1
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Zhao X, Tian R, Zhou J, Liu Y. Multifunctional chitosan/grape seed extract/silver nanoparticle composite for food packaging application. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 207:152-160. [PMID: 35257728 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.02.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Food-borne fungi present significant hazards to food preservation and human health. Oxidation causes spoilage and the inedibility of the fruit. However, traditional packaging films without antimicrobial or antioxidant activities do not satisfy the active packaging requirements. Films with antimicrobial and antioxidant activities are urgently required. In this study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized from fruit waste grape seed extracts (GSE). The antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of GSE-silver nanoparticles (GSE-AgNPs) and AgNPs (average size 20 nm) stabilized by polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP-AgNPs) were evaluated in vitro. The effect of chitosan (CS)-coated GSE-AgNPs and PVP-AgNPs on the postharvest quality of grape was studied during storage at 20 °C for 5 days. The results confirmed that grapes treated with CS and GSE-AgNPs showed significantly reduced decay percentage, weight loss, and maintained titratable acidity at high levels compared with those of untreated fruit and fruit treated with PVP-AgNPs. Moreover, CS and GSE-AgNPs significantly inhibited the total mold count during storage. Our results suggest that CS coating enriched with GSE-AgNPs has the potential to preserve the quality and extend the shelf life of grapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xixi Zhao
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, YangLing, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Ruofei Tian
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, YangLing, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jingyi Zhou
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, YangLing, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yanlin Liu
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, YangLing, Shaanxi Province, China.
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2
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Zhang H, Godana EA, Sui Y, Yang Q, Zhang X, Zhao L. Biological control as an alternative to synthetic fungicides for the management of grey and blue mould diseases of table grapes: a review. Crit Rev Microbiol 2020; 46:450-462. [DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2020.1794793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyin Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, PR China
| | - Esa Abiso Godana
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, PR China
| | - Yuan Sui
- College of Landscape Architecture and Life Science/Institute of Special Plants, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Economic Plant Biotechnology, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Qiya Yang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, PR China
| | - Xiaoyun Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, PR China
| | - Lina Zhao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, PR China
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3
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Ostry V, Malir F, Cumova M, Kyrova V, Toman J, Grosse Y, Pospichalova M, Ruprich J. Investigation of patulin and citrinin in grape must and wine from grapes naturally contaminated by strains of Penicillium expansum. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 118:805-811. [PMID: 29908267 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Twenty three strains of Penicillium expansum, as a predominant species, were isolated from 23 (92%) out of 25 grape samples of 17 different grape varieties. The results of the identification of P. expansum strains were confirmed by a PCR method. Most of the isolates of P. expansum (21/23, 91%), when tested for toxigenicity, were bi-toxigenic: they produced citrinin (CIT) and particularly high amounts of patulin (PAT). A validated UPLC-MS/MS method for the determination of PAT and CIT was applied. The limits of quantification (LOQ) for PAT and CIT in grape must and toxigenicity testing samples were 100 and 2 ng/g, respectively. The results of PAT and CIT quantification in 23 grape must samples demonstrated the occurrence of PAT in 10 (43%) grape must samples (mean: 171 ng/g; median: 50 ng/g; and range: 143-644 ng/g) and the occurrence of CIT in two (9%) grape must samples (mean: 1 ng/g; median: 1 ng/g; and range: 2.5-3.5 ng/g). This is the first report on the natural occurrence of CIT in grape must. A validated HPLC-UV-VIS method for the determination of PAT in wine samples was applied, and concentrations in all 23 wine samples were below the LOQ (<10 ng/g).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Ostry
- Center for Health, Nutrition and Food, National Institute of Public Health in Prague, Palackeho 3a, CZ - 61242, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Frantisek Malir
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, CZ - 50003, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Cumova
- Central Institute for Supervising and Testing in Agriculture, Hroznova 65/2, CZ - 65606, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Kyrova
- Center for Health, Nutrition and Food, National Institute of Public Health in Prague, Palackeho 3a, CZ - 61242, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Toman
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, CZ - 50003, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Yann Grosse
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372, Lyon CEDEX 08, France
| | - Marketa Pospichalova
- Central Institute for Supervising and Testing in Agriculture, Hroznova 65/2, CZ - 65606, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Ruprich
- Center for Health, Nutrition and Food, National Institute of Public Health in Prague, Palackeho 3a, CZ - 61242, Brno, Czech Republic
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4
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Touhami N, Soukup ST, Schmidt-Heydt M, Kulling SE, Geisen R. Citrinin as an accessory establishment factor of P. expansum for the colonization of apples. Int J Food Microbiol 2018; 266:224-233. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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5
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Mahunu GK, Zhang H, Yang Q, Li C, Zheng X. Biological Control of Patulin by Antagonistic Yeast: A case study and possible model. Crit Rev Microbiol 2015; 42:643-55. [DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2015.1009823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gustav Komla Mahunu
- Jiangsu University, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Hongyin Zhang
- Jiangsu University, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Qiya Yang
- Jiangsu University, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Chaolan Li
- Jiangsu University, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiangfeng Zheng
- Jiangsu University, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhenjiang, China
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6
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Schmidt-Heydt M, Stoll D, Schütz P, Geisen R. Oxidative stress induces the biosynthesis of citrinin by Penicillium verrucosum at the expense of ochratoxin. Int J Food Microbiol 2014; 192:1-6. [PMID: 25279858 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Penicillium verrucosum is a fungus that can produce ochratoxin A and citrinin, two structurally related nephrotoxic mycotoxins. P. verrucosum usually occurs on wheat but can occasionally also be found in NaCl rich habitats such as salted cheeses or olives, indicating that this fungus can adapt to different environments. The ratio of ochratoxin A to citrinin produced by P. verrucosum is shifted to one of either mycotoxin at the expense of the other dependent on the environmental conditions. High NaCl concentrations shift secondary metabolite biosynthesis towards ochratoxin A production. P. verrucosum copes with NaCl stress by increased ochratoxin A biosynthesis, ensuring chloride homeostasis. Ochratoxin A carries chlorine in its molecule and can excrete chlorine from the cell. It was further shown that the regulation of ochratoxin A by high NaCl conditions is mediated by the HOG MAP kinase signal transduction pathway. Here it is shown that high oxidative stress conditions, evoked for example by increasing concentrations of Cu(2+) cations in the growth medium, shift secondary metabolite biosynthesis of P. verrucosum from ochratoxin A to citrinin. The production of citrinin normalizes the oxidative status of the fungal cell under oxidative stress conditions leading to an adaptation to these environmental conditions and protects against increased oxidative stress caused by increased Cu(2+) concentrations. Moreover citrinin also protects against light of short wavelength, which may also increase the oxidative status of the environment. The biosynthesis of citrinin is apparently regulated by a cAMP/PKA signaling pathway, because increasing amounts of external cAMP reduce citrinin biosynthesis in a concentration dependent manner. These conditions lead to the cross-regulation of the ochratoxin A/citrinin secondary metabolite pair and support the adaptation of P. verrucosum to different environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Schmidt-Heydt
- Max Rubner-Institut; Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables; Haid-und-Neu-Str. 9, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Dominic Stoll
- Max Rubner-Institut; Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables; Haid-und-Neu-Str. 9, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Peter Schütz
- Max Rubner-Institut; Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables; Haid-und-Neu-Str. 9, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Rolf Geisen
- Max Rubner-Institut; Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables; Haid-und-Neu-Str. 9, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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7
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Pimentel M, Araújo A, Figueiredo Z, Silva R, Cavalcanti M, Moreira K, Filho J, Porto A. Aqueous two-phase system for citrinin extraction from fermentation broth. Sep Purif Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2013.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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8
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Pimentel MC, Melo EH, Lima Filho JL, Durán N. Production of lipase free of citrinin by Penicillium citrinum. Mycopathologia 2012; 133:119-21. [PMID: 20882470 DOI: 10.1007/bf00439123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/1995] [Accepted: 11/16/1995] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Lipase (Glycerol ester hydrolase E.G. 3.1.1.3) from a Brazilian strain of Penicillium citrinum free of the mycotoxin citrinin has been investigated. Citrinin production was inhibited by using culture medium containing olive oil, soybean oil and corn oil as carbon sources. Potassium concentration and pH play an important role in citrinin production. Potassium concentration lower than 30 mM and pH below 4.5 inhibited the mycotoxin production. P. citrinum produced lipase free of extraneous proteins and citrinin when cultured using, as nitrogen source, ammonium sulphate (lipase activity of 7.88 U/mg) and yeast extract (lipase activity of 4.95 U/mg) with olive oil as carbon source. This data is relevant to the larger scale production of lipases for food technology applications, from Penicillium citrinum.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Pimentel
- Department of Biochemistry, Immunopathology Keizo Asami Laboratory, LIKA, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, CEP 50870-901, Recife PE, Brazil
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9
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Berries contamination by microfungi in Slovakia vineyard regions: Impact of climate conditions on microfungi biodiversity. Rev Iberoam Micol 2012; 29:126-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.riam.2011.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Revised: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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10
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Scientific Opinion on the risks for public and animal health related to the presence of citrinin in food and feed. EFSA J 2012. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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11
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Mikusová P, Ritieni A, Santini A, Juhasová G, Srobárová A. Contamination by moulds of grape berries in Slovakia. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2010; 27:738-47. [PMID: 20349371 DOI: 10.1080/19440040903571754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the first map, albeit partial, of toxigenic fungi re-isolated from grape berries collected in three out of the six most important Slovakia winemaking areas in two different periods of the harvest year 2008. Low temperatures and high relative humidity during July 2008 favoured the development of grape fungal diseases that cause rots such as Plasmopara, Uncinula, Botrytis, Metasphaeria, Elsinoë, and Saccharomycetes. In the analysed samples, the following genera of toxigenic fungi were identified in the range of 1-4%: Aspergillus, Alternaria, Cladosporium, Epicoccum, Fusarium, Penicillium, Rhizopus, Ulocladium, and Trichoderma Trichothecium, while the genera Aspergillus, Alternaria, Fusarium, and Penicillium were in the range 11-29%. A. niger, A. carbonarius, some strains of A. carbonarius-with 'crystals' and strains of A. uvarum-uniseriate were identified; these species are considered ochratoxigenic (able to produce variable amounts of toxins). In addition, a non-ochratoxigenic strain of A. ibericus and a Fusarium strain able to biosynthesize small amount of fumonisins, beauvericin, and enniatins were identified. P. expansum, able to produce citrinin, represents 29.7%, of the Penicillium genus together with P. verrucosum, P. glabrum, P. citrinum, and P. crustosum. An analysis for the identification and quantification of the main toxins: ochratoxin A, fumonisins, beauvericin, enniatins, and fusaproliferin was performed on grape samples; it was consistent with the results of the mycological analysis. Toxigenic fungi should be checked throughout the years and their occurrence compared with all environmental factors to avoid health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mikusová
- Department of Mycology and Physiology, Institute of Botany SAS, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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12
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Dohnal V, Pavlíková L, Kuča K. Rapid and Sensitive Method for Citrinin Determination Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detection. ANAL LETT 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710903486252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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13
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Bhat R, Rai RV, Karim A. Mycotoxins in Food and Feed: Present Status and Future Concerns. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2010; 9:57-81. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1541-4337.2009.00094.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 372] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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14
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Heperkan D, Dazkır GS, Kansu DZ, Karbancıoglu Güler F. Influence of temperature on citrinin accumulation byPenicillium citrinumandPeniccillium verrucosumin black table olives. TOXIN REV 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/15569540903084982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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15
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Production of patulin and citrinin by Penicillium expansum from British Columbia (Canada) apples. Mycotoxin Res 2009; 25:85-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s12550-009-0012-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2009] [Revised: 04/03/2009] [Accepted: 04/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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16
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17
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Abstract
We investigated the production of mycotoxins in apple fruits inoculated with spores of 40 strains of apple blue mold, Penicillium expansum. Patulin and citrinin contents in the extracts from apples stored at 25 degrees C for 12 days after inoculation were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with UV and fluorescence detection. Patulin and citrinin were produced by 90% (36) and 80% (32) of the 40 strains, indicating that P. expansum is a consistent producer of these mycotoxins. The patulin content in the extracts was substantially higher than the citrinin content. Other mycotoxins whose production in pure culture has been reported were simultaneously detected with high-resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis with the positive ion mode of electrospray ionization. Along with patulin and citrinin, expansolides A and B were identified based on the HPLC and LC-MS spectral data and detected in 88% (35) of the extracts. The results indicate that P. expansum is a consistent producer of expansolides A and B in rotten areas of apple fruits. The findings raise the possibility that products from decayed apples might contain expansolides A and B in addition to patulin and citrinin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuru Watanabe
- National Agricultural Research Center for Tohoku Region, Akahira, Shimokuriyagawa, Morioka, Iwate 020-0198, Japan.
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18
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Heperkan D, Meric BE, Sismanoglu G, Dalkiliç G, Güler FK. Mycobiota, mycotoxigenic fungi, and citrinin production in black olives. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2006; 571:203-10. [PMID: 16408603 DOI: 10.1007/0-387-28391-9_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dilek Heperkan
- Istanbul Technical University, Dept of Food Engineering Istanbul, Turkey, Maslak.
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19
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Andersen B, Smedsgaard J, Frisvad JC. Penicillium expansum: consistent production of patulin, chaetoglobosins, and other secondary metabolites in culture and their natural occurrence in fruit products. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2004; 52:2421-8. [PMID: 15080656 DOI: 10.1021/jf035406k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Penicillium expansum is known for its destructive rot and patulin production in apple juice. According to the literature, P. expansum can, among other compounds, produce citrinin, ochratoxin A, patulin, penitrem A, and rubratoxin B. In this study the qualitative production of metabolites was examined using TLC (260 isolates), HPLC (85 isolates), and MS (22 isolates). The results showed that none of the 260 isolates produced ochratoxin A, penitrem A, or rubratoxin B. However, chaetoglobosin A and communesin B were produced consistently by all 260 isolates. Patulin and roquefortine C were produced by 98% of the isolates. Expansolides A/B and citrinin were detected in 91 and 85% of the isolates, respectively. Chaetoglobosins and communesins were detected in naturally infected juices and potato pulp, whereas neither patulin nor citrinin was found. Because most P. expansum isolates produce patulin, citrinin, chaetoglobosins, communesins, roquefortine C, and expansolides A and B, foods contaminated with this fungus should ideally be examined for chaetoglobosin A as well as patulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgitte Andersen
- Mycology Group, Center for Microbial Biotechnology, BioCentrum-DTU, Søltofts Plads, Building 221, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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20
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Abstract
This review gives an overview of the presence of mycotoxins in fruits. Although several mycotoxins occur in nature, very few (aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, patulin, Alternaria toxins) are regularly found in fruits. It has been shown that the presence of fungi on fruits is not necessarily associated with mycotoxin contamination. The formation of mycotoxins depends more on endogenous and environmental factors than fungal growth does. Mycotoxins may remain in fruits even when the fungal mycelium has been removed. Depending on the fruit and the mycotoxin, the diffusion of mycotoxins into the sound tissues of fruits may occur. The influence of the selection and storage of fruits and the influence of different processing steps involved in the production of fruit juices and dried fruits on possible mycotoxin contamination is described. It is shown that the careful selection, washing, and sorting of fruits is the most important factor in the reduction of mycotoxin contamination during the production of fruit juices. The processing of fruits does not result in the complete removal of mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Drusch
- Arbeitsgruppe für Lebensmittelqualität und -sicherheit, University of Kiel, Heinrich-Hecht-Platz 10, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
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21
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Delage N, d’Harlingue A, Colonna Ceccaldi B, Bompeix G. Occurrence of mycotoxins in fruit juices and wine. Food Control 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0956-7135(03)00010-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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22
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Martins ML, Gimeno A, Martins HM, Bernardo F. Co-occurrence of patulin and citrinin in Portuguese apples with rotten spots. FOOD ADDITIVES AND CONTAMINANTS 2002; 19:568-74. [PMID: 12042023 DOI: 10.1080/02652030210121320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Patulin and citrinin are mycotoxins produced by certain fungi mainly belonging to Penicillium and Aspergillus and may be detected in mouldy fruits and fruit products. The data presented here refer to the simultaneous occurrence of patulin and citrinin in 351 samples of seven different varieties of apples with small rotten areas (Casanova, Golden Delicious, Red Delicious, Reineta, Richared, Rome Beauty, Starking). A rapid multidetection thin layer chromatography (TLC) method was used. The minimum detectable concentrations of patulin and citrinin were 120-130 and 15-20 microg kg(-1) respectively. The percentage contamination with patulin only was higher (68.6%) than that with citrinin only (3.9%). Patulin and citrinin (19.6%) were also detected simultaneously. The highest mean patulin content was 80.50 mg kg(-1) for the Richared variety, but the mean level of citrinin was lower. The lowest mean contaminations of patulin were found in Rome Beauty, Red Delicious and Reineta, ranging from 3.06 to 5.37 mg kg(-1). All analysed apples varieties had low citrinin contamination, ranging from 0.32 to 0.92 mg kg(-1). These findings indicate that there may be a risk of human exposure to patulin through the consumption of juices and jams manufactured with apples with small rotten areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Martins
- Laboratório Nacional de Investigaçáo Veterinária, Estr. de Benfica, 701, 1549-011, Lisbon, Portugal.
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23
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Larsen TO, Frisvad JC, Ravn G, Skaaning T. Mycotoxin production by Penicillium expansum on blackcurrant and cherry juice. FOOD ADDITIVES AND CONTAMINANTS 1998; 15:671-5. [PMID: 10209577 DOI: 10.1080/02652039809374696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The production of mycotoxins and other secondary metabolites by Penicillium expansum on blackcurrant and cherry juice has been studied at 10 degrees C and 25 degrees C under storage imitated conditions. P. expansum was able to synthesize extracellular patulin under all conditions, and together with extracellular chaetoglobosin A when unlimited oxygen was available. Patulin, the chaetoglobosins A and C, the communesins A and B and the expansolides A and B could be detected intracellularly depending on the conditions. The metabolites were detected using thin-layer chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection by comparison to standards. A method to detect the expansolides A and B by TLC was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T O Larsen
- Department of Biotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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24
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Ribeiro SM, Chagas GM, Campello AP, Klüppel ML. Mechanism of citrinin-induced dysfunction of mitochondria. V. Effect on the homeostasis of the reactive oxygen species. Cell Biochem Funct 1997; 15:203-9. [PMID: 9377799 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-0844(199709)15:3<203::aid-cbf742>3.0.co;2-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The effects of citrinin in the maintenance of the homeostasis of the reactive oxygen species in rat liver cells were evaluated. Citrinin (CTN) modifies the antioxidant enzymatic defences of cells through the inhibition of GSSG-reductase and transhydrogenase. No effect was observed on GSH-peroxidase, catalase, glucose 6-phosphate and 6 phosphogluconate dehydrogenases, and superoxide dismutase. The mycotoxin increased the generation of reactive oxygen species, stimulating the production of the superoxide anion in the respiratory chain. The results suggest that oxidative stress is an important mechanism, side by side with other effects previously shown, in the establishment of the cytotoxicity and cellular death provoked by CTN in several tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Ribeiro
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Paraná Curitiba, Brazil
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25
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Abstract
There is an increasing knowledge and understanding of the role played by moulds in food spoilage. Especially the discovery of mycotoxin production in foods has highlighted the importance of moulds in food quality. It is, however, only within the last 5-10 years that major progresses have been made towards the prevention of spoilage caused by moulds. This is due to recent international agreements on taxonomy and analytical methods for foodborne moulds, which has led to the discovery, that a specific, very limited funga (= mycobiota) is responsible for the spoilage of each kind of food. This is called the associated or critical funga and has been shown to consist of less than ten species. In this paper the associated funga is described for the following foods: citrus and pomaceous fruit, potato and yam tubers, onions, rye, wheat, rye bread, cheese and fermented sausage and whenever possible the selective principle of the food is discussed. In the description only references which are using the new taxonomy and mycological methods have been used. The individual fungas are very different from each other, which again means that the potential appearance of a specific mycotoxin is restricted to a limited number of foods. The important mycotoxin pattern of each food is described including toxins which originate from 'carry over'. For some foods examples are also given on spoilage of sensoric properties due to moulds. Finally, preventive action against the growth of the associated funga is described for some of the foods and it is concluded that optimization of the prevention and control of moulds in foods must be based on knowledge of the associated funga.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Filtenborg
- Department of Biotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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