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Mocanu ML, Amariei S. Elderberries—A Source of Bioactive Compounds with Antiviral Action. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11060740. [PMID: 35336621 PMCID: PMC8948669 DOI: 10.3390/plants11060740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In the current context, when more and more unknown pathogens appear, healthy eating and supplementing it with natural products play an increasingly important role in maintaining the health of the body. The European black elder (Sambucus nigra), found in abundance in the spontaneous flora, can provide us, as a raw material, elderberries, which have been known for thousands of years as having nutritional and healing properties. The phytotherapeutic principles found in elderberry fruits give them antiviral, antibacterial and antidiabetic properties, antitumor potential, antioxidant, antidepressant and immune boosting properties, as well as a certain impacts on obesity and metabolic dysfunctions. Polyphenols and lectins give elderberry fruits the ability to inhibit coronaviruses, which is a topic of great interest in our times. This article summarizes the existing data regarding the chemical composition, active principles and biopharmaceutical properties of elderberries, as well as their use.
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Cataneo AHD, Ávila EP, Mendes LADO, de Oliveira VG, Ferraz CR, de Almeida MV, Frabasile S, Duarte Dos Santos CN, Verri WA, Bordignon J, Wowk PF. Flavonoids as Molecules With Anti- Zika virus Activity. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:710359. [PMID: 34566915 PMCID: PMC8462986 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.710359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an arthropod-born virus that is mainly transmitted to humans by mosquitoes of the genus Aedes spp. Since its first isolation in 1947, only a few human cases had been described until large outbreaks occurred on Yap Island (2007), French Polynesia (2013), and Brazil (2015). Most ZIKV-infected individuals are asymptomatic or present with a self-limiting disease and nonspecific symptoms such as fever, myalgia, and headache. However, in French Polynesia and Brazil, ZIKV outbreaks led to the diagnosis of congenital malformations and microcephaly in newborns and Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) in adults. These new clinical presentations raised concern from public health authorities and highlighted the need for anti-Zika treatments and vaccines to control the neurological damage caused by the virus. Despite many efforts in the search for an effective treatment, neither vaccines nor antiviral drugs have become available to control ZIKV infection and/or replication. Flavonoids, a class of natural compounds that are well-known for possessing several biological properties, have shown activity against different viruses. Additionally, the use of flavonoids in some countries as food supplements indicates that these molecules are nontoxic to humans. Thus, here, we summarize knowledge on the use of flavonoids as a source of anti-ZIKV molecules and discuss the gaps and challenges in this area before these compounds can be considered for further preclinical and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eloah Pereira Ávila
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | | | | | - Camila Rodrigues Ferraz
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | | | - Sandra Frabasile
- Sección Virologia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | - Waldiceu Aparecido Verri
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Juliano Bordignon
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Instituto Carlos Chagas/Fiocruz-PR, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Pryscilla Fanini Wowk
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Instituto Carlos Chagas/Fiocruz-PR, Curitiba, Brazil
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Fais A, Delogu GL, Floris S, Era B, Medda R, Pintus F. Euphorbia characias: Phytochemistry and Biological Activities. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:1468. [PMID: 34371671 PMCID: PMC8309316 DOI: 10.3390/plants10071468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to summarize all the compounds identified and characterized from Euphorbia characias, along with the biological activities reported for this plant. Euphorbia is one of the greatest genera in the spurge family of Euphorbiaceae and includes different kinds of plants characterized by the presence of milky latex. Among them, the species Euphorbia characias L. is an evergreen perennial shrub widely distributed in Mediterranean countries. E. characias latex and extracts from different parts of the plant have been extensively studied, leading to the identification of several chemical components such as terpenoids, sterol hydrocarbons, saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, cerebrosides and phenolic and carboxylic acids. The biological properties range between antioxidant activities, antimicrobial, antiviral and pesticidal activities, wound-healing properties, anti-aging and hypoglycemic properties and inhibitory activities toward target enzymes related to different diseases, such as cholinesterases and xanthine oxidase. The information available in this review allows us to consider the plant E. characias as a potential source of compounds for biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Rosaria Medda
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (A.F.); (G.L.D.); (S.F.); (B.E.); (F.P.)
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Natural Products with Inhibitory Activity against Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. Adv Virol 2021; 2021:5552088. [PMID: 34194504 PMCID: PMC8181102 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5552088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are considered one of the main public health problems worldwide. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is the current modality of treatment for HIV-1 infection. It comprises the combined use of several drugs and can decrease the viral load and increase the CD4+ T cell count in patients with HIV-1 infection, thereby proving to be an effective modality. This therapy significantly decreases the rate of morbidity and mortality owing to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and prolongs and improves the quality of life of infected patients. However, nonadherence to ART may increase viral resistance to antiretroviral drugs and transmission of drug-resistant strains of HIV. Therefore, it is necessary to continue research for compounds with anti-HIV-1 activity, exhibiting a potential for the development of an alternative or complementary therapy to ART with low cost and fewer side effects. Natural products and their derivatives represent an excellent option owing to their therapeutic potential against HIV. Currently, the derivatives of natural products available as anti-HIV-1 agents include zidovudine, an arabinonucleoside derivative of the Caribbean marine sponge (Tectitethya crypta), which inhibits the reverse transcriptase of the virus. This was the first antiviral agent approved for treatment of HIV infection. Additionally, bevirimat (isolated from Syzygium claviflorum) and calanolide A (isolated from Calophyllum sp.) are inhibitors of viral maturation and reverse transcription process, respectively. In the present review, we aimed to describe the wide repertoire of natural compounds exhibiting anti-HIV-1 activity that can be considered for designing new therapeutic strategies to curb the HIV pandemic.
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Sagaya Jansi R, Khusro A, Agastian P, Alfarhan A, Al-Dhabi NA, Arasu MV, Rajagopal R, Barcelo D, Al-Tamimi A. Emerging paradigms of viral diseases and paramount role of natural resources as antiviral agents. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 759:143539. [PMID: 33234268 PMCID: PMC7833357 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In the current scenario, the increasing prevalence of diverse microbial infections as well as emergence and re-emergence of viral epidemics with high morbidity and mortality rates are major public health threat. Despite the persistent production of antiviral drugs and vaccines in the global market, viruses still remain as one of the leading causes of deadly human diseases. Effective control of viral diseases, particularly Zika virus disease, Nipah virus disease, Severe acute respiratory syndrome, Coronavirus disease, Herpes simplex virus infection, Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, and Ebola virus disease remain promising goal amidst the mutating viral strains. Current trends in the development of antiviral drugs focus solely on testing novel drugs or repurposing drugs against potential targets of the viruses. Compared to synthetic drugs, medicines from natural resources offer less side-effect to humans and are often cost-effective in the productivity approaches. This review intends not only to emphasize on the major viral disease outbreaks in the past few decades and but also explores the potentialities of natural substances as antiviral traits to combat viral pathogens. Here, we spotlighted a comprehensive overview of antiviral components present in varied natural sources, including plants, fungi, and microorganisms in order to identify potent antiviral agents for developing alternative therapy in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sagaya Jansi
- Department of Bioinformatics, Stella Maris College, Chennai, India
| | - Ameer Khusro
- Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Loyola College, Chennai, India
| | - Paul Agastian
- Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Loyola College, Chennai, India.
| | - Ahmed Alfarhan
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Naif Abdullah Al-Dhabi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mariadhas Valan Arasu
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rajakrishnan Rajagopal
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Damia Barcelo
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Water and Soil Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, JORDI GIRONA 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amal Al-Tamimi
- Ecology Department, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Apaza Ticona L, Bermejo P, Guerra JA, Abad MJ, Beltrán M, Martín Lázaro R, Alcamí J, Bedoya LM. Ethanolic extract of Artemisia campestris subsp. glutinosa (Besser) Batt. inhibits HIV-1 replication in vitro through the activity of terpenes and flavonoids on viral entry and NF-κB pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 263:113163. [PMID: 32758575 PMCID: PMC7397943 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
ETHNO-PHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The genus Artemisia spp. is well known for its anti-infectious properties and its high content in anti-infectious compounds, like the well-known sweet wormwood (Artemisia annua L.). Another Artemisia species, Artemisia campestris subsp. glutinosa (Besser) Batt., field wormwood, has been traditionally used as medicinal plant in the Mediterranean region. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of this study is to investigate the anti-HIV activity of field wormwood, to identify the compounds responsible for this activity and their structure and mechanism of action. MATERIALS AND METHODS Antiviral activity of isolated compounds and extracts was evaluated in HIV-1 infections of lymphoblastoid cells. We also evaluated the mechanism of action of isolated compounds. Viral entry was studied comparing the inhibitory effect of isolated compounds on wild type HIV-1 and VSV pseudotyped HIV-1. To assess the viral transcriptional effect, plasmids encoding luciferase reporter genes under the control of the whole genome of HIV-1 or NF-κB or Sp1 transcription factors were transfected in the presence of the compounds under evaluation. Finally, antioxidant activity was assessed by quantitation of reduced and total glutathione in treated cell cultures. RESULTS Ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Artemisia campestris subsp. glutinosa (Besser) Batt. subsp. glutinosa displayed anti-HIV activity in vitro, although ethanolic extract was more powerful (IC50 14.62 μg/mL). Bio-guided ethanolic extract fractionation leads to the isolation and characterization of two terpenes, damsin and canrenone, and four flavonoids, 6, 2', 4'-trimethoxyflavone, acerosin, cardamonin and xanthomicrol. All the isolated compounds inhibited HIV-1 replication in vitro with IC50 values between the middle nanomolar and the low micromolar range. Their anti-HIV mechanism of action is due to the bloking of viral entry and/or transcription inhibition, without correlation with the antioxidant activity, through interference with the cellular transcription factors NF-κB and Sp1, which are targets that are not currently reached by antiretroviral therapy. CONCLUSION We describe here the anti-HIV activity of field wormwood, Artemisia campestris subsp. glutinosa (Besser) Batt., and the isolation and study of the mechanism of action of two terpenes and four flavonoids, responsible, at least in part, for its activity, through the inhibition of two different cellular targets affecting the HIV replication cycle. The activity of these compounds in cellular targets could explain why plant extracts can be used in the treatment of different diseases. Besides, the presence of several compounds with dual and different mechanisms of action could prove useful in the treatment of HIV-1 infection, since it could aid to overcome drug resistances and simplify drug therapy. This work is a further step in understanding the anti-infectious activity of wormwood species and their use in treating infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Apaza Ticona
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plza. Ramón y Cajal S/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain; Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
| | - P Bermejo
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plza. Ramón y Cajal S/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - J A Guerra
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plza. Ramón y Cajal S/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - M J Abad
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plza. Ramón y Cajal S/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - M Beltrán
- AIDS Immunopathology Department, National Centre of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ctra. Pozuelo Km. 2, 28224, Madrid, Spain.
| | - R Martín Lázaro
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plza. Ramón y Cajal S/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - J Alcamí
- AIDS Immunopathology Department, National Centre of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ctra. Pozuelo Km. 2, 28224, Madrid, Spain.
| | - L M Bedoya
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plza. Ramón y Cajal S/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain; AIDS Immunopathology Department, National Centre of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ctra. Pozuelo Km. 2, 28224, Madrid, Spain.
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Bartak M, Lange A, Słonska A, Cymerys J. Antiviral and healing potential of Sambucus nigra extracts. BIONATURA 2020. [DOI: 10.21931/rb/2020.05.03.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, the application of alternative methods instead of clinical treatment creates a new possibility to prevent the development of diseases. Medicinal plants such as Sambucus nigra have been well known due to their extraordinary properties. The similarity to synthetic substances makes it potentially dependable; however, a high concentration of cyanogenic glycosides may exert detrimental consequences. It has been documented that Sambucus nigra extracts are used against both human and animal viruses, like influenza A and B viruses, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), dengue virus (DENV-2), human herpesvirus type 1 (HSV-1) and human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63). Such reports are notably valuable especially considering the widespread usage of commercial drugs, which could be ineffective. This review provides insight on recent research on the health properties of plant Sambucus nigra as an antiviral medication that may help propose new therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michalina Bartak
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agata Lange
- Department of Nanobiotechnology and Experimental Ecology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Słonska
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Cymerys
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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Wang YX, Han FY, Duan ZK, Chang Y, Lin B, Wang XB, Huang XX, Yao GD, Song SJ. Phenolics from Archidendron clypearia (Jack) I.C.Nielsen protect SH-SY5Y cells against H 2O 2-induced oxidative stress. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2020; 176:112414. [PMID: 32446133 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Five undescribed phenolics named pithecellobiumin C-G, along with thirteen known ones were isolated from the twigs and leaves of Archidendron clypearia (Jack) I.C.Nielsen. Their structures were elucidated based on comprehensive spectroscopic analyses, combined with computer-assisted structure elucidation software (ACD/Structure Elucidator) and gauge-independent atomic orbitals (GIAO) NMR chemical shift calculations. The absolute configurations were determined by comparison of experimental and calculated specific rotation and ECD curves. These compounds were tested for their neuroprotective activities against H2O2-induced injury in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells by MTT assay. Pithecellobiumin C-E exhibited noticeable neuroprotective effect. Further pharmacological study demonstrated that they could prevent cell death through inhibiting the apoptosis induction. Flow cytometry assays also proved that these compounds could attenuate reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and mitochondrial dysfunction in SH-SY5Y cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Xi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Liaoning province, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng-Ying Han
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Liaoning province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Kang Duan
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Liaoning province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Chang
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Liaoning province, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Bo Wang
- Chinese People's Liberation Army Logistics Support Force No. 967 Hospital, Dalian, 116021, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Xiao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Liaoning province, People's Republic of China; Chinese People's Liberation Army Logistics Support Force No. 967 Hospital, Dalian, 116021, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guo-Dong Yao
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Liaoning province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shao-Jiang Song
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Liaoning province, People's Republic of China.
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Abstract
Common cold and flu are caused by common respiratory viral pathogens, which results in hospitalization and death in the world. Among the viral infections, influenza viruses have worldwide spread with major effects on health of societies. Change in antigenic structures of influenza viruses is associated with the lack of effective treatments. Therefore, the use of herbal medicine as alternative choice can be used for management of flu and cold. The flowers of Sambucus nigra or black elders have been approved by commission E for cold, and flu. Although, elders are used in different herbal formulates, but there is no comprehensive study. The subject of this review article was to summarize the efficacy of black elder in treatment of cold and flu. For preparing this manuscript, the electronic resources, books, and thesis were searched by key words of Sambucus, elder, cold, flu, and viral infections. The results of investigations exhibited that there are four clinical trials for elder berries, which it reduced the cold duration and severity (fever, pain, congestion, cough), while there is no clinical trial for elder flower on common cold and flu in spite of its approval by commission E. So, evaluating the efficacy of elder flowers in comparison with its berries and standard treatment on patients with viral respiratory infections should be the subject of large clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohaddese Mahboubi
- Medicinal Plants Research Department, Research and Development, TabibDaru Pharmaceutical Company, Kashan, Iran
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Kaur R, Sharma P, Gupta GK, Ntie-Kang F, Kumar D. Structure-Activity-Relationship and Mechanistic Insights for Anti-HIV Natural Products. Molecules 2020; 25:E2070. [PMID: 32365518 PMCID: PMC7249135 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25092070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), which chiefly originatesfroma retrovirus named Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), has impacted about 70 million people worldwide. Even though several advances have been made in the field of antiretroviral combination therapy, HIV is still responsible for a considerable number of deaths in Africa. The current antiretroviral therapies have achieved success in providing instant HIV suppression but with countless undesirable adverse effects. Presently, the biodiversity of the plant kingdom is being explored by several researchers for the discovery of potent anti-HIV drugs with different mechanisms of action. The primary challenge is to afford a treatment that is free from any sort of risk of drug resistance and serious side effects. Hence, there is a strong demand to evaluate drugs derived from plants as well as their derivatives. Several plants, such as Andrographis paniculata, Dioscorea bulbifera, Aegle marmelos, Wistaria floribunda, Lindera chunii, Xanthoceras sorbifolia and others have displayed significant anti-HIV activity. Here, weattempt to summarize the main results, which focus on the structures of most potent plant-based natural products having anti-HIV activity along with their mechanisms of action and IC50 values, structure-activity-relationships and important key findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramandeep Kaur
- Sri Sai College of Pharmacy, Manawala, Amritsar 143001, India; (R.K.); (P.S.)
| | - Pooja Sharma
- Sri Sai College of Pharmacy, Manawala, Amritsar 143001, India; (R.K.); (P.S.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala 147002, India
| | - Girish K. Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Sri Sai College of Pharmacy, Badhani, Pathankot 145001, India;
| | - Fidele Ntie-Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63 Buea, Cameroon
- Institute for Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
- Institut für Botanik, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 20b, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- Sri Sai College of Pharmacy, Manawala, Amritsar 143001, India; (R.K.); (P.S.)
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Abbass H, El-Hela A, Hegazy M, Abu Bakr M. Profiling of antiviral and antioxidant phytochemicals of Pterocephalus frutescens hochist. using high-resolution ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Pharmacogn Mag 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/pm.pm_558_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Weng JR, Lin CS, Lai HC, Lin YP, Wang CY, Tsai YC, Wu KC, Huang SH, Lin CW. Antiviral activity of Sambucus FormosanaNakai ethanol extract and related phenolic acid constituents against human coronavirus NL63. Virus Res 2019; 273:197767. [PMID: 31560964 PMCID: PMC7114872 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.197767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Sambucus FormosanaNakai extract reduced cytopathicity and virus yield in HCoV-NL63-infected cells. Among phenolic acid constituents, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid and gallic acid sustained the anti-HCoV-NL63 activity. Sambucus FormosanaNakai extract and caffeic acid concentration-dependently inhibited HCoV-NL63 attachment onto cells.
Human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63), one of the main circulating HCoVs worldwide, causes respiratory tract illnesses like runny nose, cough, bronchiolitis and pneumonia. Recently, a severe respiratory illness outbreak of HCoV-NL63 has been reported in a long-term care facility. Sambucus FormosanaNakai, a species of elderberry, is a traditional medicinal herb with anti-inflammatory and antiviral potential. The study investigated the antiviral activity of Sambucus FormosanaNakai stem ethanol extract and some phenolic acid constituents against HCoV-NL63. The extract was less cytotoxic and concentration-dependently increased anti-HCoV-NL63 activities, including cytopathicity, sub-G1 fraction, virus yield (IC50 = 1.17 μg/ml), plaque formation (IC50 = 4.67 μg/ml) and virus attachment (IC50 = 15.75 μg/ml). Among the phenolic acid constituents in Sambucus FormosanaNakai extract, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid and gallic acid sustained the anti-HCoV-NL63 activity that was ranked in the following order of virus yield reduction: caffeic acid (IC50 = 3.54 μM) > chlorogenic acid (IC50 = 43.45 μM) > coumaric acid (IC50 = 71.48 μM). Caffeic acid significantly inhibited the replication of HCoV-NL63 in a cell-type independent manner, and specifically blocked virus attachment (IC50 = 8.1 μM). Therefore, the results revealed that Sambucus Formosana Nakai stem ethanol extract displayed the strong anti-HCoV-NL63 potential; caffeic acid could be the vital component with anti-HCoV-NL63 activity. The finding could be helpful for developing antivirals against HCoV-NL63.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Ru Weng
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Sheng Lin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Kuang Tien General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Chou Lai
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Division of Hepato-gastroenterology, department of internal medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ping Lin
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Ying Wang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chi Tsai
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Chang Wu
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Su-Hua Huang
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Wufeng, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Wen Lin
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Wufeng, Taichung, Taiwan; Chinese Medicine Research center, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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13
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Bi S, Wu J, Sun X, Zhao R, Shao D, Li X. Spectral and molecular docking studies on the interaction of three flavonoids with bovine serum albumin. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2019; 38:2197-2205. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2019.1624196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuyun Bi
- College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Jun Wu
- College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Xiaoyue Sun
- College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Rui Zhao
- College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Di Shao
- College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Xu Li
- College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, PR China
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14
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Jünior SFP, Conserva LM, Filho JMB. Clerodane Diterpenes from Croton Species: Distribution and a Compilation of their 13C NMR Spectral Data. Nat Prod Commun 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x0600100410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work is a review of the literature of clerodane diterpenes from Croton species. It contains a compilation of 13C NMR data of 83 of these diterpenoids and their biological activities. This review covers a period from 1969 to October 2005 and 224 references are cited.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucia M. Conserva
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, 57072-970, Maceió–AL, Brazil
| | - José Maria Barbosa Filho
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Farmacêutica, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 58051-970, João Pessoa–PB, Brazil
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15
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Burlando B, Palmero S, Cornara L. Nutritional and medicinal properties of underexploited legume trees from West Africa. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2019; 59:S178-S188. [PMID: 30632774 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1551776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
This review concerns three legume trees (family Fabaceae, subfamily Caesalpinioideae) from West Africa, namely Detarium microcarpum, Parkia biglobosa and Dialium guineense, and illustrates their nutritional value and therapeutic properties. These species are an important source of nutrition for West African populations, but their agricultural exploitation is still incomplete. The survey was conducted on Scopus, Web of Science, and Medline, using scientific and common English names of the species as keywords and then selecting papers related to nutritional and medicinal properties. Main food products are fruit pulp and seeds, though leaves can also be used. Most relevant dietary features are high protein, vitamin, and micronutrient contents. Various therapeutic and nutritional benefits of these plants have been documented by ethnobotanical and experimental studies, stimulating an interest for their possible use as functional food or drug sources. Most studied medicinal properties include antidiabetic and antimicrobial activities of D. microcarpum, cardiovascular protective and antidiabetic activities of P. biglobosa, and bilharzia-preventing molluscicidal activity of D. guineense. Phytochemical characterizations have revealed potential sources of active drugs, such as D. guineense saponins and D. microcarpum diterpenes. Scientific results support popular uses of these legume trees, indicating a prominent nutritional and health value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Burlando
- a Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR) , University of Genova , Genova , Italy.,b Biophysics Institute , National Research Council (CNR) , Genova , Italy
| | - Silvio Palmero
- a Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR) , University of Genova , Genova , Italy
| | - Laura Cornara
- b Biophysics Institute , National Research Council (CNR) , Genova , Italy.,c Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV) , University of Genova , Genova , Italy
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16
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Salehi B, Kumar NVA, Şener B, Sharifi-Rad M, Kılıç M, Mahady GB, Vlaisavljevic S, Iriti M, Kobarfard F, Setzer WN, Ayatollahi SA, Ata A, Sharifi-Rad J. Medicinal Plants Used in the Treatment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1459. [PMID: 29757986 PMCID: PMC5983620 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the beginning of the epidemic, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has infected around 70 million people worldwide, most of whom reside is sub-Saharan Africa. There have been very promising developments in the treatment of HIV with anti-retroviral drug cocktails. However, drug resistance to anti-HIV drugs is emerging, and many people infected with HIV have adverse reactions or do not have ready access to currently available HIV chemotherapies. Thus, there is a need to discover new anti-HIV agents to supplement our current arsenal of anti-HIV drugs and to provide therapeutic options for populations with limited resources or access to currently efficacious chemotherapies. Plant-derived natural products continue to serve as a reservoir for the discovery of new medicines, including anti-HIV agents. This review presents a survey of plants that have shown anti-HIV activity, both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahare Salehi
- Medical Ethics and Law Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 88777539 Tehran, Iran.
- Student Research Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 22439789 Tehran, Iran.
| | - Nanjangud V Anil Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal University, Manipal 576104, India.
| | - Bilge Şener
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Gazi University, Faculty of Pharmacy, 06330 Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Mehdi Sharifi-Rad
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, 61663-335 Zabol, Iran.
| | - Mehtap Kılıç
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Gazi University, Faculty of Pharmacy, 06330 Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Gail B Mahady
- PAHO/WHO Collaborating Centre for Traditional Medicine, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Sanja Vlaisavljevic
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Marcello Iriti
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Milan State University, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Farzad Kobarfard
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 11369 Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 11369 Tehran, Iran.
| | - William N Setzer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA.
| | - Seyed Abdulmajid Ayatollahi
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 11369 Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 11369 Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Chemistry, Richardson College for the Environmental Science Complex, The University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB R3B 2G3, Canada.
| | - Athar Ata
- Department of Chemistry, Richardson College for the Environmental Science Complex, The University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB R3B 2G3, Canada.
| | - Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 11369 Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Chemistry, Richardson College for the Environmental Science Complex, The University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB R3B 2G3, Canada.
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17
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Porter RS, Bode RF. A Review of the Antiviral Properties of Black Elder (Sambucus nigra L.) Products. Phytother Res 2017; 31:533-554. [PMID: 28198157 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Black elder (Sambucus nigra L.) has a long ethnobotanical history across many disparate cultures as a treatment for viral infection and is currently one of the most-used medicinal plants worldwide. Until recently, however, substantial scientific research concerning its antiviral properties has been lacking. Here, we evaluate the state of current scientific research concerning the use of elderberry extract and related products as antivirals, particularly in the treatment of influenza, as well as their safety and health impacts as dietary supplements. While the extent of black elder's antiviral effects are not well known, antiviral and antimicrobial properties have been demonstrated in these extracts, and the safety of black elder is reflected by the United States Food and Drug Administration approval as generally recognized as safe. A deficit of studies comparing these S. nigra products and standard antiviral medications makes informed and detailed recommendations for use of S. nigra extracts in medical applications currently impractical. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall S Porter
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Robert F Bode
- Department of Biology, Saint Martin's University, Lacey, WA, USA
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18
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26-week repeated oral dose toxicity study of UP446, a combination of defined extracts of Scutellaria baicalensis and Acacia catechu, in beagle dogs. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 78:66-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Mahmood N, Piacente S, Burke A, Khan A, Pizza C. Constituents of Cuscuto Reflexa are anti-HIV Agents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029700800108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Crude water extracts of Cuscuta reflexa exhibited anti-HIV activity. Fractionation of the crude extract led to the isolation of nine pure compounds with closely related structures, showing interesting structure activity relationships. 3,5,7,4′-Tetrahydroxyflavanone (aromadendrin) inhibited infection by binding to V3 loop of gp 120 and inhibiting its interaction with CD4, whereas 3,5,7,3′,4′-pentahydroxyflavanone (taxifolin), with an extra OH group in the 3′ position in ring B was less specific and exhibited less selectivity in cell cultures. In general, flavanones containing an extra OH group in the 3′ position (taxifolin, taxifolin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside and coccinoside B) were less specific and inhibited viral protease, reverse transcriptase, CD4 /gp120 interaction in vitro and bound to non specific proteins. Other compounds isolated from C reflexa were derivatives of quinic acids; 3,4-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid was more active than 3-O-caffeoyl quinic acid. The anti-HIV activity of crude extract may be the result of combinatory effects with compounds of different modes of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Mahmood
- MRC Collaborative Centre, 1-3 Burtonhole lane, Mill Hill, London NW7 IAD, UK
| | - S Piacente
- Universita degli Studi di Napoli, Dipartmento di Chimice delle Sostanze Naturali, via Domenico Montesano, Napoli, Italy
| | - A Burke
- MRC Collaborative Centre, 1-3 Burtonhole lane, Mill Hill, London NW7 IAD, UK
| | - Al Khan
- MRC Collaborative Centre, 1-3 Burtonhole lane, Mill Hill, London NW7 IAD, UK
| | - C Pizza
- Universita degli Studi di Napoli, Dipartmento di Chimice delle Sostanze Naturali, via Domenico Montesano, Napoli, Italy
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20
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Yimam M, Lee YC, Jia Q. Effect of a botanical composition, UP446, on respiratory, cardiovascular and central nervous systems in beagle dogs and rats. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 77:184-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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21
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Lin CH, Chang CY, Lee KR, Lin HJ, Chen TH, Wan L. Flavones inhibit breast cancer proliferation through the Akt/FOXO3a signaling pathway. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:958. [PMID: 26675309 PMCID: PMC4682224 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1965-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flavones found in plants display various biological activities, including anti-allergic, anti-viral, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidation, and anti-tumor effects. In this study, we investigated the anti-tumor effects of flavone, apigenin and luteolin on human breast cancer cells. METHODS The anti-cancer activity of flavone, apigenin and luteolin was investigated using the MTS assay. Apoptosis was analyzed by Hoechst 33342 staining, flow cytometry and western blot. Cell migration was determined using the culture inserts and xCELLigence real-time cell analyzer instrument equipped with a CIM-plate 16. Real-time quantitative PCR and western blot were used to determine the signaling pathway elicited by flavone, apigenin and luteolin. RESULTS Flavone, apigenin and luteolin showed potent inhibitory effects on the proliferation of Hs578T, MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 breast cancer cells in a concentration and time-dependent manner. The ability of flavone, apigenin and luteolin to inhibit the growth of breast cancer cells through apoptosis was confirmed by Hoechst33342 staining and the induction of sub-G1 phase of the cell cycle. Flavone, apigenin and luteolin induced forkhead box O3 (FOXO3a) expression by inhibiting Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and protein kinase B (PKB)/Akt. This subsequently elevated the expression of FOXO3a target genes, including the Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p21Cip1 (p21) and p27kip1 (p27), which increased the levels of activated poly(ADP) polymerase (PARP) and cytochrome c. CONCLUSION Taken together, these data demonstrated that flavone, apigenin and luteolin induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in breast cancer cells through inhibiting PI3K/Akt activation and increasing FOXO3a activation, which suggest that flavone, apigenin and luteolin will be the potential leads for the preventing and treating of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hung Lin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan.
| | - Ching-Yao Chang
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Kuan-Rong Lee
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan.
| | - Hui-Ju Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Ter-Hsin Chen
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Lei Wan
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan.
- Department of Gynecology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Yimam M, Lee YC, Hyun EJ, Jia Q. Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity of Orally Administered Botanical Composition, UP446-Part I: Effects on Embryo-Fetal Development in New Zealand White Rabbits and Sprague Dawley Rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 104:141-52. [PMID: 26303163 DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.21150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacotoxicology impacts of dietary supplements taken at the time of pregnancy have remained alarming since women are the frequent herbal medicine users in many countries as a complement to the conventional pregnancy management. The use of herbal medicines and diet supplements in expectant mothers linked closely to the health of the childbearing mothers and the fetuses where the lack of developmental safety data imposes a challenge to make the right choices. Here, we describe the potential adverse effects of UP446, a standardized bioflavonoid composition from the roots of Scutellaria baicalensis and the heartwoods of Acacia catechu, on embryo-fetal development following maternal exposure during the critical period of major organogenesis in rabbits and rats. Pregnant dams were treated orally with UP446 at doses of 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg/day during gestation. The number of resorptions, implantations, litter size, body weights, and skeletal development was evaluated. Maternal food intake and body, tissue, and placenta weight were also assessed. There were no statistically significant differences in implantation, congenital malformation, embryo-fetal mortalities, and fetuses sex ratios in all dosing groups of both species. Therefore, the no observed adverse effect level of UP446 was considered to be greater than 1000 mg/kg in both the maternal and fetus in both species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eu-Jin Hyun
- Unigen Inc., Dongnam-Gu, Cheonan-Si, Chungnam, Korea
| | - Qi Jia
- Unigen Inc, Seattle, Washington
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Yimam M, Lee YC, Hyun EJ, Jia Q. Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity of Orally Administered Botanical Composition, UP446-Part III: Effects on Fertility and Early Embryonic Development to Implantation in Sprague Dawley Rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 104:166-76. [PMID: 26173630 DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.21143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, high prevalence of adverse effects associated to the use of traditional medicines during pregnancy is becoming alarming due to the self-medication of oral supplements by expecting mothers without supervision. Many expectant mothers use alternative and complementary medicines as a supplement to conventional pregnancy management with an inherent belief of considering herbal remedies as harmless. To the contrary, herbal remedies could incur a potential teratogenic risk both to the child bearing mother and the developing fetuses when consumed before or at the time of gestation. Here, we describe the potential adverse effects of orally administered UP446, a standardized bioflavonoid composition from the roots of Scutellaria baicalensis and the heartwoods of Acacia catechu, on fertility and early embryonic development to implantation in Sprague Dawley rats at doses of 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg. Besides body weight and food consumption, reproductive functions, sperm motility and morphology, estrus cycle, and fertility rate were monitored. There were no statistically significant differences in reproductive function in all UP446 treated groups in both genders. Test substance impacts on reproductive parameters were very minimal. Neither sperm motility nor morphology was affected as a result of oral UP446 administrations in males. There were no treatment-related effects on estrus cycle stages in females. No significant changes in necropsy or histopathology were observed for all the groups. Therefore, the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of UP446 was considered to be 1000 mg/kg, the highest dose tested, in both genders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Qi Jia
- Unigen, Inc, Cheonan-Si, Chungnam, Korea
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Yimam M, Lee YC, Hyun EJ, Jia Q. Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity of Orally Administered Botanical Composition, UP446-Part II: Effects on Prenatal and Postnatal Development, Including Maternal Function in Sprague-Dawley Rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 104:153-65. [DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.21142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eu-Jin Hyun
- Unigen, Inc; Dongnam-Gu, Cheonan-Si Chungnam Korea
| | - Qi Jia
- Unigen, Inc; Seattle Washington
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26
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Sharma S, Ali A, Ali J, Sahni JK, Baboota S. Rutin: therapeutic potential and recent advances in drug delivery. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2013; 22:1063-79. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2013.805744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shrestha Sharma
- Jamia Hamdard University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics,
New Delhi, India
| | - Asgar Ali
- Professor, Jamia Hamdard, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics,
New Delhi-110062, India
| | - Javed Ali
- Jamia Hamdard, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics,
New Delhi-110062, India
| | - Jasjeet K. Sahni
- Jamia Hamdard, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics,
New Delhi-110062, India
| | - Sanjula Baboota
- Jamia Hamdard, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics,
New Delhi-110062, India
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27
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Lee YC, Hyun E, Yimam M, Brownell L, Jia Q. Acute and 26-Week Repeated Oral Dose Toxicity Study of UP446, a Combination of <i>Scutellaria</i> Extract and <i>Acacia</i> Extract in Rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/fns.2013.47a003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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28
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Monga J, Chauhan CS, Sharma M. Human breast adenocarcinoma cytotoxicity and modulation of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced mammary carcinoma in Balb/c mice by Acacia catechu (L.f.) Wild heartwood. Integr Cancer Ther 2012; 12:347-62. [PMID: 23142797 DOI: 10.1177/1534735412463818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The chemopreventive potential of (+)-catechin-rich extract of Acacia catechu (L.f.) Willd. heartwood (AQCE) was evaluated against human breast adenocarcinoma cell line (MCF-7) and 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary carcinoma in Balb/c mice. METHODS Cell cytotoxicity was investigated using different colorimetric assays. Apoptosis was observed using diphenylamine assay and fluorescent microscopy. AQCE was further evaluated for antitumor activity against DMBA-induced mammary carcinoma. The levels of tumor markers and oxidative stress were measured. Furthermore, level of transcription factors was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS The results showed that administration of AQCE showed a dose-dependent growth inhibition response and DNA fragmentation in MCF-7 cells. Tumor multiplicity was significantly decreased to 42.91% with AQCE when compared with DMBA-treated animals. The levels of tumor markers such as total sialic acid and lipid-associated sialic acid were substantially increased after DMBA treatment. However, AQCE treatment restored tumor markers level. AQCE also significantly reduced elevated levels of nitrite and malondialdehyde in DMBA-treated animals. Additionally, AQCE also increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes, viz., catalase, superoxide dismutase, total thiol, reduced glutathione, protein thiol, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione-S-transferase in the mammary tissue and liver mitochondria of DMBA-administered animals. Significant increase in the protein levels of p53, c-jun, and p65 were observed in DMBA-treated mice, whereas less expression was observed in AQCE-treated animals. Eventually, AQCE also significantly improved body weight and maintained the mammary tissue architecture in normal range. CONCLUSIONS The present data strongly suggest that anticancer potentiality of (+)-catechin-rich AQCE may be attributable to its ability to positively modulate tumor markers as well as the antioxidant system that could decompose the peroxides and, thereby, offer a protection against lipid peroxidation and linked to the expression of transcription factors during DMBA-induced mammary carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitender Monga
- Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Himachal Pradesh, India
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KIM SOJUNG, KIM HYEONGJIN, KIM HYERI, LEE SEUNGHO, CHO SUNGDAE, CHOI CHANGSUN, NAM JEONGSEOK, JUNG JIYOUN. Antitumor actions of baicalein and wogonin in HT-29 human colorectal cancer cells. Mol Med Rep 2012; 6:1443-9. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2012.1085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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30
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Srivastava SP, Mishra A, Bhatia V, Narender T, Srivastava AK. Acacia catechu hard wood: potential anti-diabetic cum anti-dyslipidemic. Med Chem Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-010-9479-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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31
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Lee SD, Jung HJ, Kim IC, Park JC, Kim SB, Cho SB, Song YM. Effects of Dietary Ginger and Scutellaria Dry Powder on Antioxidant Capacity and IgG Concentration in Colostrum and Plasma of Sows. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.5187/jast.2010.52.5.399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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90-Day oral toxicity study of UP446, a combination of defined extracts of Scutellaria baicalensis and Acacia catechu, in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2010; 48:1202-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2009] [Revised: 01/29/2010] [Accepted: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Fink RC, Roschek B, Alberte RS. HIV Type-1 Entry Inhibitors with a New Mode of Action. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 19:243-55. [DOI: 10.1177/095632020901900604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background: The development of antiviral drugs has provided crucial new means to mitigate or relieve the debilitating effects of many viral pathogens. Regular use of these drugs has led to generation of resistant strains, making the control of many viral infections very difficult, particularly in HIV-seropositive and AIDS patients. A rich source for the discovery of new HIV infection inhibitors has been, and continues to be, the ‘mining’ of the large diversity of compounds already available in nature, and specifically those from botanical extracts. Methods: Using a newly developed direct binding assay with mass spectrometry technology (direct analysis in real-time time-of-flight mass spectrometry), we were able to show that compounds present in extracts of elderberry, cinnamon and green tea bind to and block HIV type-1 (HIV-1) infection in target cells. Results: The compounds that blocked HIV-1 infection were flavonoids and A-type proanthocyanidins. The 50% inhibitory concentration values of these extracts ranged from 0.5 to 201 µg/ml for four different HIV-1 serotypes. Interaction matrices with the elderberry extract and enfuvirtide, a peptide HIV-1 fusion inhibitor, revealed significant super additive effects. This indicates that the compounds in elderberry that prevent HIV-1 infection are likely to bind to viral glycoproteins other than gp41 (the binding site for enfuvirtide). Conclusions: Optimized elderberry, green tea and cinnamon extracts rich in certain flavonoid compounds were shown to block HIV-1 entry and infection in GHOST cells. As such, these types of botanical extracts could provide a starting point for the development of possible safe and reliable cotherapies for HIV-1-positive individuals, as well as for the identification of new small molecules as leading drug candidates for HIV-1 therapeutics and microbicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C Fink
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Leonard Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- HerbalScience Group LLC, Naples, FL, USA
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Burnett BP, Jia Q, Zhao Y, Levy RM. A medicinal extract of Scutellaria baicalensis and Acacia catechu acts as a dual inhibitor of cyclooxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase to reduce inflammation. J Med Food 2007; 10:442-51. [PMID: 17887937 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2006.255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A mixed extract containing two naturally occurring flavonoids, baicalin from Scutellaria baicalensis and catechin from Acacia catechu, was tested for cyclooxygenase (COX) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) inhibition via enzyme, cellular, and in vivo models. The 50% inhibitory concentration for inhibition of both ovine COX-1 and COX-2 peroxidase enzyme activities was 15 microg/mL, while the mixed extract showed a value for potato 5-LOX enzyme activity of 25 microg/mL. Prostaglandin E2 generation was inhibited by the mixed extract in human osteosarcoma cells expressing COX-2, while leukotriene production was inhibited in both human cell lines, immortalized THP-1 monocyte and HT-29 colorectal adenocarcinoma. In an arachidonic acid-induced mouse ear swelling model, the extract decreased edema in a dose-dependent manner. When arachidonic acid was injected directly into the intra-articular space of mouse ankle joints, the mixed extract abated the swelling and restored function in a rotary drum walking model. These results suggest that this natural, flavonoid mixture acts via "dual inhibition" of COX and LOX enzymes to reduce production of pro-inflammatory eicosanoids and attenuate edema in an in vivo model of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B P Burnett
- Primus Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Scottsdale, AZ 85251, USA
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BURNETT BRUCEP, SILVA STACIA, MESCHES MICHAELH, WILSON STEVEN, JIA QI. SAFETY EVALUATION OF A COMBINATION, DEFINED EXTRACT OF SCUTELLARIA BAICALENSIS AND ACACIA CATECHU. J Food Biochem 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4514.2007.00142.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Tao J, Hu Q, Yang J, Li R, Li X, Lu C, Chen C, Wang L, Shattock R, Ben K. In vitro anti-HIV and -HSV activity and safety of sodium rutin sulfate as a microbicide candidate. Antiviral Res 2007; 75:227-33. [PMID: 17459492 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2007.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2006] [Revised: 01/16/2007] [Accepted: 03/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Sodium rutin sulfate (SRS) is a sulfated rutin modified from the natural flavonol glycoside rutin. Here, we investigated its in vitro anti-HIV and -HSV activities and its cytotoxic profile. Fifty percent inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) values of SRS against HIV-1 X4 virus IIIB, HIV-1 R5 isolates Ada-M and Ba-L were 2.3+/-0.2, 4.5+/-2.0 and 8.5+/-3.8 microM with a selectivity index (SI) of 563, 575 and 329, respectively. Its IC(50) against primary R5 HIV-1 isolate from Yunnan province in China was 13.1+/-5.5 microM, with a SI of 197. In contrast, unsulfated rutin had no activity against any of the HIV-1 isolates tested. Further study indicated that SRS blocked viral entry and virus-cell fusion likely through interacting with the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein. SRS also demonstrated some activity against human herpes simplex virus (HSV) with an IC(50) of 88.3+/-0.1 microM and a SI of 30. The 50% cytotoxicity concentration (CC(50)) of SRS was >3.0 mM, as determined in human genital ME180, HeLa and primary human foreskin fibroblast cells. Minimum inhibitory concentration of SRS for vaginal lactobacilli was >3.0 mM. These results collectively indicate that SRS represents a novel candidate for anti-HIV-1/HSV microbicide development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Tao
- Nanjing Agriculture University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
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Duan C, Matsumura S, Kariya N, Nishimura M, Shimono T. In vitro antibacterial activities of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi against cariogenic bacterial. PEDIATRIC DENTAL JOURNAL 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0917-2394(07)70096-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Kumagai T, Müller CI, Desmond JC, Imai Y, Heber D, Koeffler HP. Scutellaria baicalensis, a herbal medicine: anti-proliferative and apoptotic activity against acute lymphocytic leukemia, lymphoma and myeloma cell lines. Leuk Res 2006; 31:523-30. [PMID: 17007926 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2006.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2006] [Revised: 08/23/2006] [Accepted: 08/25/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Scutellaria baicalensis (S.B.) is a widely used Chinese herbal medicine. We initially investigated its in vitro anti-tumor activities. S.B inhibited the growth of ALL, lymphoma and myeloma cell lines by inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at clinically achievable concentrations. The anti-proliferative effect was associated with mitochondrial damage, modulation of the Bcl family of genes, increased level of the CDK inhibitor p27(KIP1) and decreased level of c-myc oncogene. HPLC analysis of S.B. showed it contains 21% baicalin and further studies confirmed it was the major anti-cancer component of S.B. Thus, Scutellaria baicalensis should be tested in clinical trials for these hematopoietic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kumagai
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
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Hauteville M, Gaillard P, Duclos MC, Kaouadji M. Synthesis of Novel C-Methylflavones. European J Org Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/jlac.199619960724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Piccinelli AL, Mahmood N, Mora G, Poveda L, De Simone F, Rastrelli L. Anti-HIV activity of dibenzylbutyrolactone-type lignans from Phenax species endemic in Costa Rica. J Pharm Pharmacol 2006; 57:1109-15. [PMID: 16105232 DOI: 10.1211/jpp.57.9.0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we isolated two new dibenzylbutyrolactone-type lignans, named phenaxolactones and, from the leaves of Phenax angustifolius Wedd. (Urticaceae). In this investigation three new dibenzylbutyrolactone lignans (phenaxolactones), together with phenaxolactone, and flavones vitexin, isovitexin, were isolated from Phenax rugosus Wedd. leaves collected in Santa Ana, Costa Rica. The structures were elucidated using 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy as well as mass spectrometry. Phenaxolactones and flavones and were evaluated for their inhibitory activity against HIV-1MN in infected C8166 cells. The most promising compound was phenaxolactone with an EC50 value of 3.0 microM, no cytotoxicity at 112 microM and a therapeutic index value of 37.3.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Piccinelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Salerno, Via Ponte Don Melillo, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
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Asres K, Seyoum A, Veeresham C, Bucar F, Gibbons S. Naturally derived anti-HIV agents. Phytother Res 2005; 19:557-81. [PMID: 16161055 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.1629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The urgent need for new anti-HIV/AIDS drugs is a global concern. In addition to obvious economical and commercial hurdles, HIV/AIDS patients are faced with multifarious difficulties associated with the currently approved anti-HIV drugs. Adverse effects, the emergence of drug resistance and the narrow spectrum of activity have limited the therapeutic usefulness of the various reverse transcriptase and protease inhibitors that are currently available on the market. This has driven many scientists to look for new anti-retrovirals with better efficacy, safety and affordability. As has always been the case in the search for cures, natural sources offer great promise. Several natural products, mostly of plant origin have been shown to possess promising activities that could assist in the prevention and/or amelioration of the disease. Many of these anti-HIV agents have other medicinal values as well, which afford them further prospective as novel leads for the development of new drugs that can deal with both the virus and the various disorders that characterize HIV/AIDS. The aim of this review is to report new discoveries and updates pertaining to anti-HIV natural products. In the review anti-HIV agents have been classified according to their chemical classes rather than their target in the HIV replicative cycle, which is the most frequently encountered approach. Perusal of the literature revealed that most of these promising naturally derived anti-HIV compounds are flavonoids, coumarins, terpenoids, alkaloids, polyphenols, polysaccharides or proteins. It is our strong conviction that the results and experiences with many of the anti-HIV natural products will inspire and motivate even more researchers to look for new leads from plants and other natural sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaleab Asres
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Zakay-Rones Z, Thom E, Wollan T, Wadstein J. Randomized study of the efficacy and safety of oral elderberry extract in the treatment of influenza A and B virus infections. J Int Med Res 2004; 32:132-40. [PMID: 15080016 DOI: 10.1177/147323000403200205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Elderberry has been used in folk medicine for centuries to treat influenza, colds and sinusitis, and has been reported to have antiviral activity against influenza and herpes simplex. We investigated the efficacy and safety of oral elderberry syrup for treating influenza A and B infections. Sixty patients (aged 18-54 years) suffering from influenza-like symptoms for 48 h or less were enrolled in this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study during the influenza season of 1999-2000 in Norway. Patients received 15 ml of elderberry or placebo syrup four times a day for 5 days, and recorded their symptoms using a visual analogue scale. Symptoms were relieved on average 4 days earlier and use of rescue medication was significantly less in those receiving elderberry extract compared with placebo. Elderberry extract seems to offer an efficient, safe and cost-effective treatment for influenza. These findings need to be confirmed in a larger study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Zakay-Rones
- Department of Virology, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
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Tramontano E, Onidi L, Esposito F, Badas R, La Colla P. The use of a new in vitro reaction substrate reproducing both U3 and U5 regions of the HIV-1 3'-ends increases the correlation between the in vitro and in vivo effects of the HIV-1 integrase inhibitors. Biochem Pharmacol 2004; 67:1751-61. [PMID: 15081874 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2004.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2003] [Accepted: 01/20/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) integrase (IN) is an attractive target for the development of new antiviral therapies. Recently, several HIV-1 recombinant IN (rIN) in vitro inhibitors have been described. However, the great majority of them failed to block the virus replication in cell-based assays, suggesting the inadequacy of the in vitro assay systems used for inhibitor screening. To improve these systems, we designed a 40(mer) duplex DNA reaction substrate consisting of recognition sequences from both U3 and U5 HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR) termini. The HIV-1 rIN was able to catalyze its enzyme activities recognizing both ends of the 40(mer) dsDNA. Using this substrate we assayed the effects on rIN catalysis of different classes of compounds which inhibit the HIV-1 rIN in vitro when the reaction substrate is the standard 21(mer) U5 dsDNA, and that are either active or inactive on the HIV-1 replication. We also compared the efficacy of these compounds when added to the reaction before or after the formation of the rIN-dsDNA complex. In this system, the enzyme preincubation with the two-ended 40(mer) dsDNA before the addition of the compounds allowed a strong correlation between the effects of hydroxylated aromatics derivatives on rIN activity in cell-free assays and their effects on viral replication in cell-culture assays. This increase in drug selectivity of the rIN in vitro assay was explored by investigating whether it was due to the length of the 40(mer), longer than the standard 21(mer), or to presence of both viral ends, versus only one viral end. To this purpose we designed four 40(mer) oligonucleotides containing either only one viral end or two-repetitive ends, finding that the architecture of the rIN-dsDNA complex and its compound susceptibility is significantly influenced by the sequence of the dsDNA substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enzo Tramontano
- Department of Sciences and Biomedical Technologies, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria SS554, 09142 Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy.
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Ismaili H, Milella L, Fkih-Tetouani S, Ilidrissi A, Camporese A, Sosa S, Altinier G, Della Loggia R, Aquino R. In vivo topical anti-inflammatory and in vitro antioxidant activities of two extracts of Thymus satureioides leaves. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2004; 91:31-36. [PMID: 15036464 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2003.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2003] [Revised: 10/23/2003] [Accepted: 11/17/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Four extracts at increasing polarity were prepared from the leaves of Thymus satureioides Coss. (Labiatae) and assayed for the in vivo topical anti-inflammatory effect using the croton oil ear test in mice, and for in vitro both antioxidant (DPPH degrees test) and anti-bacterial (broth microdilution method) activities. The chloroform extract showed a topical anti-inflammatory activity (ID50=282 microg cm(-2)), only three times lower than that of the reference drug indomethacin (ID50=93 microg cm(-2)) and its active components were identified as ursolic and oleanolic acids. The methanol extract, showing a significant radical-scavenging effect (SC50=14.54 microg), was characterized by the isolation and identification of some flavonoids. On the contrary, the extracts did not show any anti-bacterial effect against four standard aerobial bacteria strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ismaili
- Faculté de Médecine et Pharmacie, Université Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco
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Aruoma OI, Bahorun T, Jen LS. Neuroprotection by bioactive components in medicinal and food plant extracts. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2003; 544:203-15. [PMID: 14644322 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2003.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases of the human brain comprise a variety of disorders that affect an increasing percentage of the population. Some of these are age dependent (e.g. Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases) and some are infection dependent, e.g. human immunodeficiency virus (HIV/AIDS). The vulnerable brain regions in HIV/AIDS individuals include the dentate nucleus in the cerebellum, the red nucleus, substantia nigra (SN) in the mid-brain, the subthalamic nucleus, thalamic fasciculus in the diencephalons, the globus pallidus and striatum (or neostriatum, which consists of caudate and putamen) in the forebrain. Lesion in these regions may lead to progressive dementia, which is similar to what is observed in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. The entry of calcium into the cytoplasm of cells at concentrations that can activate oxidative enzymes such as phospholipase A(2) and xanthine oxidase, deplete cells of cysteine and glutathione, cause mitochondrial release of free radicals and cell death. Glutamate and its receptors are key molecular elements at the interface between neurons and glia. Dietary factors can modulate physiological functions (including brain function) thereby increasing the economic productivity of a population as a function of health. A greater understanding of the molecular mechanisms of neuroprotection, oxidative stress and immune function will facilitate definition of the prophylactic potentials of diet, nutritional/food supplements, medicinal plants and herbal extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Okezie I Aruoma
- Department of Neuroinflammation, Division of Neuroscience and Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital, Fulham Palace Road, London W6 8RF, UK.
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Knox YM, Suzutani T, Yosida I, Azuma M. Anti-influenza virus activity of crude extract of Ribes nigrum L. Phytother Res 2003; 17:120-2. [PMID: 12601672 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.1053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This experiment was designed to detect the antiviral activities of crude fruit extracts of wild Ribes nigrum L. (Kurokarin extract) against influenza virus types A and B. Kurokarin extract was prepared as follows: fruits of Ribes nigrum L. were heated at 50 degrees C in a heating tank, and then ground under anaerobic conditions. The extracts were centrifuged, and the supernatant fluid was filtered and sterilized by infrared rays. The crude extract was diluted with Eagle's minimum essential medium (MEM) and the solution was adjusted to a pH 7.2 with 0.1 N or 1 N NaOH. Proven anti-influenza virus effects of the extracts were shown. The concentration of extract required to inhibit the plaque formation of both IVA and IVB by 50% (IC(50)) was 3.2 microgram/mL. Both IVA and IVB were directly inactivated up to 99% by 10 microgram/mL of the extract at pH 2.8, and 95% to 98% by this dose at pH 7.2. The growth of IVA in cells treated with 10 and 100 microgram/mL of the extract for 6 h after infection was completely suppressed. Virus titres in culture fluids of the cells treated with 100 microgram/mL of Kurokarin extract for 1 h at 8 to 9 h after infection, were completely suppressed, indicating that the extract inhibited the virus release from the infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko M Knox
- Department of Microbiology, Asahikawa Medical College, 2-1-1-1 Midorigaoka-higashi, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan.
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Vermani K, Garg S. Herbal medicines for sexually transmitted diseases and AIDS. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2002; 80:49-66. [PMID: 11891087 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-8741(02)00009-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) are gaining significant importance at present due to rapid spread of the diseases, high cost of treatment, and the increased risk of transmission of other STDs and AIDS. Current therapies available for symptomatic treatment of STDs and AIDS are quite expensive beyond the reach of common man and are associated with emergence of drug resistance. Many patients of STDs and AIDS are seeking help from alternative systems of medicines such as Unani, Chinese, Ayurvedic, naturopathy, and homeopathy. Since a long time, medicinal plants have been used for the treatment of many infectious diseases without any scientific evidence. At present there is more emphasis on determining the scientific evidence and rationalization of the use of these preparations. Research is in progress to identify plants and their active principles possessing activity against sexually transmitted pathogens including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) with an objective of providing an effective approach for prevention of transmission and treatment of these diseases. In the present review, plants reported to possess activity or used in traditional systems of medicine for prevention and treatment of STDs including AIDS, herbal formulations for vaginal application, and topical microbicides from herbal origin, have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Vermani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, SAS Nagar, 160 062, Punjab, India
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Leonti M, Vibrans H, Sticher O, Heinrich M. Ethnopharmacology of the Popoluca, Mexico: an evaluation. J Pharm Pharmacol 2001; 53:1653-69. [PMID: 11804396 DOI: 10.1211/0022357011778052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Medicinal plants are an essential part of indigenous pharmaceutical systems. We studied the medicinal plants used by the Popoluca of the Sierra Santa Marta (Eastern Mexico). This study is part of a series on the ethnopharmacology of various Macro-Mayan groups. During 16 months of ethnobotanical fieldwork, 614 taxa used medicinally and 4488 individual use-reports were documented. The data are analysed using the concept of the "healers' consensus" in order to identify culturally important medicinal plants. The medicinal uses of the plants were grouped into 13 illness categories. The responses for each species were summarized for each of the categories and were ordered by frequency of mention. The most frequently recorded medicinal plants of the Popoluca are Hamelia patens, used to stop bleeding from wounds, and Byrsonima crassifolia, used against diarrhoea. The high-ranked medicinal species were assessed pharmacognostically using published phytochemical and pharmacological data. Popoluca medicinal uses were fairly consistent with published data on active ingredients for those plants for which such data exist. However, data is still lacking for many other species. Toxicological studies are particularly scarce. This study will be used as a basis for subsequent studies on the pharmacology and phytochemistry of medicinal plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Leonti
- Department of Applied BioSciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich
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