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Hendy DA, Amouzougan EA, Young IC, Bachelder EM, Ainslie KM. Nano/microparticle Formulations for Universal Influenza Vaccines. AAPS J 2022; 24:24. [PMID: 34997352 PMCID: PMC8741137 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-021-00676-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza affects millions of people worldwide and can result in severe sickness and even death. The best method of prevention is vaccination; however, the seasonal influenza vaccine often suffers from low efficacy and requires yearly vaccination due to changes in strain and viral mutations. More conserved universal influenza antigens like M2 ectodomain (M2e) and the stalk region of hemagglutinin (HA stalk) have been used clinically but often suffer from low antigenicity. To increase antigenicity, universal antigens have been formulated using nano/microparticles as vaccine carriers against influenza. Utilizing polymers, liposomes, metal, and protein-based particles, indicators of immunity and protection in mouse, pig, ferrets, and chicken models of influenza have been shown. In this review, seasonal and universal influenza vaccine formulations comprised of these materials including their physiochemical properties, fabrication, characterization, and biologic responses in vivo are highlighted. The review is concluded with future perspectives for nano/microparticles as carrier systems and other considerations within the universal influenza vaccine delivery landscape. Graphical Abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan A Hendy
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 4012 Marsico Hall, 125 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, USA
| | - Eva A Amouzougan
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 4012 Marsico Hall, 125 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, USA
| | - Isabella C Young
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 4012 Marsico Hall, 125 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, USA
| | - Eric M Bachelder
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 4012 Marsico Hall, 125 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, USA
| | - Kristy M Ainslie
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 4012 Marsico Hall, 125 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, USA. .,Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
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Leboux RJT, Benne N, van Os WL, Bussmann J, Kros A, Jiskoot W, Slütter B. High-affinity antigen association to cationic liposomes via coiled coil-forming peptides induces a strong antigen-specific CD4 + T-cell response. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 158:96-105. [PMID: 33188929 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Liposomes are widely investigated as vaccine delivery systems, but antigen loading efficiency can be low. Moreover, adsorbed antigen may rapidly desorb under physiological conditions. Encapsulation of antigens overcomes the latter problem but results in significant antigen loss during preparation and purification of the liposomes. Here, we propose an alternative attachment method, based on a complementary heterodimeric coiled coil peptide pair pepK and pepE. PepK was conjugated to cholesterol (yielding CPK) and pepE was covalently linked to model antigen OVA323 (yielding pepE-OVA323). CPK was incorporated in the lipid bilayer of cationic liposomes (180 nm in size). Antigen was associated more efficiently to functionalized liposomes (Kd 166 nM) than to cationic liposomes (Kd not detectable). In vivo co-localization of antigen and liposomes was strongly increased upon CPK-functionalization (35% -> 80%). CPK-functionalized liposomes induced 5-fold stronger CD4+ T-cell proliferation than non-functionalized liposomes in vitro. Both formulations were able to induce strong CD4+ T-cell expansion in mice, but more IFN-y and IL-10 production was observed after immunization with functionalized liposomes. In conclusion, antigen association via coiled coil peptide pair increased co-localization of antigen and liposomes, increased CD4+ T-cell proliferation in vitro and induced a stronger CD4+ T-cell response in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J T Leboux
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - N Benne
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - W L van Os
- Div. of Supramolecular & Biomaterials Chemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - J Bussmann
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - A Kros
- Div. of Supramolecular & Biomaterials Chemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - W Jiskoot
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - B Slütter
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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Momtazi-Borojeni AA, Jaafari MR, Badiee A, Sahebkar A. Long-term generation of antiPCSK9 antibody using a nanoliposome-based vaccine delivery system. Atherosclerosis 2019; 283:69-78. [PMID: 30797988 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a liver secretory enzyme that controls plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels through modulation of LDL receptor (LDLR). Inhibition of PCSK9 using monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) can efficiently lower plasma LDL-C. However, the relatively short half-life of mAbs necessitates frequent passive immunization, which is costly. These limitations can be circumvented by active immunization. Here, we evaluated the long-term antiPCSK9 antibody generation in BALB/c mice vaccinated with a nanoliposomal PCSK9-specific active vaccine. METHODS Negatively charged nanoliposomes were used as a vaccine delivery system and prepared via lipid-film hydration method. We constructed a peptide vaccine termed Immunogenic Fused PCSK9-Tetanus (IFPT) by linking a short PCSK9 peptide (as B cell epitope) to a tetanus peptide (as T cell epitope). The IFPT peptide was conjugated to the surface of nanoliposome carriers using a DSPE-PEG- Maleimide (1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[maleimide(PEG)-2000]) linker. Nanoliposomal IFPT (L-IFPT) construct was formulated with alum vaccine adjuvant (L-IFPTA+). To evaluate induction of antiPCSK9 antibody in vivo, BALB/c mice were subcutaneously inoculated four times in bi-weekly intervals with prepared vaccine formulations, including L-IFPT, L-IFPTA+, IFPTA+, IFPT, and empty liposomes as negative control. The long-term efficacy of antiPCSK9 antibodies was evaluated over 48 weeks after prime inoculation. Specificity of generated antiPCSK9 antibodies was assessed using ELISA method. To evaluate immunogenic safety, production of IL-4 and IFN-γ, and population of CD8+ and CD4+ T cells in splenic cells isolated from the vaccinated mice were analyzed. RESULTS The L-IFPTA+ vaccine was found to elicit the highest IgG antibody response against PCSK9 peptide in the vaccinated mice, when compared with the other vaccine formulations. Antibody titer analyses over 48 weeks post-prime vaccination revealed that the L-IFPTA+ vaccine was able to stimulate a long-lasting humoral immune response against PCSK9 peptide, and thereby decrease plasma PCSK9. Generated antibodies could specifically target PCSK9 and thereby inhibit PCSK9-LDLR interaction. Analysis of splenic cells showed that the population of anti-inflammatory CD4+ Th2 cells and production and secretion of IL-4 cytokine were increased in mice vaccinated with the L-IFPTA+ vaccine, while population of inflammatory CD4+ Th1 cell and cytotoxic CD8+ T cells as well as production and secretion of IFN-γ were not altered. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate efficient activity of the tested nanoliposomal construct (L-IFPTA+) to induce humoral immune response against PCSK9 in BALB/c mice. L-IFPTA+ vaccine can induce immunogenic-safe and long-term generation of antiPCSK9 antibodies in BALB/c mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Abbas Momtazi-Borojeni
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Medical Biotechnology, Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Reza Jaafari
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Ali Badiee
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Dacoba TG, Olivera A, Torres D, Crecente-Campo J, Alonso MJ. Modulating the immune system through nanotechnology. Semin Immunol 2017; 34:78-102. [PMID: 29032891 PMCID: PMC5774666 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, nanotechnology-based modulation of the immune system is presented as a cutting-edge strategy, which may lead to significant improvements in the treatment of severe diseases. In particular, efforts have been focused on the development of nanotechnology-based vaccines, which could be used for immunization or generation of tolerance. In this review, we highlight how different immune responses can be elicited by tuning nanosystems properties. In addition, we discuss specific formulation approaches designed for the development of anti-infectious and anti-autoimmune vaccines, as well as those intended to prevent the formation of antibodies against biologicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara G Dacoba
- Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Campus Vida, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Campus Vida, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - Ana Olivera
- Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Campus Vida, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Campus Vida, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - Dolores Torres
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Campus Vida, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - José Crecente-Campo
- Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Campus Vida, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Campus Vida, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain.
| | - María José Alonso
- Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Campus Vida, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Campus Vida, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain.
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Arab A, Behravan J, Razazan A, Gholizadeh Z, Nikpoor AR, Barati N, Mosaffa F, Badiee A, Jaafari MR. A nano-liposome vaccine carrying E75, a HER-2/neu-derived peptide, exhibits significant antitumour activity in mice. J Drug Target 2017; 26:365-372. [PMID: 28972792 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2017.1387788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
E75 (HER-2/neu-369-377), is an immunogenic peptide which is highly expressed in breast cancer patients. The purpose of this study was to develop an effective vaccine delivery/adjuvant system by attachment of this peptide to the surface of liposomes consisting of phospholipids including distearoylphosphocholine (DSPC) and distearoyl phosphoglycerol (DSPG) with high transition temperature (Tm) and dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE) (a pH-sensitive lipid for cytosolic antigen delivery) to improve antitumour immune activity against the E75 peptide. For this purpose, the E75 peptide was incorporated into liposomes consisting of DSPC/DSPG/cholesterol (Chol)/DOPE (15/2/3/5 molar ratio) through conjugation with distearoylphosphoethanolamine-N-[maleimide(polyethylene glycol)-2000] (maleimide-PEG2000-DSPE). Immunization of BALB/c mice was performed three times with different forms of liposomal formulations at 2-week intervals and antitumour immunity responses were evaluated. Results of ELISpot and flow cytometry analysis showed that mice vaccinated with DSPC/DSPG/Chol/DOPE/E75 have significantly enhanced the antigen-specific IFN-γ response of CD8+ T cells and generated cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) antitumour responses. CTL responses induced by this formulation resulted in inhibition of tumour progression and longer survival time in the mice TUBO tumour model. The results revealed that the liposomes consist of DSPC/DSPG/Chol/DOPE could be suitable candidates for vaccine delivery of E75 peptide for the prevention and therapy of HER2-positive breast cancer and merit further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Arab
- a Biotechnology Research Center , Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran.,b Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology , School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran.,c Nanotechnology Research Center , Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran
| | - Javad Behravan
- a Biotechnology Research Center , Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran.,b Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology , School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran
| | - Atefeh Razazan
- d Department of Molecular Medicine , School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Zahra Gholizadeh
- e Immunogenetic and Cell Culture Department , Immunology Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran
| | - Amin Reza Nikpoor
- f Department of Immunology , School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran
| | - Nastaran Barati
- a Biotechnology Research Center , Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran.,b Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology , School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran.,c Nanotechnology Research Center , Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mosaffa
- a Biotechnology Research Center , Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran.,b Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology , School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran
| | - Ali Badiee
- c Nanotechnology Research Center , Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran.,g Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology , School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran
| | - Mahmoud Reza Jaafari
- c Nanotechnology Research Center , Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran.,g Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology , School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran
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Vartak A, Sucheck SJ. Recent Advances in Subunit Vaccine Carriers. Vaccines (Basel) 2016; 4:vaccines4020012. [PMID: 27104575 PMCID: PMC4931629 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines4020012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The lower immunogenicity of synthetic subunit antigens, compared to live attenuated vaccines, is being addressed with improved vaccine carriers. Recent reports indicate that the physio-chemical properties of these carriers can be altered to achieve optimal antigen presentation, endosomal escape, particle bio-distribution, and cellular trafficking. The carriers can be modified with various antigens and ligands for dendritic cells targeting. They can also be modified with adjuvants, either covalently or entrapped in the matrix, to improve cellular and humoral immune responses against the antigen. As a result, these multi-functional carrier systems are being explored for use in active immunotherapy against cancer and infectious diseases. Advancing technology, improved analytical methods, and use of computational methodology have also contributed to the development of subunit vaccine carriers. This review details recent breakthroughs in the design of nano-particulate vaccine carriers, including liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, and inorganic nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Vartak
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, OH 43606, USA.
| | - Steven J Sucheck
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, OH 43606, USA.
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Kraft JC, Freeling JP, Wang Z, Ho RJY. Emerging research and clinical development trends of liposome and lipid nanoparticle drug delivery systems. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:29-52. [PMID: 24338748 PMCID: PMC4074410 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Liposomes are spherical-enclosed membrane vesicles mainly constructed with lipids. Lipid nanoparticles are loaded with therapeutics and may not contain an enclosed bilayer. The majority of those clinically approved have diameters of 50-300 nm. The growing interest in nanomedicine has fueled lipid-drug and lipid-protein studies, which provide a foundation for developing lipid particles that improve drug potency and reduce off-target effects. Integrating advances in lipid membrane research has enabled therapeutic development. At present, about 600 clinical trials involve lipid particle drug delivery systems. Greater understanding of pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, and disposition of lipid-drug particles facilitated particle surface hydration technology (with polyethylene glycol) to reduce rapid clearance and provide sufficient blood circulation time for drug to reach target tissues and cells. Surface hydration enabled the liposome-encapsulated cancer drug doxorubicin (Doxil) to gain clinical approval in 1995. Fifteen lipidic therapeutics are now clinically approved. Although much research involves attaching lipid particles to ligands selective for occult cells and tissues, preparation procedures are often complex and pose scale-up challenges. With emerging knowledge in drug target and lipid-drug distribution in the body, a systems approach that integrates knowledge to design and scale lipid-drug particles may further advance translation of these systems to improve therapeutic safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Kraft
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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Barnier-Quer C, Elsharkawy A, Romeijn S, Kros A, Jiskoot W. Adjuvant effect of cationic liposomes for subunit influenza vaccine: influence of antigen loading method, cholesterol and immune modulators. Pharmaceutics 2013; 5:392-410. [PMID: 24300513 PMCID: PMC3836624 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics5030392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cationic liposomes are potential adjuvants for influenza vaccines. In a previous study we reported that among a panel of cationic liposomes loaded with influenza hemagglutinin (HA), DC-Chol:DPPC (1:1 molar ratio) liposomes induced the strongest immune response. However, it is not clear whether the cholesterol (Chol) backbone or the tertiary amine head group of DC-Chol was responsible for this. Therefore, in the present work we studied the influence of Chol in the lipid bilayer of cationic liposomes. Moreover, we investigated the effect of the HA loading method (adsorption versus encapsulation) and the encapsulation of immune modulators in DC-Chol liposomes on the immunogenicity of HA. Liposomes consisting of a neutral lipid (DPPC or Chol) and a cationic compound (DC-Chol, DDA, or eDPPC) were produced by film hydration-extrusion with/without an encapsulated immune modulator (CpG or imiquimod). The liposomes generally showed comparable size distribution, zeta potential and HA loading. In vitro studies with monocyte-derived human dendritic cells and immunization studies in C57Bl/6 mice showed that: (1) liposome-adsorbed HA is more immunogenic than encapsulated HA; (2) the incorporation of Chol in the bilayer of cationic liposomes enhances their adjuvant effect; and (3) CpG loaded liposomes are more efficient at enhancing HA-specific humoral responses than plain liposomes or Alhydrogel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Barnier-Quer
- Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, RA Leiden 2300, The Netherlands; E-Mails: (A.E.); (S.R.)
| | - Abdelrahman Elsharkawy
- Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, RA Leiden 2300, The Netherlands; E-Mails: (A.E.); (S.R.)
| | - Stefan Romeijn
- Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, RA Leiden 2300, The Netherlands; E-Mails: (A.E.); (S.R.)
| | - Alexander Kros
- Department of Soft Matter Chemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, RA Leiden 2300, The Netherlands; E-Mail:
| | - Wim Jiskoot
- Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, RA Leiden 2300, The Netherlands; E-Mails: (A.E.); (S.R.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +31-71-527-4314; Fax: +31-71-527-4565
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The pH-sensitive fusogenic 3-methyl-glutarylated hyperbranched poly(glycidol)-conjugated liposome induces antigen-specific cellular and humoral immunity. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2012; 19:1492-8. [PMID: 22815149 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00273-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We examined the ability of a novel liposome, surface modified by 3-methyl-glutarylated hyperbranched poly(glycidol) (MGlu-HPG), to enhance antigen-specific immunity in vitro and in vivo and to function as a vaccine carrier. Murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells took up ovalbumin (OVA) encapsulated in MGlu-HPG-modified liposomes more effectively than free OVA or OVA encapsulated in unmodified liposomes. Immunization of mice with OVA-containing MGlu-HPG-modified liposomes induced antigen-specific splenocyte proliferation and production of gamma interferon (IFN-γ) more strongly than did immunization with free OVA or OVA encapsulated in unmodified liposomes. The immune responses induced by OVA encapsulated in MGlu-HPG-modified liposomes were significantly suppressed by addition of anti-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and class II monoclonal antibodies, indicating the involvement of antigen presentation via MHC class I and II. Furthermore, delayed-type hypersensitivity responses and OVA-specific antibodies were induced more effectively in mice immunized with OVA encapsulated by MGlu-HPG-modified liposomes than with unencapsulated OVA or OVA encapsulated in unmodified liposomes. These results suggested that MGlu-HPG-modified liposomes effectively induced both cell-mediated and humoral immune responses. Collectively, this study is the first to demonstrate the induction of both cell-mediated and humoral immune responses in vivo by MGlu-HPG-modified liposomes.
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Watson DS, Endsley AN, Huang L. Design considerations for liposomal vaccines: influence of formulation parameters on antibody and cell-mediated immune responses to liposome associated antigens. Vaccine 2012; 30:2256-72. [PMID: 22306376 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.01.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Revised: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Liposomes (phospholipid bilayer vesicles) are versatile and robust delivery systems for induction of antibody and T lymphocyte responses to associated subunit antigens. In the last 15 years, liposome vaccine technology has matured and now several vaccines containing liposome-based adjuvants have been approved for human use or have reached late stages of clinical evaluation. Given the intensifying interest in liposome-based vaccines, it is important to understand precisely how liposomes interact with the immune system and stimulate immunity. It has become clear that the physicochemical properties of liposomal vaccines - method of antigen attachment, lipid composition, bilayer fluidity, particle charge, and other properties - exert dramatic effects on the resulting immune response. Here, we present a comprehensive review of the physicochemical properties of liposomal vaccines and how they influence immune responses. A discussion of novel and emerging immunomodulators that are suitable for inclusion in liposomal vaccines is also presented. Through a comprehensive analysis of the body of liposomal vaccine literature, we enumerate a series of principles that can guide the rational design of liposomal vaccines to elicit immune responses of a desired magnitude and quality. We also identify major unanswered questions in the field, pointing the direction for future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas S Watson
- Biosciences Division, SRI International, 140 Research Drive, Harrisonburg, VA 22802, United States. [corrected]
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Said Hassane F, Phalipon A, Tanguy M, Guerreiro C, Bélot F, Frisch B, Mulard LA, Schuber F. Rational design and immunogenicity of liposome-based diepitope constructs: application to synthetic oligosaccharides mimicking the Shigella flexneri 2a O-antigen. Vaccine 2009; 27:5419-26. [PMID: 19559116 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2009] [Revised: 06/03/2009] [Accepted: 06/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We have designed chemically defined diepitope constructs consisting of liposomes displaying at their surface synthetic oligosaccharides mimicking the O-antigen of the Shigella flexneri 2a lipopolysaccharide (B-cell epitope) and influenza hemagglutinin peptide HA 307-319 (Th epitope). Using well controlled and high-yielding covalent bioconjugation reactions, the two structurally independent epitopes were coupled to the lipopeptide Pam(3)CAG, i.e. a TLR2 ligand known for its adjuvant properties, anchored in preformed vesicles. The synthetic construct containing a pentadecasaccharide corresponding to three O-antigen repeating units triggered T-dependent anti-oligosaccharide and anti-S. flexneri 2a LPS antibody responses when administered i.m. to BALB/c mice. Moreover, the long-lasting anti-LPS antibody response afforded protection against a S. flexneri 2a challenge. These results show that liposome diepitope constructs could be attractive alternatives in the development of synthetic carbohydrate-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatouma Said Hassane
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS - UMR 7199, Faculté de Pharmacie, Illkirch, France
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12
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Wagner A, Stiegler G, Vorauer-Uhl K, Katinger H, Quendler H, Hinz A, Weissenhorn W. One step membrane incorporation of viral antigens as a vaccine candidate against HIV. J Liposome Res 2008; 17:139-54. [PMID: 18027234 DOI: 10.1080/08982100701530159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Liposomes can been used as potential immunoadjuvants, because they have the ability to elicit both a cellular mediated immune response and a humoral immune response. Studies have shown liposomes to be effective immunopotentiators in hepatitis A and influenza vaccines. For all these purposes, liposomes can be prepared by different methods. After disperging suitable membrane lipids in an aqueous phase and spontaneous formation of multilamellar large vesicles (MLV), mechanical procedures such as ultrasonication, homogenization by a French press or by other high pressure devices and, or extrusion through polycarbonate membranes with defined pore sizes lead to a reduction in size and number of lamellae of the vesicles. A second group of preparation procedures uses suitable detergents, e.g., bile salts or alkylglycosides. A third group of procedures starts with dissolving the lipids in an organic solvent and mixing it with an aqueous phase. The concentration of the organic solvent is then reduced by suitable procedures. Here we present a new technique for the preparation of liposomes with associated membrane proteins, where lipid vesicles are formed immediately after injection into a micellar protein solution. The model membrane protein used for these studies is a truncated recombinant gp41 produced in E. coli. This viral membrane antigen is a possible candidate protein for the establishment of HIV-vaccines. The data presented here, show an efficient and reproducible one step membrane protein encapsulation procedure into liposomes in a closed and sterile containment. We examined encapsulation efficiency, membrane protein conformation and immunogenicity of this possible liposomal vaccine candidate, which can be produced in GMP-compliant quality with the described technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Wagner
- Polymun Scientific, Immunbiologische Forschung GmbH, Vienna, Austria.
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13
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Bao A, Phillips WT, Goins B, Zheng X, Sabour S, Natarajan M, Ross Woolley F, Zavaleta C, Otto RA. Potential use of drug carried-liposomes for cancer therapy via direct intratumoral injection. Int J Pharm 2006; 316:162-9. [PMID: 16580161 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2006.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2005] [Revised: 02/17/2006] [Accepted: 02/20/2006] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Liposomes have recognized advantages as nano-particle drug carriers for tumor therapy. In this study, the pharmacokinetics and distribution of intratumorally administered liposomes were investigated as drug carriers for treating solid tumors via direct intratumoral administration. 99mTc-liposomes were administered intratumorally to nude rats bearing human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma xenografts. Planar gamma camera images were analyzed to evaluate the local retention of the intratumorally administered liposomes. Co-registered pinhole micro-single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)/computed tomography (CT) images were acquired of the whole animal as well as the dissected tumors to determine intratumoral distribution of the 99mTc-liposomes. For 99mTc-liposomes, there was an initial retention of 47.4 +/- 11.0% (n = 4) in tumors and surrounding tissues. At 20 h, 39.2 +/- 10.6% (n = 4) of 99mTc-activity still remained in the tumor. In contrast, only 18.7 +/- 3.3% (n = 3) of the intratumoral 99mTc-activity remained for unencapsulated 99mTc-complex at 20 h. Pinhole micro-SPECT images demonstrated that 99mTc-liposomes also have a superior intratumoral 99mTc-activity diffusion compared with unencapsulated 99mTc-complex. Higher intratumoral retention of 99mTc-liposomes accompanied by an improved intratumoral diffusion suggests that intratumorally administered liposomal drugs are potentially promising agents for solid tumor local therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ande Bao
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA.
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Fortin A, Lagacé J, Thérien HM. Trafficking of surface-linked and encapsulated liposomal antigens in macrophages: an immunocytochemical study. J Histochem Cytochem 2001; 49:1407-20. [PMID: 11668194 DOI: 10.1177/002215540104901109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Liposomal antigens are potent adjuvants of humoral and cell-mediated immunity. Although this property requires as an essential condition a physical association between the antigen and the phospholipid vehicle, the nature of the association, i.e., encapsulation or surface linkage, markedly influences the outcome of the elicited response. Available evidence suggests that macrophages are involved in this fine tuning of the immune response in a manner that is not yet clearly established. It is postulated that this might be related to their capacity to interact differently with surface-linked and encapsulated formulations. Using conalbumin as a model antigen, we address the question by analyzing the movements of encapsulated and surface-linked antigen as well as those of MHC-II molecules in macrophages in a pulse-chase immunoelectron microscopic study carried out over a 24-hr period. The antigen was followed using a polyclonal serum specifically raised against fragmented conalbumin (fCA) that allows the detection of processed antigen and of some MHC-peptide complexes. The results indicate that, in macrophages, the two liposomal formulations affect macrophage morphology in distinct ways and circulate through the various subcellular compartments with different kinetics. On the basis of the overall results, we conclude that surface-linked antigen gains access less readily to the endogenous presentation pathway than encapsulated antigen but can favor a more sustained activation of the immune system through its production of exosome-like structures and its more thorough utilization of the MHC-II pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Fortin
- Centre de Recherche en Rhumatologie et Immunologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Ste-Foy, Qc, Canada
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Parmar MM, Edwards K, Madden TD. Incorporation of bacterial membrane proteins into liposomes: factors influencing protein reconstitution. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1999; 1421:77-90. [PMID: 10561473 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2736(99)00118-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Meningococcal and gonococcal outer membrane proteins were reconstituted into liposomes using detergent-mediated dialysis. The detergents octyl glucopyranoside (OGP), sodium cholate and Empigen BB were compared with respect to efficiency of detergent removal and protein incorporation. The rate of OGP removal was greater than for cholate during dialysis. Isopycnic density gradient centrifugation studies showed that liposomes were not formed and hence no protein incorporation occurred during dialysis from an Empigen BB containing reconstitution mixture. Cholate-mediated reconstitution yielded proteoliposomes with only 75% of the protein associated with the vesicles whereas all of the protein was reconstituted into the lipid bilayer during OGP-mediated reconstitution. Essentially complete protein incorporation was achieved with an initial protein-to-lipid ratio of 0.01:1 (w/w) in the reconstitution mixture; however, at higher initial protein-to-lipid ratios (0.02:1) only 75% protein incorporation was achieved. Reconstituted proteoliposomes were observed as large (>300 nm), multilamellar structures using cryo-electron microscopy. Size reduction of these proteoliposomes by extrusion did not result in significant loss of protein or lipid. Extruded proteoliposomes were unilamellar vesicles with mean diameter of about 100 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Parmar
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, 2176 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Costa MH, Sant'Anna OA, de Araujo PS, Sato RA, Quintilio W, Silva LV, Matos CR, Raw I. Conformational stability and antibody response to the 18kDa heat-shock protein formulated into different vehicles. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 1998; 73:19-28. [PMID: 9621407 DOI: 10.1007/bf02788830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Protein stability is one of the most important obstacles for successful formulation in the development of new-generation vaccines. Here, the 18kDa heat-shock protein (18kDa-hsp) was chemically modified though conjugation with bovine serum albumin or by esterification with N-hydroxysuccinimide ester of palmitic acid. The biologically active conformation of the protein was preserved after chemical modification. The immune responses to the recombinant 18kDa-hsp from Mycobacterium leprae were studied in different presentations: free, copolymerized with bovine serum albumin in aggregates (18kDa-hsp-BSA), and either surface linked to liposomes or entrapped into liposomes. Measuring the antibody production of immunized genetically selected mice has compared the adjuvant effects of liposomes and proteic copolymer. Among the two liposome preparations, the strongest response was obtained with the surface-exposed antigen-liposomes. The copolymer 18kDa-hsp-BSA conferred a high titer of antibody in injected mice, and persisted 70 d after immunization. This approach should prove very useful for designing more effective vaccines by using 18kDa-hsp as carrier protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Costa
- Laboratório de Microesferas e lipossomos-Centro de Biotecnologia, Butantan, Brasil.
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Ramaldes G, Deverre JR, Grognet JM, Puisieux F, Fattal E. Use of an enzyme immunoassay for the evaluation of entrapment efficiency and in vitro stability in intestinal fluids of liposomal bovine serum albumin. Int J Pharm 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0378-5173(96)04710-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Thérien HM, Shahum E. Differential biodistribution of encapsulated and surface-linked liposomal antigens. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1996; 1280:91-7. [PMID: 8634320 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(95)00282-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The biodistribution of liposomal antigens either encapsulated in or surface-linked to liposomes of similar composition was studied over time following intravenous injection and the results analyzed in relation to adjuvanticity. The two formulations were shown to behave very differently in vivo. While encapsulated antigen was rapidly focused to liver and spleen as expected, surface-linked antigen exhibited a more disseminated distribution which parallels that of the free protein. In dual-labelling experiments, it was also shown that encapsulated antigen remains associated with its liposomal vehicle in contrast to surface-linked antigen which is rapidly dissociated. This dissociation was apparently neither due to an exchange with plasma lipoproteins nor to a direct action of blood constituents. Besides, it was found that surface-linked antigen was rapidly accumulated in the carcass. We propose that the retention of the surface-linked antigen in the carcass results from a pre-processing of the protein involving more probably mononuclear phagocytes. This pre-processing might in turn favor the dissociation of the protein from the liposomes in a form that allows its dissemination in the whole organism and its interaction with more efficient antigen presenting cells such as for example Langerhans or dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Thérien
- Groupe de Recherche en Biotechnologie des Membranes, Département de Chimie-Biologie, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada
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Vadolas J, Davies JK, Wright PJ, Strugnell RA. Intranasal immunization with liposomes induces strong mucosal immune responses in mice. Eur J Immunol 1995; 25:969-75. [PMID: 7737300 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830250417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BALB/c mice were immunized intranasally with either soluble ovalbumin (OVA) or OVA entrapped in liposomes. The effect of adding Sigma cholera toxin B subunit (sCT-B), which contained low amounts of cholera holotoxin (CT), or recombinant CT-B (rCT-B) which was free from CT, as mucosal adjuvants was also investigated. The mucosal [lung enzyme-linked immunospot assay (ELISPOT), lung washing] and systemic (serum antibody and spleen ELISPOT) responses of immunized mice to OVA and CT-B were determined. Results showed that soluble OVA and liposome-entrapped OVA were poor inducers of mucosal or systemic responses unless CT-B was added as adjuvant. The types of responses augmented by sCT-B and rCT-B were different. CT-B containing low levels of CT (i.e. sCT-B) boosted both mucosal and systemic IgA and IgG responses, whereas rCT-B only increased IgG responses, unless antigen was entrapped in liposomes. Although rCT-B was unable to adjuvant IgA responses against soluble OVA, it was able to induce IgA responses against itself. These data show that mucosal responses can be increased by addition of CT-B containing low levels of CT to antigen preparations given intranasally, suggesting a direct role for CT-A in isotype switching. Furthermore, the ability of CT-B to adjuvant IgA responses against added antigens and its ability to induce responses against itself appear to be separate phenomena. The results from this study should assist the rational formulation of mucosal vaccines which induce potent mucosal and systemic immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Vadolas
- Department of Microbiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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20
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Stieneker F, Kersten G, van Bloois L, Crommelin DJ, Hem SL, Löwer J, Kreuter J. Comparison of 24 different adjuvants for inactivated HIV-2 split whole virus as antigen in mice. Induction of titres of binding antibodies and toxicity of the formulations. Vaccine 1995; 13:45-53. [PMID: 7762277 DOI: 10.1016/0264-410x(95)80010-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was the comparison of the quantity and quality of the humoral immune response against inactivated whole human immunodeficiency virus type 2. Twenty-four different adjuvants were tested. The toxicity of these preparations was determined. Due to the large number of experiments, the animal model used was the NMRI mouse. Sera were assayed for the presence of antibodies by ELISA and Western blot. The toxicity of the adjuvants was determined by observing lethal side-effects occurring within two days after injection of the immunogenic preparations. The results show that polymethylmethacrylate nanoprticles were the best overall adjuvant, inducing the highest titres of antibodies compared with other adjuvants as well as producing a significantly better immune response against a number of individual HIV-2 antigens without any observable toxic side-effects. However, this adjuvant did not induce antibodies against the outer envelope protein gp120, whereas such antibodies were induced by aluminium compounds, Freund's complete and incomplete adjuvants, and fumed silica (Aerosil). This result suggests the necessity of using vaccines with two or more different adjuvants in order to induce the required immune response against physically different antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Stieneker
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Technologie, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main-Niederusel, Germany
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21
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Abstract
Liposomes are considered prime candidates to improve the immunogenicity of both antigens with hydrophobic anchor sequences and soluble, nonmembrane proteins or synthetic peptides. During the 20 years since liposomes were first demonstrated to have adjuvant potential, studies have shown that variation in liposomal size, lipid composition, surface charge, membrane fluidity, lipid-protein composition, anchor molecules, and fusogenicity can significantly influence results. In addition, antigen location (e.g., whether it is adsorbed or covalently coupled to the liposome surface or encapsulated in liposomal aqueous compartments) may also be important. Analysis of these variables as well as a comparison of the various techniques used to ensure the efficacy, stability, homogeneity, and safety of liposomal vaccine have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Glück
- Department of Virology, Swiss Serum and Vaccine Institute Bern, Switzerland
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Abstract
Using conalbumin as a model antigen, we demonstrate in this paper that liposomal antigen differently influences the activation of the immune system depending on the mode of association of the antigen with the liposomal vehicle whether it is by encapsulation or surface linkage. This conclusion is based on in vivo data showing that encapsulated antigen induces a short-lasting response dominated by IgG1 production while surface-linked antigen has a longer-lasting effect characterized by increased production of IgM, IgG2a, IgG3 as well as of IgG1. The in vivo data were complemented by in vitro proliferation studies carried out on spleen cells or macrophage-depleted spleen cells obtained from mice sensitized in vivo and rechallenged in vitro on day 4 following sensitization. Rechallenge was carried out in the absence or presence of anti-IL1. The data indicate that, in contrast to what is generally observed in vivo, liposomes alone potentiate spleen cell proliferative response in a dose-dependent manner. This liposomal effect totally obscures the antigen-specific proliferation that was expected with encapsulated antigen without masking that induced by surface-linked antigen. The mode of antigen association also influences anti-cytokine responsiveness as demonstrated by the insensitivity of the surface-linked antigen response to the presence of anti-IL1 and the significantly decreased response observed with encapsulated antigen under identical conditions. The response to both liposomal antigenic formulations was almost totally abolished in adherent cell-depleted cultures. The overall results therefore suggest that encapsulated and surface-linked antigens activated different immune pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Shahum
- Département de Chimie-Biologie, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada
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Friede M, Muller S, Briand JP, Van Regenmortel MH, Schuber F. Induction of immune response against a short synthetic peptide antigen coupled to small neutral liposomes containing monophosphoryl lipid A. Mol Immunol 1993; 30:539-47. [PMID: 8487776 DOI: 10.1016/0161-5890(93)90028-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the parameters affecting the immunogenicity of a short synthetic hexapeptide associated with liposomes. The model peptide used had the sequence IRGERA which corresponds to the C-terminal hexapeptide region of histone H3. Immunogenicity was measured by the ability of anti-peptide antibodies to cross-react with the parent protein. By itself, the peptide was not able to induce significant antibody production. However, liposomes were shown to be able to render the peptide immunogenic, nevertheless a number of parameters were important: to be immunogenic the peptide had to be surface bound, rather than entrapped within the liposomes, and an adjuvant, monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA), had to be present in the same population of liposomes. Additionally, the intensity and duration of the immune response were found to be dependent both on the charge of the liposomes; neutral liposomes yielding a longer lasting response than negatively charged liposomes, and on the immunisation schedule where a long time period between immunisation and boosting yielded a better result than a short time period. To account for these phenomena we propose a model in which surface-bound antigen targets liposomal MPLA to B lymphocytes specific for the antigen. These results demonstrate that liposomes containing the non-toxic adjuvant MPLA can act as carriers to induce a long-lasting IgG response against peptides, eliminating the need of protein carriers and conventional adjuvants. Such an approach may be useful for designing synthetic vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Friede
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bioorganique (CNRS URA 1386), Université Louis Pasteur, Illkirch, France
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Buiting AM, van Rooijen N, Claassen E. Liposomes as antigen carriers and adjuvants in vivo. RESEARCH IN IMMUNOLOGY 1992; 143:541-8; discussion 578-9. [PMID: 1439135 DOI: 10.1016/0923-2494(92)80066-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A M Buiting
- Dept. Celbiology, Med. Fac., Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Just M, Berger R, Dreschsler H, Brantschen S, Glück R. A single vaccination with an inactivated hepatitis A liposome vaccine induces protective antibodies after only two weeks. Vaccine 1992; 10:737-9. [PMID: 1441728 DOI: 10.1016/0264-410x(92)90506-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In the near future an inactivated hepatitis A vaccine will be commercially available. The recommended vaccination schedule will include at least two vaccinations 1 month apart. Giving two doses of vaccine on the same day in one injection results in protection after 2-4 weeks dependent on the adjuvant used. Hepatitis A virus incorporated into liposomes proved to be a suitable formulation in term of rapid seroconversion, high level of mean antibody content and low reactogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Just
- University Children's Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
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Abstract
Multilamellar immunoliposomes were prepared from dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), cholesterol (CH), sphingomyelin (SPH) and biotinylated dipalmitoylphosphatidylethanolamine (PEB) in the molar ratio of 1:1:1:0.1 with surface linked avidin-biotinylated sheep (anti-mouse IgG) IgG (AV-sIgGB) or GK1.5 monoclonal rat (antimouse L3T4 antigen) IgG (AV-GK1.5B). The ability of these immunoliposomes to induce antibody responses against AV, sIgG or GK1.5 was determined. GK1.5B and sIgGB elicited a low-level antibody response (5-10 microgram/ml serum) after i.v. immunization and boosting. Liposomes (1 mumol) containing GK1.5B or sIgGB were more effective than free GK1.5B or sIgGB in eliciting antibodies (20-30 and 100-120 micrograms/ml serum, respectively). Liposomal AV mixed with either sIgG or GK1.5 gave antibody levels comparable to immunization with free GK1.5B or sIgGB. Liposomes with surface AV-sIgGB or AV-GK1.5B elicited antibodies against AV and high levels against GK1.5 or sIgG. Immunoliposomes possessing surface AV-sIgGB or AV-GK1.5B were eliminated from the circulation of normal mice relatively slowly (T1/2 15.5 and 30 min): in contrast, liposomal AV-sIgGB or AV-GK1.5B was rapidly eliminated from the circulation of immunized mice (T1/2 4.5 and 4.0 min). These results demonstrate that liposomes with surface IgG (immunoliposomes) are immunogenic, and that repeated administration elicits anti-IgG antibodies that result in a significant reduction in blood circulation residence times.
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Affiliation(s)
- N C Phillips
- Montreal General Hospital Research Institute, Quebec, Canada
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Thérien HM, Shahum E, Fortin A. Liposome adjuvanticity: influence of dose and protein:lipid ratio on the humoral response to encapsulated and surface-linked antigen. Cell Immunol 1991; 136:402-13. [PMID: 1873824 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(91)90362-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The humoral response to bovine serum albumin either encapsulated in or surface-linked to liposomes was studied as a function of dose and protein:lipid ratio. Total immunoglobulin, total IgG, IgM, and the G isotypes, IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG3 were measured during the plateau phase of production after a boosting injection. Although the adjuvant character of liposomes was confirmed regardless of the mode of antigen association, important differences in the response to the two types of liposomal formulations were observed. Our results suggest that surface-linked antigen stimulates the immune system at lower doses than its encapsulated counterpart, is more sensitive to the protein:lipid ratios, and can stimulate the production of particular immunoglobulin isotypes in controlled conditions. Our data support the idea that different pathways of processing are utilized by the two forms of liposomal antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Thérien
- Département de Chimie-Biologie, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Canada
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