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Gujjarlapudi M, Kotarya B, Mohanraj SS, Gupta D, Prasad ER, Kalle AM, Jaba J, Ponnusamy D, Padmasree K. Development of a rapid process for purification of Bowman-Birk and Kunitz inhibitors from legume seeds, and evaluation of their biophysical, insecticidal, and antimicrobial properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 238:124050. [PMID: 36933601 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Bowman-Birk inhibitor (BBI ~10 kDa) and Kunitz inhibitor (KI ~20 kDa) are serine protease/proteinase inhibitor(s) [PI(s)] ubiquitously found in several Leguminous plant species with insecticidal and therapeutic properties. Due to narrow molecular mass differences, the separation of these inhibitors from a single seed variety is tedious. The present study is aimed to develop a rapid protocol (<24 h) for purifying BBI and KI from legume seeds using mild trichloroacetic acid (TCA) extraction followed by trypsin-affinity chromatography. The mature seeds of Vigna radiata and Cajanus platycarpus are used as a model to purify BBI and KI using this protocol. The BBI and KI purified from the seeds of V. radiata are labeled as VrBBI & VrKI, and C. platycarpus are labeled as CpBBI & CpKI, respectively. These PIs are confirmed by immunodetection and MALDI-TOF studies and further characterized for their structural (CD & fluorescence spectroscopy) and functional properties (temperature & DTT stability). BBI(s) purified using the above process are effective in the management of castor semi-looper 'Achaea janata', while KI(s) are effective in the management of pod borer 'Helicoverpa armigera'. Besides, both BBI(s) and KI(s) have significant potential in controlling the growth of methicillin-sensitive 'Staphylococcus aureus', a gram-positive pathogenic bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariyamma Gujjarlapudi
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500 046, India
| | - Bharti Kotarya
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500 046, India
| | | | - Deepali Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500 046, India
| | - Elaprolu R Prasad
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500 046, India
| | - Arunasree M Kalle
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500 046, India
| | - Jagdish Jaba
- Entomology, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Hyderabad 502 324, India
| | - Duraimurugan Ponnusamy
- Crop Protection Section, ICAR-Indian Institute of Oilseeds Research, Hyderabad 500 030, India
| | - Kollipara Padmasree
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500 046, India.
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Alencar de Barros KM, Sardi JDCO, Maria-Neto S, Macedo AJ, Ramalho SR, Lourenço de Oliveira DG, Pontes GS, Weber SS, Ramalho de Oliveira CF, Macedo MLR. A new Kunitz trypsin inhibitor from Erythrina poeppigiana exhibits antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties against bacteria. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 144:112198. [PMID: 34656058 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythrina poeppigiana belongs to Fabaceae family (subfamily Papillionoideae) and is commonly found in tropical and subtropical regions in Brazil. Herein, we described the purification and characterization of a new Kunitz-type inhibitor, obtained from E. poeppigiana seeds (EpTI). EpTI is composed by three isoforms of identical amino-terminal sequences with a molecular weight ranging from 17 to 20 kDa. The physicochemical features showed by EpTI are common to Kunitz inhibitors, including the dissociation constant (13.1 nM), stability against thermal (37-100 °C) and pH (2-10) ranging, and the presence of disulfide bonds stabilizing its reactive site. Furthermore, we investigated the antimicrobial, anti-adhesion, and anti-biofilm properties of EpTI against Gram-positive and negative bacteria. The inhibitor showed antimicrobial activity with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC, 5-10 µM) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 10 µM for Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus haemolyticus. The combination of EpTI with ciprofloxacin showed a marked synergistic effect, reducing the antibiotic concentration by 150%. The increase in crystal violet uptake for S. aureus and K. pneumoniae strains was approximately 30% and 50%, respectively, suggesting that the bacteria plasma membrane is targeted by EpTI. Treatment with EpTI at 1x and 10 x MIC significantly reduced the biofilm formation and prompted the disruption of a mature biofilm. At MIC/2, EpTI decreased the bacterial adhesion to polystyrene surface within 2 h. Finally, EpTI showed low toxicity in animal model Galleria mellonella. Given its antimicrobial and anti-biofilm properties, the EpTI sequence might be used to design novel drug prototypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Margareti Alencar de Barros
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Desenvolvimento na Região Centro Oeste, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil; Laboratório de Purificação de Proteínas e suas Funções Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Cidade Universitária S/N, Caixa Postal 549, Campo Grande, MS 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Janaina de Cássia Orlandi Sardi
- Laboratório de Purificação de Proteínas e suas Funções Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Cidade Universitária S/N, Caixa Postal 549, Campo Grande, MS 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Simone Maria-Neto
- Laboratório de Purificação de Proteínas e suas Funções Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Cidade Universitária S/N, Caixa Postal 549, Campo Grande, MS 79070-900, Brazil
| | | | - Suellen Rodrigues Ramalho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Desenvolvimento na Região Centro Oeste, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Daniella Gorete Lourenço de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Purificação de Proteínas e suas Funções Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Cidade Universitária S/N, Caixa Postal 549, Campo Grande, MS 79070-900, Brazil
| | | | - Simone Schneider Weber
- Laboratório de Purificação de Proteínas e suas Funções Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Cidade Universitária S/N, Caixa Postal 549, Campo Grande, MS 79070-900, Brazil; Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Tecnologia (ICET), Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Itacoatiara, Amazonas, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Lígia Rodrigues Macedo
- Laboratório de Purificação de Proteínas e suas Funções Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Cidade Universitária S/N, Caixa Postal 549, Campo Grande, MS 79070-900, Brazil.
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Gitlin-Domagalska A, Maciejewska A, Dębowski D. Bowman-Birk Inhibitors: Insights into Family of Multifunctional Proteins and Peptides with Potential Therapeutical Applications. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13120421. [PMID: 33255583 PMCID: PMC7760496 DOI: 10.3390/ph13120421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bowman-Birk inhibitors (BBIs) are found primarily in seeds of legumes and in cereal grains. These canonical inhibitors share a highly conserved nine-amino acids binding loop motif CTP1SXPPXC (where P1 is the inhibitory active site, while X stands for various amino acids). They are natural controllers of plants' endogenous proteases, but they are also inhibitors of exogenous proteases present in microbials and insects. They are considered as plants' protective agents, as their elevated levels are observed during injury, presence of pathogens, or abiotic stress, i.a. Similar properties are observed for peptides isolated from amphibians' skin containing 11-amino acids disulfide-bridged loop CWTP1SXPPXPC. They are classified as Bowman-Birk like trypsin inhibitors (BBLTIs). These inhibitors are resistant to proteolysis and not toxic, and they are reported to be beneficial in the treatment of various pathological states. In this review, we summarize up-to-date research results regarding BBIs' and BBLTIs' inhibitory activity, immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activity, antimicrobial and insecticidal strength, as well as chemopreventive properties.
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Olías R, Becerra-Rodríguez C, Soliz-Rueda JR, Moreno FJ, Delgado-Andrade C, Clemente A. Glycation affects differently the main soybean Bowman-Birk isoinhibitors, IBB1 and IBBD2, altering their antiproliferative properties against HT29 colon cancer cells. Food Funct 2019; 10:6193-6202. [PMID: 31501839 DOI: 10.1039/c9fo01421g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Naturally-occurring serine protease inhibitors of the Bowman-Birk family, particularly abundant in legume seeds, exert their potential chemopreventive and/or therapeutic properties via protease inhibition. Processing of legume seeds, including soybeans, has been proposed as a major cause for their loss of bioactivity due to glycation. In order to assess how glycation affected the protease inhibitory activities of major soybean Bowman-Birk isoinhibitors (BBI) and their antiproliferative properties, IBB1 and IBBD2 were purified and subjected to glycation under controlled conditions using glucose at high temperature. Both soybean isoinhibitors showed remarkable heat stability. In the presence of glucose, IBBD2 lost most of its trypsin inhibitory activity while IBB1 maintains similar trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitory activities as in the absence of sugar. Glycation patterns of both BBI proteins were assessed by MALDI-TOF spectrometry. Our results show that the glycation process affects IBBD2, losing partially its antiproliferative activity against HT29 colon cancer cells, while glycated-IBB1 was unaffected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Olías
- Estación Experimental del Zaidín (EEZ, CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, Granada 18008, Spain.
| | | | - Jorge R Soliz-Rueda
- Estación Experimental del Zaidín (EEZ, CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, Granada 18008, Spain.
| | - F Javier Moreno
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 9, Campus de Cantoblanco-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Cristina Delgado-Andrade
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN, CSIC), Jose Antonio Novais 10, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Alfonso Clemente
- Estación Experimental del Zaidín (EEZ, CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, Granada 18008, Spain.
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Macromolecular properties and partial amino acid sequence of a Kunitz-type protease inhibitor from okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) seeds. J Biosci 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-019-9859-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Navaei-Bonab R, Kazzazi M, Saber M, Vatanparast M. Differential Inhibition of Helicoverpa armigera (Lep.: Noctuidae) Gut Digestive Trypsin by Extracted and Purified Inhibitor of Datura metel (Solanales: Solanaceae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 111:178-186. [PMID: 29240906 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tox209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera Hubner (Lep: Noctuidae), is an economically important pest of numerous major food crops worldwide. Protease inhibitors from plants, expressed constitutively in transgenic crops, have potential for pest management as an alternative to chemical pesticides. In this study, a protease inhibitor was isolated, purified, and characterized from Datura metel L. seeds. The purity of the isolated inhibitor was confirmed by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, and activity staining showed one major peak and one clear activity band for the protein. Electrophoretic studies following gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography revealed two and one bands for purified proteins, respectively. Partial biochemical characterizations of the purified inhibitor were determined. Maximum inhibitory activity was observed at 40-45°C (optimal temperature) when tested against gut extracts of fourth to sixth instar H. armigera larvae. Thermo-stability of the trypsin inhibitor against sixth instar larval midgut trypsin was observed up to 50°C when incubated for 30 min and 2 h. Among metal ions tested, Fe2+, Cu2+, and Mn2+ were found to decrease the trypsin inhibitory activity, whereas Hg2+, Mg2+, K+, Zn2+, Na+, Ca2+, and Cd2+ were found to significantly increase the inhibitory effect. This trypsin inhibitor showed competitive inhibition where the apparent value of Michaelis-Menten Km increased, but the value of Vmax remained unchanged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Navaei-Bonab
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, I. R. Iran
| | - Majid Kazzazi
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, I. R. Iran
| | - Moosa Saber
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, I. R. Iran
| | - Mohammad Vatanparast
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, I. R. Iran
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Khaki PSS, Feroz A, Amin F, Rehman MT, Bhat WF, Bano B. Structural and functional studies on a variant of cystatin purified from brain of Capra hircus. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2016; 35:1693-1709. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2016.1191375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Feroz
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, AMU, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh 202002, India
| | - Fakhra Amin
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Zoology, AMU, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh 202002, India
| | - Md Tabish Rehman
- Medical Microbiology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, AMU, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh 202002, India
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waseem Feeroze Bhat
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, AMU, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh 202002, India
| | - Bilqees Bano
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, AMU, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh 202002, India
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Arques MC, Pastoriza S, Delgado-Andrade C, Clemente A, Rufián-Henares JA. Relationship between Glycation and Polyphenol Content and the Bioactivity of Selected Commercial Soy Milks. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:1823-1830. [PMID: 26878080 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Soy milk is a health-promoting beverage of which consumption is steadily expanding. Different bioactivities have been associated with soy products such as antioxidant capacity, anti-inflammatory properties, or decrease of cancer development risk. These activities have been related to the presence of several compounds, including polyphenols and serine protease inhibitors, although factors influencing such activities have been scarcely studied. In this study, we have determined the antioxidant capacity (ABTS and FRAP methods measured with the global antioxidant response, GAR protocol), total phenolic content, serine protease inhibitory activity, and presence of heat damage indicators in commercial soy milks. Polyphenols were primarily responsible for the antioxidant capacity of soy milks, increasing their concentration after digestion. Glycation under heat treatment might be responsible for decreasing protease inhibitory activities in soy milks. The results obtained support a role for furosine, a known marker of Maillard reaction and glycation, as a potential indicator to monitor both thermal treatment and effects on protease inhibitory activities in soy milk. The contribution of soy milk consumption to the daily intake of antioxidants and serine protease inhibitory activities is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Carmen Arques
- Departamento Fisiología y Bioquı́mica de la Nutrición Animal, Estación Experimental del Zaidin (EEZ-CSIC) , 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - Silvia Pastoriza
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bromatologı́a, Facultad de Farmacia, Campus de Cartuja, Universidad de Granada , 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Cristina Delgado-Andrade
- Departamento Fisiología y Bioquı́mica de la Nutrición Animal, Estación Experimental del Zaidin (EEZ-CSIC) , 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - Alfonso Clemente
- Departamento Fisiología y Bioquı́mica de la Nutrición Animal, Estación Experimental del Zaidin (EEZ-CSIC) , 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - José A Rufián-Henares
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bromatologı́a, Facultad de Farmacia, Campus de Cartuja, Universidad de Granada , 18071 Granada, Spain
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Clemente A, Arques MC, Dalmais M, Le Signor C, Chinoy C, Olias R, Rayner T, Isaac PG, Lawson DM, Bendahmane A, Domoney C. Eliminating anti-nutritional plant food proteins: the case of seed protease inhibitors in pea. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134634. [PMID: 26267859 PMCID: PMC4534040 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Several classes of seed proteins limit the utilisation of plant proteins in human and farm animal diets, while plant foods have much to offer to the sustainable intensification of food/feed production and to human health. Reduction or removal of these proteins could greatly enhance seed protein quality and various strategies have been used to try to achieve this with limited success. We investigated whether seed protease inhibitor mutations could be exploited to enhance seed quality, availing of induced mutant and natural Pisum germplasm collections to identify mutants, whilst acquiring an understanding of the impact of mutations on activity. A mutant (TILLING) resource developed in Pisum sativum L. (pea) and a large germplasm collection representing Pisum diversity were investigated as sources of mutations that reduce or abolish the activity of the major protease inhibitor (Bowman-Birk) class of seed protein. Of three missense mutations, predicted to affect activity of the mature trypsin / chymotrypsin inhibitor TI1 protein, a C77Y substitution in the mature mutant inhibitor abolished inhibitor activity, consistent with an absolute requirement for the disulphide bond C77-C92 for function in the native inhibitor. Two further classes of mutation (S85F, E109K) resulted in less dramatic changes to isoform or overall inhibitory activity. The alternative strategy to reduce anti-nutrients, by targeted screening of Pisum germplasm, successfully identified a single accession (Pisum elatius) as a double null mutant for the two closely linked genes encoding the TI1 and TI2 seed protease inhibitors. The P. elatius mutant has extremely low seed protease inhibitory activity and introgression of the mutation into cultivated germplasm has been achieved. The study provides new insights into structure-function relationships for protease inhibitors which impact on pea seed quality. The induced and natural germplasm variants identified provide immediate potential for either halving or abolishing the corresponding inhibitory activity, along with associated molecular markers for breeding programmes. The potential for making large changes to plant protein profiles for improved and sustainable food production through diversity is illustrated. The strategy employed here to reduce anti-nutritional proteins in seeds may be extended to allergens and other seed proteins with negative nutritional effects. Additionally, the novel variants described for pea will assist future studies of the biological role and health-related properties of so-called anti-nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Clemente
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Animal Nutrition, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - Maria C. Arques
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Animal Nutrition, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - Marion Dalmais
- Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale (URGV), UMR INRA 1165—CNRS 8114—UEVE 2, Rue Gaston Crémieux—CP 5708—F-91000 Evry cedex, France
| | - Christine Le Signor
- UMR 1347 Agroécologie AgroSup/INRA/uB, Pôle Génétique & Ecophysiologie GEAPSI, 17 rue Sully BP 86510, 21065 Dijon cedex, France
| | - Catherine Chinoy
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Raquel Olias
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Animal Nutrition, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - Tracey Rayner
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Peter G. Isaac
- IDna Genetics Ltd, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - David M. Lawson
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Abdelhafid Bendahmane
- Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale (URGV), UMR INRA 1165—CNRS 8114—UEVE 2, Rue Gaston Crémieux—CP 5708—F-91000 Evry cedex, France
| | - Claire Domoney
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
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Jamal F, Singh D, Pandey PK. Negative effects of a nonhost proteinase inhibitor of ~19.8 kDa from Madhuca indica seeds on developmental physiology of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner). BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:202398. [PMID: 25298962 PMCID: PMC4179944 DOI: 10.1155/2014/202398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2014] [Revised: 07/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
An affinity purified trypsin inhibitor from the seed flour extracts of Madhuca indica (MiTI) on denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that MiTI consisted of a single polypeptide chain with molecular mass of ~19.8 kDa. MiTI inhibited the total proteolytic and trypsin-like activities of the midgut proteinases of Helicoverpa armigera larvae by 87.51% and 76.12%, respectively, at concentration of 5 µg/mL with an IC50 of 1.75 µg/mL against trypsin like midgut proteinases. The enzyme kinetic studies demonstrated that MiTI is a competitive inhibitor with a K i value of 4.1 × 10(-10) M for Helicoverpa trypsin like midgut proteinases. In vivo experiments with different concentrations of MiTI in artificial diet (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5% w/w) showed an effective downfall in the larval body weight and an increase in larval mortality. The concentration of MiTI in the artificial diet to cause 50% mortality (LD50) of larvae was 1.5% w/w and that to cause reduction in mass of larvae by 50% (ED50) was 1.0% w/w. Nutritional indices observations suggest the toxic and adverse effects of MiTI on the growth and development of H. armigera larvae. The results suggest a strong bioinsecticidal potential of affinity purified MiTI which can be exploited in insect pest management of crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farrukh Jamal
- Department of Biochemistry, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh University, Faizabad 224001, India
| | - Dushyant Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh University, Faizabad 224001, India
| | - Prabhash K. Pandey
- Department of Biochemistry, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh University, Faizabad 224001, India
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Clemente A, Arques MDC. Bowman-Birk inhibitors from legumes as colorectal chemopreventive agents. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:10305-10315. [PMID: 25132747 PMCID: PMC4130838 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i30.10305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant functioning of serine proteases in inflammatory and carcinogenic processes within the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) has prompted scientists to investigate the potential of serine protease inhibitors, both natural and synthetic, as modulators of their proteolytic activities. Protease inhibitors of the Bowman-Birk type, a major protease inhibitor family in legume seeds, which inhibit potently and specifically trypsin- and chymotrypsin-like proteases, are currently being investigated as colorectal chemopreventive agents. Physiologically relevant amounts of Bowman-Birk inhibitors (BBI) can reach the large intestine in active form due to their extraordinary resistance to extreme conditions within the GIT. Studies in animal models have proven that dietary BBI from several legume sources, including soybean, pea, lentil and chickpea, can prevent or suppress carcinogenic and inflammatory processes within the GIT. Although the therapeutic targets and the action mechanism of BBI have not yet been elucidated, the emerging evidence suggests that BBI exert their preventive properties via protease inhibition; in this sense, serine proteases should be considered as primary targets in early stages of carcinogenesis. The validation of candidate serine proteases as therapeutic targets together with the identification, within the wide array of natural BBI variants, of the most potent and specific protease inhibitors, are necessary to better understand the potential of this protein family as colorectal chemopreventive agents.
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Pandey PK, Singh D, Singh S, Khan MY, Jamal F. A Nonhost Peptidase Inhibitor of ~14 kDa from Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub. Seeds Affects Negatively the Growth and Developmental Physiology of Helicoverpa armigera. Biochem Res Int 2014; 2014:361821. [PMID: 24860667 PMCID: PMC4016866 DOI: 10.1155/2014/361821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicoverpa armigera is one of the major devastating pests of crop plants. In this context a serine peptidase inhibitor purified from the seeds of Butea monosperma was evaluated for its effect on developmental physiology of H. armigera larvae. B. monosperma peptidase inhibitor on 12% denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis exhibited a single protein band of ~14 kDa with or without reduction. In vitro studies towards total gut proteolytic enzymes of H. armigera and bovine trypsin indicated measurable inhibitory activity. B. monosperma peptidase inhibitor dose for 50% mortality and weight reduction by 50% were 0.5% w/w and 0.10% w/w, respectively. The IC50 of B. monosperma peptidase inhibitor against total H. armigera gut proteinases activity was 2.0 µg/mL. The larval feeding assays suggested B. monosperma peptidase inhibitor to be toxic as reflected by its retarded growth and development, consequently affecting fertility and fecundity of pest and prolonging the larval-pupal duration of the insect life cycle of H. armigera. Supplementing B. monosperma peptidase inhibitor in artificial diet at 0.1% w/w, both the efficiencies of conversion of ingested as well as digested food were downregulated, whereas approximate digestibility and metabolic cost were enhanced. The efficacy of Butea monosperma peptidase inhibitor against progressive growth and development of H. armigera suggest its usefulness in insect pest management of food crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhash K. Pandey
- Department of Biochemistry [DST-FIST & UGC-SAP Supported], Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh University, Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh 224001, India
| | - Dushyant Singh
- Department of Biochemistry [DST-FIST & UGC-SAP Supported], Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh University, Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh 224001, India
| | - Sangram Singh
- Department of Biochemistry [DST-FIST & UGC-SAP Supported], Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh University, Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh 224001, India
| | - M. Y. Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226025, India
| | - Farrukh Jamal
- Department of Biochemistry [DST-FIST & UGC-SAP Supported], Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh University, Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh 224001, India
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13
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Chen H, Wu J, Yang L, Xu G. A combination of site-directed mutagenesis and chemical modification to improve diastereopreference of Pseudomonas alcaligenes lipase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2013; 1834:2494-501. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2013.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Clemente A, Carmen Marín-Manzano M, Jiménez E, Carmen Arques M, Domoney C. The anti-proliferative effect of TI1B, a major Bowman-Birk isoinhibitor from pea (Pisum sativum L.), on HT29 colon cancer cells is mediated through protease inhibition. Br J Nutr 2012; 108 Suppl 1:S135-44. [PMID: 22916809 DOI: 10.1017/s000711451200075x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Bowman-Birk inhibitors (BBI) from legumes, such as soyabean, pea, lentil and chickpea, are naturally occurring plant protease inhibitors which have potential health-promoting properties within the mammalian gastrointestinal tract. BBI can survive both acidic conditions and the action of proteolytic enzymes within the stomach and small intestine, permitting significant amounts to reach the large intestine in active form to exert their reported anti-carcinogenic and anti-inflammatory properties. In a previous study, we reported the ability of a recombinant form of TI1B (rTI1B), representing a major BBI isoinhibitor from pea, to influence negatively the growth of human colorectal adenocarcinoma HT29 cells in vitro. In the present study, we investigate if this effect is related directly to the intrinsic ability of BBI to inhibit serine proteases. rTI1B and a novel engineered mutant, having amino acid substitutions at the P1 positions in the two inhibitory domains, were expressed in the yeast Pichia pastoris. The rTI1B proved to be active against trypsin and chymotrypsin, showing K i values at nanomolar concentrations, whereas the related mutant protein was inactive against both serine proteases. The proliferation of HT29 colon cancer cells was significantly affected by rTI1B in a dose-dependent manner (IC50 = 31 (sd 7) μm), whereas the inactive mutant did not show any significant effect on colon cancer cell growth. In addition, neither recombinant protein affected the growth of non-malignant colonic fibroblast CCD-18Co cells. These findings suggest that serine proteases should be considered as important targets in investigating the potential chemopreventive role of BBI during the early stages of colorectal carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Clemente
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Professor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
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15
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A Trypsin Inhibitor from Sapindus saponaria L. Seeds: Purification, Characterization, and Activity Towards Pest Insect Digestive Enzyme. Protein J 2010; 30:9-19. [DOI: 10.1007/s10930-010-9296-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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16
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Caccialupi P, Ceci LR, Siciliano RA, Pignone D, Clemente A, Sonnante G. Bowman-Birk inhibitors in lentil: Heterologous expression, functional characterisation and anti-proliferative properties in human colon cancer cells. Food Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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17
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Muricken DG, Gowda LR. Functional expression of horsegram (Dolichos biflorus) Bowman-Birk inhibitor and its self-association. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2010; 1804:1413-23. [PMID: 20227530 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2010.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2009] [Revised: 02/12/2010] [Accepted: 02/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Horsegram (Dolichos biflorus), a protein-rich leguminous pulse, native to Southeast Asia and tropical Africa, contains multiple forms of Bowman-Birk inhibitors. The major Bowman-Birk inhibitor from horsegram (HGI-III) was cloned and functionally expressed in Escherichiacoli (rHGI), which moved as a dimer in solution similar to the natural inhibitor. The biochemical characterization of rHGI also points to its close resemblance with HGI-III not only in its structure but also in its inhibitory characteristics. To explore the electrostatic interactions involved in the dimerization, a site-directed mutagenesis approach was used. The role of reactive site residue K24 and the C-terminal Asp in the structure and stability of the dimer was accomplished by mutating K24 and D75/76. The mutants produced in this study confirm that the self-association of HGI-III is indeed due to the electrostatic interaction between K24 of one monomer and D75/76 of the second monomer, in agreement with our previous data. The functional expression of a Bowman-Birk inhibitor minus a fusion tag serves as a platform to study the structural and functional effects of the special pattern of seven conserved disulphide bridges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa G Muricken
- Department of Protein Chemistry and Technology, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) Mysore, 570-020, India
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18
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Prasad ER, Merzendorfer H, Madhurarekha C, Dutta-Gupta A, Padmasree K. Bowman-Birk proteinase inhibitor from Cajanus cajan seeds: purification, characterization, and insecticidal properties. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:2838-2847. [PMID: 20146519 DOI: 10.1021/jf903675d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A red gram proteinase inhibitor (RgPI) was purified from red gram ( Cajanus cajan ) seeds by using ammonium sulfate precipitation and ion-exchange, affinity, and gel filtration chromatography. SDS-PAGE under nonreducing condition revealed two protein bands with molecular masses of approximately 8.5 and approximately 16.5 kDa corresponding to monomeric and dimeric forms of RgPI, respectively. Similarly, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry also confirmed the presence of dimer as well as other oligomeric forms: trimer, tetramer, and pentamer. Reduction of RgPI with dithiothreitol (DTT) led to the dissociation of the dimeric and oligomeric forms. Native-PAGE and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis indicated the existence of isoinhibitors with pI values of 5.95, 6.25, 6.50, 6.90, and 7.15, respectively. The MALDI-TOF-TOF mass spectrum and N-terminal sequence 'DQHHSSKACC' suggested that the isolated RgPI is a member of the Bowman-Birk inhibitor family. RgPI exhibited noncompetitive type inhibitory activity against bovine pancreatic trypsin and chymotrypsin, with inhibition constants of 292 and 2265 nM, respectively. It was stable up to a temperature of 80 degrees C and was active over a wide pH range between 2 and 12. However, reduction with DTT or 2-mercaptoethanol resulted in loss of inhibitory activity against trypsin and chymotrypsin. It also decreased the activity of larval midgut trypsin-like proteinases in Manduca sexta . Its insecticidal property was further confirmed by reduction in the growth and development of these larvae, when supplemented in the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaprolu R Prasad
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500 046, India
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Prasad ER, Dutta-Gupta A, Padmasree K. Purification and characterization of a Bowman-Birk proteinase inhibitor from the seeds of black gram (Vigna mungo). PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2010; 71:363-372. [PMID: 20018332 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2009] [Revised: 11/12/2009] [Accepted: 11/13/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A proteinase inhibitor (BgPI) was purified from black gram, Vigna mungo (cv. TAU-1) seeds by using ammonium sulfate fractionation, followed by ion-exchange, affinity and gel-filtration chromatography. BgPI showed a single band in SDS-PAGE under non-reducing condition with an apparent molecular mass of approximately 8kDa correlating to the peak 8041.5Da in matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrum. BgPI existed in different isoinhibitor forms with pI values ranging from 4.3 to 6.0. The internal sequence "SIPPQCHCADIR" of a peak 1453.7 m/z, obtained from MALDI-TOF-TOF showed 100% similarity with Bowman-Birk inhibitor (BBI) family. BgPI exhibited non-competitive-type inhibitory activity against both bovine pancreatic trypsin (K(i) of 309.8nM) and chymotrypsin (K(i) of 10.7muM), however, with a molar ratio of 1:2 with trypsin. BgPI was stable up to a temperature of 80 degrees C and active over a wide pH range between 2 and 12. The temperature-induced conformational changes in secondary structure are reversed when BgPI was cooled from 90 to 25 degrees C. Further, upon reduction with dithiothreitol, BgPI lost both its inhibitory activity as well as secondary structural conformation. Lysine residue(s) present in the reactive site of BgPI play an important role in inhibiting the bovine trypsin activity. The present study provides detailed biochemical characteristic features of a BBI type serine proteinase inhibitor isolated from V. mungo.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Prasad
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500 046, India
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20
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Marín-Manzano MC, Ruiz R, Jiménez E, Rubio LA, Clemente A. Anti-carcinogenic soyabean Bowman-Birk inhibitors survive faecal fermentation in their active form and do not affect the microbiota composition in vitro. Br J Nutr 2009; 101:967-71. [PMID: 19353764 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114508057590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Bowman-Birk inhibitor (BBI) from soyabeans is a naturally occurring protease inhibitor with potential anti-inflammatory and chemopreventive properties within the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). In a previous paper, we reported that significant amounts of BBI-related proteins reach the terminal ileum functionally and biologically active. We have now investigated: (a) if soyabean BBI is biotransformed by faecal microbiota which would reduce its potential colorectal chemopreventive properties and (b) the potential influence of this protease inhibitor on the modulation of faecal microbiota. In vitro incubation studies of native soyabean BBI at a physiological level (93 microM) with mixed faecal samples of pigs for 24 h at 37 degrees C demonstrated that BBI remains active and its intrinsic trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitory activities were not significantly influenced by the enzymic or metabolic activity of faecal microbiota. Soyabean BBI did not affect the growth of the different bacterial groups studied (lactobacilli, bifidobacteria, bacteroides, coliforms, enterobacteria, clostridia and total anaerobes). It was concluded that protease inhibitory activities, intrinsically linked to the chemopreventive properties of soyabean BBI, were largely unaffected by faecal microbiota in vitro. BBI retains significance, therefore, as a bioactive compound in the human GIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Carmen Marín-Manzano
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
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21
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Bhattacharyya A, Babu CR. Purification and biochemical characterization of a serine proteinase inhibitor from Derris trifoliata Lour. seeds: insight into structural and antimalarial features. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2009; 70:703-712. [PMID: 19409579 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2009] [Accepted: 04/02/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A potent serine proteinase inhibitor was isolated and characterized from the seeds of the tropical legume liana, Derris trifoliata (DtTCI) by ammonium sulfate precipitation, ion exchange chromatography and gel filtration chromatography. SDS-PAGE as well as MALDI-TOF analysis showed that DtTCI is a single polypeptide chain with a molecular mass of approximately 20 kDa. DtTCI has three isoinhibitors (pI: 4.55, 5.34 and 5.72) and, inhibited both trypsin and chymotrypsin in a 1:1 molar ratio. Both Dixon plots and Lineweaver-Burk double reciprocal plots revealed a competitive inhibition of trypsin and chymotrypsin activity, with inhibition constants (K(i)) of 1.7x10(-10) and 1.25x10(-10) M, respectively. N-terminal sequence of DtTCI showed over 50% similarity with numerous Kunitz-type inhibitors of the Papilionoideae subfamily. High pH amplitude and broad temperature optima were noted for DtTCI, and time course experiments indicated a gradual loss in inhibitory potency on treatment with dithiothreitol (DTT). Circular Dichroism (CD) spectrum of native DtTCI revealed an unordered structure whereas exposure to thermal-pH extremes, DTT and guanidine hydrochloride (Gdn HCl) suggested that an abundance of beta-sheets along with intramolecular disulfide bonds provide conformational stability to the active site of DtTCI, and that severity of denaturants cause structural modifications promoting inhibitory inactivity. Antimalarial studies of DtTCI indicate it to be a potent antiparasitic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arindam Bhattacharyya
- Centre for Environmental Management of Degraded Ecosystems, School of Environmental Studies, University of Delhi, Delhi, India.
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22
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Kawsar S, Mostafa G, Huq E, Nahar N, Ozeki Y. Chemical Constituents and Hemolytic Activity of Macrotyloma uniflorum L. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.3923/ijbc.2009.42.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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23
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Ramos VDS, Silva GDS, Freire MDGM, Machado OLT, Parra JRP, Macedo MLR. Purification and characterization of a trypsin inhibitor from Plathymenia foliolosa seeds. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:11348-11355. [PMID: 18991455 DOI: 10.1021/jf802778b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A novel trypsin inhibitor (PFTI) was isolated from Plathymenia foliolosa (Benth.) seeds by gel filtration chromatography on a Sephadex G-100, DEAE-Sepharose, and trypsin-Sepharose columns. By SDSPAGE, PFTI yielded a single band with a M(r) of 19 kDa. PFTI inhibited bovine trypsin and bovine chymotrypsin with equilibrium dissociation constants (K(i)) of 4 x 10(-8) and 1.4 x 10(-6) M, respectively. PFTI retained more than 50% of activity at up to 50 degrees C for 30 min, but there were 80 and 100% losses of activity at 60 and 70 degrees C, respectively. DTT affected the activity or stability of PFTI. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of PFTI showed a high degree of homology with various members of the Kunitz family of inhibitors. Anagasta kuehniella is found worldwide; this insect attacks stored grains and products of rice, oat, rye, corn, and wheat. The velvet bean caterpillar (Anticarsia gemmatalis) is considered the main defoliator pest of soybean in Brazil. Diatraea saccharalis, the sugar cane borer, is the major pest of sugar cane crops, and its caterpillar-feeding behavior, inside the stems, hampers control. PFTI showed significant inhibitory activity against trypsin-like proteases present in the larval midguts on A. kuehniella and D. saccharalis and could suppress the growth of larvae.
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24
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Macedo MLR, Garcia VA, Freire MDGM, Richardson M. Characterization of a Kunitz trypsin inhibitor with a single disulfide bridge from seeds of Inga laurina (SW.) Willd. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2007; 68:1104-11. [PMID: 17363015 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2006] [Revised: 12/01/2006] [Accepted: 01/26/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Inga laurina is a tree that belongs to the Mimosoideae sub-family of the Leguminosae. A protein inhibitor of trypsin (ILTI) was isolated from its seeds by ammonium sulphate precipitation, ion-exchange chromatography and rechromatography on an HiTrap Q ion-exchange column. By SDS-PAGE, ILTI yielded a single band with a Mr of 20 kDa with or without reduction. ILTI was found to be a single polypeptide chain containing 180 amino acids, the sequence of which was clearly homologous to the Kunitz family of serine protease plant protein inhibitors, and it also showed significant similarity to the seed storage proteins, sporamin and miraculin. However, ILTI displayed major differences to most other Kunitz inhibitors in that it contained only one disulfide bridge, and did not have two polypeptide chains as for the majority of other Kunitz inhibitors purified from Mimosoideae species. ILTI inhibited bovine trypsin with an equilibrium dissociation constant (K(i)) of 6 x 10(-9)M, but did not inhibit chymotrypsin, papain and alpha-amylase. Its amino acid sequence contained a Lys residue at the putative reactive site (position 64). ILTI was stable over a wide range of temperature and pH and in the presence of DTT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lígia Rodrigues Macedo
- Laboratório de Purificação de Proteínas e suas Funções Biológicas, Departamento de Ciências Naturais, CPTL, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, CP 210, CEP 79603-011, Três Lagoas, MS, Brazil.
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25
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Haq SK, Atif SM, Khan RH. Biochemical characterization, stability studies and N-terminal sequence of a bi-functional inhibitor from Phaseolus aureus Roxb. (Mung bean). Biochimie 2005; 87:1127-36. [PMID: 16005140 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2005.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2005] [Accepted: 05/10/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report the purification and biochemical characterization of a novel bi-functional protein proteinase/amylase inhibitor from the dietary leguminous pulse Phaseolus aureus Roxb. (Vigna radiata L.) by means of acetic acid precipitation, salt fractionation, ion-exchange chromatography (DEAE-cellulose) and affinity chromatography on trypsin-sepharose column. P. aureus inhibitor is a bi-functional inhibitor since it exhibits inhibitory activity towards trypsin-like and alpha-chymotrypsin-like serine proteinases as well as against alpha-amylases. It is a helix-rich protein (Mr 13,600) containing approximately eight tyrosines, one tryptophan and two cystines. N-terminal sequence alignment reveals no homology to other proteinase inhibitors reported from Phaseolus sp. thereby confirming that it is a novel inhibitor. Inhibitory activity measurements show that the inhibitor is quite stable even at extremely high temperatures and is only slightly affected by pH changes. Circular dichroism (CD) conformational studies revealed some changes in its near- as well as far-ultraviolet spectrum at extremes of pH and temperature. Treatments with trypsin for varying time periods did not alter its proteolytic inhibitory activity but caused some reduction in its amylase inhibitory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soghra Khatun Haq
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202 002, India
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26
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Garcia VA, Freire MDGM, Novello JC, Marangoni S, Macedo MLR. Trypsin inhibitor from Poecilanthe parviflora seeds: purification, characterization, and activity against pest proteases. Protein J 2005; 23:343-50. [PMID: 15328890 DOI: 10.1023/b:jopc.0000032654.67733.d5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Plants synthesize a variety of molecules, including proteinaceous proteinase inhibitors, to defend themselves of being attacked by insects. In this work, a novel trypsin inhibitor (PPTI) was purified from the seeds of the native Brazilian tree Poecilanthe parviflora (Benth) (Papilioinodeae, Leguminosae) by gel filtration chromatography on a Sephadex G-100 followed by Superdex G75 chromatography (FPLC), Sepharose 4B-Trypsin column, and fractionated by reversed-phase HPLC on a C-18 column. SDS-PAGE showed that PPTI consisted of a single polypeptide chain with molecular mass of about 16 kDa. The dissociation constant of 1.0 x 10(-7) M was obtained with bovine trypsin. PPTI was stable over a wide range of temperature and pH and in the presence of DTT. The N-terminal sequence of the PPTI showed a high degree of homology with other Kunitz-type inhibitors. Trypsin-like activity in midguts of larval Diatraea saccharalis, Anagasta kuehniella, Spodoptera frugiperda, and Corcyra cephalonica were substantially inhibited by PPTI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane Alves Garcia
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, CP 549, CEP 79070-900, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
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Kumar P, Rao AGA, Hariharaputran S, Chandra N, Gowda LR. Molecular Mechanism of Dimerization of Bowman-Birk Inhibitors. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:30425-32. [PMID: 15123729 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m402972200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Horsegram (Dolichos biflorus), a protein-rich leguminous pulse, is a crop native to Southeast Asia and tropical Africa. The seeds contain multiple forms of Bowman-Birk type inhibitors. The major inhibitor HGI-III, from the native seed with 76 amino acid residues exists as a dimer. The amino acid sequence of three isoforms of Bowman-Birk inhibitor from germinated horsegram, designated as HGGI-I, HGGI-II, and HGGI-III, have been obtained by sequential Edman analyses of the pyridylethylated inhibitors and peptides derived therefrom by enzymatic and chemical cleavage. The HGGIs are monomers, comprising of 66, 65, and 60 amino acid residues, respectively. HGGI-III from the germinated seed differs from the native seed inhibitor in the physiological deletion of a dodecapeptide at the amino terminus and a tetrapeptide, -SHDD, at the carboxyl terminus. The study of the state of association of HGI-III, by size-exclusion chromatography and SDS-PAGE in the presence of 1 mM ZnCl2, has revealed the role of charged interactions in the monomer <--> dimer equilibria. Chemical modification studies of Lys and Arg have confirmed the role of charge interactions in the above equilibria. These results support the premise that a unique interaction, which stabilizes the dimer, is the cause of self-association in the inhibitors. This interaction in HGI-III involves the epsilon-amino group of the Lys24 (P1 residue) at the first reactive site of one monomer and the carboxyl of an Asp86 at the carboxyl terminus of the second monomer. Identification of the role of these individual amino acids in the structure and stability of the dimer was accomplished by chemical modifications, multiple sequence alignment of legume Bowman-Birk inhibitors, and homology modeling. The state of association may also influence the physiological and functional role of these inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Kumar
- Department of Protein Chemistry and Technology, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore 570 020, India
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Haq SK, Khan RH. Characterization of a proteinase inhibitor from Cajanus cajan (L.). JOURNAL OF PROTEIN CHEMISTRY 2003; 22:543-54. [PMID: 14703988 DOI: 10.1023/b:jopc.0000005504.57372.5b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A protein proteinase inhibitor (PI) has been purified from pigeonpea Cajanus cajan (L.) PUSA 33 variety by acetic-acid precipitation, salt fractionation and chromatography on a DEAE-Cellulose column. The content of inhibitor was found to be 15 mg/20 g dry weight of pulse. The molecular weight of the inhibitor as determined by SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions was found to be about 14,000. It showed inhibitory activity toward proteolytic enzymes belonging to the serine protease group, namely trypsin and alpha-chymotrypsin. The inhibitory activity was stable over a wide range of pH and temperatures. Estimation of sulfhydryl groups yielded one free cysteine and at least two disulfide linkages. N-terminal sequence homology suggests that it belongs to the Kunitz inhibitor family. Structural analysis by circular dichroism shows that the inhibitor possesses a largely disordered structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soghra Khatun Haq
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202 002, India
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Rodrigues Macedo ML, Machado Freire MDG, Cabrini EC, Toyama MH, Novello JC, Marangoni S. A trypsin inhibitor from Peltophorum dubium seeds active against pest proteases and its effect on the survival of Anagasta kuehniella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2003; 1621:170-82. [PMID: 12726993 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4165(03)00055-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel trypsin inhibitor was purified from the seeds of Peltophorum dubium (Spreng.). SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions showed that the inhibitor consisted of a single polypeptide chain (ca. 20 kDa). The dissociation constants of 4 x 10(-10) and 1.6 x 10(-10) M were obtained with bovine and porcine trypsin, respectively. This constant was lower (2.6 x 10(-7) M) for chymotrypsin. The inhibitory activity was stable over a wide range of temperature and pH and in the presence of DTT. The N-terminal sequence of the P. dubium inhibitor showed a high degree of homology with other Kunitz-type inhibitors. When fed to the insect Anagasta kuehniella, in an artificial diet (inhibitor concentration 1.6%), the inhibitor produced approximately 56% and delayed the development of this lepidopteran. The concentration of inhibitor in the diet necessary to cause a 50% reduction in the weight (ED50) of fourth instar larvae was approximately 1%. The action of the P. dubium trypsin inhibitor (PDTI) on A. kuehniella may involve inhibition of the trypsin-like activity present in the larval midgut, resistance of the inhibitor to digestion by midgut enzymes and bovine trypsin, and association of the inhibitor with a chitin column and chitinous structures in the peritrophic membrane and/or midgut of the insect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lígia Rodrigues Macedo
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, CP 210, CEP 79603-011, Três Lagoas, MS, Brazil.
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30
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Singh RR, Appu Rao AG. Reductive unfolding and oxidative refolding of a Bowman-Birk inhibitor from horsegram seeds (Dolichos biflorus): evidence for "hyperreactive" disulfide bonds and rate-limiting nature of disulfide isomerization in folding. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2002; 1597:280-91. [PMID: 12044906 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(02)00301-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Horsegram protease inhibitor belongs to the Bowman-Birk class (BBIs) of low molecular weight (8-10 kDa), disulfide-rich, "dual" inhibitors, which can bind and inhibit trypsin and chymotrypsin either independently or simultaneously. They have seven conserved disulfide bonds. Horsegram BBI exhibits remarkable stability against denaturants like urea, guanidine hydrochloride (GdmCl) and heat, which can be attributed to these conserved disulfide bonds. On reductive denaturation, horsegram BBI follows the "two-state" mode of unfolding where all the disulfide bonds are reduced simultaneously resulting in the fully reduced protein without any accumulation of partially reduced intermediates. Reduction with dithiothreitol (DTT) followed apparent first-order kinetics and the rate constants (k(r)) indicated that the disulfide bonds were "hyperreactive" in nature. Oxidative refolding of the fully reduced and denatured inhibitor was possible at very low protein concentration in the presence of "redox" combination of reduced and oxidized glutathiones. Simultaneous recovery of trypsin and chymotryptic inhibitory activities indicated the concomitant folding of both the inhibitory subdomains. Folding efficiency decreased in the absence of the glutathiones and in the presence of denaturants (6 M urea and 4 M GdmCl), indicating the importance of disulfide shuffling and the formation of noncovalent interactions and secondary structural elements, respectively, for folding efficiency. Folding rate was significantly improved in the presence of protein disulfide isomerase (PDI). A 3-fold enhancement of rate was observed in the presence of PDI at molar ratio of 1:20 (PDI/inhibitor), indicating that disulfide bond formation and isomerization to be rate limiting in folding. Peptide prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPI) did not affect rate at low concentrations, but at molar ratios of 1:1.5 (PPI/inhibitor), there was 1.4-fold enhancement of the folding rate, indicating that the prolyl imidic bond isomerizations may be slowing down the folding reaction but were not rate limiting.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Rajesh Singh
- Department of Protein Chemistry and Technology, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore 570013, India
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Mello GC, Oliva ML, Sumikawa JT, Machado OL, Marangoni S, Novello JC, Macedo ML. Purification and characterization of a new trypsin inhibitor from Dimorphandra mollis seeds. JOURNAL OF PROTEIN CHEMISTRY 2001; 20:625-32. [PMID: 11890203 DOI: 10.1023/a:1013764118579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A second trypsin inhibitor (DMTI-II) was purified from the seed of Dimorphandra mollis (Leguminosae-Mimosoideae) by ammonium sulfate precipitation (30-60%), gel filtration, and ion-exchange and affinity chromatography. A molecular weight of 23 kDa was estimated by gel filtration on a Superdex 75 column SDS-PAGE under reduced conditions showed that DMTI-II consisted of a single polypeptide chain, although isoelectric focusing revealed the presence of three isoforms. The dissociation constant of 1.7 x 10(-9) M with bovine trypsin indicated a high affinity between the inhibitor and this enzyme. The inhibitory activity was stable over a wide pH range and in the presence of DTT. The N-terminal sequence of DMTI-II showed a high degree of homology with other Kunitz-type inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Mello
- Departamento de Bioquimica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, SP, Brazil
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32
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de Souza EM, Teles RC, de A Siqueira EM, de Freitas SM. Effects of denaturing and stabilizing agents on the inhibitory activity and conformational stability of Schizolobium parahyba chymotrypsin inhibitor. JOURNAL OF PROTEIN CHEMISTRY 2000; 19:507-13. [PMID: 11195975 DOI: 10.1023/a:1026505616359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The conformational stability of the Schizolobium parahyba chymotrypsin inhibitor (SPCI) was investigated based on conformational changes and inhibitory activity in the presence of chaotropic and stabilizing agents. At 90 degrees C, the half-lifetime of SPCI was 154 min, while in the presence of 1 M KCl and 20% PEG 20,000, it was drastically reduced to 6 and 3 min, respectively. In contrast, at 90 degrees C, the SPCI structure remained unaltered with the addition of 1 mM DTT and 56% glycerol. The reduction of the two disulfide bonds caused conformational changes in the SPCI without altering the inhibitory activity, suggesting that disulfide bonds are irrelevant to the maintenance of SPCI conformation. Unfolded structures were formed in the presence of 6 M GdnHCl, while in the presence of 8 M urea, destabilization was due to peptide bond rupture. These results suggest that the thermal inactivation of SPCI involves conformational changes and that hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions play a significant role, while the disulfide bonds are of secondary importance in maintaining the high thermal stability of SPCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M de Souza
- Department of Cellular Biology, Universidade de Brasilia, Brazil
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Joshi BN, Sainani MN, Bastawade KB, Deshpande VV, Gupta VS, Ranjekar PK. Pearl millet cysteine protease inhibitor. Evidence for the presence of two distinct sites responsible for anti-fungal and anti-feedent activities. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1999; 265:556-63. [PMID: 10504386 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.1999.00764.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Recently, pearl millet cysteine protease inhibitor (CPI) was, for the first time, shown to possess anti-fungal activity in addition to its anti-feedent (protease inhibitory) activity [Joshi, B.N. et al. (1998) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 246, 382-387]. Characterization of CPI revealed that it has a reversible mode of action for protease inhibition. The CD spectrum exhibited a 35% alpha helix and 65% random coil structure. The intrinsic fluorescence spectrum was typical of a protein devoid of tryptophan residues. Demetallation of Zn2+ resulted in a substantial change in the secondary and tertiary structure of CPI accompanied by the complete loss of anti-fungal and inhibitory activity indicating that Zn2+ plays an important role in maintaining both structural integrity and biological function. The differential response of anti-fungal and inhibitory activities to specific modifiers showed that there are two different reactive sites associated with anti-fungal and anti-feedent activity in CPI located on a single protein as revealed from its N-terminal sequence data (AGVCYGVLGNNLP). Modification of cysteine, glutamic/aspartic acid or argnine resulted in abolition of the anti-fungal activity of CPI, whereas modification of arginine led to an enhancement of the inhibitory activity in solution. Modification of histidine resulted in a twofold increase in the protease inhibitory activity without affecting the anti-fungal activity, whereas modification of serine led to selective inhibition of the protease inhibitory activity. The differential nature of the two activities was further supported by differences in the temperature stabilities of the anti-fungal (60 degrees C) and inhibitory (40 degrees C) activities. Binding of papain to CPI did not abolish the anti-fungal activity of CPI, supporting the presence of two active sites on CPI. The differential behavior of CPI towards anti-fungal and anti-feedent activity cannot be attributed to changes in conformation, as assessed by their CD and fluorescence spectra. The interaction of CPI modified for arginine or histidine with papain resulted in an enhancement of CPI activity accompanied by a slight decrease in fluorescence intensity of 15-20% at 343 nm. In contrast, modification of serine resulted in inhibition of CPI activity with a concomitant increase of 20% in the fluorescence intensity when complexed by the enzyme. This implies the involvement of enzyme-based tryptophan in the formation of a biologically active enzyme-inhibitor complex. The presence of anti-fungal and anti-feedent activity on a single protein, as evidenced in pearl millet CPI, opens up a new possibility of raising a transgenic plant resistant to pathogens, as well as pests, by transfer of a single CPI gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- B N Joshi
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India
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Reubsaet JL, Beijnen JH, Bult A, van Maanen RJ, Marchal JA, Underberg WJ. Analytical techniques used to study the degradation of proteins and peptides: chemical instability. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1998; 17:955-78. [PMID: 9884187 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(98)00063-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Instability of peptides and proteins can be divided into two forms: chemical and physical instability. Chemical instability is due to modification/alteration of amino acid residues. There are several types of degradation reactions responsible for this instability. Most frequently described reactions are oxidation, reduction, deamidation, hydrolysis, arginine conversion, beta-elimination and racemisation. However, any study of the degradation of a chemical substance lacks reliability when the analytical methodology, that is used is not properly validated. Especially in the investigation, where degradation processes lead to their parent compounds, validation of the analysis is pivotal for the correct interpretation of the results. It is therefore appropriate and useful to assemble an overview of degradation processes in relation to the analytical methods to monitor them. An overview like this can help investigators to make the right choices in their analytical approach of stability problems. The degradation reactions involved in peptide/protein degradation as well as the methods to monitor them are summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Reubsaet
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
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