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Joyce P, Wignall A, Peressin K, Wright L, Williams DB, Prestidge CA. Chitosan nanoparticles facilitate improved intestinal permeation and oral pharmacokinetics of the mast cell stabiliser cromoglycate. Int J Pharm 2022; 612:121382. [PMID: 34919999 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Cromoglycate is a mast cell stabiliser typically administered via inhalation or intranasally for the treatment of allergy-based respiratory issues. Oral dosing of cromoglycate remains challenging due to its high solubility but low permeability across epithelial membranes in the gastrointestinal tract: effective formulation strategies are clearly needed. Here, we investigate and preclinically develop chitosan-cromoglycate complexes and associated nano/microparticle formulations with muco-adhesive and permeation enhancing capabilities to overcome the biopharmaceutical challenges for oral dosing.The synthesized complexes were optimized with respect to chitosan grade, particle size, and drug loading and demonstrated up to a 9.3-fold enhancement in permeability across a Caco-2 monolayer for chitosan-cromoglycate particles, compared to the pure drug. This increased intestinal permeability led to improved pharmacokinetic performance of cromoglycate, e.g. up to 1.82-fold increase in relative oral bioavailability when dosed to Sprague-Dawley rats in a fasted state. These findings confirm the potential for chitosan particles to serve as an effective oral delivery vehicle for cromoglycate, with additional formulation optimization presenting the opportunity to reduce dosing frequency for treatment of allergy-based respiratory ailments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Joyce
- UniSA Clinical & Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Anthony Wignall
- UniSA Clinical & Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Karl Peressin
- UniSA Clinical & Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Leah Wright
- UniSA Clinical & Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Desmond B Williams
- UniSA Clinical & Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Clive A Prestidge
- UniSA Clinical & Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia.
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2
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Noh G, Keum T, Bashyal S, Seo JE, Shrawani L, Kim JH, Lee S. Recent progress in hydrophobic ion-pairing and lipid-based drug delivery systems for enhanced oral delivery of biopharmaceuticals. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-021-00549-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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3
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An Update on Pharmaceutical Strategies for Oral Delivery of Therapeutic Peptides and Proteins in Adults and Pediatrics. CHILDREN-BASEL 2020; 7:children7120307. [PMID: 33352795 PMCID: PMC7766037 DOI: 10.3390/children7120307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
While each route of therapeutic drug delivery has its own advantages and limitations, oral delivery is often favored because it offers convenient painless administration, sustained delivery, prolonged shelf life, and often lower manufacturing cost. Its limitations include mucus and epithelial cell barriers in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract that can block access of larger molecules including Therapeutic protein or peptide-based drugs (TPPs), resulting in reduced bioavailability. This review describes these barriers and discusses different strategies used to modify TPPs to enhance their oral bioavailability and/or to increase their absorption. Some seek to stabilize the TTPs to prevent their degradation by proteolytic enzymes in the GI tract by administering them together with protease inhibitors, while others modify TPPs with mucoadhesive polymers like polyethylene glycol (PEG) to allow them to interact with the mucus layer, thereby delaying their clearance. The further barrier provided by the epithelial cell membrane can be overcome by the addition of a cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) and the use of a carrier molecule such as a liposome, microsphere, or nanosphere to transport the TPP-CPP chimera. Enteric coatings have also been used to help TPPs reach the small intestine. Key efficacious TPP formulations that have been approved for clinical use will be discussed.
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Patil S, Narvekar A, Puranik A, Jain R, Dandekar P. Formulation of Therapeutic Proteins: Strategies for Developing Oral Protein Formulations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527812172.ch12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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5
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B. Shekhawat P, B. Pokharkar V. Understanding peroral absorption: regulatory aspects and contemporary approaches to tackling solubility and permeability hurdles. Acta Pharm Sin B 2017; 7:260-280. [PMID: 28540164 PMCID: PMC5430883 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral drug absorption is a process influenced by the physicochemical and biopharmaceutical properties of the drug and its inter-relationship with the gastrointestinal tract. Drug solubility, dissolution and permeability across intestinal barrier are the key parameters controlling absorption. This review provides an overview of the factors that affect drug absorption and the classification of a drug on the basis of solubility and permeability. The biopharmaceutical classification system (BCS) was introduced in early 90׳s and is a regulatory tool used to predict bioavailability problems associated with a new entity, thereby helping in the development of a drug product. Strategies to combat solubility and permeability issues are also discussed.
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Key Words
- ABC, ATP-binding cassette
- AP, absorption potential
- API, active pharmaceutical ingredient
- ATP, adenosine triphosphate
- AZT, azidothymidine
- BA/BE, bioavailability/bioequivalence
- BCRP, breast cancer resistance protein
- BCS
- BCS, biopharmaceutical classification system
- BDDS, biopharmaceutical drug disposition system
- BSP, bromosulfophthalein
- CD, cyclodextrin
- CDER, Centre for Drug Evaluation and Research
- CNT, Na+-dependent concentrative transporter
- CNT, concentrative nucleoside transporter
- CYP, cytochrome P450
- D:S, dose:solubility
- E217G, estradiol 17β-glucuronide
- EMEA, European Medicines Agency
- ENT, equilibrative nucleoside transporter
- FATP, fatty acid transporter protein
- FDA, U.S. Food and Drug Administration
- FIP, International Pharmaceutical Federation
- FaSSIF, fasted state simulated intestinal fluid
- Factors affecting absorption
- FeSSIF, fed state simulated intestinal fluid
- Formulation strategies
- GIS, gastrointestinal simulator
- GIT, gastrointestinal tract
- GITA, gastrointestinal transit and absorption
- GLUT, sodium-independent facilitated diffusion transporter
- GRAS, generally recognized as safe
- HIV, human immunodeficiency disease
- HPC-SL, LBDDS, lipid based drug delivery system
- HUGO, Human Genome Organization
- ICH, International Council of Harmonization
- IDR, intrinsic dissolution rate
- IR, immediate release
- ISBT, sodium dependent bile salt transporter
- MCT, monocarboxylate transporter
- MPP, 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium
- MRP, multidrug resistance associated protein
- NLC, nanostructured lipid carrier
- NME, new molecular entity
- NTCP, sodium-dependent taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide
- OAT, organic anion transporter
- OATP, organic anion transporting polypeptide
- OCT, organic cationic transporter
- OCTN, organic cationic/carnitine transporter
- OMM, ordered mesoporous material
- P-gp, P-glycoprotein
- PAH, p-aminohippurate
- PAMPA, parallel artificial membrane permeability assay
- PEG, polyethylene glycol
- PEI, polyethyleneimine
- PEPT, peptide transporter
- PGA, polyglycolic acid
- PLA, poly(lactic acid)
- PLGA, poly-d,l-lactide-co-glycoside
- PMAT, plasma membrane monoamine transport
- PSA, polar surface area
- PVDF, polyvinylidene difluoride
- Papp, apparent permeability
- Peff, effective permeability
- Permeability
- Psi, porous silicon
- RFC, reduced folate transporter
- SDS, sodium dodecyl sulphate
- SGLT, sodium dependent secondary active transporter
- SIF, simulated intestinal fluid
- SLC, solute carrier
- SLCO, solute carrier organic anion
- SLN, solid lipid nanoparticles
- SMVT, sodium dependent multivitamin transporter
- SPIP, single pass intestinal perfusion
- SUPAC, scale-up and post approval changes
- SVCT, sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter
- Solubility
- TEOS, tetraethylortho silicate
- UWL, unstirred water layer
- VDAD, volume to dissolve applied dose
- WHO, World Health Organization
- pMMA, polymethyl methacrylate
- vit. E TPGS, vitamin E tocopherol polyethylene glycol succinate
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Kiptoo P, Calcagno AM, Siahaan TJ. Physiological, Biochemical, and Chemical Barriers to Oral Drug Delivery. Drug Deliv 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/9781118833322.ch2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Gordon L. Amidon: Very Sustained Drug Absorption. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:2650-63. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.24523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Wang M, Halquist MS, Zhang Y, Gerk PM. Simultaneous determination of lopinavir and three ester prodrugs by LC-MS/MS in lysates of BeWo cells. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 975:84-90. [PMID: 25481295 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method with positive electrospray ionization (ESI) mode has been validated for the simultaneous determination of lopinavir (LPV) and three prodrugs, succinic acid ester of lopinavir (SLPV), glutaric acid ester of lopinavir (GLPV), and diglycolic acid ester of lopinavir (DLPV) in BeWo cell lysate. A methanolic precipitation was employed after addition of an internal standard ritonavir (RTV), followed by centrifugation, separation of the supernatant liquid, evaporation, and reconstitution. A reversed-phase Phenomenex C18 column was used for separation of lopinavir and three prodrugs with a mobile phase which comprises methanol (solvent A), acetonitrile (solvent B), and 50mM ammonium acetate buffer adjusted to pH 5.5 with acetic acid (solvent C), with isocratic elution (A:B:C=34:34:32, v/v). The detection of target compounds was conducted using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) with the following transitions of m/z 729→447, 745→563, 743→429, 629→447 and 721→296 to measure SLPV, DLPV, GLPV, LPV and RTV (I.S.), respectively. The calibration ranges were determined using quadratic regression over concentration ranges of 7-743 ng/mL (DLPV), 7.5-745 ng/mL (GLPV), 7-729 ng/mL (SLPV) and 6-189 ng/mL (LPV). The reverse calculated residuals for LPV and these prodrugs were all less than 15% different from nominal (range). The method we established was fully validated for accuracy (≤15% different from nominal) and precision (≤15% RSD). The results proved that the method is accurate and specific, and also this method has been successfully applied to test the uptake of lopinavir and prodrugs into BeWo cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Matthew S Halquist
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Phillip M Gerk
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
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Thermally targeted delivery of a c-Myc inhibitory polypeptide inhibits tumor progression and extends survival in a rat glioma model. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55104. [PMID: 23372821 PMCID: PMC3555869 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of glioblastoma is complicated by the tumors' high resistance to chemotherapy, poor penetration of drugs across the blood brain barrier, and damaging effects of chemotherapy and radiation to normal neural tissue. To overcome these limitations, a thermally responsive polypeptide was developed for targeted delivery of therapeutic peptides to brain tumors using focused hyperthermia. The peptide carrier is based on elastin-like polypeptide (ELP), which is a thermally responsive biopolymer that forms aggregates above a characteristic transition temperature. ELP was modified with cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) to enhance delivery to brain tumors and mediate uptake across the tumor cells' plasma membranes and with a peptide inhibitor of c-Myc (H1). In rats with intracerebral gliomas, brain tumor targeting of ELP following systemic administration was enhanced up to 5-fold by the use of CPPs. When the lead CPP-ELP-fused c-Myc inhibitor was combined with focused hyperthermia of the tumors, an additional 3 fold increase in tumor polypeptide levels was observed, and 80% reduction in tumor volume, delayed onset of tumor-associated neurological deficits, and at least doubled median survival time including complete regression in 80% of animals was achieved. This work demonstrates that a c-Myc inhibitory peptide can be effectively delivered to brain tumors.
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10
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Maroni A, Zema L, Del Curto MD, Foppoli A, Gazzaniga A. Oral colon delivery of insulin with the aid of functional adjuvants. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2012; 64:540-56. [PMID: 22086142 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Revised: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Oral colon delivery is currently considered of importance not only for the treatment of local pathologies, such as primarily inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), but also as a means of accomplishing systemic therapeutic goals. Although the large bowel fails to be ideally suited for absorption processes, it may indeed offer a number of advantages over the small intestine, including a long transit time, lower levels of peptidases and higher responsiveness to permeation enhancers. Accordingly, it has been under extensive investigation as a possible strategy to improve the oral bioavailability of peptide and protein drugs. Because of a strong underlying rationale, most of these studies have focused on insulin. In the present review, the impact of key anatomical and physiological characteristics of the colon on its viability as a protein release site is discussed. Moreover, the main formulation approaches to oral colon targeting are outlined along with the design features and performance of insulin-based devices.
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11
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Peptides for cancer therapy: a drug-development opportunity and a drug-delivery challenge. Ther Deliv 2012; 3:609-21. [DOI: 10.4155/tde.12.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic peptides (TPs) are a class of peptide-based agents capable of eliciting a therapeutic response by modulation of targets within or on the surface of cells. TPs are advantageous because they are amenable to rational design, they have high specificity for their targets and can be made to target almost any protein of interest, including proteins for which we have no small-molecule drugs. Owing to this versatility, TPs have a great potential for cancer therapy in an age of personalized medicine, in which we need novel drugs to target the many novel pathways being discovered as tumor drivers. However, in order to utilize TPs as drugs, many obstacles must be overcome. TPs have short half-lives in systemic circulation, are easily degraded by proteases in plasma and target cells, are often cleared by the reticuloendothelial system and can be immunogenic. This article will discuss ways of overcoming many of these hurdles by utilizing macromolecular peptide delivery systems and tumor-targeting agents.
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12
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Miller JM, Beig A, Carr RA, Webster GK, Dahan A. The solubility-permeability interplay when using cosolvents for solubilization: revising the way we use solubility-enabling formulations. Mol Pharm 2012; 9:581-90. [PMID: 22280478 DOI: 10.1021/mp200460u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We have recently reported the interplay between apparent aqueous solubility and intestinal membrane permeability, showing the trade-off between the two when using cyclodextrin- and surfactant-based systems as solubility-enabling formulations. In these cases, the decreased permeability could be attributed directly to decreased free fraction of drug due to the complexation/micellization inherent in these solubilization methods. The purpose of this study was to investigate the direct solubility-permeability interplay, using formulations in which complexation is not the mechanism for increased solubilization. The apparent aqueous solubility (S(aq)) and rat intestinal permeability (P(eff)) of the lipophilic drug progesterone were measured in systems containing various levels of the cosolvents propylene glycol and PEG-400, since this solubilization method does not involve decreased free fraction. Thermodynamic activity was maintained equivalent in all permeability studies (75% equilibrium solubility). Both cosolvents increased progesterone S(aq) in nonlinear fashion. Decreased P(eff) with increased S(aq) was observed, despite the constant thermodynamic activity, and the nonrelevance of free fraction. A mass-transport analysis was developed to describe this interplay. The model considers the effects of solubilization on the membrane permeability (P(m)) and the unstirred water layer (UWL) permeability (P(aq)), to predict the overall P(eff) dependence on S(aq). The analysis revealed that (1) the effective UWL thickness quickly decreases with ↑S(aq), such that P(aq) markedly increases with ↑S(aq); (2) the apparent membrane/aqueous partitioning decreases with ↑S(aq), thereby reducing the thermodynamic driving force for permeability such that ↓P(m) with ↑S(aq); (3) since ↑P(aq) and ↓P(m) with ↑S(aq), the UWL is shorted out and P(eff) becomes membrane control with ↑S(aq). The model enabled excellent quantitative prediction of P(eff) as a function of S(aq). This work demonstrates that a direct trade-off exists between the apparent solubility and permeability, which must be taken into account when developing solubility-enabling formulations to strike the optimal solubility-permeability balance, in order to maximize the overall oral absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Miller
- Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064, United States
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13
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Bidwell GL, Raucher D. Cell penetrating elastin-like polypeptides for therapeutic peptide delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2010; 62:1486-96. [PMID: 20478348 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2010.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2010] [Revised: 03/31/2010] [Accepted: 05/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Current treatment of solid tumors is limited by side effects that result from the non-specific delivery of drugs to the tumor site. Alternative targeted therapeutic approaches for localized tumors would significantly reduce systemic toxicity. Peptide therapeutics are a promising new strategy for targeted cancer therapy because of the ease of peptide design and the specificity of peptides for their intracellular molecular targets. However, the utility of peptides is limited by their poor pharmacokinetic parameters and poor tissue and cellular membrane permeability in vivo. This review article summarizes the development of elastin-like polypeptide (ELP) as a potential carrier for thermally targeted delivery of therapeutic peptides (TP), and the use of cell penetrating peptides (CPP) to enhance the intracellular delivery of the ELP-fused TPs. CPP-fused ELPs have been used to deliver a peptide inhibitor of c-Myc function and a peptide mimetic of p21 in several cancer models in vitro, and both polypeptides are currently yielding promising results in in vivo models of breast and brain cancer.
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Qi X, Wang L, Zhu J. Water-in-oil-in-water double emulsions: an excellent delivery system for improving the oral bioavailability of pidotimod in rats. J Pharm Sci 2010; 100:2203-11. [PMID: 21491444 DOI: 10.1002/jps.22443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2010] [Revised: 10/17/2010] [Accepted: 11/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to prepare fine pidotimod-containing water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) double emulsions and to investigate the possibility of those emulsions as a delivery system for promoting the oral bioavailability of pidotimod. A modified two-step emulsification procedure was applied to prepare the double emulsions using medium-chain triglyceride as the oil phase, Tween 80 as the hydrophilic emulsifier, and Span 80 alone or in combination with different amount of phospholipids as the lipophilic emulsifiers. A fine W/O/W emulsion, with the encapsulation efficiency of 82 ± 3.4%, mean oil-droplet diameter of 3.93 ± 0.25 μm, and viscosity of 36.4 ± 0.93 mPa · s at 25 °C and 300 s(-1), was stable for 1 month at 4 °C. In addition, the oral bioavailability of pidotimod in rats, after intragastric administration of W/O/W double emulsions, was significantly higher than that of pidotimod control solution. Moreover, the maximum uptake time was significantly prolonged, suggesting an extra absorption pathway for W/O/W emulsions: a lymphatic circulation pathway. Those results demonstrated that W/O/W emulsions could become a potential formulation for improving the oral bioavailability of poorly absorbable drugs and suggested an important technology platform for the oral administration of peptide and peptidomimetic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaole Qi
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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15
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Miller JM, Dahan A, Gupta D, Varghese S, Amidon GL. Enabling the intestinal absorption of highly polar antiviral agents: ion-pair facilitated membrane permeation of zanamivir heptyl ester and guanidino oseltamivir. Mol Pharm 2010; 7:1223-34. [PMID: 20536260 DOI: 10.1021/mp100050d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Antiviral drugs often suffer from poor intestinal permeability, preventing their delivery via the oral route. The goal of this work was to enhance the intestinal absorption of the low-permeability antiviral agents zanamivir heptyl ester (ZHE) and guanidino oseltamivir (GO) utilizing an ion-pairing approach, as a critical step toward making them oral drugs. The counterion 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid (HNAP) was utilized to enhance the lipophilicity and permeability of the highly polar drugs. HNAP substantially increased the log P of the drugs by up to 3.7 log units. Binding constants (K(11(aq))) of 388 M(-1) for ZHE-HNAP and 2.91 M(-1) for GO-HNAP were obtained by applying a quasi-equilibrium transport model to double-reciprocal plots of apparent octanol-buffer distribution coefficients versus HNAP concentration. HNAP enhanced the apparent permeability (P(app)) of both compounds across Caco-2 cell monolayers in a concentration-dependent manner, as substantial P(app) (0.8-3.0 x 10(-6) cm/s) was observed in the presence of 6-24 mM HNAP, whereas no detectable transport was observed without counterion. Consistent with a quasi-equilibrium transport model, a linear relationship with slope near 1 was obtained from a log-log plot of Caco-2 P(app) versus HNAP concentration, supporting the ion-pair mechanism behind the permeability enhancement. In the rat jejunal perfusion assay, the addition of HNAP failed to increase the effective permeability (P(eff)) of GO. However, the rat jejunal permeability of ZHE was significantly enhanced by the addition of HNAP in a concentration-dependent manner, from essentially zero without HNAP to 4.0 x 10(-5) cm/s with 10 mM HNAP, matching the P(eff) of the high-permeability standard metoprolol. The success of ZHE-HNAP was explained by its >100-fold stronger K(11(aq)) versus GO-HNAP, making ZHE-HNAP less prone to dissociation and ion-exchange with competing endogenous anions and able to remain intact during membrane permeation. Overall, this work presents a novel approach to enable the oral delivery of highly polar antiviral drugs, and provides new insights into the underlying mechanisms governing the success or failure of the ion-pairing strategy to increase oral absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Miller
- Center for Molecular Drug Targeting, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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Bidwell GL, Whittom AA, Thomas E, Lyons D, Hebert MD, Raucher D. A thermally targeted peptide inhibitor of symmetrical dimethylation inhibits cancer-cell proliferation. Peptides 2010; 31:834-41. [PMID: 20167239 PMCID: PMC2872552 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2010.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2009] [Revised: 02/09/2010] [Accepted: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Targeting splicing machinery components is an underdeveloped strategy for cancer therapy. Uridine-rich small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (UsnRNPs) are essential spliceosome components that recognize splice sites in newly transcribed RNA. The major spliceosomal snRNPs are comprised of UsnRNA bound by a ring of Sm proteins. The survival of motor neuron (SMN) complex provides specificity for binding of Sm proteins to UsnRNAs. Three of the seven proteins that comprise the Sm core possess post-translationally modified C-terminal symmetric dimethylarginine (sDMA) residues which promote binding of these proteins to SMN. Here we describe a peptide inhibitor of sDMA that is capable of interfering with SMN/SmB interaction. The inhibitory peptide was attached to elastin-like polypeptide, a thermally responsive macromolecular carrier, in order to increase its stability and allow enhancement of its cellular uptake by thermal targeting. The fusion polypeptide inhibited the interaction of SMN/SmB, inhibited proliferation, and induced apoptosis in HeLa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gene L. Bidwell
- Department of Biochemistry. University of Mississippi Medical Center. 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216. USA
| | - Angela A. Whittom
- Department of Biochemistry. University of Mississippi Medical Center. 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216. USA
| | - Emily Thomas
- Department of Biochemistry. University of Mississippi Medical Center. 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216. USA
| | - Daniel Lyons
- Department of Biochemistry. University of Mississippi Medical Center. 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216. USA
| | - Michael D. Hebert
- Department of Biochemistry. University of Mississippi Medical Center. 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216. USA
| | - Drazen Raucher
- Department of Biochemistry. University of Mississippi Medical Center. 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216. USA
- Corresponding Author. Department of Biochemistry. University of Mississippi Medical Center. 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216. USA. Phone: 601-984-1510. Fax: 601-984-1501.
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Hepatitis C virus NS3 protease inhibitors: Large, flexible molecules of peptide origin show satisfactory permeability across Caco-2 cells. Eur J Pharm Sci 2009; 38:556-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2009.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2009] [Revised: 08/21/2009] [Accepted: 10/04/2009] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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18
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Raucher D, Moktan S, Massodi I, Bidwell GL. Therapeutic peptides for cancer therapy. Part II - cell cycle inhibitory peptides and apoptosis-inducing peptides. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2009; 6:1049-64. [PMID: 19743895 DOI: 10.1517/17425240903158909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Therapeutic peptides have great potential as anticancer agents owing to their ease of rational design and target specificity. However, their utility in vivo is limited by low stability and poor tumor penetration. OBJECTIVE The authors review the development of peptide inhibitors with potential for cancer therapy. Peptides that arrest the cell cycle by mimicking CDK inhibitors or induce apoptosis directly are discussed. METHODS The authors searched Medline for articles concerning the development of therapeutic peptides and their delivery. RESULTS/CONCLUSION Inhibition of cancer cell proliferation directly using peptides that arrest the cell cycle or induce apoptosis is a promising strategy. Peptides can be designed that interact very specifically with cyclins and/or cyclin-dependent kinases and with members of apoptotic cascades. Use of these peptides is not limited by their design, as a rational approach to peptide design is much less challenging than the design of small molecule inhibitors of specific protein-protein interactions. However, the limitations of peptide therapy lie in the poor pharmacokinetic properties of these large, often charged molecules. Therefore, overcoming the drug delivery hurdles could open the door for effective peptide therapy, thus making an entirely new class of molecules useful as anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drazen Raucher
- The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Department of Biochemistry, Jackson, 39216, USA.
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Bidwell GL, Raucher D. Therapeutic peptides for cancer therapy. Part I – peptide inhibitors of signal transduction cascades. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2009; 6:1033-47. [DOI: 10.1517/17425240903143745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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20
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Miller JM, Dahan A, Gupta D, Varghese S, Amidon GL. Quasi-equilibrium analysis of the ion-pair mediated membrane transport of low-permeability drugs. J Control Release 2009; 137:31-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2009.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2009] [Accepted: 02/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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21
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Pedretti A, De Luca L, Marconi C, Negrisoli G, Aldini G, Vistoli G. Modeling of the intestinal peptide transporter hPepT1 and analysis of its transport capacities by docking and pharmacophore mapping. ChemMedChem 2009; 3:1913-21. [PMID: 18979492 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200800184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
An early pharmacokinetic screen for peptidomimetic drugs should have the ability to predict molecules with high affinity for intestinal transporters, as peptide-like derivatives are seldom absorbed passively. Hence, the first objective of this study was to generate a reliable model for the structure of the hPepT1 protein, which is the main intestinal transporter involved in the absorption of both dietary peptides and peptidomimetics. The modeling was based on the resolved structure of the homologous bacterial lactose permease LacY using a fragmental strategy. The interaction capacities of the hPepT1 model were explored by docking a set of 50 known ligands. Despite the known predilection of hPepT1 for hydrophobic ligands, docking results unveiled the key role of the polar interactions stabilized by charged termini, especially concerning the ammonium head group. The docking results were further verified by developing a pharmacophore model that confirmed the key features required for optimal hPepT1 affinity. The consistency of the docking results and the agreement with the pharmacophore model afford an encouraging validation for the proposed model and suggest that it can be exploited to design peptide-like molecules with an improved affinity for such a transporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Pedretti
- Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica "Pietro Pratesi", Facoltà di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano, Italy
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22
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Bidwell GL, Davis AN, Raucher D. Targeting a c-Myc inhibitory polypeptide to specific intracellular compartments using cell penetrating peptides. J Control Release 2008; 135:2-10. [PMID: 19095020 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2008.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2008] [Revised: 10/17/2008] [Accepted: 11/11/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The therapeutic index of current anti-cancer chemotherapeutics can be improved by two major mechanisms: 1) developing drugs which are specifically toxic to the cancer cells and 2) developing methods to deliver drugs to the tumor site. In an attempt to combine these approaches, we developed a thermally responsive polypeptide inhibitor of c-Myc. This polypeptide is based on the thermally responsive Elastin-like polypeptide (ELP). When injected systemically, ELP-fused drugs will aggregate and accumulate at the tumor site where local hyperthermia is applied. ELP was fused to a peptide which blocks c-Myc/Max dimerization (H1), thereby inhibiting transcription activation by c-Myc (ELP-H1). In this study, the cellular uptake, intracellular distribution, and potency of the Pen, Tat and Bac cell penetrating peptides fused to ELP-H1 were evaluated. While Pen-ELP-H1 and Tat-ELP-H1 were localized in the cytoplasm, Bac-ELP-H1 localized to the nucleus in a subset of the cells and was the most potent inhibitor of MCF-7 cell proliferation. This data demonstrates that ELP can be targeted to the desired cellular compartment simply by choice of the CPP used, resulting in a more potent nuclear targeted c-Myc inhibitory polypeptide which may be beneficial in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gene L Bidwell
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
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Raucher D, Massodi I, Bidwell GL. Thermally targeted delivery of chemotherapeutics and anti-cancer peptides by elastin-like polypeptide. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2008; 5:353-69. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.5.3.353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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24
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Föger F, Kopf A, Loretz B, Albrecht K, Bernkop-Schnürch A. Correlation of in vitro and in vivo models for the oral absorption of peptide drugs. Amino Acids 2007; 35:233-41. [PMID: 17726639 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-007-0581-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2006] [Accepted: 12/12/2006] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate two in vitro models, Caco-2 monolayer and rat intestinal mucosa, regarding their linear correlation with in vivo bioavailability data of therapeutic peptide drugs after oral administration in rat and human. Furthermore the impact of molecular mass (Mm) of the according peptides on their permeability was evaluated. Transport experiments with commercially available water soluble peptide drugs were conducted using Caco-2 cell monolayer grown on transwell filter membranes and with freshly excised rat intestinal mucosa mounted in Using type chambers. Apparent permeability coefficients (P (app)) were calculated and compared with in vivo data derived from the literature. It was shown that, besides a few exceptions, the Mm of peptides linearly correlates with permeability across rat intestinal mucosa (R (2) = 0.86; y = -196.22x + 1354.24), with rat oral bioavailability (R (2) = 0.64; y = -401.90x + 1268.86) as well as with human oral bioavailability (R (2) = 0.91; y = -359.43x + 1103.83). Furthermore it was shown that P (app) values of investigated hydrophilic peptides across Caco-2 monolayer displayed lower permeability than across rat intestinal mucosa. A correlation between P (app) values across rat intestinal mucosa and in vivo oral bioavailability in human (R (2) = 0.98; y = 2.11x + 0.34) attests the rat in vitro model to be a very useful prediction model for human oral bioavailability of hydrophilic peptide drugs. Presented correlations encourage the use of the rat in vitro model for the prediction of human oral bioavailabilities of hydrophilic peptide drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Föger
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, Leopold-Franzens University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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25
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Kim HR, Park SW, Cho HJ, Chae KA, Sung JM, Kim JS, Landowski CP, Sun D, Abd El-Aty AM, Amidon GL, Shin HC. Comparative gene expression profiles of intestinal transporters in mice, rats and humans. Pharmacol Res 2007; 56:224-36. [PMID: 17681807 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2007.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2007] [Revised: 05/10/2007] [Accepted: 06/01/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We have studied gene expression profiles of intestinal transporters in model animals and humans. Total RNA was isolated from duodenum and the mRNA expression was measured using Affymetrix GeneChip oligonucleotide arrays. Detected genes from the intestine of mice, rats, and humans were about 60% of 22,690 sequences, 40% of 8739, and 47% of 12,559, respectively. A total of 86 genes involving transporters expressed in mice, 50 genes in rats, and 61 genes in humans were detected. Mice exhibited abundant mRNA expressions for peptide transporter HPT1, amino acid transporters CSNU3, CT1 and ASC1, nucleoside transporter CNT2, organic cation transporter SFXN1, organic anion transporter NBC3, glucose transporter SGLT1, and fatty acid transporters FABP1 and FABP2. Rats showed high expression profiles of peptide transporter PEPT1, amino acid transporters CSNU1 and 4F2HC, nucleoside transporter CNT2, organic cation transporter OCT5, organic anion transporter SDCT1, glucose transporter GLUT2 and GLUT5, and folate carrier FOLT. In humans, the highly expressed genes were peptide transporter HPT1, amino acid transporters LAT3, 4F2HC and PROT, nucleoside transporter CNT2, organic cation transporter OCTN2, organic anion transporters NADC1, NBC1 and SBC2, glucose transporters SGLT1 and GLUT5, multidrug resistance-associated protein RHO12, fatty acid transporters FABP1 and FABP2, and phosphate carrier PHC. Overall these data reveal diverse transcriptomic profiles for intestinal transporters among these species. Therefore, this transcriptional data may lead to more effective use of the laboratory animals as a model for oral drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Ryoung Kim
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
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Alonso-Sande M, Cuña M, Remuñán-López C, Teijeiro-Osorio D, Alonso-Lebrero JL, Alonso MJ. Formation of New Glucomannan−Chitosan Nanoparticles and Study of Their Ability To Associate and Deliver Proteins. Macromolecules 2006. [DOI: 10.1021/ma060230j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- María Alonso-Sande
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain, and R&D Department, Industrial Farmacéutica Cantabria SA, Spain
| | - Margarita Cuña
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain, and R&D Department, Industrial Farmacéutica Cantabria SA, Spain
| | - Carmen Remuñán-López
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain, and R&D Department, Industrial Farmacéutica Cantabria SA, Spain
| | - Desirée Teijeiro-Osorio
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain, and R&D Department, Industrial Farmacéutica Cantabria SA, Spain
| | - José L. Alonso-Lebrero
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain, and R&D Department, Industrial Farmacéutica Cantabria SA, Spain
| | - María J. Alonso
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain, and R&D Department, Industrial Farmacéutica Cantabria SA, Spain
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Abstract
A wide variety of peptide drugs are now produced on a commercial scale as a result of advances in the biotechnology field. Most of these therapeutic peptides are still administered by the parenteral route because of insufficient absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. Peptide drugs are usually indicated for chronic conditions, and the use of injections on a daily basis during long-term treatment has obvious drawbacks. In contrast to this inconvenient and potentially problematic method of drug administration, the oral route offers the advantages of self-administration with a high degree of patient acceptability and compliance. The main reasons for the low oral bioavailability of peptide drugs are pre-systemic enzymatic degradation and poor penetration of the intestinal mucosa. A considerable amount of research has focused on overcoming the challenges presented by these intestinal absorption barriers to provide effective oral delivery of peptide and protein drugs. Attempts to improve the oral bioavailability of peptide drugs have ranged from changing the physicochemical properties of peptide molecules to the inclusion of functional excipients in specially adapted drug delivery systems. However, the progress in developing an effective peptide delivery system has been hampered by factors such as the inherent toxicities of absorption-enhancing excipients, variation in absorption between individuals, and potentially high manufacturing costs. This review focuses on the intestinal barriers that compromise the systemic absorption of intact peptide and protein molecules and on the advanced technologies that have been developed to overcome the barriers to peptide drug absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josias H Hamman
- School of Pharmacy, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa.
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Abstract
Rapid development in molecular biology and recent advancement in recombinant technology increase identification and commercialization of potential protein drugs. Traditional forms of administrations for the peptide and protein drugs often rely on their parenteral injection, since the bioavailability of these therapeutic agents is poor when administered nonparenterally. Tremendous efforts by numerous investigators in the world have been put to improve protein formulations and as a result, a few successful formulations have been developed including sustained-release human growth hormone. For a promising protein delivery technology, efficacy and safety are the first requirement to meet. However, these systems still require periodic injection and increase the incidence of patient compliance. The development of an oral dosage form that improves the absorption of peptide and especially protein drugs is the most desirable formulation but one of the greatest challenges in the pharmaceutical field. The major barriers to developing oral formulations for peptides and proteins are metabolic enzymes and impermeable mucosal tissues in the intestine. Furthermore, chemical and conformational instability of protein drugs is not a small issue in protein pharmaceuticals. Conventional pharmaceutical approaches to address these barriers, which have been successful with traditional organic drug molecules, have not been effective for peptide and protein formulations. It is likely that effective oral formulations for peptides and proteins will remain highly compound specific. A number of innovative oral drug delivery approaches have been recently developed, including the drug entrapment within small vesicles or their passage through the intestinal paracellular pathway. This review provides a summary of the novel approaches currently in progress in the protein oral delivery followed by factors affecting protein oral absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye J Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Kwanak-Gu, Korea.
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Kotzé AF, Luessen HL, de Boer AG, Verhoef JC, Junginger HE. Chitosan for enhanced intestinal permeability: prospects for derivatives soluble in neutral and basic environments. Eur J Pharm Sci 1999; 7:145-51. [PMID: 9845799 DOI: 10.1016/s0928-0987(98)00016-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study the effects of two chitosan salts, namely chitosan hydrochloride and chitosan glutamate (0.5 and 1.5% w/v), on the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and permeability of Caco-2 cell monolayers, using the radioactive marker [14C]-mannitol, were investigated in a slightly acidic (pH 6.2) and neutral (pH 7.4) environment. Both salts are soluble in acidic conditions up to a concentration of 1.5% w/v and solutions of this strength, at a pH of 6.2, caused a pronounced lowering in the TEER of Caco-2 cell monolayers in the order of 70+/-1% (chitosan glutamate) and 77+/-3% (chitosan hydrochloride), 20 min after incubation started. In agreement with the TEER results the transport of the radioactive marker, [14C]-mannitol, was increased 25-fold (chitosan glutamate) and 36-fold (chitosan hydrochloride), respectively, at this pH. However, at a pH of 7.4 both salts are insoluble and prove to be ineffective since no reduction in the TEER values or increase in the transport of [14C]-mannitol were found. The results show that these chitosan salts are potent absorption enhancers in acidic environments. We conclude that there is a need for chitosan derivatives with increased solubility, especially at neutral and basic pH values, for use as absorption enhancers aimed at the delivery of therapeutic compounds in the more basic environment of the large intestine and colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Kotzé
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education, Potchefstroom, 2520, Republic of South Africa.
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Calvo P, Remuñan-López C, Vila-Jato JL, Alonso MJ. Chitosan and chitosan/ethylene oxide-propylene oxide block copolymer nanoparticles as novel carriers for proteins and vaccines. Pharm Res 1998. [PMID: 9358557 DOI: 10.1023/a: 1012128907225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate the interaction between the components of novel chitosan (CS) and CS/ethylene oxide-propylene oxide block copolymer (PEO-PPO) nanoparticles and to evaluate their potential for the association and controlled release of proteins and vaccines. METHODS The presence of PEO-PPO on the surface of the nanoparticles and its interaction with the CS was identified by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The mechanism of protein association was elucidated using several proteins, bovine serum albumin (BSA), and tetanus and diphtheria toxoids, and varying the formulation conditions (different pH values and concentrations of PEO-PPO), and the stage of protein incorporation into the nanoparticles formation medium. RESULTS BSA and tetanus and diphtheria toxoids were highly associated with CS nanoparticles partly due to electrostatic interactions between the carboxyl groups of the protein and the amine groups of CS. PEO-PPO also interacted electrostatically with CS, thus competing with the proteins for association with CS nanoparticles. A visible amount of PEO-PPO was projected towards the outer phase of the nanoparticles. Proteins were released from the nanoparticles at an almost constant rate, the intensity of which was closely related to the protein loading. Furthermore, the tetanus vaccine was released in the active form for at least 15 days. CONCLUSIONS CS and CS/PEO-PPO nanoparticles prepared by a very mild ionic crosslinking technique are novel and suitable systems for the entrapment and controlled release of proteins and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Calvo
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Calvo P, Remuñan-López C, Vila-Jato JL, Alonso MJ. Chitosan and chitosan/ethylene oxide-propylene oxide block copolymer nanoparticles as novel carriers for proteins and vaccines. Pharm Res 1997; 14:1431-6. [PMID: 9358557 DOI: 10.1023/a:1012128907225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 451] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate the interaction between the components of novel chitosan (CS) and CS/ethylene oxide-propylene oxide block copolymer (PEO-PPO) nanoparticles and to evaluate their potential for the association and controlled release of proteins and vaccines. METHODS The presence of PEO-PPO on the surface of the nanoparticles and its interaction with the CS was identified by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The mechanism of protein association was elucidated using several proteins, bovine serum albumin (BSA), and tetanus and diphtheria toxoids, and varying the formulation conditions (different pH values and concentrations of PEO-PPO), and the stage of protein incorporation into the nanoparticles formation medium. RESULTS BSA and tetanus and diphtheria toxoids were highly associated with CS nanoparticles partly due to electrostatic interactions between the carboxyl groups of the protein and the amine groups of CS. PEO-PPO also interacted electrostatically with CS, thus competing with the proteins for association with CS nanoparticles. A visible amount of PEO-PPO was projected towards the outer phase of the nanoparticles. Proteins were released from the nanoparticles at an almost constant rate, the intensity of which was closely related to the protein loading. Furthermore, the tetanus vaccine was released in the active form for at least 15 days. CONCLUSIONS CS and CS/PEO-PPO nanoparticles prepared by a very mild ionic crosslinking technique are novel and suitable systems for the entrapment and controlled release of proteins and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Calvo
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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