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Amina R, Habiba R, Abouddihaj B. Camel urine as a potential source of bioactive molecules showing their efficacy against pathogens: A systematic review. Saudi J Biol Sci 2024; 31:103966. [PMID: 38495380 PMCID: PMC10940778 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2024.103966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Camels are highly suited for severe desert conditions and able to provide most of the natural products like urine, which has been used as alternative medicine to treat diverse infections and disorders. There is, however, a shortage and paucity of scientific reviews highlighting the antifungal, antibacterial and antiviral effects of camel urine. By better understanding its antimicrobial characteristics, our overarching aim is to provide an exhaustive overview of this valuable natural product by synthesizing and summarizing data on the efficacy of this biofluid and also describing the potential substances exhibiting antimicrobial properties. We searched three databases in order to point out relevant articles (Web of Science, Scopus and Google Scholar) until December 2022. Research articles of interest evaluating the antimicrobial effects of camel urine were selected. Overall, camel urine furnished promising antibacterial activities against gram-positive bacteria, namely Staphylococcus aureus (30 mm), Bacillus cereus (22 mm), Bacillus subtilis (25 mm) and Micrococcus luteus (21 mm), as well as gram-negative bacteria, especially Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter cloacae, and Salmonella spp., without forgetting its efficiency on Mycobacterium tuberculosis as well. The excretion also showed its potency against H1N1 virus, vesicular stomatitis virus and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Similarly, the camel urine featured strong antifungal activity against Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus and dermatophytes with a minimal inhibitory concentration of 0.625 μg/ml against Trichophyton violaceum, 2.5 μg/ml against Microsporum canis and 1.25 μg/ml against Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. This comprehensive review will be valuable for researchers interested in investigating the potential of camel urine in the development of novel broad-spectrum key molecules targeting a wide range of drug-resistant pathogenic microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ressmi Amina
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Sustainable Development of Natural Resources, Life Sciences Department, Polydisciplinary Faculty, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal 23023, Morocco
| | - Raqraq Habiba
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Sustainable Development of Natural Resources, Life Sciences Department, Polydisciplinary Faculty, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal 23023, Morocco
| | - Barguigua Abouddihaj
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Sustainable Development of Natural Resources, Life Sciences Department, Polydisciplinary Faculty, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal 23023, Morocco
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Monaco D, Mariella J, Fusi J, Osman TK, Rauf AA, Probo M. Hematological reference intervals in newborn dromedary calves in the first week after birth: Age and sex-related variations. Res Vet Sci 2024; 169:105172. [PMID: 38340379 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2024.105172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
The establishment of hematological reference intervals (RIs) is an important tool to assess the health status of animals and to evaluate the impact of diseases at individual and population levels. Nowadays, specific RIs of hematological parameters in newborn dromedary camel calves at birth and during the first week after birth, are lacking. Therefore, RIs for the hematological variables from a complete blood cell count were established in 47 healthy newborn dromedary calves (18 females and 29 males). Blood samples were collected within 2 h after birth (d0), at 24 h (d1), at 3 (d3) and 7 days (d7) after birth, and analyzed within 24 h. The RIs were described based on the 95% confidence interval, and possible differences among mean values due to age (sampling time) and sex were investigated. Statistical analysis showed that age affected all the hematological variables except MCV, MCH, and MCHC, indicating that the adaptational process to the extrauterine life continues for several days after birth; sex affected most of the hematological variables, with higher RBC and PLT count, HGB, PCV, neutrophil population and neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio at d7 in females compared to males. These findings suggest possible sex-based differences in the physiological maturation mechanisms and deserves further investigations. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of hematological RIs for newborn dromedary calves at birth up to 7 days of age; the RIs registered in the present study in newborns differ from those reported in adult dromedaries in literature, thus confirming the need for the adoption of separated reference ranges according to age also in the dromedary camel, as previously reported for other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Monaco
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Str. Prov. per Casamassima Km 3, Valenzano, 70010 Bari, Italy
| | - Jole Mariella
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, Ozzano Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy
| | - Jasmine Fusi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy.
| | - Taher Kamal Osman
- Department of Advanced Biotechnology and Research, Salam Veterinary Group, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Abdel Rauf
- Department of Advanced Biotechnology and Research, Salam Veterinary Group, Saudi Arabia
| | - Monica Probo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
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Martín-Barrasa JL, Tejedor-Junco MT, Cabrera S, Morales M, Melián A, Corbera JA. Haematological and biochemical blood reference values for Canary Island camels ( Camelus dromedarius), an endangered dromedary species. Saudi J Biol Sci 2023; 30:103677. [PMID: 37213697 PMCID: PMC10196958 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2023.103677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to develop reference values for haematological and biochemical variables in the Canary camel breed (Camelus dromedarius). 114 clinically healthy dromedary camels were assessed. Age, sex, and pregnancy status was also recorded. The reference range for red blood cells (RBCs) was 8.45 - 13.65 X106/µL, haemoglobin (HGB) was 10.61 - 15.29 g/dL, packed cell volume (PCV) was 19.93 - 32.51 %, and white blood cells (WBCs) 7.35 - 18.36 X103/µL. A correlation was established between the haemoglobin concentration (HGB) (g/dl) and packed cell volume (PCV) obtaining a linear regression (HGB = 0.31 PCV + 4.67). Young animals had higher RBC and WBC values than adult animals. Additionally, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), phosphorus, calcium, albumin/globulin (A/G) ratio, alkaline phosphatase, cholesterol, and lipase were higher in young animals compared with adults. Female dromedary camels showed higher values for the three main variables: RBC, HGB and PCV, but no differences between sexes were detected in the biochemical variables results. The WBC count was higher in non-pregnant females than in pregnant animals. These results provide references values for the Canary camel breed and may contribute to the understanding of differences in 18 haematological and biochemical parameters in dromedary camels with a potential impact in health and welfare for this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Martín-Barrasa
- Research Unit of the Hospital Universitario of Gran Canaria, Dr. Negrín, Fundación Canaria del Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Canarias (FIISC), C. Pl. Barranco de la Ballena, s/n, 35019 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
- Group IUSA-ONE HEALTH 2. Sanidad Animal de la Acuicultura, y Especies Silvestres, Enfermedades Infecciosas y Seguridad Alimentaria. University Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety (IUSA), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. Campus Universitario de Arucas, 35413 – Las Palmas, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Teresa Tejedor-Junco
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera Felipe “Físico”, 17, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
- Corresponding author.
| | - Soraya Cabrera
- Oasis Wildlife Park Fuerteventura, Museo del Campo Majorero, Ctra. General de Tarajalejo, S/N, 35628 – La Lajita, Pájara, Fuerteventura, Spain
| | - Manuel Morales
- Hospital Clínico Veterinario, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (HCV-ULPGC). Campus Universitario de Arucas, 35413 – Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Adrián Melián
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera Felipe “Físico”, 17, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Juan Alberto Corbera
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera Felipe “Físico”, 17, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
- Hospital Clínico Veterinario, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (HCV-ULPGC). Campus Universitario de Arucas, 35413 – Las Palmas, Spain
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Abdelrahman MM, Alhidary IA, Aljumaah RS, Faye B. Blood Trace Element Status in Camels: A Review. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:2116. [PMID: 36009706 PMCID: PMC9405446 DOI: 10.3390/ani12162116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Trace minerals play an important role in animal health and productivity. They are involved also in many physiological activities, and their deficiency causes a variety of pathological problems and metabolic defects, reducing consequently the animal productivity. The demand for animal products in semi-arid areas is rapidly increasing, and the supply is still below the required level, partially due to low animal productivity. Camels (Camelus dromedarius and Camelus bactrianus) are considered one of the main sources of healthy, high-quality meat and milk for human consumption within most of the countries in the semi-arid regions. Despite their efficient adaptation to their environment, camels can suffer from the growth retardation of newborns, low feed efficiency, anemia, poor fertility, poor reproduction and many other metabolic disorders. It is well known that trace mineral deficiencies and trace mineral toxicities can influence camels' production and reproductive efficiency, as well as many aspects of their growth and metabolism. Evaluating the trace minerals status of camels and their variability is an obvious step toward improving camels' productivity and health. Thus, the present article reviews the data regarding the status of trace minerals (copper, zinc, iron, selenium, manganese, cobalt, iodine, fluorine, molybdenum, sulfur, bromide and nickel) in camel blood and their physiological variability, with a focus on their deficiency and toxicity effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutassim M. Abdelrahman
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim A. Alhidary
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Riyadh S. Aljumaah
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bernard Faye
- CIRAD-ES, UMR SELMET, TA/C 112A, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier, France
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Kazakh National University Al-Farabi, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
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Hamed AI, Ben Said R, Kontek B, Al-Ayed AS, Kowalczyk M, Moldoch J, Oleszek W, Stochmal A, Olas B. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry characterization of ubiquitous minor lipids and oligosaccharides in milk of the camel (Camelus dromedarius) and their inhibition of oxidative stress in human plasma. J Dairy Sci 2019; 103:72-86. [PMID: 31677836 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterize minor lipids in methanol fraction extracted from raw camel milk after loading it on a water-preconditioned short C18 open column and fractionating with a gradient of methanol/water. The C18 column showed high fractionation efficiency of minor lipids, such as glycosphingolipids, lipopolysaccharides, or oligosaccharides, when compared with other constituents, in particular polysaccharides, proteins, and free fatty acids. Liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry in negative ion mode was used to identify 21 new glycosphingolipids, lipopolysaccharides, and oligosaccharides. Electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry was qualified to provide relevant data for recognizing the molecular mass, glycosylation sequences, and structure of saccharide moieties for the revealed compounds. The sequence of combinations of one selected lipopolysaccharide, which was considered the backbone of the remaining lipopolysaccharides, was confirmed in a density functional theory study. The obtained results showed that the tested fraction is a rich source of glycosphingolipids, lipopolysaccharides, and oligosaccharides with antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arafa I Hamed
- Phytochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Aswan University, Aswan 81528, Egypt; Department of Chemistry, College of Science & Arts at Al-Rass, Qassim University, Al-Rass 58892 Buraidah , Saudi Arabia; Department of Biochemistry and Crop Quality, Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation, State Research Institute, ul. Czartoryskich 8, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Ridha Ben Said
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science & Arts at Al-Rass, Qassim University, Al-Rass 58892 Buraidah , Saudi Arabia; Unitè Physico-Chimie des Materiauxa l'Etat Condense UR11ES19, Departement de Chimie, Facultè des Sciences de Tunis Universitè, Tunis El Manar Campus Universitaire, MANAR II, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Bogdan Kontek
- Department of General Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/3, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Abdullah S Al-Ayed
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science & Arts at Al-Rass, Qassim University, Al-Rass 58892 Buraidah , Saudi Arabia
| | - Mariusz Kowalczyk
- Department of Biochemistry and Crop Quality, Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation, State Research Institute, ul. Czartoryskich 8, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Jaroslaw Moldoch
- Department of Biochemistry and Crop Quality, Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation, State Research Institute, ul. Czartoryskich 8, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Wieslaw Oleszek
- Department of Biochemistry and Crop Quality, Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation, State Research Institute, ul. Czartoryskich 8, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Anna Stochmal
- Department of Biochemistry and Crop Quality, Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation, State Research Institute, ul. Czartoryskich 8, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Beata Olas
- Department of General Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/3, 90-236 Lodz, Poland.
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Ali A, Derar DR, Abdel-Elmoniem EM, Almundarij TI. Impotentia generandi in male dromedary camels: heavy metal and trace element profiles and their relations to clinical findings and semen quality. Trop Anim Health Prod 2019; 51:1167-1172. [PMID: 30645711 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-019-01803-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the profiles of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), selenium (Se), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), molybdenum (Mo), iron (Fe), and manganese (Mn) in serum of dromedary camels with impotentia generandi and their associations with the clinical findings and semen analysis data. Sixteen male dromedary camels with impotentia generandi (IG group) and 5 fertile camels (FERT group) were used. The external and internal genital organs were examined using visual inspection, palpation, and ultrasonography. Semen was collected by electroejaculation and examined for volume, count, motility, viability, and abnormality. Blood was collected from all camels and serum was harvested. All serum samples were digested by concentrated acids and analyzed for heavy metals and trace elements by flame emission atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Results showed that the mean heavy metal and trace element concentrations in serum were in the following descending order Fe > Zn > Cu > Cd > Mo > Se > Mn > Pb. Cd was higher in IG than in FERT males (P = 0.02). Se was greater in FERT than in IG groups (P = 0.003). Zn was higher in in FERT than in IG groups (P = 0.001). There were positive correlations between Zn and sperm count (r = 0.59, P = 0.005) and sperm motility (r = 0.57, P = 0.005) and a tendency for negative correlation between Zn and sperm abnormalities (r = - 0.44, P = 0.05). In conclusion, Cd might be implicated as a cause of infertility in male camels. Deficiencies of Se and Zn may also have adverse impacts on male camel reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Ali
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, P.O. Box 6622, Buraidah, 51452, Saudi Arabia. .,Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt.
| | - Derar R Derar
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, P.O. Box 6622, Buraidah, 51452, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt
| | - Essam M Abdel-Elmoniem
- Department of Soil, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Buraydah, Qassim, 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tariq I Almundarij
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, P.O. Box 6622, Buraidah, 51452, Saudi Arabia
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Abdoslam O, Bayt-Almal M, Almghrbe A, Algriany O. Serum protein electrophoretic pattern in one-humped camels ( Camelus dromedarius) in Tripoli, Libya. Open Vet J 2018; 8:1-4. [PMID: 29445614 PMCID: PMC5806662 DOI: 10.4314/ovj.v8i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterize serum protein capillary electrophoretic pattern in apparently healthy adult male (age: 3-7 years) dromedary camels and also evaluate total protein and albumin levels using automated analyzer. Blood samples were taken from 20 camels. 5ml of blood was collected from the jugular vein and serum was separated from samples by centrifugation. Capillary electrophoresis of serum proteins identified six protein fractions in adult camels, including albumin, alpha1, alpha2, beta1, beta2 and gamma globulins, serum levels of these parameters were 3.9±0.04 g/dl, 0.16±0.01 g/dl, 0.39±0.03 g/dl, 0.515±0.03 g/dl, 0.205±0.01 g/dl and 0.61±0.04 g/dl, and 65.42±0.62 g/l, respectively. The total protein concentration was 65.42±0.62 g/L, while, the albumin/globulin (A/G) ratio was 2.4±0.14. The present study indicates six peaks with minicapillary electrophoresis and the results obtained were compared and interpreted in the light of finding reported by other investigators in camels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omran Abdoslam
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
| | | | | | - Omran Algriany
- Department of Physiology, Biochemistry and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
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Mortola JP, Wilfong D. Hematocrit of mammals (Artiodactyla, Carnivora, Primates) at 1500m and 2100m altitudes. ZOOLOGY 2017; 125:10-23. [PMID: 28855086 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The rise in hematocrit (Hct) is one of the hallmarks of human acclimatization to high altitude and, in chronic conditions, reflects the hypoxia-induced polycythemia. However, it is not a uniform response among domestic species and it is not found in Andean camelids, species long adapted to high altitudes. Hence, we asked to what extent the polycythemia of humans is common among mammals. Hct data were collected from captive mammals of three orders (Primates, Artiodactyla, Carnivora), 70 specimens of 33 species at ∼1500m altitude (barometric pressure Pb=635mmHg) and 296 specimens of 64 species at ∼2100m (Pb=596mmHg), long-term residents at those altitudes. Sea level values and data in men and women at the corresponding altitudes were from a compilation of literature sources. At either altitude Hct was significantly higher than at sea level both in men and women; the increase (ΔHct) for genders combined averaged 3.4% (±0.7 SEM) at 1500m and 5.4% (±0.3) at 2100m. Differently, among the three mammalian orders studied a significant increase in Hct occurred only in females of Carnivora (at 1500m) and in males of Primates (at 2100m). The average ΔHct of all species combined was 0.8% (±0.7) at 1500m and 1.5% (±0.4) at 2100m, both significantly less than in humans (P<0.001). At 2100m the average ΔHct of nine species long adapted to high altitude was 0.4% (±1), significantly less than in non-adapted species (P<0.001). A polycythemic response like that of men and women at 2100m occurred in less than 10% of the mammals examined. We conclude that, at least for the altitudes studied, a minimal polycythemia is a general feature of both high-altitude adapted and non-adapted species, and the magnitude of the human response is exceptional among mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo P Mortola
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada.
| | - DeeAnn Wilfong
- Cheyenne Mountain Zoo, 4250 Cheyenne Mountain Zoo Road, Colorado Springs, CO 80906, USA
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Wasfi IA, Wajid SA, Agha BA, Kamel AM, Al Biriki NA, Al Neaimi KM, Al Ali WA. Quantification of furosemide in camel plasma by high resolution mass spectrometry, application on pharmacokinetics. Biomed Chromatogr 2016; 31. [PMID: 27859445 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We developed and validated a high-resolution liquid chromatography mass spectrometry method for the quantification of furosemide in camel plasma which was used for a pharmacokinetic study in camels. Plasma samples were extracted by supported liquid extraction and furosemide and internal standard (furosemide-D5) were separated on a an Agilent Zorbax XDB C18 column (50 × 2.1 mm i.d., 3.5 μm). Data was acquired in full-scan mode over a mass range of 200-400 Da in negative electrospray mode at a resolution of 70,000. Linear calibration curves were obtained over the concentration ranges of 1.0-10,000 ng/mL. The validated method was then successfully applied in evaluating the pharmacokinetics and metabolites of furosemide in six camels (Camelus dromedarus) and we were able to advice on a withdrawal time of furosemide treatment before racing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim A Wasfi
- Camel Racing Labosratory, Forensic Evidence Department, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sayed A Wajid
- Camel Racing Labosratory, Forensic Evidence Department, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - B A Agha
- Camel Racing Labosratory, Forensic Evidence Department, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Asmaa M Kamel
- Camel Racing Labosratory, Forensic Evidence Department, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nasreen A Al Biriki
- Camel Racing Labosratory, Forensic Evidence Department, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Khaled M Al Neaimi
- Camel Racing Labosratory, Forensic Evidence Department, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Waleed A Al Ali
- Camel Racing Labosratory, Forensic Evidence Department, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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10
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Wasfi IA, Saeed HM, Agha BA, Kamel AM, Al Biriki NA, Al Neaimi KM, Al Ali WA, Sultan SM. Pharmacokinetics and metabolism study of firocoxib in camels after intravenous administration by using high-resolution bench-top orbitrap mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 974:17-23. [PMID: 25463193 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we developed a high-resolution liquid chromatography mass spectrometry method for the pharmacokinetic study of firocoxib followed by full method validation. Following a solid-phase extraction, the firocoxib and internal standard (celecoxib) were separated on an Agilent Zorbax ZDB C18 column (50 mm × 2.1 mm i.d., 3.5 μm) with a gradient elution using methanol and 0.1% aqueous formic acid. Data acquisition was performed at 25,000 resolution with the automatic gain set to 1,000,000 and the maximum injection time of 100 ms. Data were acquired in full-scan mode over a mass range of 100-550 Da in positive electrospray mode. Linear calibration curves were obtained over the concentration ranges of 0.5-200 ng/mL and no interfering peaks were detected at the retention time of firocoxib and internal standard in blank camel plasma samples. The mean extraction recoveries of firocoxib at three concentrations of 5, 25 and 75 ng/mL ranged from 92 to 104%. Coefficient of variation of intra-day and inter-day precision were both <10%. The accuracy of the method ranged from 95 to 107%. The validated method was then successfully applied in evaluating the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of firocoxib in camels (Camelus dromedarus) (n=5) following intravenous (i.v.) administration of a dose of 0.1 mgkg/body weight. The results obtained (mean ± SD) were as follows: the terminal elimination half-life (t₁/₂β) was 5.75 ± 2.26 h, and total body clearance (ClT) was 354.1 ± 82.6 mL/kg/h. The volume of distribution at steady state (VSS) was 2344.4 ± 238.7 mL/kg. One metabolite of firocoxib was tentatively identified as desalkyl firocoxib (m/z 283). Firocoxib could be detected in plasma 3-5 days following i.v. administration in camels using a sensitive liquid chromatography high-resolution orbitrap mass spectrometry method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim A Wasfi
- Camel Racing Laboratory, Forensic Evidence Department, P.O. Box 253, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Hanan M Saeed
- Camel Racing Laboratory, Forensic Evidence Department, P.O. Box 253, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - B A Agha
- Camel Racing Laboratory, Forensic Evidence Department, P.O. Box 253, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Asmaa M Kamel
- Camel Racing Laboratory, Forensic Evidence Department, P.O. Box 253, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nasreen A Al Biriki
- Camel Racing Laboratory, Forensic Evidence Department, P.O. Box 253, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Khaled M Al Neaimi
- Camel Racing Laboratory, Forensic Evidence Department, P.O. Box 253, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Waleed A Al Ali
- Camel Racing Laboratory, Forensic Evidence Department, P.O. Box 253, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Saeed Mahmoud Sultan
- Sultan bin Zayed Al Nahyan Racing Camel Farm, Sweihan, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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Alanazi MS, Saeed HM, Abduljaleel ZA. Camelus dromedarius Putative Cytochrome P450 Enzyme CYP2E1: Complete Coding Sequence and Phylogenetic Tree. Biochem Genet 2011; 50:285-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s10528-011-9471-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Alhaider AA, El Gendy MAM, Korashy HM, El-Kadi AOS. Camel urine inhibits the cytochrome P450 1a1 gene expression through an AhR-dependent mechanism in Hepa 1c1c7 cell line. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 133:184-190. [PMID: 20883769 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2010] [Revised: 09/03/2010] [Accepted: 09/17/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY Drinking camel urine has been used traditionally to treat numerous cases of cancer yet, the exact mechanism was not investigated. Therefore, we examined the ability of three different camel urines (virgin, lactating, and pregnant source) to modulate a well-known cancer-activating enzyme, the cytochrome P450 1a1 (Cyp1a1) in murine hepatoma Hepa 1c1c7 cell line. MATERIALS AND METHODS The effect of different camel urines, compared to bovine urines, on Cyp1a1 mRNA was determined using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Cyp1a1 protein and catalytic activity levels were determined using Western blot analysis and 7-ethoxyresorufin as a substrate, respectively. The role of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-dependent mechanism was determined using electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and the AhR-dependent luciferase reporter gene. RESULTS All types of camel, but not bovine, urines differentially inhibited the induction of Cyp1a1 gene expression by TCDD, the most potent Cyp1a1 inducer and known carcinogenic chemical. Importantly, virgin camel urine showed the highest degree of inhibition at the activity level, followed by lactating and pregnant camel urines. Furthermore, we have shown that virgin camel urine significantly inhibited the TCDD-mediated induction of Cyp1a1 at the mRNA and protein expression levels. Mechanistically, the ability of virgin camel urine to inhibit Cyp1a1 was strongly correlated with its ability to inhibit AhR-dependent luciferase activity and DNA binding as determined by EMSA, suggesting that AhR-dependent mechanism is involved. CONCLUSIONS The present work provides the first evidence that camel urine but not that of bovine inhibits the TCDD-mediated toxic effect by inhibiting the expression of Cyp1a1, at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels through an AhR-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulqader A Alhaider
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Eltahir YE, Ali HM, Mansour M, Mahgoub O. Serum Mineral Contents of the Omani Racing Arabian Camels (Camelus dromedarius). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.3923/javaa.2010.764.770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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14
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Ali A, Tharwat M, Al-Sobayil FA. Hormonal, biochemical, and hematological profiles in female camels (Camelus dromedarius) affected with reproductive disorders. Anim Reprod Sci 2009; 118:372-6. [PMID: 19815355 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2009.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2009] [Revised: 08/20/2009] [Accepted: 08/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the blood profiles in female camels affected with common reproductive disorders. Estradiol-17beta (E(2)), progesterone (P(4)), thyroxin (T(4)), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), cholesterol, glucose, triglycerides, total protein, albumin, globulin, hematocrite, and total and differential white blood cell counts (WBC) were determined in blood of female camels affected with endometritis (n=15), vaginal adhesions (n=15), and ovarian cysts (n=15). Normal cyclic animals were used as controls (n=15). Diagnosis of reproductive disorders was based on transrectal palpation, ultrasonographic examination, and exploration of the vagina. Increased WBC counts (P=0.03) and a tendency for neutrophelia (P=0.05) were noted in female camels with vaginal adhesions. These animals were also characterized by having higher concentration of serum P(4) (P=0.0001), T(4) (P=0.001) and total protein (P=0.007), in comparison with female camels with endometritis, ovarian cysts, or controls. Animals having ovarian cysts with thin walls and homogenous hypoechogenic contents had greater serum E(2) (P=0.001) and P(4) (P=0.0001) than those having ovarian cysts with thick walls and non-homogenous echogenic contents. Animals with endometritis, vaginal adhesions, and ovarian cysts revealed lower serum Zn concentration than that of control group (P=0.003). Other blood parameters did not differ significantly compared to controls. In conclusion, this is the first report characterizing blood constituents in female camels with various reproductive disorders. These profiles may be valuable in clarifying the etio-pathogenesis of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ali
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, 51452 Buraydah, Qassim, Saudi Arabia.
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Copper status in breeding and racing camels (Camelus dromedarius) and response to cupric oxide needle capsules. Trop Anim Health Prod 2008; 40:643-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-008-9143-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2007] [Accepted: 02/14/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Badiei K, Mostaghni K, Pourjafar M, Parchami A. Serum and tissue trace elements in Iranian camels (Camelus dromedarius). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-006-0610-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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18
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Abdel Hadi AA, Wasfi IA, Elghazali M, Almahrami AM, Barezaiq IM, Alkatheeri NA, Alhadrami GA. Comparison of the effect of Sporobolus virginicus and Rhodes (Chloris gayana) hay diets on the absorption pattern of phenylbutazone in the camel (Camelus dromedarius). Vet J 2005; 169:91-6. [PMID: 15683768 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2003.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2003] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The effect of feeding Sporobolus and Rhodes hay on phenylbutazone (4 g) relative absorption was examined in six camels using a two-period, two-sequence, two-treatment crossover design. Serum concentration of the drug was measured by high performance liquid chromatography. The measured values (means+/-SD) for Rhodes and Sporobolus hay, respectively, were Cmax 35.59+/-22.36 and 36.55+/-18.99 microg/mL, Tmax 26+/-2.53 and 26.3+/-1.97 h and AUC0-72 h 1552+/-872.6 and 1621+/-903.6 microg h/mL. Broad plateau concentrations of phenylbutazone in serum were observed between 12 and 36 h. There was no significant difference in any parameter between the two feeding regimens. Multiple peaks in serum concentration-time curve were observed, regardless of the type of grass available to and the animals prior to drug administration. It was concluded that the phasic absorption of phenylbutazone was a particular feature of hay feeding in camels, and the Sporobolus hay can be fed to camels without any effect on the rate and extent of phenylbutazone absorption compared to Rhodes grass hay.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Abdel Hadi
- Camel Racing Laboratory, Forensic Science Laboratory, P.O. Box 253, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
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Wasfi IA, Hussain MM, Elghazali M, Alkatheeri NA, Abdel Hadi AA. The disposition of diclofenac in camels after intravenous administration. Vet J 2003; 166:277-83. [PMID: 14550741 DOI: 10.1016/s1090-0233(02)00260-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics of diclofenac was studied in camels (Camelus dromedarus) (n=6) following intravenous (i.v.) administration of a dose of 2.5 mg kg(-1) body weight. The metabolism and urinary detection time were also studied. The results obtained (median and range) were as follows: the terminal elimination half-life (t(1/2beta)) was 2.35 (1.90-2.73)h, total body clearance (Cl(T)) was 0.17 (0.16-0.21)lh kg(-1). The volume of distribution at steady state (V(SS)) was 0.31 (0.21-0.39)l(-1)kg(-1), the volume of the central compartment of the two compartment pharmacokinetic model (V(C)) was 0.15 (0.11-0.17)l kg(-1). Five metabolites of diclofenac were tentatively identified in urine and were excreted mainly in conjugate form. The main metabolite was identified as hydroxy diclofenac. Both diclofenac and hydroxy diclofenac, appear to be the main elimination route for diclofenac when administered i.v. in camels. Diclofenac could be identified up to 4 days following i.v. administration in camels using a sensitive gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method.
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Affiliation(s)
- I A Wasfi
- Camel Racing Laboratory, Forensic Science Laboratory, P.O. Box 253, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
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20
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Damanhouri ZA. Mixed function oxidases in kidney and duodenum of camel, guinea pig and rat. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2002; 132:445-50. [PMID: 12223200 DOI: 10.1016/s1532-0456(02)00099-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The activities of the drug-metabolizing enzymes, aniline 4-hydroxylase, benzphetamine N-demethylase and 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase have been measured in vitro in kidneys and duodenum of camels (Camelus dromedarius), guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) and rats (Rattus norvegicus). In these species, levels of hepatic microsomal parameters namely microsomal protein, cytochrome P(450), cytochrome b(5) and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase have also been determined. In general, camels seemed to have the lowest enzyme activity when compared to rats and guinea pigs. Rats showed the highest activity in NADPH-cytochrome c reductase, aniline 4-hydroxylase and ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase among these species. However, guinea pigs showed the highest enzyme activity in cytochrome P(450), cytochrome b(5) and benzphetamine N-demethylase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoheir A Damanhouri
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Drug Metabolism Unit, King Fahad Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 30924, Jeddah 21487, Saudi Arabia.
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Wasfi IA, Abdel Hadi AA, Bashir AK, Alhadrami GA, Tanira MO. Pharmacokinetics of amikacin in the camel. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 1999; 22:62-4. [PMID: 10211719 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2885.1999.00175.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I A Wasfi
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Camelracing Laboratory, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Hadi
- Camelracing Laboratory, Abu Dhabi, Forensic Science Laboratory, United Arab Emirates
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23
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Faye B, Ratovonanahary M, Chacornac JP, Soubre P. Metabolic profiles and risks of diseases in camels in temperature conditions. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART A, PHYSIOLOGY 1995; 112:67-73. [PMID: 7553338 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(95)00088-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A survey of 65 female camels has been conducted over a 1-year period in France to determine their metabolic profiles and to study the correlations between this profile and the feeding and health status in temperate conditions. The following parameters were measured: protein (albumin, globulin, total protein), urea, glucose, free fatty acid, liver enzymes (GLDH, GGT, GOT), minerals (Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn) and ceruloplasmin. The values obtained were similar to those reported in desert areas throughout the world, but the standard deviation was generally higher. This important variation might be due to the large variability of feeding conditions: albumin (36.4 +/- 4.7 g/l), total globulin (32.7 +/- 5.1 g/l), total protein (69.2 +/- 6.1 g/l), urea (30.0 +/- 14.8 mg/100 ml), glucose (111.0 +/- 12.2 mg/100 ml), FFA (0.15 +/- 0.15 mmol/l), GLDH (5.8 +/- 10.8 IU/l), GGT (10.1 +/- 5.8 IU/l), GOT (48.1 +/- 14.3 IU/l), calcium (10.2 +/- 6.5 mg/100 ml), magnesium (2.6 +/- 0.3 mg/100 ml), copper (65.4 +/- 20.2 micrograms/100 ml), zinc (34.6 +/- 7.8 micrograms/100 ml), ceruplasmin (41.4 +/- 2.6 UO). The season, the mineral supplementation and the health status had a significant effect on the metabolic profile of the she-camels.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Faye
- Laboratoire d'Ecopathologie, INRA-CR, Clermont-Ferrand-Theix, Saint Genès Champanelle, France
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Haroun EM. Normal concentrations of some blood constituents in young Najdi camels (Camelus dromedarius). COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 1994; 108:619-22. [PMID: 7915662 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(94)90347-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Normal concentrations of some blood constituents were determined in young male Najdi (Saudi) camels. The mean values were as follows: total protein = 62.3 +/- 8.9 g/l, albumin = 33.5 +/- 8.9 g/l, bilirubin = 8.7 +/- 1.7 mumol/l, urea = 6.6 +/- 1 mumol/l, uric acid = 232 +/- 35.7 mumol/l, iron = 10.4 +/- 5.7 mumol/l, total iron binding capacity = 40.4 + 7.3 mumol/l, AST = 12 +/- 5 IU/l ALT = 9 +/- 4 IU/l and ALP = 42.6 + 21.3 IU/l. These values were compared with those reported by other investigators in camels with different ages, sexes and breeds as well as with blood constituents in true ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Haroun
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
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25
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Abstract
Data relating to trace-elements status in camels is scarce, from both a clinical and biochemical point of view. Clinical deficiency or toxicity has rarely been described in this species. However, there is a some evidence that camels are sensitive to trace element disorders in the same way as other ruminants. For example, copper deficiency in camels has been reported in East Africa. Normal plasma level is comparable to cattle (70-120 mg/100 mL). Camels appear to maintain zinc levels at a lower value than other domestic ruminants (< 60 micrograms/100 mL). Iron metabolism is more active in the liver than in the spleen. Data concerning manganese levels are possibly unreliable. Some cases of selenium deficiency (white muscle disease) have been reported. No data are available for cobalt status in camels. Finally, camels appear to be more sensitive to iodine deficiency than the other domestic ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Faye
- Laboratoire d'Ecopathologie, Inra de Theix, Saint Genès Champanelle, France
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26
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Hadi AA, Wasfi IA, Gadir FA, Amiri MH, Bashir AK, Baggot JD. Pharmacokinetics of tobramycin in the camel. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 1994; 17:48-51. [PMID: 8196094 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.1994.tb00521.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics of tobramycin were determined in six healthy camels (Camelus dromedarius) following the intravenous (i.v.) and intramuscular (i.m.) administration of single doses of tobramycin sulphate (40 mg/ml). The half-life to tobramycin was 189 +/- 21 min and the mean residence time was 254 +/- 26 min. The apparent volume of distribution (area method) was 245 +/- 21 ml/kg, while volume of the central compartment of the two-compartment pharmacokinetic model was 110 +/- 12 ml/kg. The clearance (systemic) of tobramycin was 0.90 +/- 0.10 ml/min/kg. Values of the pharmacokinetic parameters suggest that glomerular filtration rate is lower in camels than in other ruminant species, horses, dogs and cats. Following i.m. administration of the dose (1.0 mg/kg), the drug was rapidly absorbed with peak serum concentration of 3.32 +/- 0.59 micrograms/ml at 20-30 min; the absorption half-life was 3.9 +/- 0.9 min. The systemic availability of tobramycin was 90.7 +/- 14.4%. The apparent half-life was 201 +/- 40 min, which was not significantly longer than the half-life following i.v. administration of the drug. Based on the pharmacokinetic values obtained in this study, a dosing rate of 2.5 mg/kg administered by i.m. injection at 12-h intervals can be recommended. This dosage regimen should achieve an average steady state serum concentration of 4 micrograms/ml with peak serum concentration approaching, but not exceeding, 10 micrograms/ml.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Hadi
- Department of Agriculture, Veterinary Laboratory, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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Faye B, Saint-Martin G, Cherrier R, Ruffa A. The influence of high dietary protein, energy and mineral intake on deficient young camel (Camelus dromedarius)--I. Changes in metabolic profiles and growth performance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992; 102:409-16. [PMID: 1354589 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(92)90155-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
1. The main forage for camels in northern Djibouti (mangrove with Avicennia marina) is very poor in nitrogen and energy. In a trial, 32 young camels (less than 2 years old) were used in four groups of eight each. 2. All the camels received mangrove as basal diet ad lib. 3. After 1 month, the camels received mineral supplementation in copper and zinc (groups 1 and 3) or/and a concentrate rich in protein and energy (groups 2 and 3) or continued with the basal diet (controls). 4. Any supplementation was stopped after 2 months for 1 month. 5. Growth performance was 550 g/day (concentrate-supplemented camels) and 570 g/day (concentrate+mineral-supplemented camels). 6. The growth was negative for the two others groups (-260 g/day). 7. Food intake of mangrove was slightly more important with mineral supplementation only and with mineral+concentrate supplementation. 8. The changes in metabolic profiles have shown an important catabolism in non-supplemented animals, an increase of urea and free fatty acid concentrations in plasma and a decrease of glucose concentrations. 9. Three camels died in the control group with symptoms of starvation and signs of liver damage (increase of liver enzymes glutamate dehydrogenase and gamma-glutamyl transferase).
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Affiliation(s)
- B Faye
- Laboratoire d'Eco-Pathologie, Inra Theix, Saint Genès Champanelle, France
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Faye B, Saint-Martin G, Cherrier R, Ruffa A. The influence of high dietary protein, energy and mineral intake on deficient young camel (Camelus dromedarius)—II. Changes in mineral status. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992; 102:417-24. [PMID: 1354590 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(92)90156-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
1. Mangrove Avicennia marina is poor in some trace elements such as copper, zinc and manganese. In a trial we used 32 young camels divided into four groups. 2. Groups 1 and 3 were supplemented with copper and zinc in drinking water after 1 month of mangrove feeding. 3. Groups 2 and 3 received concentrate rich in protein and energy. The supplementation was stopped after 2 months. 4. All the camels were deficient in trace elements at the beginning of mineral supplementation. 5. The plasma concentration of copper increased significantly up to normal levels (less than 70 micrograms/100 ml) in energy protein supplemented groups, but the quantity supplied (100 mg of copper sulphate/day) was not sufficient to maintain this level after the end of supplementation. 6. The original zinc deficiency was too severe to observe a significant effect of the mineral supplementation. 7. Calcium, magnesium and phosphorus levels were improved during the supplementation period in protein-energy supplemented groups. 8. A high interaction between mineral absorption and quality of the diet was observed. A well-balanced diet seems essential to avoid deficient mineral status.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Faye
- Laboratoire d'Ecopathologie, Inra Theix, Saint Genès Champanelle, France
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Loret EP, Mansuelle P, Rochat H, Granier C. Neurotoxins active on insects: amino acid sequences, chemical modifications, and secondary structure estimation by circular dichroism of toxins from the scorpion Androctonus australis Hector. Biochemistry 1990; 29:1492-501. [PMID: 2334710 DOI: 10.1021/bi00458a021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Two scorpion neurotoxins active only on insects, the insect toxins AaH IT1 and AaH IT2, were purified from the venom of scorpions Androctonus australis Hector collected in Tozeur (Tunisia) and characterized. AaH IT2 was sequenced and found to differ in four amino acid positions from AaH IT, the single previously sequenced insect toxin [Darbon, H., Zlotkin, E., Kopeyan, C., Van Rietschoten, J., & Rochat, H. (1982) Int. J. Pept. Protein Res. 20, 320-330] which possessed an equal potential for paralyzing fly larvae. The basic amino acid residues of AaH IT1, which differs from AaH IT by one amino acid residue, were selectively chemically modified. Six derivatives were characterized. Their toxicity toward fly larvae and cockroach was determined, and their affinity for the AaH IT1 synaptosomal receptor from cockroach nerve cord was measured. Modification of His-30, Lys-34, and Arg-60 showed no significant effect on biological activity. However, the modification of Lys-28 or Lys-51 demonstrated that these two amino acids are important for toxicity. Furthermore, simultaneous modifications of both Lys-28 and Lys-51 led to a cumulative decrease in biological activity. AaH IT1 and AaH IT2 show similar CD spectra. The secondary structures content of AaH IT2 was estimated from circular dichroism data. Results showed that this class of toxin should possess an additional alpha-helical region and a beta-sheet strand, not found in toxins active on mammals. Attempts to localize these secondary structural features in the amino acid sequence of AaH IT2 indicated that these two regions would be located within the last 20 C-terminal amino acid residues. From these studies on secondary structures, it is possible to consider that toxins active on insects are more structurally constrained than those active on mammals; a decreased molecular flexibility may be, at least partially, responsible for the observed specificity of these toxins for the insect sodium channel. Furthermore, the two alpha-helices found in insect toxins enclosed the two conserved Lys-28 and Lys-51 and might thus be implicated in the toxic site of insect toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- E P Loret
- Laboratoire de Biochimie, CNRS UA 1179, INSERM U 172, Faculté de Médecine secteur nord, Marseille, France
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