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Radhakrishnan G, Silva MS, Lock EJ, Belghit I, Philip AJP. Assessing amino acid solubility of black soldier fly larvae meal in Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar) in vivo and in vitro. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1028992. [PMID: 36505052 PMCID: PMC9727232 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1028992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro and in vivo methods were used to evaluate amino acids solubility of black soldier fly (BSF) larvae meal and two experimental diets (reference and test diets) for Atlantic salmon. The current study used in vitro method such as pH stat to compare and standardise the salmon extracted enzyme (SE), and commercial enzyme (CE) based on their hydrolytic capacity on a purified protein substrate. Further, an in vitro amino acid solubility of feed ingredients and diets were measured using the standardised enzyme volume from SE and CE. Results showed that SE and CE exhibit similar protein hydrolytic capacity upon standardisation on purified substrates. However, when using the two-stage hydrolysis (acidic and alkaline steps), significantly higher amino acid solubility was observed with CE except for glycine, and proline which were equally solubilised by both SE, and CE. No significant difference was observed between reference and test diet using the SE except for tyrosine, valine, leucine, and phenylalanine, which were significantly higher solubilised in reference diet than test diet. Whereas higher solubility of valine, isoleucine, aspartic acid, and glutamic acid was observed in test diet using CE than SE. Similarly, the solubility of valine, isoleucine, and glutamic acid were higher in BSF larvae meal when CE was used. The in vivo true protein digestibility of BSF larvae meal was 99%, and 81% for the test diet containing BSF larvae meal. The results demonstrated a positive correlation (r = 0.91; p < 0.01) between salmon and commercial enzymes but overall, no significant correlation was observed for amino acid solubility between in vivo and in vitro. However, there was a strong positive correlation for protein solubility using SE (r = 0.98) than CE (r = 0.74) with the in vivo true protein digestibility. The efficiency of SE, and CE can be compared, and standardised based on DH%, and hence correlates better with the in vivo protein digestibility but not with amino acid solubilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopika Radhakrishnan
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Erik-Jan Lock
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ikram Belghit
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway,*Correspondence: Ikram Belghit,
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2
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Yadollahi E, Shareghi B, Farhadian S. Binding parameters and molecular dynamics of Trypsin-Acid Yellow 17 complexation as a function of concentration. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 281:121589. [PMID: 35872431 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Acid Yellow 17 is a kind of azo dye used in food, textile, and cosmetics. Several studies explain the toxicity of azo dye for our body, but one could not find further information about the effects of these dyes on human macromolecules. In the current study, the interaction of AY17 with trypsin is investigated using several techniques. The UV analysis displayed that the absorption of trypsin could be decreased in the presence of this color. The fluorescence investigation indicated that a static form of quenching happens, and a 50% decrease in the fluorescence intensity, also showed the Vander Waals and hydrogen bond are the main forces in the interaction of this color and trypsin. Furthermore, we can observe that the Tm point of trypsin decreases from 46.5 to 42. On the other hand, the CD results were indicated that the interaction of this color with trypsin could decrease the percent of turn, coil and α-helix in trypsin structure. The computational study was undertaken to obtain more information about the interaction between trypsin and AY17. The results were in agreement with the experimental investigation and indicated that the interaction between this color and trypsin leads to less compactness in the trypsin structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Yadollahi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahrekord University, P.O. Box 115, Shahrekord, Iran; Central Laboratory, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Behzad Shareghi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahrekord University, P.O. Box 115, Shahrekord, Iran; Central Laboratory, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran.
| | - Sadegh Farhadian
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahrekord University, P.O. Box 115, Shahrekord, Iran; Central Laboratory, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran.
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3
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Yadollahi E, Shareghi B, Farhadian S. Noncovalent interactions between Quinoline yellow and trypsin: In vitro and in silico methods. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.118826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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4
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Solovyev MM, Kashinskaya EN, Rogozhin EA, Moyano FJ. Seasonal changes in kinetic parameters of trypsin in gastric and agastric fish. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2021; 47:381-391. [PMID: 33432453 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-020-00919-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to assess if trypsin, a key enzyme involved in protein digestion, presents some kind of functional adaptations to seasonal changes in water temperature in freshwater fish. In order to test this hypothesis, individuals of two fish species Carassius gibelio (agastric) and Perca fluviatilis (gastric) were sampled in the basin of Chany Lake (Siberia, Russia) at two different seasons (spring and summer). Apparent kinetic parameters (Km and Vmax) were determined for both species and seasons at the actual pH values in fish guts, and at actual temperatures. Results showed a significant effect of both the species and sampling season on the apparent kinetic parameters of trypsin. In the case of Prussian carp, Km and Vmax were lower for each assayed temperature (for 5 and 15 °C the differences were significant) for fish sampled in summer when compared to those sampled in spring. In contrast, values of Km in perch tended to be lower in spring at 5 and 25 °C but these differences were not significant, while Vmax showed a significant decrease in summer samples. This suggests a sort of functional adaptation of the same trypsin enzymes to seasonal changes, oriented to maximize protein digestion under variable conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail M Solovyev
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch of RAS, Frunze Street, 11, Novosibirsk, Russia, 630091.
- Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia, 634050.
| | - Elena N Kashinskaya
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch of RAS, Frunze Street, 11, Novosibirsk, Russia, 630091
| | - Eugene A Rogozhin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, GSP-7, Miklukho-Maklaya Street, 16/1, Moscow, Russia, 117997
- Institute of Ecological and Agricultural Biology (X-Bio), Tyumen State University, Volodarskogo Street, 6, Tyumen, Russia, 625003
| | - Francisco J Moyano
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI-MAR), Universidad de Almería, La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120, Almería, Spain
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5
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Production of Extracellular Alkaline Serine Protease from Pediococcus acidilactici NCDC 252: Isolation, Purification, Physicochemical and Catalytic Characterization. Catal Letters 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-020-03331-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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6
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Sočan J, Isaksen GV, Brandsdal BO, Åqvist J. Towards Rational Computational Engineering of Psychrophilic Enzymes. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19147. [PMID: 31844096 PMCID: PMC6915740 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55697-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cold-adapted enzymes from psychrophilic species achieve their high catalytic efficiency at low temperature by a different partitioning of the activation free energy into its enthalpic and entropic components, compared to orthologous mesophilic enzymes. Their lower activation enthalpy, partly compensated by an increased entropic penalty, has been suggested to originate from changes in flexibility of the protein surface. Multiple sequence alignments of psychrophilic and mesophilic enzymes also show characteristic motifs located in surface loops of the protein. Here, we use computer simulations to examine the effects of a number of designed surface mutations of psychrophilic and mesophilic elastases on the temperature dependence of the catalyzed peptide cleavage reaction. For each of 14 mutant enzyme variants we report calculations of their thermodynamic activation parameters. The results show that substitution of psychrophilic loop residues into the mesophilic enzyme consistently changes both the activation parameters and loop flexibilities towards the former, and vice versa for opposite substitutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaka Sočan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, Box 596, SE-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Geir Villy Isaksen
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, N9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Bjørn Olav Brandsdal
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, N9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Johan Åqvist
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, Box 596, SE-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden. .,Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, N9037, Tromsø, Norway.
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7
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Patil U, Benjakul S. Comparative study on extraction of virgin coconut oil with the aid of partially purified protease from seabass pyloric caeca and commercial trypsin. J Food Biochem 2019; 43:e13024. [PMID: 31453636 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Coconut milk was hydrolyzed by partially purified protease from seabass pyloric caeca (PPSP) and commercial trypsin (CT) at various levels (5 and 10 unit/g protein) at 60°C for different hydrolysis times (0-150 min). At the same protease level and hydrolysis time, higher degrees of hydrolysis and larger droplet size were found in coconut milk hydrolyzed by PPSP, compared to CT. The highest virgin coconut oil (VCO) yield (77.34%) was observed after the sample was hydrolyzed for 150 min by PPSP (10 units/g protein). Protein patterns indicated that coconut milk proteins were more prone to hydrolysis by PPSP, compared to CT. A marked difference was not found in physicochemical properties of commercial VCO and VCO separated from coconut milk using PPSP. Therefore, VCO could be extracted using PPSP under optimal condition, wherein the extraction could be accomplished within a short time with high yield. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: In virgin coconut oil (VCO) manufacture, the yield of VCO and cost of the commercial enzyme are of main concern. Therefore, cheap source of proteases, particularly proteases from seabass pyloric caeca, can be a promising alternative for the manufacture of VCO. Therefore, the cost associated with commercial enzymes could be reduced and the proteases from seabass processing byproducts were better exploited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umesh Patil
- Faculty of Agro-Industry, Department of Food Technology, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand
| | - Soottawat Benjakul
- Faculty of Agro-Industry, Department of Food Technology, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand
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8
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Huda N, Hossain M, Bhuyan AK. Complete observation of all structural, conformational, and fibrillation transitions of monomeric globular proteins at submicellar sodium dodecyl sulfate concentrations. Biopolymers 2019; 110:e23255. [PMID: 30633322 DOI: 10.1002/bip.23255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Although considerable information is available regarding protein-sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) interactions, it is still unclear as to how much SDS is needed to denature proteins. The role of protein charge and micellar surfactant concentration on amyloid fibrillation is also unclear. This study reports on equilibrium measurements of SDS interaction with six model proteins and analyzes the results to obtain a general understanding of conformational breakdown, reorganization and restructuring of secondary structure, and entry into the amyloid fibrillar state. Significantly, all of these responses are entirely resolved at much lower than the critical micellar concentration (CMC) of SDS. Electrostatic interaction of the dodecyl sulfate anion (DS- ) with positive surface potential on the protein can completely unfold both secondary and tertiary structures, which is followed by protein chain restructuration to α-helices. All SDS-denatured proteins contain more α-helices than the corresponding native state. SDS interaction stochastically drives proteins to the aggregated fibrillar state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noorul Huda
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Mujahid Hossain
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Abani K Bhuyan
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
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9
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Azevedo RD, Amaral IP, Ferreira AC, Espósito TS, Bezerra RS. Use of fish trypsin immobilized onto magnetic-chitosan composite as a new tool to detect antinutrients in aquafeeds. Food Chem 2018; 257:302-309. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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10
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Bang BE, Malla N, Bhagwat SS, Aasmoe L, Winberg JO. A Sensitive Assay for Proteases in Bioaerosol Samples: Characterization and Quantification of Airborne Proteases in Salmon Industry Work Environments. Ann Work Expo Health 2018; 62:942-952. [DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxy050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Berit Elisabeth Bang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, Sykehusvegen, Tromsoe, Norway
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Hansine Hansens veg, Tromsoe, Norway
| | - Nabin Malla
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, Sykehusvegen, Tromsoe, Norway
| | - Sampada Satchidanand Bhagwat
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, Sykehusvegen, Tromsoe, Norway
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Hansine Hansens veg, Tromsoe, Norway
| | - Lisbeth Aasmoe
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, Sykehusvegen, Tromsoe, Norway
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Hansine Hansens veg, Tromsoe, Norway
| | - Jan-Olof Winberg
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Hansine Hansens veg, Tromsoe, Norway
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11
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Sočan J, Kazemi M, Isaksen GV, Brandsdal BO, Åqvist J. Catalytic Adaptation of Psychrophilic Elastase. Biochemistry 2018; 57:2984-2993. [PMID: 29726678 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The class I pancreatic elastase from Atlantic salmon is considered to be a cold-adapted enzyme in view of the cold habitat, the reduced thermostability of the enzyme, and the fact that it is faster than its mesophilic porcine counterpart at room temperature. However, no experimental characterization of its catalytic properties at lower temperatures has actually been reported. Here we use extensive computer simulations of its catalytic reaction, at different temperatures and with different peptide substrates, to compare its characteristics with those of porcine pancreatic elastase, with which it shares 67% sequence identity. We find that both enzymes have a preference for smaller aliphatic residues at the P1 position, while the reaction rate with phenylalanine at P1 is predicted to be substantially lower. With the former class of substrates, the calculated reaction rates for salmon enzyme are consistently higher than those of the porcine ortholog at all temperatures examined, and the difference is most pronounced at the lowest temperature. As observed for other cold-adapted enzymes, this is caused by redistribution of the activation free energy in terms of enthalpy and entropy and can be linked to differences in the mobility of surface-exposed loops in the two enzymes. Such mobility changes are found to be reflected by characteristic sequence conservation patterns in psychrophilic and mesophilic species. Hence, calculations of mutations in a single surface loop show that the temperature dependence of the catalytic reaction is altered in a predictable way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaka Sočan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology , Uppsala University, Biomedical Center , Box 596 , SE-751 24 Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Masoud Kazemi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology , Uppsala University, Biomedical Center , Box 596 , SE-751 24 Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Geir Villy Isaksen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology , Uppsala University, Biomedical Center , Box 596 , SE-751 24 Uppsala , Sweden.,Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry , University of Tromsø , N9037 Tromsø , Norway
| | - Bjørn Olav Brandsdal
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry , University of Tromsø , N9037 Tromsø , Norway
| | - Johan Åqvist
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology , Uppsala University, Biomedical Center , Box 596 , SE-751 24 Uppsala , Sweden
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12
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Jesús-de la Cruz K, Álvarez-González CA, Peña E, Morales-Contreras JA, Ávila-Fernández Á. Fish trypsins: potential applications in biomedicine and prospects for production. 3 Biotech 2018; 8:186. [PMID: 29556440 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-018-1208-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In fishes, trypsins are adapted to different environmental conditions, and the biochemical and kinetic properties of a broad variety of native isoforms have been studied. Proteolytic enzymes remain in high demand in the detergent, food, and feed industries; however, our analysis of the literature showed that, in the last decade, some fish trypsins have been studied for the synthesis of industrial peptides and for specific biomedical uses as antipathogenic agents against viruses and bacteria, which have been recently patented. In addition, innovative strategies of trypsin administration have been studied to ensure that trypsins retain their properties until they exert their action. Biomedical uses require the production of high-quality enzymes. In this context, the production of recombinant trypsins is an alternative. For this purpose, E. coli-based systems have been tested for the production of fish trypsins; however, P. pastoris-based systems also seem to show great potential in the production of fish trypsins with higher production quality. On the other hand, there is a lack of information regarding the specific structures, biochemical and kinetic properties, and characteristics of trypsins produced using heterologous systems. This review describes the potential uses of fish trypsins in biomedicine and the enzymatic and structural properties of native and recombinant fish trypsins obtained to date, outlining some prospects for their study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristal Jesús-de la Cruz
- Laboratorio de Acuacultura, DACBiol-UJAT, Carr. Villahermosa-Cárdenas Km 0.5, 86139 Villahermosa, Tabasco México
| | | | - Emyr Peña
- Laboratorio de Acuacultura, DACBiol-UJAT, Carr. Villahermosa-Cárdenas Km 0.5, 86139 Villahermosa, Tabasco México
- Cátedra Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología-UJAT, Villahermosa, Tabasco México
| | - José Antonio Morales-Contreras
- 2Centro de Investigación, DACS-Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Av. Gregorio Méndez No. 2838-A. Col. Tamulté, 86150 Villahermosa, Tabasco México
| | - Ángela Ávila-Fernández
- 2Centro de Investigación, DACS-Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Av. Gregorio Méndez No. 2838-A. Col. Tamulté, 86150 Villahermosa, Tabasco México
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Kjellander M, Billinger E, Ramachandraiah H, Boman M, Bergström Lind S, Johansson G. A flow-through nanoporous alumina trypsin bioreactor for mass spectrometry peptide fingerprinting. J Proteomics 2018; 172:165-172. [PMID: 28942014 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry-based proteomics benefits from efficient digestion of protein samples. In this study, trypsin was immobilized on nanoporous anodized alumina membranes to create an enzyme reactor suitable for peptide mass fingerprinting. The membranes were derivatized with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane and the amino groups were activated with carbonyldiimidazole to allow coupling of porcine trypsin via ε-amino groups. The function was assessed using the artificial substrate Nα-Benzoyl-L-arginine 4-nitroanilide hydrochloride, bovine ribonuclease A and a human plasma sample. A 10-membrane flow-through reactor was used for fragmentation and MS analysis after a single pass of substrate both by collection of product and subsequent off-line analysis, and by coupling on-line to the instrument. The peptide pattern allowed correct identification of the single target protein in both cases, and of >70 plasma proteins in single pass mode followed by LC-MS analysis. The reactor retained 76% of the initial activity after 14days of storage and repeated use at room temperature. SIGNIFICANCE This manuscript describes the design of a stable enzyme reactor that allows efficient and fast digestion with negligible leakage of enzyme and enzyme fragments. The high stability facilitates the use in an online-setup with MS detection since it allows the processing of multiple samples within an extended period of time without replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Kjellander
- Dept. of Chemistry-BMC, Uppsala University, BMC, Husargatan 3, Box 576, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Erika Billinger
- Dept. of Chemistry-BMC, Uppsala University, BMC, Husargatan 3, Box 576, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Harisha Ramachandraiah
- Dept. of Chemistry-BMC, Uppsala University, BMC, Husargatan 3, Box 576, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mats Boman
- Dept. of Chemistry-Ångström, Uppsala University, Ångströmlaboratoriet, Lägerhyddsvägen 1, Box 538, SE-75121 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sara Bergström Lind
- Dept. of Chemistry-BMC, Analytical Chemistry and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Johansson
- Dept. of Chemistry-BMC, Uppsala University, BMC, Husargatan 3, Box 576, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden.
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14
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Billinger E, Johansson G. Kinetic studies of serine protease inhibitors in simple and rapid 'active barrier' model systems - Diffusion through an inhibitor barrier. Anal Biochem 2018; 546:43-49. [PMID: 29408179 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2018.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A model based on gelatin for protease activity studies was designed. The model is also extended to study the efficiency of inhibitors in a separate protective layer covering the layer containing the target substrate. A good correlation between protease concentration and the size of erosion wells formed in a plain gelatin layer was observed. Similarly, increased concentration of inhibitors gave a systematic decrease in well area. Kinetic analyses of the two-layer model in a spectrophotometric plate reader with a fixed concentration of substrate in the bottom layer displayed a strict dependence of both inhibitor concentration and thickness of the top "protective" layer. An apparent, but weaker inhibition effect was also observed without inhibitors due to diffusional and erosion delay of enzyme transport to the substrate-containing layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Billinger
- Department of Chemistry - BMC Uppsala University, Box 576, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Johansson
- Department of Chemistry - BMC Uppsala University, Box 576, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.
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15
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Kim H, Kim HS, Lee D, Shin D, Shin D, Kim J, Kim J. Microwave-Assisted Protein Digestion in a Plate Well for Facile Sampling and Rapid Digestion. Anal Chem 2017; 89:10655-10660. [PMID: 28945068 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Protein digestion is one of the most important processes in proteomic analysis. Here, we report microwave-assisted protein digestion in a plate well, which allows for facile sampling as well as rapid protein digestion based on the combination of highly stable enzyme immobilization and 3D printing technologies. Trypsin (TR) was immobilized on polystyrene-based nanofibers via an enzyme coating (EC) approach. The EC with stabilized TR activity was assembled with the 3D-printed structure in the plate well (EC/3D), which provides two separated compartments for the solution sampling and the TR-catalyzed protein digestion, respectively. EC/3D can effectively prevent the interference of sampling by accommodating EC in the separated compartment from the sampling hole in the middle. EC/3D in the plate well maintained its protein digestion performance under shaking over 160 days. Microwave irradiation enabled the digestion of bovine serum albumin within 10 min, generating the MALDI-TOF MS results of 75.0% sequence coverage and 61 identified peptides. EC/3D maintained its protein digestion performance under microwave irradiation after 30 times of recycled uses. EC/3D in the plate well has demonstrated its potential as a robust and facile tool for the development of an automated protein digestion platform. The combination of stable immobilized enzymes and 3D-printed structures can be potentially utilized not only for the protein digestion, but also for many other enzyme applications, including bioconversion and biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeonil Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University , Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Sol Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University , Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Dabin Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Chungnam National University , Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongwon Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Chungnam National University , Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Daeho Shin
- Bio Medical Technologies Co., Ltd., Seoul 04598, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongkwon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Chungnam National University , Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungbae Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University , Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
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17
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Stefansson B, Sandholt GB, Gudmundsdottir Á. Elucidation of different cold-adapted Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) trypsin X isoenzymes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2016; 1865:11-19. [PMID: 27742554 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Trypsins from Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), consisting of several isoenzymes, are highly active cold-adapted serine proteases. These trypsins are isolated for biomedical use in an eco-friendly manner from underutilized seafood by-products. Our group has explored the biochemical properties of trypsins and their high potential in biomedicine. For broader utilization of cod trypsins, further characterization of biochemical properties of the individual cod trypsin isoenzymes is of importance. For that purpose, a benzamidine purified trypsin isolate from Atlantic cod was analyzed. Anion exchange chromatography revealed eight peaks containing proteins around 24kDa with tryptic activity. Based on mass spectrometric analysis, one isoenzyme gave the best match to cod trypsin I and six isoenzymes gave the best match to cod trypsin X. Amino terminal sequencing of two of these six trypsin isoenzymes showed identity to cod trypsin X. Three sequence variants of trypsin X were identified by cDNA analysis demonstrating that various forms of this enzyme exist. One trypsin X isoenzyme was selected for further characterization based on abundance and stability. Stepwise increase in catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) of this trypsin X isoenzyme was obtained with substrates containing one to three amino acid residues. The study demonstrates that the catalytic efficiency of this trypsin X isoenzyme is comparable to that of cod trypsin I, the most abundant and highly active isoenzyme in the benzamidine cod trypsin isolate. Differences in pH stability and sensitivity to inhibitors of the trypsin X isoenzyme compared to cod trypsin I were detected that may be important for practical use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gunnar B Sandholt
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Health Sciences Division, University of Iceland, Iceland.
| | - Ágústa Gudmundsdottir
- Zymetech, Fiskislod 39, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland; Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Health Sciences Division, University of Iceland, Iceland.
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18
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França RCDP, Assis CRD, Santos JF, Torquato RJS, Tanaka AS, Hirata IY, Assis DM, Juliano MA, Cavalli RO, Carvalho Jr LBD, Bezerra RS. Bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor immobilized onto sepharose as a new strategy to purify a thermostable alkaline peptidase from cobia ( Rachycentron canadum ) processing waste. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1033-1034:210-217. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Revised: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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19
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Bhagwat SS, Larsen AK, Seternes OM, Bang BE. Mixed exposure to bacterial lipopolysaccharide and seafood proteases augments inflammatory signalling in an airway epithelial cell model (A549). Toxicol Ind Health 2016; 32:1866-1874. [PMID: 26149191 DOI: 10.1177/0748233715590914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Seafood industry workers exhibit increased prevalence of respiratory symptoms due to exposure to bioaerosols containing a mixture of bioactive agents. In this study, a human pulmonary epithelial cell model (A549) was exposed to mixtures of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) agonists H-Ser-Leu-Ile-Gly-Lys-Val-NH2 (SLIGKV-NH2), purified salmon ( Salmo salar) trypsin or purified king crab ( Paralithodes camtschaticus) trypsin. The inflammatory response was measured based on nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activation of transcription in a luciferase reporter gene assay and interleukin 8 (IL-8) secretion in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We observed that mixtures of SLIGKV-NH2 or trypsins with LPS augmented the activation of NF-κB and secretion of IL-8. The effect on IL-8 secretion was synergistic when both trypsins and LPS were used in the lower concentration range. The results demonstrate that exposure to mixtures of agents that are relevant to seafood industry workplaces may lead to increased inflammatory signalling compared with exposure to the individual agents alone. Furthermore, the results indicate that synergism may occur with the combined exposure to seafood trypsins and LPS and is most likely to occur when exposure to either agent is low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sampada S Bhagwat
- 1 Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,2 Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Anett K Larsen
- 3 Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ole-Morten Seternes
- 4 Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Berit E Bang
- 1 Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,2 Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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Bkhairia I, Ben Khaled H, Ktari N, Miled N, Nasri M, Ghorbel S. Biochemical and molecular characterisation of a new alkaline trypsin from Liza aurata: Structural features explaining thermal stability. Food Chem 2016; 196:1346-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.10.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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21
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Klukkert M, van de Weert M, Fanø M, Rades T, Leopold CS. Influence of Tableting on the Conformation and Thermal Stability of Trypsin as a Model Protein. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:4314-4321. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.24672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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22
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Lian K, Leiros HKS, Moe E. MutT from the fish pathogen Aliivibrio salmonicida is a cold-active nucleotide-pool sanitization enzyme with unexpectedly high thermostability. FEBS Open Bio 2015; 5:107-16. [PMID: 25737836 PMCID: PMC4338371 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Upon infection by pathogenic bacteria, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is part of the host organism's first line of defence. ROS damage a number of macromolecules, and in order to withstand such a harsh environment, the bacteria need to have well-functioning ROS scavenging and repair systems. Herein, MutT is an important nucleotide-pool sanitization enzyme, which degrades 8-oxo-dGTP and thus prevents it from being incorporated into DNA. In this context, we have performed a comparative biochemical and structural analysis of MutT from the fish pathogen Aliivibrio salmonicida (AsMutT) and the human pathogen Vibrio cholerae (VcMutT), in order to analyse their function as nucleotide sanitization enzymes and also determine possible cold-adapted properties of AsMutT. The biochemical characterisation revealed that both enzymes possess activity towards the 8-oxo-dGTP substrate, and that AsMutT has a higher catalytic efficiency than VcMutT at all temperatures studied. Calculations based on the biochemical data also revealed a lower activation energy (E a) for AsMutT compared to VcMutT, and differential scanning calorimetry experiments showed that AsMutT displayed an unexpected higher melting temperature (T m) value than VcMutT. A comparative analysis of the crystal structure of VcMutT, determined to 2.42 Å resolution, and homology models of AsMutT indicate that three unique Gly residues in loops of VcMutT, and additional long range ion-pairs in AsMutT could explain the difference in temperature stability of the two enzymes. We conclude that AsMutT is a stable, cold-active enzyme with high catalytic efficiency and reduced E a, compared to the mesophilic VcMutT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kjersti Lian
- The Norwegian Structural Biology Center (NorStruct), Department of Chemistry, The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Hanna-Kirsti S Leiros
- The Norwegian Structural Biology Center (NorStruct), Department of Chemistry, The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Elin Moe
- The Norwegian Structural Biology Center (NorStruct), Department of Chemistry, The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway ; Macromolecular Crystallography Unit, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica (ITQB), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República - EAN, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
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23
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The Secretion and Action of Brush Border Enzymes in the Mammalian Small Intestine. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 2015; 168:59-118. [PMID: 26345415 DOI: 10.1007/112_2015_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Microvilli are conventionally regarded as an extension of the small intestinal absorptive surface, but they are also, as latterly discovered, a launching pad for brush border digestive enzymes. Recent work has demonstrated that motor elements of the microvillus cytoskeleton operate to displace the apical membrane toward the apex of the microvillus, where it vesiculates and is shed into the periapical space. Catalytically active brush border digestive enzymes remain incorporated within the membranes of these vesicles, which shifts the site of BB digestion from the surface of the enterocyte to the periapical space. This process enables nutrient hydrolysis to occur adjacent to the membrane in a pre-absorptive step. The characterization of BB digestive enzymes is influenced by the way in which these enzymes are anchored to the apical membranes of microvilli, their subsequent shedding in membrane vesicles, and their differing susceptibilities to cleavage from the component membranes. In addition, the presence of active intracellular components of these enzymes complicates their quantitative assay and the elucidation of their dynamics. This review summarizes the ontogeny and regulation of BB digestive enzymes and what is known of their kinetics and their action in the peripheral and axial regions of the small intestinal lumen.
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24
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Lacerda CD, Teixeira AE, Oliveira JSD, Silva SF, Vasconcelos AVB, Gouveia DG, Silva ARD, Santoro MM, Mares-Guia MLD, Santos AMC. Gamma trypsin: Purification and physicochemical characterization of a novel bovine trypsin isoform. Int J Biol Macromol 2014; 70:179-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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25
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Isaksen GV, Åqvist J, Brandsdal BO. Protein surface softness is the origin of enzyme cold-adaptation of trypsin. PLoS Comput Biol 2014; 10:e1003813. [PMID: 25165981 PMCID: PMC4148182 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Life has effectively colonized most of our planet and extremophilic organisms require specialized enzymes to survive under harsh conditions. Cold-loving organisms (psychrophiles) express heat-labile enzymes that possess a high specific activity and catalytic efficiency at low temperatures. A remarkable universal characteristic of cold-active enzymes is that they show a reduction both in activation enthalpy and entropy, compared to mesophilic orthologs, which makes their reaction rates less sensitive to falling temperature. Despite significant efforts since the early 1970s, the important question of the origin of this effect still largely remains unanswered. Here we use cold- and warm-active trypsins as model systems to investigate the temperature dependence of the reaction rates with extensive molecular dynamics free energy simulations. The calculations quantitatively reproduce the catalytic rates of the two enzymes and further yield high-precision Arrhenius plots, which show the characteristic trends in activation enthalpy and entropy. Detailed structural analysis indicates that the relationship between these parameters and the 3D structure is reflected by significantly different internal protein energy changes during the reaction. The origin of this effect is not localized to the active site, but is found in the outer regions of the protein, where the cold-active enzyme has a higher degree of softness. Several structural mechanisms for softening the protein surface are identified, together with key mutations responsible for this effect. Our simulations further show that single point-mutations can significantly affect the thermodynamic activation parameters, indicating how these can be optimized by evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geir Villy Isaksen
- The Norwegian Structural Biology Center and the Center for Theoretical Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Johan Åqvist
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bjørn Olav Brandsdal
- The Norwegian Structural Biology Center and the Center for Theoretical Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
- * E-mail:
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26
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Wu Z, Wang J, Shang X, Yang Z, Jiang G. Purification and Characterization of Cold Adapted Trypsins from Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba). Int J Pept Res Ther 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-014-9415-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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27
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Bhagwat SS, Larsen AK, Winberg JO, Seternes OM, Bang BE. Salmon and king crab trypsin stimulate interleukin-8 and matrix metalloproteinases via protease-activated receptor-2 in the skin keratinocytic HaCaT cell line. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 69:303-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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28
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Huang M, Ye Y, Han Y. Purification of a Trypsin-Like Enzyme and Cloning of Its Gene from Chinese Ground Beetle (E
upolyphaga sinensis
). J Food Biochem 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingxing Huang
- Department of Biological Engineering; Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry; Guangdong University of Technology; Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Yun Ye
- Department of Biological Engineering; Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry; Guangdong University of Technology; Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Yali Han
- Department of Biological Engineering; Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry; Guangdong University of Technology; Guangzhou 510006 China
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29
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Larsen AK, Kristiansen K, Sylte I, Seternes OM, Bang BE. Differences in PAR-2 activating potential by king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus), salmon (Salmo salar), and bovine (Bos taurus) trypsin. BMC Res Notes 2013; 6:281. [PMID: 23870109 PMCID: PMC3733831 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-6-281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salmon trypsin is shown to increase secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-8 from human airway epithelial cells through activation of PAR-2. Secretion of IL-8 induced by king crab trypsin is observed in a different concentration range compared to salmon trypsin, and seems to be only partially related to PAR-2 activation. This report aim to identify differences in the molecular structure of king crab trypsin (Paralithodes camtschaticus) compared to salmon (Salmo salar) and bovine trypsin (Bos taurus) that might influence the ability to activate protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2). RESULTS During purification king crab trypsin displayed stronger binding capacity to the anionic column used in fast protein liquid chromatography compared to fish trypsins, and was identified as a slightly bigger molecule. Measurements of enzymatic activity yielded no obvious differences between the trypsins tested. Molecular modelling showed that king crab trypsin has a large area with strong negative electrostatic potential compared to the smaller negative areas in bovine and salmon trypsins. Bovine and salmon trypsins also displayed areas with strong positive electrostatic potential, a feature lacking in the king crab trypsin. Furthermore we have identified 3 divergent positions (Asp196, Arg244, and Tyr247) located near the substrate binding pocket of king crab trypsin that might affect the binding and cleavage of PAR-2. CONCLUSION These preliminary results indicate that electrostatic interactions could be of importance in binding, cleavage and subsequent activation of PAR-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anett K Larsen
- Department of Occupational- and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Medical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Kurt Kristiansen
- Medical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ingebrigt Sylte
- Medical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ole-Morten Seternes
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Berit E Bang
- Department of Occupational- and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Medical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
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30
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Blanco M, Simpson B, Pérez-Martín R, Sotelo C. Isolation and Partial Characterization of Trypsin from Pancreas of Small-Spotted Catshark (Scyliorhinus canicula
). J Food Biochem 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Blanco
- Department of Food Biochemistry; Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (CSIC); Eduardo Cabello 6 36208 Vigo Spain
| | - B.K. Simpson
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry; McGill University, Macdonald Campus; Ste. Anne de Bellevue Quebec Canada
| | - R.I. Pérez-Martín
- Department of Food Biochemistry; Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (CSIC); Eduardo Cabello 6 36208 Vigo Spain
| | - C.G. Sotelo
- Department of Food Biochemistry; Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (CSIC); Eduardo Cabello 6 36208 Vigo Spain
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31
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Potential use of Atlantic cod trypsin in biomedicine. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:749078. [PMID: 23555095 PMCID: PMC3600245 DOI: 10.1155/2013/749078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Surface proteins of viruses and bacteria used for cell attachment and invasion are candidates for degradation by proteases. Trypsin from Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) was previously demonstrated to have efficacy against influenza viruses in vitro and on skin. In this paper, cod trypsin is shown to be 3–12 times more effective in degrading large native proteins than its mesophilic analogue, bovine trypsin. This is in agreement with previous findings where cod trypsin was found to be the most active among twelve different proteases in cleaving various cytokines and pathological proteins. Furthermore, our results show that cod trypsin has high efficacy against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in vitro. The results on the antipathogenic properties of cod trypsin are important because rhinovirus, RSV, and influenza are the most predominant pathogenic viruses in upper respiratory tract infections. Results from a clinical study presented in this paper show that a specific formulation containing cod trypsin was preferred for wound healing over other methods used in the study. Apparently, the high digestive ability of the cold-adapted cod trypsin towards large native proteins plays a role in its efficacy against pathogens and its positive effects on wounds.
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32
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Freitas-Júnior AC, Costa HM, Icimoto MY, Hirata IY, Marcondes M, Carvalho LB, Oliveira V, Bezerra RS. Giant Amazonian fish pirarucu (Arapaima gigas): Its viscera as a source of thermostable trypsin. Food Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.02.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Liu CH, Shiu YL, Hsu JL. Purification and characterization of trypsin from the pyloric ceca of orange-spotted grouper, Epinephelus coioides. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2012; 38:837-848. [PMID: 22068456 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-011-9571-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Trypsin from the pyloric ceca of orange-spotted grouper, Epinephelus coioides, was purified by fractionation with ammonium sulfate, ionic exchange, and affinity chromatography. The protein was purified 161.85-fold with a yield of 4%. Purified trypsin had an apparent molecular weight of 24 kDa according to an SDS-PAGE analysis. Optimal profiles of temperature and pH of the enzyme were 50°C and 8-10, respectively, using Nα-benzoyl-L: -arginine ethyl ester as the substrate. The results of thermal and pH stability assays showed that the enzyme was stable at temperatures of up to 50°C and in the pH range of 6-8. Trypsin activity decreased with an increasing NaCl concentration (0-0.6 M). The activity of purified trypsin was effectively inhibited by a soybean trypsin inhibitor and N-p-tosyl-L: -lysine chloromethyl ketone, and was slightly inhibited by iodoacetic acid, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, 1-(L: -trans-epoxysuccinyl-leucylamino)-4-guanidinobutane, and pepstatin A. Protein identification of the purified protease showed that the sequences of two peptides, LGEHNI and NLDNDIML, were highly homologous to other fish trypsins. The measurement of trypsin activity in different tissues showed that the highest activity was detected in pyloric ceca, followed by anterior intestine, middle intestine, hind intestine and spleen, but very low activities were found in other tissues. An inverse relationship between the trypsin activity in four tissues of pyloric ceca, anterior intestine, middle intestine and hind intestine and fish body weight as a result of increased pepsin in stomach indicated grouper growth status was increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hung Liu
- Department of Aquaculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan, ROC.
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34
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Silva JF, Espósito TS, Marcuschi M, Ribeiro K, Cavalli RO, Oliveira V, Bezerra RS. Purification and partial characterisation of a trypsin from the processing waste of the silver mojarra (Diapterus rhombeus). Food Chem 2011; 129:777-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2010] [Revised: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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35
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Kanno G, Kishimura H, Yamamoto J, Ando S, Shimizu T, Benjakul S, Klomklao S, Nalinanon S, Chun BS, Saeki H. Cold-adapted structural properties of trypsins from walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) and Arctic cod (Boreogadus saida). Eur Food Res Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-011-1592-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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36
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Stefansson B, Helgadóttir L, Olafsdottir S, Gudmundsdottir A, Bjarnason JB. Characterization of cold-adapted Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) trypsin I--kinetic parameters, autolysis and thermal stability. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 155:186-94. [PMID: 19913635 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2009.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2009] [Revised: 11/05/2009] [Accepted: 11/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Atlantic cod trypsin I is a highly active cold-adapted protease. This study aimed at further characterization of this enzyme with respect to kinetic parameters, sites of autolysis and stability. For that purpose, trypsin I was purified by anion exchange chromatography. Its purity and identity was verified by SDS-PAGE analysis and mass spectrometry. Concomitantly, another cod trypsin isozyme, trypsin X, previously only described from its cDNA sequence was detected in a separate peak from the ion exchange chromatogram. There was a stepwise increase in the catalytic efficiency (k(cat)/K(m)) of cod trypsin I obtained with substrates containing one to three amino acid residues. As expected, the activity of trypsin I was maintained for longer periods of time at 15 degrees C than at higher temperatures. The residues of the trypsin I molecule most sensitive to autolysis were identified using Edman degradation. Eleven autolytic cleavage sites were detected within the trypsin I molecule. Unfolding experiments demonstrated that autolysis is a contributing factor in the stability of trypsin I. In addition, the data shows that cod trypsin I is less stable towards thermal unfolding than its mesophilic bovine analogue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjarki Stefansson
- Department of Biochemistry, Science Institute University of Iceland, Dunhaga 3, 107 Reykjavík, Iceland
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37
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Colleary S, Ó'Fágáin C. Stability and catalytic properties of chemically modified pig trypsin. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/10242420903207592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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38
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A family of diverse Kunitz inhibitors from Echinococcus granulosus potentially involved in host-parasite cross-talk. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7009. [PMID: 19759914 PMCID: PMC2740865 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2009] [Accepted: 08/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The cestode Echinococcus granulosus, the agent of hydatidosis/echinococcosis, is remarkably well adapted to its definitive host. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the successful establishment of larval worms (protoscoleces) in the dog duodenum are unknown. With the aim of identifying molecules participating in the E. granulosus-dog cross-talk, we surveyed the transcriptomes of protoscoleces and protoscoleces treated with pepsin at pH 2. This analysis identified a multigene family of secreted monodomain Kunitz proteins associated mostly with pepsin/H(+)-treated worms, suggesting that they play a role at the onset of infection. We present the relevant molecular features of eight members of the E. granulosus Kunitz family (EgKU-1 - EgKU-8). Although diverse, the family includes three pairs of close paralogs (EgKU-1/EgKU-4; EgKU-3/EgKU-8; EgKU-6/EgKU-7), which would be the products of recent gene duplications. In addition, we describe the purification of EgKU-1 and EgKU-8 from larval worms, and provide data indicating that some members of the family (notably, EgKU-3 and EgKU-8) are secreted by protoscoleces. Detailed kinetic studies with native EgKU-1 and EgKU-8 highlighted their functional diversity. Like most monodomain Kunitz proteins, EgKU-8 behaved as a slow, tight-binding inhibitor of serine proteases, with global inhibition constants (K(I) (*)) versus trypsins in the picomolar range. In sharp contrast, EgKU-1 did not inhibit any of the assayed peptidases. Interestingly, molecular modeling revealed structural elements associated with activity in Kunitz cation-channel blockers. We propose that this family of inhibitors has the potential to act at the E. granulosus-dog interface and interfere with host physiological processes at the initial stages of infection.
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Klomklao S, Kishimura H, Benjakul S. Trypsin from the pyloric ceca of pectoral rattail (Coryphaenoides pectoralis): purification and characterization. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:7097-7103. [PMID: 19585993 DOI: 10.1021/jf901157f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Trypsin from the pyloric ceca of pectoral rattail (Coryphaenoides pectoralis) was purified and characterized. Purification was carried out by ammonium sulfate precipitation, followed by column chromatographies on Sephacryl S-200, DEAE-cellulose and Sephadex G-50. The enzyme was purified 89-fold with a yield of 2.2%. Purified trypsin had an apparent molecular weight of 24 kDa when analyzed using SDS-PAGE and size exclusion chromatography. Optimal profiles of pH and temperature of the enzyme were 8.5 and 45 degrees C, respectively, using N(alpha)-p-tosyl-l-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride as a substrate. It was stable in a wide pH range of 6-11 but unstable at a temperature greater than 40 degrees C. Trypsin was stabilized by calcium ion. The activity of purified trypsin was effectively inhibited by soybean trypsin inhibitor and TLCK and was partially inhibited by EDTA. Activity continuously decreased with increasing NaCl concentration (0-30%). The kinetic trypsin constants K(m) and K(cat) were 0.15 mM and 210 s(-1), respectively, while the catalytic efficiency (K(cat)/K(m)) was 1400 s(-1) mM(-1). The N-terminal amino acid sequence of trypsin was determined to be 12 residues (IVGGYECQEHSQ), and the sequence showed high homology to other fish trypsins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sappasith Klomklao
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Technology and Community Development, Thaksin University, Phattalung Campus, Phattalung, 93110, Thailand.
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Zelazko M, Chrzanowska J, Polanowski A. Pancreatic proteolytic enzymes of ostrich purified on immobilized protein inhibitors. Characterization of a new form of chymotrypsin (Chtr1). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2008; 151:102-9. [PMID: 18598777 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2008.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2007] [Revised: 06/06/2008] [Accepted: 06/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Four forms of chymotrypsin (Chtr1, Chtr2, Chtr3, Chtr4), one form of trypsin and one form of elastase were purified from a slightly alkaline extract of ostrich (Struthio camelus) pancreas. The zymogens in the crude extract were activated with immobilized trypsin and then separated by affinity chromatography using immobilized inhibitors and ion exchange chromatography. One of the purified forms of chymotrypsin (Chtr1) exhibited an unusual interaction with the highly selective protein trypsin inhibitor from Cucurbita maxima (CMTI). Interactions with other protein trypsin inhibitors such as basic pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI), soybean trypsin inhibitor (STI), trypsin inhibitors from Cyclanthera pedata (CyPTI), Cucurbita pepo (CPTI), Cucurbita pepo var. giramontia (CPGTI) and Linum usitatissimum (LUTI) were also investigated. This study demonstrated the affinity of Chtr1 to inhibitors containing Arg at P1 position. Studies of substrate specificity of Chtr1 using oxidized B-chain of insulin revealed four susceptible bonds: Tyr15-Leu16, Phe24-Phe25, Phe25-Tyr26 and, surprisingly, Arg22-Gly23. The amino acid composition, as well as the first 13 residues of the N-terminal amino acid sequence, was determined. Studies of ostrich elastase showed that it can interact with immobilized CMTI in the presence of 5 M NaCl. This unusual characteristic is reported for the first time and suggests that elastase specificity depends on ionic strength. The kinetic constants K(M), k(cat) and k(cat)/K(M) for purified ostrich trypsin, chymotrypsin 4 and elastase were also determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Zelazko
- Department of Animal Products Technology and Quality Management, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Science, C.K. Norwida 25/27, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland.
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Protein flexibility in psychrophilic and mesophilic trypsins. Evidence of evolutionary conservation of protein dynamics in trypsin-like serine-proteases. FEBS Lett 2008; 582:1008-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2008.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2007] [Revised: 01/29/2008] [Accepted: 02/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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42
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Liu ZY, Wang Z, Zhang J. An acidic protease from the grass carp intestine (Ctenopharyngodon idellus). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2008; 149:83-90. [PMID: 17889581 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2007.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2007] [Revised: 08/23/2007] [Accepted: 08/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The acidic Protease was extracted from the intestine of the grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) by 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.0 at 4 degrees C after neat intestine was defatted with acetone, and partially purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, gel filtration chromatography and ionic exchange chromatography. SDS-PAGE electrophoresis showed that the enzyme was homogeneous with a relative molecular mass of 28,500. Substrate-PAGE at pH7.0 showed that the purified acidic protease has only an active component. Specificity and inhibiting assays showed that it should be a cathepsin D. The optimal pH and optimal temperature of the enzyme were pH2.5 and 37 degrees C, respectively. It retained only 20% of its initial activity after incubating at 50 degrees C for 30 min. The enzyme lost 81% of its activity after incubation with pepstatin A at room temperature, but was not inhibited by soybean trypsin inhibitor or phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF). Its V(max) and K(m) values were determined to be 3.57 mg/mL and 0.75 min(-1), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-yi Liu
- Department of Food and Biological Technology, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan, 411105, China.
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Anionic Trypsin from North Pacific Krill (Euphausia pacifica): Purification and Characterization. Int J Pept Res Ther 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-007-9119-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Guedes HLM, Silva FP, Netto CC, de Salles CMC, Alexandre G, Oliveira CLP, Torriani I, De Simone SG. Structural characterization and low-resolution model of BJ-48, a thrombin-like enzyme from Bothrops jararacussu venom. Biophys Chem 2007; 132:159-64. [PMID: 18069115 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2007.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2007] [Revised: 11/08/2007] [Accepted: 11/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Thrombin-like enzymes (TLEs) are important components of snake venoms due to their involvement in coagulopathies occurring on envenoming. Structural characterization of this group of serine proteases is of utmost importance for better understanding their unique properties. However, the high carbohydrate content of some members of this group prevents successful crystallization for structural determination. Circumventing this difficulty, the structure of BJ-48, a highly glycosylated TLE from Bothrops jararacussu venom, was studied in solution. At pH 8.0, where the enzyme displays maximum activity, BJ-48 has a radius of gyration (Rg) of 37 A and a maximum dimension (D(max)) of 130 A as measured by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and a Stokes radius (SR) of 50 A according to dynamic light scattering (DLS) data. At the naturally more acidic pH (6.0) of the B. jararacussu venom BJ-48 behaves as a more compact particle as evidenced by SAXS (R(g)=27.9 A and D(max)=82 A) and DLS (SR=30 A) data. In addition, Kratky plot analysis indicates a rigid shape at pH 8.0 and a flexible shape at pH 6.0. On the other hand, the center of mass of intrinsic fluorescence was not changed while varying pH, possibly indicating the absence of fluorescent amino acids in the regions affected by pH variation. Circular dichroism experiments carried out with BJ-48 indicate a substantially random coiled secondary structure that is not affected by pH. Low-resolution model of BJ-48 presented a prolate elongated shape at pH 8.0 and a U-shape at 6.0. BJ-48 tertiary structure at pH 6.0 was maintained on heating up to 52 degrees C and was completely lost at 75 degrees C. The possible existence of two pH-induced folding states for BJ-48 and its importance for the biological role and stability of this enzyme was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert L M Guedes
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, RJ, Brazil
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Manchado M, Infante C, Asensio E, Crespo A, Zuasti E, Cañavate JP. Molecular characterization and gene expression of six trypsinogens in the flatfish Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis Kaup) during larval development and in tissues. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2007; 149:334-44. [PMID: 18006348 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2007.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2007] [Revised: 10/09/2007] [Accepted: 10/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The application of large-scale genomics to Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) has allowed for the identification of six different trypsinogen genes. The catalytic triad (His-57, Asp-102, and Ser-195) and other residues required for trypsin functionality were conserved across all trypsinogens. Sequence identities, charges and phylogenetic analysis allowed them to be classified into three groups: group I or anionic trypsinogens (ssetryp1a, ssetryp1b and ssetryp1c), group II or cationic trypsinogen (ssetryp2) and group III or psychrophilic trypsinogens (ssetryp3 and ssetrypY). The expression profiles of these genes were studied in juvenile tissues and during larval development using a real-time PCR approach. In juvenile fish, trypsinogens were expressed mainly in the intestine. Transcripts of ssetryp1c were the highest in all tissues except in brain where those of ssetryp2 were the most abundant. During larval development, ssetryp1 variants and ssetryp2 transcript levels increased from 2 to 6 days after hatching, and decreased thereafter. In contrast, transcripts of group III trypsinogens increased slightly or not significantly in premetamorphosis and decreased at metamorphosis. The expression levels ssetryp3 and ssetrypY were the lowest in larvae (from 172- to 1391-fold lower than ssetryp1 and ssetryp2). In contrast, they were expressed at a similar level as ssetryp2, although lower than ssetryp1, in juvenile tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Manchado
- IFAPA Centro El Toruño, Junta de Andalucía, Camino Tiro de pichón s/n, 11500 El Puerto de Santa María, Cádiz, Spain.
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Toyota E, Iyaguchi D, Sekizaki H, Itoh K, Tanizawa K. Kinetic properties of three isoforms of trypsin isolated from the pyloric caeca of chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta). Biol Pharm Bull 2007; 30:1648-52. [PMID: 17827714 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.30.1648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Three isoforms of anionic chum salmon trypsin (ST-1, ST-2, and ST-3) were purified from the pyloric caeca of chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta). The molecular weights of the three isoforms were about 24 kDa as determined by SDS-PAGE. The isoelectric points of ST-1, ST-2, and ST-3 were 5.8, 5.4, and 5.6, respectively. The apparent K(m) values of two isoforms (ST-1 and ST-2) for BAPA (benzoyl-L-arginine-p-nitroanilide) hydrolysis at 5, 15, 25 and 35 degrees C were slightly higher than that of the main isoform ST-3, depending on temperature. The turnover numbers, k(cat), of ST-1 and ST-2 were about twice as high as that of ST-3. Consequently, the catalytic efficiencies (k(cat)/K(m)) of ST-1 and ST-2 were more efficient than ST-3. There were marked differences in both apparent K(m) and k(cat) values of three anionic chum salmon trypsins as compared to bovine cationic trypsin. K(m) values of all chum salmon trypsins were approximately 10 times lower than those of bovine trypsin, depending on the temperature. The k(cat) values of all chum salmon trypsins were about 2- to 5-fold higher than those of bovine trypsin; therefore, the catalytic efficiencies (k(cat)/K(m)) of chum salmon trypsin were 20- to 40-fold more efficient than those of bovine trypsin. On the other hand, k(cat)/K(m) values of ST-1 for TAME (tosyl-L-arginine methyl ester) hydrolysis were lower than those of bovine trypsin, whereas k(cat)/K(m) values of ST-2 and ST-3 were comparable to those of bovine trypsin, depending on the temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiko Toyota
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of HokkaidoIshikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan.
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Wu Z, Jiang G, Wang N, Wang J, Chen S, Xu Z. Relating Trypsin Enzymatic Properties with Amino Acid Composition. Int J Pept Res Ther 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-007-9108-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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48
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Liu ZY, Wang Z, Xu SY, Xu LN. Two trypsin isoforms from the intestine of the grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus). J Comp Physiol B 2007; 177:655-66. [PMID: 17562054 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-007-0163-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2006] [Revised: 03/15/2007] [Accepted: 03/21/2007] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Two trypsin isoforms (GT-A and GT-B) from the grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) intestine were isolated and purified. SDS-PAGE electrophoresis showed that GT-A and GT-B had relative molecular masses of 30,740 and 26,400, respectively. Enzyme activity was inhibited by three organic trypsin inhibitors but not by EDTA. They had optimal pH of 8.0 and 8.5, and optimal temperatures of 38.5 and 44.0 degrees C, respectively, when hydrolyzing N-benzoyl-L: -arginine ethyl ester.HCl (BAEE). They lost 95.8 and 93.7% of their activities, respectively, after heating for 20 min at 65 degrees C. Their thermal denaturation temperatures, respectively, were 66.3 and 67.3 degrees C. GT-A has a K(m) value of 21.2 microM and a V(max) of 2.0 x 10(3) min(-1), and GT-B has a K(m) value of 31.7 microM and a V(max) of 3.3 x 10(3) min(-1). Their physiological efficiencies were 94.3 and 105.3 microM(-1) min(-1), respectively. The Arrhenius activation energies of GT-A and GT-B were 4.16 and 4.38 kcal/mol, respectively. The activities of GT-A and GT-B were not activated by Ca(2+), but their thermostability was improved in the presence of Ca(2+). Enzyme activity was reduced in presence of Zn(2+), Cu(2+), Hg(2+) and Al(3+). Thermal stabilities of GT-A and GT-B were intermediate between Arctic and tropical fish species, and consistent with the wide range of water temperatures to which grass carp are exposed in most provinces of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Yi Liu
- Food Science and Safety Focal Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China, Food Science Institute of Southern Yangtze University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China 214036.
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Asgeirsson B, Cekan P. Microscopic rate-constants for substrate binding and acylation in cold-adaptation of trypsin I from Atlantic cod. FEBS Lett 2006; 580:4639-44. [PMID: 16879823 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2006.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2006] [Accepted: 07/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Temperature imposes limits on where life can thrive and this is evident in the evolution of the basic structural properties of proteins. Cold-adaptation of enzymes is one example, where the catalytic rate constant (k(cat)) is increased compared with hot-acclimated homologous under identical assay conditions. Trypsin I from Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) has catalytic efficiency (k(cat)/K(m)) for amide hydrolysis that is 17-fold larger than observed for bovine trypsin. Here, the individual rate-constants for association of substrate (k(1)), dissociation of substrate (k(-1)), and acylation of the enzyme (k(2)) have been determined using benzoyl-Arg-p-nitroanilide or benzyloxycarbonyl-Gly-Pro-Arg-p-nitroanilide as substrates. Rather unexpectedly, by far the largest difference (37-fold increase) was observed in k(1), the rate constant for binding of substrate. The cold-adaptation of the dissociation and catalytic steps were not as prominent (increased by 3.7-fold). The length of substrate did have an effect by increasing the reaction rate by 70-fold, and again, the step most affected was the initial binding-step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjarni Asgeirsson
- Department of Biochemistry, Science Institute, University of Iceland, Dunhaga 3, IS-107 Reykjavik, Iceland.
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Rungruangsak-Torrissen K, Moss R, Andresen LH, Berg A, Waagbø R. Different expressions of trypsin and chymotrypsin in relation to growth in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2006; 32:7-23. [PMID: 20035474 PMCID: PMC3233903 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-005-0630-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/04/2005] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The expressions of trypsin and chymotrypsin in the pyloric caeca of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) were studied in three experiments. Two internal (trypsin phenotypes, life stages) and three common external factors (starvation, feeding, temperatures) influencing growth rates were varied. Growth was stimulated by increased temperature and higher feeding rate, and it was depressed during starvation. The interaction between trypsin phenotype and start-feeding temperature affected specific activity of trypsin, but not of chymotrypsin. Trypsin specific activity and the activity ratio of trypsin to chymotrypsin (T/C ratio) increased when growth was promoted. Chymotrypsin specific activity, on the other hand, increased when there was a reduction in growth rate whereas fish with higher growth had higher chymotrypsin specific activity resulting in lower T/C ratio value. During a rapid growth phase, trypsin specific activity did not correlate with chymotrypsin specific activity. On the other hand, a relationship between specific activities of trypsin and chymotrypsin could be observed when growth declined, such as during food deprivation. Trypsin is the sensitive key protease under conditions favouring growth and genetically and environmentally affected, while chymotrypsin plays a major role when growth is limited or depressed. Trypsin specific activity and the T/C ratio value are shown to be important factors in the digestion process affecting growth rate, and could be applicable as indicators for growth studies of fish in captive cultures and in the wild, especially when food consumption rate cannot be measured.
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