) drug sofosbuvir in suppression of viral titers and protection from cytopathic effect, while the former compound’s triphosphate active metabolite was better incorporated by purified ZIKV NS5 polymerase over time. These findings suggest both a nucleobase and ProTide group bias for the anti-ZIKV activity of nucleoside analogue ProTides in a disease-relevant cell model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean A Bernatchez
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Michael Coste
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA.
| | - Sungjun Beck
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Grace A Wells
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA.
| | - Lucas A Luna
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA.
| | - Alex E Clark
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Zhe Zhu
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - David Hecht
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Southwestern College, Chula Vista, CA 91910, USA.
| | - Jeremy N Rich
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Christal D Sohl
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA.
| | - Byron W Purse
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA.
- The Viral Information Institute, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA.
| | - Jair L Siqueira-Neto
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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36
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Tera M, Glasauer SMK, Luedtke NW. In Vivo Incorporation of Azide Groups into DNA by Using Membrane-Permeable Nucleotide Triesters. Chembiochem 2018; 19:1939-1943. [PMID: 29953711 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic incorporation of bioorthogonal functional groups into cellular nucleic acids can be impeded by insufficient phosphorylation of nucleosides. Previous studies found that 5azidomethyl-2'-deoxyuridine (AmdU) was incorporated into the DNA of HeLa cells expressing a low-fidelity thymidine kinase, but not by wild-type HeLa cells. Here we report that membrane-permeable phosphotriester derivatives of AmdU can exhibit enhanced incorporation into the DNA of wild-type cells and animals. AmdU monophosphate derivatives bearing either 5'-bispivaloyloxymethyl (POM), 5'-bis-(4-acetoxybenzyl) (AB), or "Protide" protective groups were used to mask the phosphate group of AmdU prior to its entry into cells. The POM derivative "POM-AmdU" exhibited better chemical stability, greater metabolic incorporation efficiency, and lower toxicity than "AB-AmdU". Remarkably, the addition of POM-AmdU to the water of zebrafish larvae enabled the biosynthesis of azide-modified DNA throughout the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Tera
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland.,Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, 8-1-1 Seikadai, Seikacho, Soraku, 619-0284, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Stella M K Glasauer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nathan W Luedtke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
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37
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Singh US, Mulamoottil VA, Chu CK. 2′-Fluoro-6′-methylene carbocyclic adenosine and its phosphoramidate prodrug: A novel anti-HBV agent, active against drug-resistant HBV mutants. Med Res Rev 2018; 38:977-1002. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Uma S. Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences; University of Georgia; Athens GA USA
| | | | - Chung K. Chu
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences; University of Georgia; Athens GA USA
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38
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Slusarczyk M, Serpi M, Pertusati F. Phosphoramidates and phosphonamidates (ProTides) with antiviral activity. Antivir Chem Chemother 2018; 26:2040206618775243. [PMID: 29792071 PMCID: PMC5971382 DOI: 10.1177/2040206618775243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Following the first report on the nucleoside phosphoramidate (ProTide) prodrug approach in 1990 by Chris McGuigan, the extensive investigation of ProTide technology has begun in many laboratories. Designed with aim to overcome limitations and the key resistance mechanisms associated with nucleoside analogues used in the clinic (poor cellular uptake, poor conversion to the 5'-monophosphate form), the ProTide approach has been successfully applied to a vast number of nucleoside analogues with antiviral and anticancer activity. ProTides consist of a 5'-nucleoside monophosphate in which the two hydroxyl groups are masked with an amino acid ester and an aryloxy component which once in the cell is enzymatically metabolized to deliver free 5'-monophosphate, which is further transformed to the active 5'-triphosphate form of the nucleoside analogue. In this review, the seminal contribution of Chris McGuigan's research to this field is presented. His technology proved to be extremely successful in drug discovery and has led to two Food and Drug Administration-approved antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michaela Serpi
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Fabrizio Pertusati
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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39
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Wei Y, Qiu G, Lei B, Qin L, Chu H, Lu Y, Zhu G, Gao Q, Huang Q, Qian G, Liao P, Luo X, Zhang X, Zhang C, Li Y, Zheng S, Yu Y, Tang P, Ni J, Yan P, Zhou Y, Li P, Huang X, Gong A, Liu J. Oral Delivery of Propofol with Methoxymethylphosphonic Acid as the Delivery Vehicle. J Med Chem 2017; 60:8580-8590. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yonggang Wei
- Haisco Pharmaceuticals Group Co. Ltd., 136 Baili Road,
Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Guanpeng Qiu
- Haisco Pharmaceuticals Group Co. Ltd., 136 Baili Road,
Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Bailin Lei
- Haisco Pharmaceuticals Group Co. Ltd., 136 Baili Road,
Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Linlin Qin
- Haisco Pharmaceuticals Group Co. Ltd., 136 Baili Road,
Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Hongzhu Chu
- Haisco Pharmaceuticals Group Co. Ltd., 136 Baili Road,
Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yonghua Lu
- Haisco Pharmaceuticals Group Co. Ltd., 136 Baili Road,
Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Guozhi Zhu
- Haisco Pharmaceuticals Group Co. Ltd., 136 Baili Road,
Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Qiu Gao
- Haisco Pharmaceuticals Group Co. Ltd., 136 Baili Road,
Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Qingping Huang
- Haisco Pharmaceuticals Group Co. Ltd., 136 Baili Road,
Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Guofei Qian
- Haisco Pharmaceuticals Group Co. Ltd., 136 Baili Road,
Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Pengfei Liao
- Haisco Pharmaceuticals Group Co. Ltd., 136 Baili Road,
Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xinfeng Luo
- Haisco Pharmaceuticals Group Co. Ltd., 136 Baili Road,
Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- Haisco Pharmaceuticals Group Co. Ltd., 136 Baili Road,
Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Haisco Pharmaceuticals Group Co. Ltd., 136 Baili Road,
Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yao Li
- Haisco Pharmaceuticals Group Co. Ltd., 136 Baili Road,
Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Suxin Zheng
- Haisco Pharmaceuticals Group Co. Ltd., 136 Baili Road,
Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yan Yu
- Haisco Pharmaceuticals Group Co. Ltd., 136 Baili Road,
Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Pingming Tang
- Haisco Pharmaceuticals Group Co. Ltd., 136 Baili Road,
Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Jia Ni
- Haisco Pharmaceuticals Group Co. Ltd., 136 Baili Road,
Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Pangke Yan
- Haisco Pharmaceuticals Group Co. Ltd., 136 Baili Road,
Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Haisco Pharmaceuticals Group Co. Ltd., 136 Baili Road,
Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Pan Li
- Haisco Pharmaceuticals Group Co. Ltd., 136 Baili Road,
Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xia Huang
- Haisco Pharmaceuticals Group Co. Ltd., 136 Baili Road,
Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Aisheng Gong
- Haisco Pharmaceuticals Group Co. Ltd., 136 Baili Road,
Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Jianyu Liu
- Haisco Pharmaceuticals Group Co. Ltd., 136 Baili Road,
Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
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40
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Walther R, Rautio J, Zelikin AN. Prodrugs in medicinal chemistry and enzyme prodrug therapies. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 118:65-77. [PMID: 28676386 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Prodrugs are cunning derivatives of therapeutic agents designed to improve the pharmacokinetics profile of the drug. Within a prodrug, pharmacological activity of the drug is masked and is recovered within the human body upon bioconversion of the prodrug, a process that is typically mediated by enzymes. This concept is highly successful and a significant fraction of marketed therapeutic formulations is based on prodrugs. An advanced subset of prodrugs can be engineered such as to achieve site-specific bioconversion of the prodrug - to comprise the highly advantageous "enzyme prodrug therapy", EPT. Design of prodrugs for EPT is similar to the prodrugs in general medicinal use in that the pharmacological activity of the drug is masked, but differs significantly in that site-specific bioconversion is a prime consideration, and the enzymes typically used for EPT are non-mammalian and/or with low systemic abundance in the human body. This review focuses on the design of prodrugs for EPT in terms of the choice of an enzyme and the corresponding prodrug for bioconversion. We also discuss the recent success of "self immolative linkers" which significantly empower and diversify the prodrug design, and present methodologies for the design of prodrugs with extended blood residence time. The review aims to be of specific interest for medicinal chemists, biomedical engineers, and pharmaceutical scientists.
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41
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Abstract
The ProTide technology is a prodrug approach developed for the efficient intracellular delivery of nucleoside analogue monophosphates and monophosphonates. In this approach, the hydroxyls of the monophosphate or monophosphonate groups are masked by an aromatic group and an amino acid ester moiety, which are enzymatically cleaved-off inside cells to release the free nucleoside monophosphate and monophosphonate species. Structurally, this represents the current end-point of an extensive medicinal chemistry endeavor that spans almost three decades. It started from the masking of nucleoside monophosphate and monophosphonate groups by simple alkyl groups and evolved into the sophisticated ProTide system as known today. This technology has been extensively employed in drug discovery, and it has already led to the discovery of two FDA-approved (antiviral) ProTides. In this work, we will review the development of the ProTide technology, its application in drug discovery, and its role in the improvement of drug delivery and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youcef Mehellou
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Cardiff University , Redwood Building , Cardiff CF10 3NB , U.K
| | - Hardeep S Rattan
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences , University of Birmingham , Edgbaston , Birmingham B15 2TT , U.K
| | - Jan Balzarini
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy , Rega Institute for Medical Research , Herestraat 49 , 3000 Leuven , Belgium
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42
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Simmons B, Liu Z, Klapars A, Bellomo A, Silverman SM. Mechanism-Based Solution to the ProTide Synthesis Problem: Selective Access to Sofosbuvir, Acelarin, and INX-08189. Org Lett 2017; 19:2218-2221. [PMID: 28418681 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b00469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A general and efficient method for the synthesis of pronucleotide (ProTide) 5'-phosphoramidate monoesters is reported. This method consists of a highly stereoselective 5'-phosphorylation mediated by dimethylaluminum chloride to afford the desired target ProTides in excellent yields without employing 3'-protection strategies. The application of this methodology to the synthesis of a number of pharmaceutically relevant compounds currently marketed or under investigation in clinical research is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryon Simmons
- Department of Process Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc. , P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Zhuqing Liu
- Department of Process Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc. , P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Artis Klapars
- Department of Process Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc. , P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Ana Bellomo
- Department of Process Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc. , P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Steven M Silverman
- Department of Process Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc. , P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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43
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Bahri L, Barhoumi-Slimi T, Mallek R, Sanhoury M, Crousse B, Ben Dhia M. One-pot synthesis of new highly substituted allylic phosphorodiamidates. J Fluor Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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44
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McGuigan C, Pathirana RN, Choi SSM, Kinchington D, O'Connor TJ. Phosphoramidate Derivatives of AZT as Inhibitors of HIV: Studies on the Carboxyl Terminus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029300400204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Novel phosphoramidate derivatives of the anti-HIV nucleoside analogue AZT have been prepared by phosphorochloridate chemistry. These materials carry carboxy-protected, amino acids, and are designed to act as membrane-soluble prodrugs of the bio-active free nucleotides. In vitro evaluation revealed the compounds to have a pronounced, selective antiviral activity. In particular, variation in the carboxy terminus region is studied. For alkyl phosphates small changes in the structure of the amino ester lead to marked changes in biological activity. However, for analogous aryl phosphates there is little dependence on the structure of the ester. This suggests a different mechanism of action for these two categories of phosphate prodrug.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. McGuigan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO9 5NH, UK
| | - R. N. Pathirana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO9 5NH, UK
| | - S. S.-M. Choi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO9 5NH, UK
| | - D. Kinchington
- St. Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College, West Smithfield, London EC1A 7BE, UK
| | - T. J. O'Connor
- St. Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College, West Smithfield, London EC1A 7BE, UK
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45
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McGuigan C, Cahard D, Salgado A, De Clercq E, Balzarini J. Phosphoramidates as Potent Prodrugs of anti-HIV Nucleotides: Studies in the Amino Region. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029600700106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Novel phosphoramidate derivatives of the anti-HIV nucleoside analogues AZT and d4T have been prepared by phosphorochloridate chemistry. These materials are designed to act as labile membrane-soluble prodrugs of the bio-active free nucleotides. All compounds were fully characterised by a range of methods and were subjected to evaluation in vitro of their anti-HIV efficacy. A notable feature of the current study was that any attempt to replace the amino acid moiety of the phosphoramidate with a simple amine lead to a marked, virtually total loss of activity. Such simple phenyl alkylamino phosphate derivatives of either d4T or AZT inhibit HIV replication at cytotoxic concentrations and have no detectable antiviral selectivity. This clearly highlights the vital role played by the amino acid in the antiviral efficacy of the blocked phosphoramidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. McGuigan
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, University of Wales Cardiff, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff, CF1 3XF, UK
| | - D. Cahard
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, University of Wales Cardiff, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff, CF1 3XF, UK
| | - A. Salgado
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, University of Wales Cardiff, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff, CF1 3XF, UK
| | - E. De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - J. Balzarini
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
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46
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Haloalkyl Phosphate Derivatives of AZT as Inhibitors of HIV: Studies in the Phosphate Region. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029400500304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Novel haloalkyl phosphate derivatives of the anti-HIV nucleoside analogue AZT were prepared by phosphorochloridate chemistry. These materials were designed to act as labile membrane-soluble prodrugs of the bio-active free nucleotides. In vitro evaluation revealed the compounds to have a pronounced and selective antiviral action, which varied greatly with the structure of the phosphate moiety. By comparison to simple dialkyl phosphates, which are inactive against HIV-1, the introduction of halogen atoms into the alkyl (phosphate) chains led to anti-HIV activity. Although halogen substitution in just one alkyl chain was sufficient for biological activity, substitution in the second alkyl chain further enhanced activity. Conversely, stabilization of the second chain, by conversion to a phosphonate, led to a reduction in activity. In one case, the diastereo-isomers resulting from mixed stereochemistry at the phosphate centre were separated, and found to differ in activity by one order of magnitude. Lastly, the bis(mono- and di-chloroethyl) phosphates were prepared and found to display moderate anti-HIV activity.
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47
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McGuigan C, Bellevergue P, Jones BCNM, Mahmood N, Hay AJ, Petrik J, Karpas A. Alkyl Hydrogen Phosphonate Derivatives of the anti-HIV Agent AZT may be Less Toxic than the Parent Nucleoside Analogue. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029400500409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Novel alkyl hydrogen phosphonate derivatives of the anti-HIV nucleoside analogue AZT have been prepared by phosphorochloridite chemistry. These materials are designed to act as labile membrane-soluble prodrugs of the bioactive free nucleotides. In vitro evaluation has revealed the compounds to have a pronounced and selective antiviral action. Short-chain (C1-C7) alkyl derivatives are more potent than the parent hydrogen phosphonate, whilst one long-chain (C18) compound is less active. In an assay that demonstrates the toxicity of the parent drug AZT, the alkyl H-phosphonates appear to be less cytotoxic, whilst retaining full antiviral activity. Lastly, the compounds are all poorly active in a cell line (JM) that is poorly responsive to AZT, indicating that they act as depot forms of the nucleoside rather than of the free nucleotide.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. McGuigan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton S09 5NH, UK
| | - P. Bellevergue
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton S09 5NH, UK
| | - B. C. N. M. Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton S09 5NH, UK
| | - N. Mahmood
- Medical Research Council Collaborative Centre, 1-3 Burtonhole Lane, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AD, UK
| | - A. J. Hay
- National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - J. Petrik
- Department of Haematology, Clinical School, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QL, UK
| | - A. Karpas
- Department of Haematology, Clinical School, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QL, UK
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48
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Pompon A, Lefebvre I, Imbach JL, Kahn S, Farquhar D. Decomposition Pathways of the Mono- and Bis(Pivaloyloxymethyl) Esters of Azidothymidine 5′-Monophosphate in Cell Extract and in Tissue Culture Medium: An Application of the ‘on-line ISRP-Cleaning’ HPLC Technique. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029400500205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bis(pivaloyloxymethyl) azidothymidine 5′-monophosphate (piv2-AZTMP) was designed as a cell membrane-permeable precursor of AZTMP. We have reported previously that when incubated with CEM cells deficient in thymidine kinase, piv2-AZTMP gives rise to intracellular AZTMP and the corresponding diphosphate (AZTDP) and triphosphate (AZTTP). Under similar conditions, no intracellular nucleotides were formed with AZT. However, the mechanism by which piv2-AZTMP is converted to AZTMP has not been established. To address this question, we have used the recently developed ‘on-line ISRP-cleaning’ HPLC technique to investigate the stability and metabolic fate of piv2-AZTMP (1) in RPMI 1640 medium, (2) in RPMI containing 10% heat-inactivated fetal calf serum, and (3) in CEM cell extracts. Similar studies were conducted starting with mono(pivaloyloxymethyl) azidothymidine 5′-monophosphate (piv2 AZTMP). From the kinetics of these reactions, it appears that piv2-AZTMP is slowly hydrolyzed to piv1-AZTMP in RPMI and that the metabolic sequence in cell extract and in tissue culture medium is clearly: piv2-AZTMP→ piv1AZTMP→ AZTMP→ AZT. The rate constants are quite different in these three media. Although it is evident that the first step in the metabolism of piv2-AZTMP is catalysed by carboxylate esterase, the enzyme(s) responsible for the second step, piv1-AZTMP→ AZTMP, is less apparent, as carboxylate esterases and/or phosphodiesterases can be taken in account. However, analysis of the kinetic data strongly suggests that carboxylate esterase does not play a significant role and that this second step is mediated by phosphodiesterases. Collectively, these studies demonstrate that piv2-AZTMP is an effective prodrug of AZTMP. They also establish that prv1-AZTMP is an intermediate in this process, and define the sequence of the overall metabolic reaction. With this increased understanding of the metabolism of piv2-AZTMP, it should be possible rationally to design analogues with optimal structural and pharmacological properties for use in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Pompon
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bio-Organique, U.R.A. CNRS no. 488, case 008, Université Montpellier II, Place E. Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cédex 5, France
| | - I. Lefebvre
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bio-Organique, U.R.A. CNRS no. 488, case 008, Université Montpellier II, Place E. Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cédex 5, France
| | - J.-L. Imbach
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bio-Organique, U.R.A. CNRS no. 488, case 008, Université Montpellier II, Place E. Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cédex 5, France
| | - S. Kahn
- Department of Medical Oncology, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - D. Farquhar
- Department of Medical Oncology, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA
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49
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McGuigan C, Tsang HW, Mahmood N, Hay AJ. Synthesis and Evaluation of Some Symmetrical Phosphate Dimer Derivatives of 3′-Modified Nucleosides as Potential anti-HIV Agents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029600700606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Novel symmetrical nucIeotide-(5′,5′)-dimers of 3′-O-acetylthymidine, 3′-O-methylthymidine, 3′-O-ethylthymidine, 3′-O-n-propylthymidine and 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine (AZT) were synthesized as membrane soluble pro-drugs. These were prepared using phosphorodichloridate chemistry and were characterised by spectroscopic and analytical data. In-vitro evaluation of the derivatives in cells acutely infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) demonstrated a range of activities. These derivatives were generally found to display poor inhibition of HIV proliferation. Derivatives containing AZT moieties were found to be potent, but such compounds were less active than the parent nucleoside. The data indicated that the AZT-containing compounds act primarily via the release of the free nucleoside. However, in some cases, the dimers of certain inactive nucleoside analogues were found to be active. In these cases, release of the nucleoside alone cannot account for the activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. McGuigan
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, University of Wales Cardiff, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff, CF1 3XF, UK
| | - H.-W. Tsang
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, University of Wales Cardiff, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff, CF1 3XF, UK
| | - N. Mahmood
- Medical Research Council Collaborative Centre, Mill Hill, London, NW7 1AD, UK
| | - A. J. Hay
- National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, London, NW7 1AA, UK
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50
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Nillroth U, Vrang L, Ahlsen G, Besidsky Y, Chattopadhyaya J, Ugi I, Danielson UH. The use of 5′-Phosphate Derivatives of Nucleoside Analogues as Inhibitors of HIV-1 Replication. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029500600107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A series of phosphate esters of nucleoside analogues was synthesized and tested for anti-HIV activity in cell culture. A number of these compounds were potent inhibitors of HIV-replication with ED50 ≥ 10 nM. The most potent compounds were phosphate esters of the most potent nucleosides, 3′-fluoro-3′-deoxythymidine (FLT) and 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine (AZT). In cell culture, the inhibition by one of these derivatives was shown to be reversed by thymidine. Also, the AZT analogue was less active against AZT-resistant virus. None of the compounds tested was directly inhibitory of HIV reverse transcriptase. The compounds were found to be labile; the rate of hydrolysis and the identity of the products varied depending on the substituents on the phosphorus atom. Activation of the most active analogue, FLT-5′-(methoxyglycinyl S-(N-methylcarbamoylmethyl))thiophosphate (JCA-304), involved a pH-dependent hydrolysis, which increased with increasing pH. The hydrolysis was not dependent on HIV proteinase, the presence of MT4 cells or enzymatic activity originating from the culture medium. The product of hydrolysis of JCA-304 was the free nucleoside (FLT); FLT-5′-monophosphate was not detected. The corresponding acyclovir analogue was not active against thymidine-kinase-deficient herpes simplex virus in Vero cells. Hydrolysis of FLT-5′-(S-(N-methylcarbamoylmethyl))thiophosphate (JCA-319) was observed in cell culture medium but not in buffer at the same pH. The product was identified as FLT-5′-monophosphate. Neither of these compounds was seen as an intermediate in the hydrolysis of JCA-304. The results suggest that the compounds are prodrugs activated by a non-enzymatic hydrolysis and a cytosolic phosphorylation yielding potent inhibitors of HIV reverse transcriptase. The cellular stability of substituted 5′-phosphate derivatives cannot be predicted from their behaviour in buffer or from the hydrolysis of closely related analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- U. Nillroth
- Department of Biochemistry, Biomedical Center, University of Uppsala, P.O. Box 576, S-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - L. Vrang
- Medivir AB, Lunastigen 7, S-141 44 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - G. Ahlsen
- Department of Biochemistry, Biomedical Center, University of Uppsala, P.O. Box 576, S-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Y. Besidsky
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Biomedical Center, University of Uppsala, P.O. Box 581, S-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J. Chattopadhyaya
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Biomedical Center, University of Uppsala, P.O. Box 581, S-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - I. Ugi
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Technische Universität, München, Germany
| | - U. H. Danielson
- Department of Biochemistry, Biomedical Center, University of Uppsala, P.O. Box 576, S-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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