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Vilardaga R, Thrul J, DeVito A, Kendzor DE, Sabo P, Khafif TC. Review of strategies to investigate low sample return rates in remote tobacco trials: A call to action for more user-centered design research. ADDICTION NEUROSCIENCE 2023; 7:100090. [PMID: 37424632 PMCID: PMC10327900 DOI: 10.1016/j.addicn.2023.100090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Remote collection of biomarkers of tobacco use in clinical trials poses significant challenges. A recent meta-analysis and scoping review of the smoking cessation literature indicated that sample return rates are low and that new methods are needed to investigate the underlying causes of these low rates. In this paper we conducted a narrative review and heuristic analysis of the different human factors approaches reported to evaluate and/or improve sample return rates among 31 smoking cessation studies recently identified in the literature. We created a heuristic metric (with scores from 0 to 4) to evaluate the level of elaboration or complexity of the user-centered design strategy reported by researchers. Our review of the literature identified five types of challenges typically encountered by researchers (in that order): usability and procedural, technical (device related), sample contamination (e.g., polytobacco), psychosocial factors (e.g., digital divide), and motivational factors. Our review of strategies indicated that 35% of the studies employed user-centered design methods with the remaining studies relying on informal methods. Among the studies that employed user-centered design methods, only 6% reached a level of 3 in our user-centered design heuristic metric. None of the studies reached the highest level of complexity (i.e., 4). This review examined these findings in the context of the larger literature, discussed the need to address the role of health equity factors more directly, and concluded with a call to action to increase the application and reporting of user-centered design strategies in biomarkers research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Vilardaga
- Access to Behavioral Health for All (ABHA) Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Human Centered Design and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Johannes Thrul
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Anthony DeVito
- Access to Behavioral Health for All (ABHA) Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Darla E. Kendzor
- The TSET Health Promotion Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Patricia Sabo
- Access to Behavioral Health for All (ABHA) Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Tatiana Cohab Khafif
- Access to Behavioral Health for All (ABHA) Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Bipolar Disorder Program (PROMAN), Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
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Eng L, Brual J, Nagee A, Mok S, Fazelzad R, Chaiton M, Saunders D, Mittmann N, Truscott R, Liu G, Bradbury P, Evans W, Papadakos J, Giuliani M. Reporting of tobacco use and tobacco-related analyses in cancer cooperative group clinical trials: a systematic scoping review. ESMO Open 2022; 7:100605. [PMID: 36356412 PMCID: PMC9646674 DOI: 10.1016/j.esmoop.2022.100605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Continued smoking after a diagnosis of cancer negatively impacts cancer outcomes, but the impact of tobacco on newer treatments options is not well established. Collecting and evaluating tobacco use in clinical trials may advance understanding of the consequences of tobacco use on treatment modalities, but little is known about the frequency of reporting and analysis of tobacco use in cancer cooperative clinical trial groups. PATIENTS AND METHODS A comprehensive literature search was conducted to identify cancer cooperative group clinical trials published from January 2017-October 2019. Eligible studies evaluated either systemic and/or radiation therapies, included ≥100 adult patients, and reported on at least one of: overall survival, disease/progression-free survival, response rates, toxicities/adverse events, or quality-of-life. RESULTS A total of 91 studies representing 90 trials met inclusion criteria with trial start dates ranging from 1995 to 2015 with 14% involving lung and 5% head and neck cancer patients. A total of 19 studies reported baseline tobacco use; 2 reported collecting follow-up tobacco use. Seven studies reported analysis of the impact of baseline tobacco use on clinical outcomes. There was significant heterogeneity in the reporting of baseline tobacco use: 7 reported never/ever status, 10 reported never/ex-smoker/current smoker status, and 4 reported measuring smoking intensity. None reported verifying smoking status or second-hand smoke exposure. Trials of lung and head and neck cancers were more likely to report baseline tobacco use than other disease sites (83% versus 6%, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Few cancer cooperative group clinical trials report and analyze trial participants' tobacco use. Significant heterogeneity exists in reporting tobacco use. Routine standardized collection and reporting of tobacco use at baseline and follow-up in clinical trials should be implemented to enable investigators to evaluate the impact of tobacco use on new cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Eng
- Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Department of Medicine, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre/University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada,Prof L. Eng, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada. Tel: +1-416-946-2953; Fax: +1-416-946-6546 @Lawson_Eng@MeredithGiulia1@PMcancercentre
| | - J. Brual
- Cancer Education Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Canada
| | - A. Nagee
- Cancer Education Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Canada
| | - S. Mok
- Cancer Education Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Canada
| | - R. Fazelzad
- Library and Information Services, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - M. Chaiton
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - D.P. Saunders
- Northeast Cancer Centre of Health Sciences North, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, Canada
| | - N. Mittmann
- Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - R. Truscott
- Division of Prevention Policy and Stakeholder Engagement, Ontario Health (Cancer Care Ontario), Toronto, Canada
| | - G. Liu
- Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Department of Medicine, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre/University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - P.A. Bradbury
- Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Department of Medicine, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre/University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - W.K. Evans
- Department of Oncology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - J. Papadakos
- Cancer Education Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Canada,Patient Education, Ontario Health (Cancer Care Ontario), Toronto, Canada
| | - M.E. Giuliani
- Cancer Education Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Canada,Department of Radiation Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Canada,Correspondence to: Prof M. Giuliani, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada. Tel: +1-416-946-2983; Fax: +1-416-946-6546
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Delle S, Kraus L, Maspero S, Pogarell O, Hoch E, Lochbühler K. Effectiveness of the national German quitline for smoking cessation: study protocol of a randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:1386. [PMID: 35854238 PMCID: PMC9295518 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-13742-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the decline in cigarette smoking prevalence during nearly the past two decades, tobacco use is still widespread in the German adult population, accounting for 125,000 deaths each year and causing tremendous social costs. To accelerate the reduction in tobacco smoking prevalence, evidence-based smoking cessation methods are pivotal to a national tobacco control strategy. The present study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the national German Smokers Quitline offering cessation support to smokers. Methods A total sample of 910 daily smokers, who are motivated to quit, will be recruited via an online access panel and randomly assigned to either the intervention (telephone counselling) or control condition. In the intervention group, participants will receive up to six proactive phone calls during an intervention period of approximately six weeks. The provided treatment will combine the principles of motivational interviewing and those of the cognitive behavioural approach to treating substance use. Participants in the control condition will receive a self-help brochure to support smoking cessation. Data collection will take place at baseline as well as three (post assessment) and twelve months (follow-up assessment) after baseline assessment. Primary outcome measures will include the seven-day point prevalence abstinence at 3-month and 12-month assessments as well as prolonged abstinence (abstinence over the 12 month period). Secondary outcome measures will include a change in smoking-related cognitions and coping strategies among all participants. Among non-abstainers, treatment success indicators such as a reduction in number of cigarettes smoked per day and changes in the number and duration of quit attempts after intervention start will be assessed. It is expected that after both three and twelve months, smoking cessation rates will be higher in the telephone counselling condition compared to the control condition. Discussion The results will provide insights into the effectiveness of proactive telephone counselling by the national German Smokers Quitline. Trial registration The protocol for this study is registered with the German Clinical Trials Register: DRKS00025343, Date of registration: 2021/06/07, https://www.drks.de/drks_web/setLocale_EN.do
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Delle
- IFT Institut für Therapieforschung, Munich, Germany
| | - Ludwig Kraus
- IFT Institut für Therapieforschung, Munich, Germany.,Department of Public Health Sciences, Centre for Social Research on Alcohol and Drugs, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Oliver Pogarell
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Eva Hoch
- IFT Institut für Therapieforschung, Munich, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
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Saroj SK, Bhardwaj T. Non-pharmacological interventions for tobacco cessation: A systematic review of existing practices and their effectiveness. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis 2022; 92. [PMID: 35347975 DOI: 10.4081/monaldi.2022.2229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Smoking tobacco is associated with lung cancer and other life-threatening diseases which requires serious action to curb it. Tobacco cessation interventions are available as pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods or a combination of both. The present review examines the effectiveness of the existing non-pharmacological tobacco cessation interventions and synthesizes the result for the future development of drug-free treatment in the community for tobacco cessation. The literature search was conducted in August 2020, using two electronic databases (PubMed and JSTOR), with search terms: ['tobacco cessation' OR 'smoking cessation'] AND ['intervention'] which included studies published during 2010 and 2020 (till 31st July 2020). All studies were limited to English language, human participants and excluded patients with comorbidities. A total of 2,114 publications were retrieved out of which 11 articles were reviewed. On the basis of intervention used in reviewed studies, we categorized them into seven categories: i. incentive-based intervention, ii. exercise based, iii. telephone-based proactive counselling, iv. mobile phone SMS (Short Message Service) based, v. smartphone app (application) based, vi. web-based intervention, vii. self-help material. Incentives were provided in most of the studies to maintain the retention rate and motivate the participants for completing follow-up. Non-pharmacological interventions for tobacco cessation include a combination of various elements. Our findings suggest that behavioural counselling is one of the most important elements of any non-pharmacological intervention. In addition to behaviour counselling, yoga and exercises along with self-help material, video and phone counselling may have higher efficacy. Thus, practicing non-pharmacological interventions may also increase the cessation rate and reduce the tobacco use burden.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tushti Bhardwaj
- Social Work Department, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar College, University of Delhi, New Delhi.
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Zijlstra DN, Muris JW, Bolman C, Elling JM, Knapen VE, de Vries H. A referral aid for smoking cessation interventions in primary care: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Prim Health Care Res Dev 2021; 22:e22. [PMID: 34036929 PMCID: PMC8165454 DOI: 10.1017/s1463423621000244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To expedite the use of evidence-based smoking cessation interventions (EBSCIs) in primary care and to thereby increase the number of successful quit attempts, a referral aid was developed. This aid aims to optimize the referral to and use of EBSCIs in primary care and to increase adherence to Dutch guidelines for smoking cessation. METHODS Practice nurses (PNs) will be randomly allocated to an experimental condition or control condition, and will then recruit smoking patients who show a willingness to quit smoking within six months. PNs allocated to the experimental condition will provide smoking cessation guidance in accordance with the referral aid. Patients from both conditions will receive questionnaires at baseline and after six months. Cessation effectiveness will be tested via multilevel logistic regression analyses. Multiple imputations as well as intention to treat analysis will be performed. Intervention appreciation and level of informed decision-making will be compared using analysis of (co)variance. Predictors for appreciation and informed decision-making will be assessed using multiple linear regression analysis and/or structural equation modeling. Finally, a cost-effectiveness study will be conducted. DISCUSSION This paper describes the study design for the development and evaluation of an information and decision tool to support PNs in their guidance of smoking patients and their referral to EBSCIs. The study aims to provide insight into the (cost) effectiveness of an intervention aimed at expediting the use of EBSCIs in primary care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniëlle N. Zijlstra
- Department of Health Promotion, Maastricht University/CAPHRI, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Jean W.M. Muris
- Department of General Practice, Maastricht University/CAPHRI, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Catherine Bolman
- Department of Psychology, Open University of the Netherlands, Heerlen, the Netherlands
| | - J. Mathis Elling
- Department of Health Promotion, Maastricht University/CAPHRI, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Vera E.R.A. Knapen
- Department of Health Promotion, Maastricht University/CAPHRI, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Hein de Vries
- Department of Health Promotion, Maastricht University/CAPHRI, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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Comparing two approaches to remote biochemical verification of self-reported cessation in very low-income smokers. Addict Behav Rep 2021; 13:100343. [PMID: 33786362 PMCID: PMC7988487 DOI: 10.1016/j.abrep.2021.100343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the acceptability and use of remote biochemical verification of self-reported cessation among low-income and racially diverse smokers. We compared responses to an in-person carbon monoxide breath test and in-home urine cotinine test among 270 adults who reported 7-day continuous abstinence at 6-month follow-up in a community-based randomized cessation trial. Half of participants (50%) reported annual household income below $10,000, one in four (28%) had not completed high school, and 69% were Black or African American. Regardless of whether the two tests were offered separately, sequentially, or as a head-to-head choice, participants were more likely to accept an offer to take the urine test than the breath test (89% vs. 32%), and complete it (46% vs. 13%). The proportion of participants completing the urine test and returning a digital photo of the test result is comparable to several studies completed with less disadvantaged samples. Self-report was confirmed by urine test for 74% of participants with a conclusive test result, although a high percentage (39%) of test results were inconclusive. In-home urine testing appears both acceptable and feasible for many low-income smokers, but challenges with testing technology and response rates currently limit its value to increase confidence in self-reports.
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7
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Holliday R, Hong B, McColl E, Livingstone-Banks J, Preshaw PM. Interventions for tobacco cessation delivered by dental professionals. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2021; 2:CD005084. [PMID: 33605440 PMCID: PMC8095016 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd005084.pub4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dental professionals are well placed to help their patients stop using tobacco products. Large proportions of the population visit the dentist regularly. In addition, the adverse effects of tobacco use on oral health provide a context that dental professionals can use to motivate a quit attempt. OBJECTIVES To assess the effectiveness, adverse events and oral health effects of tobacco cessation interventions offered by dental professionals. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group's Specialised Register up to February 2020. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised and quasi-randomised clinical trials assessing tobacco cessation interventions conducted by dental professionals in the dental practice or community setting, with at least six months of follow-up. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently reviewed abstracts for potential inclusion and extracted data from included trials. We resolved disagreements by consensus. The primary outcome was abstinence from all tobacco use (e.g. cigarettes, smokeless tobacco) at the longest follow-up, using the strictest definition of abstinence reported. Individual study effects and pooled effects were summarised as risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI), using Mantel-Haenszel random-effects models to combine studies where appropriate. We assessed statistical heterogeneity with the I2 statistic. We summarised secondary outcomes narratively. MAIN RESULTS Twenty clinical trials involving 14,897 participants met the criteria for inclusion in this review. Sixteen studies assessed the effectiveness of interventions for tobacco-use cessation in dental clinics and four assessed this in community (school or college) settings. Five studies included only smokeless tobacco users, and the remaining studies included either smoked tobacco users only, or a combination of both smoked and smokeless tobacco users. All studies employed behavioural interventions, with four offering nicotine treatment (nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) or e-cigarettes) as part of the intervention. We judged three studies to be at low risk of bias, one to be at unclear risk of bias, and the remaining 16 studies to be at high risk of bias. Compared with usual care, brief advice, very brief advice, or less active treatment, we found very low-certainty evidence of benefit from behavioural support provided by dental professionals, comprising either one session (RR 1.86, 95% CI 1.01 to 3.41; I2 = 66%; four studies, n = 6328), or more than one session (RR 1.90, 95% CI 1.17 to 3.11; I2 = 61%; seven studies, n = 2639), on abstinence from tobacco use at least six months from baseline. We found moderate-certainty evidence of benefit from behavioural interventions provided by dental professionals combined with the provision of NRT or e-cigarettes, compared with no intervention, usual care, brief, or very brief advice only (RR 2.76, 95% CI 1.58 to 4.82; I2 = 0%; four studies, n = 1221). We did not detect a benefit from multiple-session behavioural support provided by dental professionals delivered in a high school or college, instead of a dental setting (RR 1.51, 95% CI 0.86 to 2.65; I2 = 83%; three studies, n = 1020; very low-certainty evidence). Only one study reported adverse events or oral health outcomes, making it difficult to draw any conclusions. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There is very low-certainty evidence that quit rates increase when dental professionals offer behavioural support to promote tobacco cessation. There is moderate-certainty evidence that tobacco abstinence rates increase in cigarette smokers if dental professionals offer behavioural support combined with pharmacotherapy. Further evidence is required to be certain of the size of the benefit and whether adding pharmacological interventions is more effective than behavioural support alone. Future studies should use biochemical validation of abstinence so as to preclude the risk of detection bias. There is insufficient evidence on whether these interventions lead to adverse effects, but no reasons to suspect that these effects would be specific to interventions delivered by dental professionals. There was insufficient evidence that interventions affected oral health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Holliday
- School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Bosun Hong
- Oral Surgery Department, Birmingham Dental Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Elaine McColl
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Philip M Preshaw
- School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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LaRowe LR, Cleveland JD, Long DM, Nahvi S, Cachay ER, Christopoulos KA, Crane HM, Cropsey K, Napravnik S, O'Cleirigh C, Merlin JS, Ditre JW. Prevalence and impact of comorbid chronic pain and cigarette smoking among people living with HIV. AIDS Care 2021; 33:1534-1542. [PMID: 33594924 DOI: 10.1080/09540121.2021.1883511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Rates of chronic pain and cigarette smoking are each substantially higher among people living with HIV (PLWH) than in the general population. The goal of these analyses was to examine the prevalence and impact of comorbid chronic pain and cigarette smoking among PLWH. Participants included 3289 PLWH (83% male) who were recruited from five HIV clinics. As expected, the prevalence of smoking was higher among PLWH with chronic pain (41.9%), than PLWH without chronic pain (26.6%, p < .0001), and the prevalence of chronic pain was higher among current smokers (32.9%), than among former (23.6%) or never (17%) smokers (ps < .0001). PLWH who endorsed comorbid chronic pain and smoking (vs. nonsmokers without chronic pain) were more likely to report cocaine/crack and cannabis use, be prescribed long-term opioid therapy, and have virologic failure, even after controlling for relevant sociodemographic and substance-related variables (ps < .05). These results contribute to a growing empirical literature indicating that chronic pain and cigarette smoking frequently co-occur, and extend this work to a large sample of PLWH. Indeed, PLWH may benefit from interventions that are tailored to address bidirectional pain-smoking effects in the context of HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa R LaRowe
- Department of Psychology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - John D Cleveland
- Department of Medicine at School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Dustin M Long
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Shadi Nahvi
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Edward R Cachay
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Owen Clinic, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Katerina A Christopoulos
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Heidi M Crane
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Karen Cropsey
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Sonia Napravnik
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Conall O'Cleirigh
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, The Fenway Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jessica S Merlin
- Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Center for Research on Healthcare, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Joseph W Ditre
- Department of Psychology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
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Herbec A, Shahab L, Brown J, Ubhi HK, Beard E, Matei A, West R. Does addition of craving management tools in a stop smoking app improve quit rates among adult smokers? Results from BupaQuit pragmatic pilot randomised controlled trial. Digit Health 2021; 7:20552076211058935. [PMID: 34868620 PMCID: PMC8637712 DOI: 10.1177/20552076211058935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Delivery of craving management tools via smartphone applications (apps) may improve smoking cessation rates, but research on such programmes remains limited, especially in real-world settings. This study evaluated the effectiveness of adding craving management tools in a cessation app (BupaQuit). METHODS The study was a two-arm pragmatic pilot parallel randomised controlled trial, comparing a fully-automated BupaQuit app with craving management tool with a control app version without craving management tool. A total of 425 adult UK-based daily smokers were enrolled through open online recruitment (February 2015-March 2016), with no researcher involvement, and individually randomised within the app to the intervention (n = 208) or control (n = 217). The primary outcome was self-reported 14-day continuous abstinence assessed at 4-week follow-up. Secondary outcomes included 6-month point-prevalence and sustained abstinence, and app usage. The primary outcome was assessed with Fisher's exact test using intent to treat with those lost to follow-up counted as smoking. Participants were not reimbursed. RESULTS Re-contact rates were 50.4% at 4 weeks and 40.2% at 6 months. There was no significant difference between intervention and control arms on the primary outcome (13.5% vs 15.7%; p = 0.58; relative risk = 0.86, 95% confidence interval = 0.54-1.36) or secondary cessation outcomes (6-month point prevalence: 14.4% vs 17.1%, p = 0.51; relative risk = 0.85, 95% confidence interval = 0.54-1.32; 6-month sustained: 11.1% vs 13.4%, p = 0.55; relative risk = 0.83, 95% confidence interval = 0.50-1.38). Bayes factors supported the null hypothesis (B[0, 0, 1.0986] = 0.20). Usage was similar across the conditions (mean/median logins: 9.6/4 vs 10.5/5; time spent: 401.8/202 s vs 325.8/209 s). CONCLUSIONS The addition of craving management tools did not affect cessation, and the limited engagement with the app may have contributed to this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Herbec
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, UK
- Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, UCL
Centre for Behaviour Change, University College London, UK
- UCL Tobacco and Alcohol Research Group (UTARG), University College London, UK
| | - Lion Shahab
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, UK
- UCL Tobacco and Alcohol Research Group (UTARG), University College London, UK
| | - Jamie Brown
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, UK
- UCL Tobacco and Alcohol Research Group (UTARG), University College London, UK
- Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, UK
| | - Harveen Kaur Ubhi
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, UK
- UCL Tobacco and Alcohol Research Group (UTARG), University College London, UK
| | - Emma Beard
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, UK
- UCL Tobacco and Alcohol Research Group (UTARG), University College London, UK
- Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, UK
| | - Alexandru Matei
- Bupa Centre Medical, UK
- Department of Computer Science, University College London, UK
| | - Robert West
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, UK
- UCL Tobacco and Alcohol Research Group (UTARG), University College London, UK
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10
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Association between generational status and smoking behaviors before and during pregnancy among Hispanic women. Addict Behav 2020; 104:106310. [PMID: 31958708 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence is limited on the risk of maternal smoking before and during pregnancy across generations of Hispanic immigrants. PURPOSE The aim of this study was to determine whether immigration generational status predicts maternal smoking behaviors before and during pregnancy among Hispanic women. METHODS Data on pregnancies in National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 were used. Current study sample consists of Hispanic women (15-24 years) reporting pregnancy between 1979 and 2014 (n = 616). Data on birthplaces of the respondent and their parents were used to determine generation status. Maternal smoking behaviors before and during pregnancy were self-reported. Data were analyzed using weighted covariate-adjusted logistic regression models. RESULTS There were 24% first-generation, 20% second-generation, and 56% third or higher generation Hispanic women in the sample. Majority of participants were married (72%), with a high school degree or more (69%), and of Mexican origin (56%). After controlling for covariates, first generation Hispanic women had lower likelihood of smoking prior to (OR = 0.40, p = 0.009) and during pregnancy (OR = 0.35, p = 0.007) compared to third or higher generation women. The second-generation women had lower likelihood of smoking during pregnancy (OR = 0.46, p = 0.038) compared to third or higher generation women. CONCLUSIONS First generation Hispanic women are at lower risk of smoking both prior to and during pregnancy. Identification of cultural factors discouraging smoking during pregnancy among first/second generation Hispanic women and incorporating in smoking prevention interventions targeting Hispanic women could benefits the later generations of Hispanic immigrants.
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11
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Examining differences in cigarette smoking prevalence among young adults across national surveillance surveys. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225312. [PMID: 31834881 PMCID: PMC6910680 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate smoking prevalence data is critical for monitoring, surveillance, and evaluation. However, estimates of prevalence vary across surveys due to various factors. This study examines smoking prevalence estimates for 18-21 year olds across six U.S. national telephone, online and in-person surveys for the years 2013 and 2014. Estimates of ever smoking ranged from 35% to 55%. Current smoking ranged from 16% to 30%. Across the three modalities, household surveys were found to yield the highest estimates of smoking prevalence among 18 to 21 year olds while online surveys yielded the lowest estimates, and this was consistent when stratifying by gender and race/ethnicity. Assessments of the joint effect of gender, race/ethnicity, educational attainment and survey mode indicated that the relative differences in the likelihood of smoking were consistent across modes for gender and education groups. However, the relative likelihood of smoking among minority groups compared with non-Hispanic Whites varied across modes. Gender and racial/ethnic distributions for most surveys significantly differed from the U.S. Census. Over and underrepresentation of certain demographic subpopulations, variations in survey question wording, and social desirability effects may explain modality differences in smoking estimates observed in this study. Further research is needed to evaluate the effect of survey mode on variation in smoking prevalence estimates across national surveys, particularly for young adult populations.
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12
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Suñer-Soler R, Grau-Martín A, Terceno M, Silva Y, Davalos A, Sánchez JM, Font-Mayolas S, Gras E, Rodrigo J, Kazimierczak M, Malagón C, Serena J. Biological and Psychological Factors Associated With Smoking Abstinence Six Years Post-Stroke. Nicotine Tob Res 2019; 20:1182-1188. [PMID: 29106659 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntx151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Tobacco use is a public health problem causing high morbidity and mortality, including stroke. This study evaluates predictive factors of smoking cessation in the long term after stroke. Methods We followed a cohort of 110 consecutive smokers with stroke for up to 6 years. Sociodemographic variables, stroke severity, insular involvement, stage of change in smoking habit before stroke and disruption of addiction variable (smoking cessation, absence of relapses, having stopped smoking without difficulties and not having had urge) were evaluated. Results Twenty patients died during follow-up and two patients were lost leaving a final cohort of 88 patients. The prevalence of smoking cessation in the remaining population was 65.9% post-stroke, 54.9% at 3-6 months, 40.9% at 1 year and 37.5% at 6 years. Prevalence was significantly higher in patients with insular involvement during the first year of follow-up, but not at 6 years. Disruption immediately after stroke (OR = 10.1; 95% CI = 2.5 to 40.1) and intention to change before having the stroke (OR = 4.8; 95% CI = 1.0 to 23.0) were predictors of abstinence at 6 years after adjusting for age, sex and stroke severity at baseline. When tobacco abstinence at the 1 year follow-up was included in the model, this factor was the best predictor of tobacco abstinence at 1 year (OR = 10.5; 95% CI = 2.2 to 49.4). Conclusions Intention of change, having the disruption criteria, and abstinence 1 year after stroke were predictors of abstinence at 6 years. An insular lesion in the acute phase of stroke does not determine the tobacco use status at 6 years. Implications This study is the first prospective investigation with a cohort of stroke patients to examine the long-term influence of biological and psychological factors on smoking cessation. Tobacco abstinence 1 year after stroke was the strongest predictor of abstinence at 6 years of follow-up. The effect of the insular cortex lesion on tobacco cessation, which had been relevant during the first year, no longer had an influence over the longer period studied here.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Armand Grau-Martín
- Fundació Salut Empordà and Quality of Life Research Institute, University of Girona, Spain
| | - Mikel Terceno
- Neurology, Hospital Universitari Dr Josep Trueta, Spain
| | - Yolanda Silva
- Neurology, Hospital Universitari Dr Josep Trueta de Girona, Spain
| | - Antoni Davalos
- Neurosciences Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Spain
| | | | | | - Eugenia Gras
- Quality of Life Research Institute, University of Girona, Spain
| | - Joana Rodrigo
- Neurology, Hospital Universitari Dr Josep Trueta, Spain
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13
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Danaher BG, Tyler MS, Crowley RC, Brendryen H, Seeley JR. Outcomes and Device Usage for Fully Automated Internet Interventions Designed for a Smartphone or Personal Computer: The MobileQuit Smoking Cessation Randomized Controlled Trial. J Med Internet Res 2019; 21:e13290. [PMID: 31172967 PMCID: PMC6594213 DOI: 10.2196/13290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Many best practice smoking cessation programs use fully automated internet interventions designed for nonmobile personal computers (desktop computers, laptops, and tablets). A relatively small number of smoking cessation interventions have been designed specifically for mobile devices such as smartphones. Objective This study examined the efficacy and usage patterns of two internet-based best practices smoking cessation interventions. Methods Overall, 1271 smokers who wanted to quit were randomly assigned to (1) MobileQuit (designed for—and constrained its use to—mobile devices, included text messaging, and embodied tunnel information architecture) or (2) QuitOnline (designed for nonmobile desktop or tablet computers, did not include text messages, and used a flexible hybrid matrix-hierarchical information architecture). Primary outcomes included self-reported 7-day point-prevalence smoking abstinence at 3- and 6-month follow-up assessments. Program visits were unobtrusively assessed (frequency, duration, and device used for access). Results Significantly more MobileQuit participants than QuitOnline participants reported quitting smoking. Abstinence rates using intention-to-treat analysis were 20.7% (131/633) vs 11.4% (73/638) at 3 months, 24.6% (156/633) vs 19.3% (123/638) at 6 months, and 15.8% (100/633) vs 8.8% (56/638) for both 3 and 6 months. Using Complete Cases, MobileQuit’s advantage was significant at 3 months (45.6% [131/287] vs 28.4% [73/257]) and the combined 3 and 6 months (40.5% [100/247] vs 25.9% [56/216]) but not at 6 months (43.5% [156/359] vs 34.4% [123/329]). Participants in both conditions reported their program was usable and helpful. MobileQuit participants visited their program 5 times more frequently than did QuitOnline participants. Consistent with the MobileQuit’s built-in constraint, 89.46% (8820/9859) of its visits were made on an intended mobile device, whereas 47.72% (691/1448) of visits to QuitOnline used an intended nonmobile device. Among MobileQuit participants, 76.0% (459/604) used only an intended mobile device, 23.0% (139/604) used both mobile and nonmobile devices, and 0.1% (6/604) used only a nonmobile device. Among QuitOnline participants, 31.3% (137/438) used only the intended nonmobile devices, 16.7% (73/438) used both mobile and nonmobile devices, and 52.1% (228/438) used only mobile devices (primarily smartphones). Conclusions This study provides evidence for optimizing intervention design for smartphones over a usual care internet approach in which interventions are designed primarily for use on nonmobile devices such as desktop computers, laptops. or tablets. We propose that future internet interventions should be designed for use on all of the devices (multiple screens) that users prefer. We forecast that the approach of designing internet interventions for mobile vs nonmobile devices will be replaced by internet interventions that use a single Web app designed to be responsive (adapt to different screen sizes and operating systems), share user data across devices, embody a pervasive information architecture, and complemented by text message notifications. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01952236; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01952236 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6zdSxqbf8)
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian G Danaher
- Prevention Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States.,Oregon Research Institute, Eugene, OR, United States
| | - Milagra S Tyler
- Prevention Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States.,Oregon Research Institute, Eugene, OR, United States
| | - Ryann C Crowley
- Oregon Research Institute, Eugene, OR, United States.,Center for Digital Mental Health, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States
| | - Håvar Brendryen
- Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - John R Seeley
- Prevention Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States.,Oregon Research Institute, Eugene, OR, United States
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14
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Herbec A, Brown J, Shahab L, West R. Lessons learned from unsuccessful use of personal carbon monoxide monitors to remotely assess abstinence in a pragmatic trial of a smartphone stop smoking app - A secondary analysis. Addict Behav Rep 2019; 9:100122. [PMID: 31193683 PMCID: PMC6542188 DOI: 10.1016/j.abrep.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Verifying abstinence remotely in trials of digital cessation interventions remains a major challenge. This study reports on using personal carbon monoxide (CO) monitors to assess abstinence in a pragmatic trial of a standalone cessation app involving automated recruitment with no researcher contact. METHODS The study involved secondary data analysis of remote CO testing in a randomized trial (ISRCTN10548241) comparing two versions of a cessation app (BupaQuit). Trial participants were adult UK-based smokers interested in quitting, who were recruited online (02/2015-03/2016). Participants were followed-up through the app, email or phone at 4 weeks. Fifty-nine participants reporting not smoking were posted a personal CO monitor with instructions, and emailed two reminders. The monitors required installing software on a Windows PC. Participants were not reimbursed but retained the device. We recorded the proportion of CO tests returned, test results, self-reported ease of use, correct use, acceptability, and reasons for missing results. RESULTS Fifteen (25.4%) CO results were returned, of which 86.6% were <10 ppm and 53.3% were <5 ppm, indicating abstinence (corresponding to 20.9% and 12.9% of all trial participants self-reporting abstinence, respectively). These 15 participants found the test easy, acceptable and believed they conducted it correctly. Eight (18.2%) of the missing results were accounted for, including no access to a Windows PC, barriers to receiving packages, and unwillingness to share results. CONCLUSION Remote validation using personal CO monitors may not yet be feasible in pragmatic studies of cessation apps in which participants are recruited with no reimbursement or direct contact with researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Herbec
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, UK
- UCL Tobacco and Alcohol Research Group (UTARG), UK
| | - Jamie Brown
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, UK
- UCL Tobacco and Alcohol Research Group (UTARG), UK
| | - Lion Shahab
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, UK
- UCL Tobacco and Alcohol Research Group (UTARG), UK
| | - Robert West
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, UK
- UCL Tobacco and Alcohol Research Group (UTARG), UK
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Bush T, Lovejoy J, Javitz H, Torres AJ, Wassum K, Tan MM, Spring B. Simultaneous vs. sequential treatment for smoking and weight management in tobacco quitlines: 6 and 12 month outcomes from a randomized trial. BMC Public Health 2018; 18:678. [PMID: 29855294 PMCID: PMC5984316 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-5574-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smoking cessation often results in weight gain which discourages many smokers from quitting and can increase health risks. Treatments to reduce cessation-related weight gain have been tested in highly controlled trials of in-person treatment, but have never been tested in a real-world setting, which has inhibited dissemination. METHODS The Best Quit Study (BQS) is a replication and "real world" translation using telephone delivery of a prior in-person efficacy trial. DESIGN randomized control trial in a quitline setting. Eligible smokers (n = 2540) were randomized to the standard 5-call quitline intervention or quitline plus simultaneous or sequential weight management. Regression analyses tested effectiveness of treatments on self-reported smoking abstinence and weight change at 6 and 12 months. RESULTS Study enrollees were from 10 commercial employer groups and three state quitlines. Participants were between ages 18-72, 65.8% female, 68.2% white; 23.0% Medicaid-insured, and 76.3% overweight/obese. The follow-up response rate was lower in the simultaneous group than the control group at 6 months (p = 0.01). While a completers analysis of 30-day point prevalence abstinence detected no differences among groups at 6 or 12 months, multiply imputed abstinence showed quit rate differences at 6 months for:simultaneous (40.3%) vs. sequential (48.3%), p = 0.034 and simultaneous vs. control (44.9%), p = 0.043. At 12 months, multiply imputed abstinence, was significantly lower for the simultaneous group (40.7%) vs. control (46.0%), p < 0.05 and vs. sequential (46.3%), p < 0.05. Weight gain at 6 and 12 months was minimal and not different among treatment groups. The sequential group completed fewer total calls (3.75) vs. control (4.16) and vs. simultaneous group (3.83), p = 0.01, and fewer weight calls (0.94) than simultaneous (2.33), p < 0.0001. The number of calls completed predicted 30-day abstinence, p < 0.001, but not weight outcomes. DISCUSSION This study offers a model for evaluating population-level public health interventions conducted in partnership with tobacco quitlines. CONCLUSIONS Simultaneous (vs. sequential) delivery of phone/web weight management with cessation treatment in the quitline setting may adversely affect quit rate. Neither a simultaneous nor sequential approach to addressing weight produced any benefit on suppressing weight gain. This study highlights the need and the challenges of testing intensive interventions in real-world settings. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01867983 . Registered: May 30, 2013.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry Bush
- Alere Wellbeing (a solely owned subsidiary of Optum), 999 Third Avenue Suite 2000, Seattle, WA 98104-1139 USA
| | | | | | - Alula Jimenez Torres
- Alere Wellbeing (a solely owned subsidiary of Optum), 999 Third Avenue Suite 2000, Seattle, WA 98104-1139 USA
| | - Ken Wassum
- Alere Wellbeing (a solely owned subsidiary of Optum), 999 Third Avenue Suite 2000, Seattle, WA 98104-1139 USA
| | - Marcia M. Tan
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Bonnie Spring
- Center for Behavior and Health, Institute for Public Health and Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL USA
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16
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Scheuermann TS, Richter KP, Rigotti NA, Cummins SE, Harrington KF, Sherman SE, Zhu SH, Tindle HA, Preacher KJ. Accuracy of self-reported smoking abstinence in clinical trials of hospital-initiated smoking interventions. Addiction 2017; 112:2227-2236. [PMID: 28834608 PMCID: PMC5673569 DOI: 10.1111/add.13913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To estimate the prevalence and predictors of failed biochemical verification of self-reported abstinence among participants enrolled in trials of hospital-initiated smoking cessation interventions. DESIGN Comparison of characteristics between participants who verified and those who failed to verify self-reported abstinence. SETTINGS Multi-site randomized clinical trials conducted between 2010 and 2014 in hospitals throughout the United States. PARTICIPANTS Recently hospitalized smokers who reported tobacco abstinence 6 months post-randomization and provided a saliva sample for verification purposes (n = 822). MEASUREMENTS Outcomes were salivary cotinine-verified smoking abstinence at 10 and 15 ng/ml cut-points. Predictors and correlates included participant demographics and tobacco use; hospital diagnoses and treatment; and study characteristics collected via surveys and electronic medical records. FINDINGS Usable samples were returned by 69.8% of the 1178 eligible trial participants who reported 7-day point prevalence abstinence. The proportion of participants verified as quit was 57.8% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 54.4, 61.2; 10 ng/ml cut-off] or 60.6% (95% CI = 57.2, 63.9; 15 ng/ml). Factors associated independently with verification at 10 ng/ml were education beyond high school education [odds ratio (OR) = 1.51; 95% CI = 1.07, 2.11], continuous abstinence since hospitalization (OR = 2.82; 95% CI = 2.02, 3.94), mailed versus in-person sample (OR = 3.20; 95% CI = 1.96, 5.21) and race. African American participants were less likely to verify abstinence than white participants (OR = 0.64; 95% CI = 0.44, 0.93). Findings were similar for verification at 15 ng/ml. Verification rates did not differ by treatment group. CONCLUSIONS In the United States, high rates (40%) of recently hospitalized smokers enrolled in smoking cessation trials fail biochemical verification of their self-reported abstinence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taneisha S. Scheuermann
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Kimber P. Richter
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Nancy A. Rigotti
- Tobacco Research and Treatment Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sharon E. Cummins
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kathleen F. Harrington
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Scott E. Sherman
- Division of General Internal Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shu-Hong Zhu
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Hilary A. Tindle
- Vanderbilt Center for Tobacco, Addictions, and Lifestyle, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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17
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Yuan C, Morales-Oyarvide V, Babic A, Clish CB, Kraft P, Bao Y, Qian ZR, Rubinson DA, Ng K, Giovannucci EL, Ogino S, Stampfer MJ, Gaziano JM, Sesso HD, Cochrane BB, Manson JE, Fuchs CS, Wolpin BM. Cigarette Smoking and Pancreatic Cancer Survival. J Clin Oncol 2017; 35:1822-1828. [PMID: 28358654 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2016.71.2026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Cigarette smoking is associated with increased incidence of pancreatic cancer. However, few studies have prospectively evaluated the association of smoking with patient survival. Patients and Methods We analyzed survival by smoking status among 1,037 patients from two large US prospective cohort studies diagnosed from 1986 to 2013. Among 485 patients from four prospective US cohorts, we also evaluated survival by prediagnostic circulating levels of cotinine, a metabolite of nicotine that is proportional to tobacco smoke exposure. On the basis of prediagnosis cotinine levels, we classified patients as nonsmokers (< 3.1 ng/mL), light smokers (3.1-20.9 ng/mL), or heavy smokers (≥ 21.0 ng/mL). We estimated hazard ratios (HRs) for death by using Cox proportional hazards models, with adjustment for age, sex, race/ethnicity, body mass index, diabetes status, diagnosis year, and cancer stage. Results The multivariable-adjusted HR for death was 1.37 (95% CI, 1.11 to 1.69) comparing current smokers with never smokers ( P = .003). A statistically significant negative trend in survival was observed for increasing pack-years of smoking ( Ptrend = .008), with HR for death of 1.49 (95% CI, 1.05 to 2.10) for > 60 pack-years of smoking versus never smoking. Survival among former smokers was similar to that for never smokers, regardless of time since quitting. Heavy smokers defined by prediagnostic circulating cotinine levels had a multivariable-adjusted HR for death of 1.76 (95% CI, 1.23 to 2.51) compared with nonsmokers. Among patients with circulating cotinine levels measured within 5 years before diagnosis, heavy smokers had a multivariable-adjusted HR for death of 2.47 (95% CI, 1.24 to 4.92) compared with nonsmokers. Conclusion Cigarette smoking was associated with a reduction in survival among patients with pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yuan
- Chen Yuan, Vicente Morales-Oyarvide, Ana Babic, Zhi Rong Qian, Douglas A. Rubinson, Kimmie Ng, Shuji Ogino, Charles S. Fuchs, and Brian M. Wolpin, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School; Chen Yuan, Peter Kraft, Edward L. Giovannucci, Shuji Ogino, Meir J. Stampfer, Howard D. Sesso, and JoAnn E. Manson, Harvard School of Public Health; Ying Bao, Edward L. Giovannucci, Shuji Ogino, Meir J. Stampfer, John Michael Gaziano, Howard D. Sesso, JoAnn E. Manson, and Charles S. Fuchs, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School; John Michael Gaziano, Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston; Clary B. Clish, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA; and Barbara B. Cochrane, University of Washington School of Nursing, Seattle, WA
| | - Vicente Morales-Oyarvide
- Chen Yuan, Vicente Morales-Oyarvide, Ana Babic, Zhi Rong Qian, Douglas A. Rubinson, Kimmie Ng, Shuji Ogino, Charles S. Fuchs, and Brian M. Wolpin, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School; Chen Yuan, Peter Kraft, Edward L. Giovannucci, Shuji Ogino, Meir J. Stampfer, Howard D. Sesso, and JoAnn E. Manson, Harvard School of Public Health; Ying Bao, Edward L. Giovannucci, Shuji Ogino, Meir J. Stampfer, John Michael Gaziano, Howard D. Sesso, JoAnn E. Manson, and Charles S. Fuchs, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School; John Michael Gaziano, Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston; Clary B. Clish, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA; and Barbara B. Cochrane, University of Washington School of Nursing, Seattle, WA
| | - Ana Babic
- Chen Yuan, Vicente Morales-Oyarvide, Ana Babic, Zhi Rong Qian, Douglas A. Rubinson, Kimmie Ng, Shuji Ogino, Charles S. Fuchs, and Brian M. Wolpin, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School; Chen Yuan, Peter Kraft, Edward L. Giovannucci, Shuji Ogino, Meir J. Stampfer, Howard D. Sesso, and JoAnn E. Manson, Harvard School of Public Health; Ying Bao, Edward L. Giovannucci, Shuji Ogino, Meir J. Stampfer, John Michael Gaziano, Howard D. Sesso, JoAnn E. Manson, and Charles S. Fuchs, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School; John Michael Gaziano, Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston; Clary B. Clish, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA; and Barbara B. Cochrane, University of Washington School of Nursing, Seattle, WA
| | - Clary B Clish
- Chen Yuan, Vicente Morales-Oyarvide, Ana Babic, Zhi Rong Qian, Douglas A. Rubinson, Kimmie Ng, Shuji Ogino, Charles S. Fuchs, and Brian M. Wolpin, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School; Chen Yuan, Peter Kraft, Edward L. Giovannucci, Shuji Ogino, Meir J. Stampfer, Howard D. Sesso, and JoAnn E. Manson, Harvard School of Public Health; Ying Bao, Edward L. Giovannucci, Shuji Ogino, Meir J. Stampfer, John Michael Gaziano, Howard D. Sesso, JoAnn E. Manson, and Charles S. Fuchs, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School; John Michael Gaziano, Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston; Clary B. Clish, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA; and Barbara B. Cochrane, University of Washington School of Nursing, Seattle, WA
| | - Peter Kraft
- Chen Yuan, Vicente Morales-Oyarvide, Ana Babic, Zhi Rong Qian, Douglas A. Rubinson, Kimmie Ng, Shuji Ogino, Charles S. Fuchs, and Brian M. Wolpin, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School; Chen Yuan, Peter Kraft, Edward L. Giovannucci, Shuji Ogino, Meir J. Stampfer, Howard D. Sesso, and JoAnn E. Manson, Harvard School of Public Health; Ying Bao, Edward L. Giovannucci, Shuji Ogino, Meir J. Stampfer, John Michael Gaziano, Howard D. Sesso, JoAnn E. Manson, and Charles S. Fuchs, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School; John Michael Gaziano, Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston; Clary B. Clish, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA; and Barbara B. Cochrane, University of Washington School of Nursing, Seattle, WA
| | - Ying Bao
- Chen Yuan, Vicente Morales-Oyarvide, Ana Babic, Zhi Rong Qian, Douglas A. Rubinson, Kimmie Ng, Shuji Ogino, Charles S. Fuchs, and Brian M. Wolpin, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School; Chen Yuan, Peter Kraft, Edward L. Giovannucci, Shuji Ogino, Meir J. Stampfer, Howard D. Sesso, and JoAnn E. Manson, Harvard School of Public Health; Ying Bao, Edward L. Giovannucci, Shuji Ogino, Meir J. Stampfer, John Michael Gaziano, Howard D. Sesso, JoAnn E. Manson, and Charles S. Fuchs, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School; John Michael Gaziano, Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston; Clary B. Clish, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA; and Barbara B. Cochrane, University of Washington School of Nursing, Seattle, WA
| | - Zhi Rong Qian
- Chen Yuan, Vicente Morales-Oyarvide, Ana Babic, Zhi Rong Qian, Douglas A. Rubinson, Kimmie Ng, Shuji Ogino, Charles S. Fuchs, and Brian M. Wolpin, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School; Chen Yuan, Peter Kraft, Edward L. Giovannucci, Shuji Ogino, Meir J. Stampfer, Howard D. Sesso, and JoAnn E. Manson, Harvard School of Public Health; Ying Bao, Edward L. Giovannucci, Shuji Ogino, Meir J. Stampfer, John Michael Gaziano, Howard D. Sesso, JoAnn E. Manson, and Charles S. Fuchs, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School; John Michael Gaziano, Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston; Clary B. Clish, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA; and Barbara B. Cochrane, University of Washington School of Nursing, Seattle, WA
| | - Douglas A Rubinson
- Chen Yuan, Vicente Morales-Oyarvide, Ana Babic, Zhi Rong Qian, Douglas A. Rubinson, Kimmie Ng, Shuji Ogino, Charles S. Fuchs, and Brian M. Wolpin, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School; Chen Yuan, Peter Kraft, Edward L. Giovannucci, Shuji Ogino, Meir J. Stampfer, Howard D. Sesso, and JoAnn E. Manson, Harvard School of Public Health; Ying Bao, Edward L. Giovannucci, Shuji Ogino, Meir J. Stampfer, John Michael Gaziano, Howard D. Sesso, JoAnn E. Manson, and Charles S. Fuchs, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School; John Michael Gaziano, Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston; Clary B. Clish, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA; and Barbara B. Cochrane, University of Washington School of Nursing, Seattle, WA
| | - Kimmie Ng
- Chen Yuan, Vicente Morales-Oyarvide, Ana Babic, Zhi Rong Qian, Douglas A. Rubinson, Kimmie Ng, Shuji Ogino, Charles S. Fuchs, and Brian M. Wolpin, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School; Chen Yuan, Peter Kraft, Edward L. Giovannucci, Shuji Ogino, Meir J. Stampfer, Howard D. Sesso, and JoAnn E. Manson, Harvard School of Public Health; Ying Bao, Edward L. Giovannucci, Shuji Ogino, Meir J. Stampfer, John Michael Gaziano, Howard D. Sesso, JoAnn E. Manson, and Charles S. Fuchs, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School; John Michael Gaziano, Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston; Clary B. Clish, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA; and Barbara B. Cochrane, University of Washington School of Nursing, Seattle, WA
| | - Edward L Giovannucci
- Chen Yuan, Vicente Morales-Oyarvide, Ana Babic, Zhi Rong Qian, Douglas A. Rubinson, Kimmie Ng, Shuji Ogino, Charles S. Fuchs, and Brian M. Wolpin, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School; Chen Yuan, Peter Kraft, Edward L. Giovannucci, Shuji Ogino, Meir J. Stampfer, Howard D. Sesso, and JoAnn E. Manson, Harvard School of Public Health; Ying Bao, Edward L. Giovannucci, Shuji Ogino, Meir J. Stampfer, John Michael Gaziano, Howard D. Sesso, JoAnn E. Manson, and Charles S. Fuchs, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School; John Michael Gaziano, Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston; Clary B. Clish, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA; and Barbara B. Cochrane, University of Washington School of Nursing, Seattle, WA
| | - Shuji Ogino
- Chen Yuan, Vicente Morales-Oyarvide, Ana Babic, Zhi Rong Qian, Douglas A. Rubinson, Kimmie Ng, Shuji Ogino, Charles S. Fuchs, and Brian M. Wolpin, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School; Chen Yuan, Peter Kraft, Edward L. Giovannucci, Shuji Ogino, Meir J. Stampfer, Howard D. Sesso, and JoAnn E. Manson, Harvard School of Public Health; Ying Bao, Edward L. Giovannucci, Shuji Ogino, Meir J. Stampfer, John Michael Gaziano, Howard D. Sesso, JoAnn E. Manson, and Charles S. Fuchs, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School; John Michael Gaziano, Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston; Clary B. Clish, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA; and Barbara B. Cochrane, University of Washington School of Nursing, Seattle, WA
| | - Meir J Stampfer
- Chen Yuan, Vicente Morales-Oyarvide, Ana Babic, Zhi Rong Qian, Douglas A. Rubinson, Kimmie Ng, Shuji Ogino, Charles S. Fuchs, and Brian M. Wolpin, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School; Chen Yuan, Peter Kraft, Edward L. Giovannucci, Shuji Ogino, Meir J. Stampfer, Howard D. Sesso, and JoAnn E. Manson, Harvard School of Public Health; Ying Bao, Edward L. Giovannucci, Shuji Ogino, Meir J. Stampfer, John Michael Gaziano, Howard D. Sesso, JoAnn E. Manson, and Charles S. Fuchs, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School; John Michael Gaziano, Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston; Clary B. Clish, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA; and Barbara B. Cochrane, University of Washington School of Nursing, Seattle, WA
| | - John Michael Gaziano
- Chen Yuan, Vicente Morales-Oyarvide, Ana Babic, Zhi Rong Qian, Douglas A. Rubinson, Kimmie Ng, Shuji Ogino, Charles S. Fuchs, and Brian M. Wolpin, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School; Chen Yuan, Peter Kraft, Edward L. Giovannucci, Shuji Ogino, Meir J. Stampfer, Howard D. Sesso, and JoAnn E. Manson, Harvard School of Public Health; Ying Bao, Edward L. Giovannucci, Shuji Ogino, Meir J. Stampfer, John Michael Gaziano, Howard D. Sesso, JoAnn E. Manson, and Charles S. Fuchs, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School; John Michael Gaziano, Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston; Clary B. Clish, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA; and Barbara B. Cochrane, University of Washington School of Nursing, Seattle, WA
| | - Howard D Sesso
- Chen Yuan, Vicente Morales-Oyarvide, Ana Babic, Zhi Rong Qian, Douglas A. Rubinson, Kimmie Ng, Shuji Ogino, Charles S. Fuchs, and Brian M. Wolpin, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School; Chen Yuan, Peter Kraft, Edward L. Giovannucci, Shuji Ogino, Meir J. Stampfer, Howard D. Sesso, and JoAnn E. Manson, Harvard School of Public Health; Ying Bao, Edward L. Giovannucci, Shuji Ogino, Meir J. Stampfer, John Michael Gaziano, Howard D. Sesso, JoAnn E. Manson, and Charles S. Fuchs, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School; John Michael Gaziano, Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston; Clary B. Clish, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA; and Barbara B. Cochrane, University of Washington School of Nursing, Seattle, WA
| | - Barbara B Cochrane
- Chen Yuan, Vicente Morales-Oyarvide, Ana Babic, Zhi Rong Qian, Douglas A. Rubinson, Kimmie Ng, Shuji Ogino, Charles S. Fuchs, and Brian M. Wolpin, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School; Chen Yuan, Peter Kraft, Edward L. Giovannucci, Shuji Ogino, Meir J. Stampfer, Howard D. Sesso, and JoAnn E. Manson, Harvard School of Public Health; Ying Bao, Edward L. Giovannucci, Shuji Ogino, Meir J. Stampfer, John Michael Gaziano, Howard D. Sesso, JoAnn E. Manson, and Charles S. Fuchs, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School; John Michael Gaziano, Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston; Clary B. Clish, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA; and Barbara B. Cochrane, University of Washington School of Nursing, Seattle, WA
| | - JoAnn E Manson
- Chen Yuan, Vicente Morales-Oyarvide, Ana Babic, Zhi Rong Qian, Douglas A. Rubinson, Kimmie Ng, Shuji Ogino, Charles S. Fuchs, and Brian M. Wolpin, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School; Chen Yuan, Peter Kraft, Edward L. Giovannucci, Shuji Ogino, Meir J. Stampfer, Howard D. Sesso, and JoAnn E. Manson, Harvard School of Public Health; Ying Bao, Edward L. Giovannucci, Shuji Ogino, Meir J. Stampfer, John Michael Gaziano, Howard D. Sesso, JoAnn E. Manson, and Charles S. Fuchs, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School; John Michael Gaziano, Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston; Clary B. Clish, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA; and Barbara B. Cochrane, University of Washington School of Nursing, Seattle, WA
| | - Charles S Fuchs
- Chen Yuan, Vicente Morales-Oyarvide, Ana Babic, Zhi Rong Qian, Douglas A. Rubinson, Kimmie Ng, Shuji Ogino, Charles S. Fuchs, and Brian M. Wolpin, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School; Chen Yuan, Peter Kraft, Edward L. Giovannucci, Shuji Ogino, Meir J. Stampfer, Howard D. Sesso, and JoAnn E. Manson, Harvard School of Public Health; Ying Bao, Edward L. Giovannucci, Shuji Ogino, Meir J. Stampfer, John Michael Gaziano, Howard D. Sesso, JoAnn E. Manson, and Charles S. Fuchs, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School; John Michael Gaziano, Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston; Clary B. Clish, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA; and Barbara B. Cochrane, University of Washington School of Nursing, Seattle, WA
| | - Brian M Wolpin
- Chen Yuan, Vicente Morales-Oyarvide, Ana Babic, Zhi Rong Qian, Douglas A. Rubinson, Kimmie Ng, Shuji Ogino, Charles S. Fuchs, and Brian M. Wolpin, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School; Chen Yuan, Peter Kraft, Edward L. Giovannucci, Shuji Ogino, Meir J. Stampfer, Howard D. Sesso, and JoAnn E. Manson, Harvard School of Public Health; Ying Bao, Edward L. Giovannucci, Shuji Ogino, Meir J. Stampfer, John Michael Gaziano, Howard D. Sesso, JoAnn E. Manson, and Charles S. Fuchs, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School; John Michael Gaziano, Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston; Clary B. Clish, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA; and Barbara B. Cochrane, University of Washington School of Nursing, Seattle, WA
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Johnson CD, LucasArticl LM, Uchishiba MA. Efficacy and Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of NRT Patches vs. Once-Daily Bupropion SR: A Retrospective Chart Review. J Pharm Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/875512250101700404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Heffner JL, Kealey KA, Marek PM, Bricker JB, Ludman EJ, Peterson AV. Proactive telephone counseling for adolescent smokers: Comparing regular smokers with infrequent and occasional smokers on treatment receptivity, engagement, and outcomes. Drug Alcohol Depend 2016; 165:229-35. [PMID: 27344195 PMCID: PMC4948586 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescent smoking cessation efforts to date have tended to focus on regular smokers. Consequently, infrequent and occasional smokers' receptivity and response to smoking cessation interventions is unknown. To address this gap, this study examines data from the Hutchinson Study of High School Smoking-a randomized trial that examined the effectiveness of a telephone-delivered smoking cessation intervention for a large, population-based cohort of adolescent smokers proactively recruited in an educational setting. METHODS The study population included 1837 proactively identified high school smokers. Intervention receptivity, engagement, and outcomes were examined among adolescent infrequent (1-4days/month) and occasional (5-19days/month) smokers and compared with regular smokers (20 or more days/month). RESULTS With regard to treatment receptivity, intervention recruitment did not differ by smoking frequency. For engagement, intervention completion rates were higher for infrequent smokers (80.5%) compared with occasional (63.8%) and regular smokers (61.5%, p<0.01). Intervention effect sizes were not statistically different across groups. CONCLUSIONS Adolescent infrequent and occasional smokers are at least as receptive to a proactively delivered smoking cessation intervention as regular smokers and can benefit just as much from it. Including these adolescent smokers in cessation programs and research-with the goal of interrupting progression of smoking before young adulthood-should help reduce the high smoking prevalence among young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaimee L Heffner
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States.
| | - Kathleen A Kealey
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Patrick M Marek
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Jonathan B Bricker
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | | | - Arthur V Peterson
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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Asfar T, Arheart KL, Dietz NA, Caban-Martinez AJ, Fleming LE, Lee DJ. Changes in Cigarette Smoking Behavior Among US Young Workers From 2005 to 2010: The Role of Occupation. Nicotine Tob Res 2016; 18:1414-23. [PMID: 26508398 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntv240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Young adult workers (18-24 years) in the United States have been identified as a high-risk group for smoking. This study compares changes in smoking behavior by occupational class among this group between 2005 and 2010. METHODS Data were pooled from the Tobacco Supplement in the 2005 and 2010 National Health Interview Survey. All respondents 18-24 years who reported that they were employed during the two surveys were selected (n = 1880 in 2005; and n = 1531 in 2010). Weighted percentages and 95% confidence interval were reported. Logistic regression analyses were performed to compare smoking behavior between occupational groups (white-collar, blue-collar, and service) and between years (2005-2010), and to examine correlates of smoking, successful quit attempt, and heavy smoking. RESULTS Smoking prevalence and daily smoking declined in 2010 in white-collar. Smoking prevalence and intensity decreased while age of smoking initiation increased in blue-collar workers. Young workers were more likely to smoke in 2005 than 2010. Service and blue-collar workers were more likely to smoke than white-collar workers. Older young adults, whites, individuals with a high school/or less education, those without health insurance were more likely to smoke. White workers and individuals with a high school/or less education were more likely to be heavy smokers. CONCLUSIONS White-collar workers have benefited the most from tobacco control efforts. Although improvements were seen in smoking behavior among blue-collar workers, smoking prevalence remained the highest in this group. Smoking behavior among service workers did not change. Young service workers and blue-collar are priority populations for workplace tobacco control efforts. IMPLICATIONS The current study examines changes in smoking behavior among young adult workers (18-24 years) by occupational class (white-collar, blue-collar, and service workers) between 2005 and 2010. Data were pooled from the Tobacco Supplement in the 2005 and 2010 National Health Interview Survey. Smoking prevalence and daily smoking declined significantly in white-collar workers. No change in smoking behavior was observed among service workers. Positive changes in smoking behavior were observed among blue-collar workers, but smoking prevalence remained the highest in this group. Blue-collar and service workers are priority groups for future workplace tobacco control efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taghrid Asfar
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL;
| | - Kristopher L Arheart
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Noella A Dietz
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Alberto J Caban-Martinez
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL; Environmental and Occupational Medicine and Epidemiology (EOME) Division, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Lora E Fleming
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL; European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School; Knowledge Spa, Royal Cornwall Hospital, Cornwall, United Kingdom
| | - David J Lee
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
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Self-Reporting of Smoking Cessation in Cardiac Patients: How Reliable Is It and Is Reliability Associated With Patient Characteristics? J Addict Med 2016; 9:308-16. [PMID: 26083956 DOI: 10.1097/adm.0000000000000137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were to determine the accuracy of smoking cessation self-reports by cardiac patients who participated in a smoking cessation program, and to determine which patient characteristics are associated with an inaccurate self-report during a follow-up interview 12 months after the start of the program. METHODS Smoking cessation self-reports (point prevalence abstinence) were validated against salivary cotinine levels. Using χ analyses, patients who reported accurately being a nonsmoker were compared with those who reported inaccurately being a nonsmoker (biochemically verified as smokers) on factors the literature has indicated to be associated with inaccurate self-report in smoking. Potential predictors of inaccurate self-report of smoking (P ≤ 0.20 in univariate analyses) were subsequently tested in a multivariate logistic regression analysis. RESULTS Of the 95 patients tested, almost 25% inaccurately reported having quit smoking at a cutoff of 10-ng/mL cotinine in saliva. The data show more underreporting of smoking among patients who received a face-to-face counseling intervention and among patients with an intermediate education level. There was significantly less underreporting among patients characterized as having a Type D personality. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that underreporting of smoking status in cardiac patients who participate in a smoking cessation program is high, especially in those who receive intensive face-to-face counseling. Having a Type D personality seems to be a protective factor, whereas having an intermediate level of education is a risk factor for inaccurate reporting. Biochemical validation in high-risk populations is highly needed, ideally accompanied by alternative forms of verification. Optimal validation testing in smoking cessation studies of cardiac patients is difficult because of high refusal rates, no-show, and organizational difficulties.
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Pita-Fernández S, Seijo-Bestilleiro R, Pértega-Díaz S, Alonso-Hernández Á, Fernández-Rivera C, Cao-López M, Seoane-Pillado T, López-Calviño B, González-Martín C, Valdés-Cañedo F. A randomized clinical trial to determine the effectiveness of CO-oximetry and anti-smoking brief advice in a cohort of kidney transplant patients who smoke: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2016; 17:174. [PMID: 27036112 PMCID: PMC4818538 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-016-1311-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The cardiovascular risk in renal transplant patients is increased in patients who continue to smoke after transplantation. The aim of the study is to measure the effectiveness of exhaled carbon monoxide (CO) measurement plus brief advisory sessions, in comparison to brief advice, to reduce smoking exposure and smoking behavior in kidney transplant recipients who smoke. The effectiveness will be measured by: (1) abandonment of smoking, (2) increase in motivation to stop smoking, and (3) reduction in the number of cigarettes smoked per day. Methods/design Design: a randomized, controlled, open clinical trial with blinded evaluation. Scope: A Coruña Hospital (Spain), reference to renal transplantation in the period 2012–2015. Inclusion criteria: renal transplant patients who smoke in the precontemplation, contemplation or preparation stages according to the Prochaska and DiClemente’s Stages of Change model, and who give their consent to participate. Exclusion criteria: smokers attempting to stop smoking, patients with terminal illness or mental disability that prevents them from participating. Randomization: patients will be randomized to the control group (brief advisory session) or the intervention group (brief advisory session plus measuring exhaled CO). The sample target size is n = 112, with 56 patients in each group. Allowing for up to 10 % loss to follow-up, this would provide 80 % power to detect a 13 % difference in attempting to give up smoking outcomes at a two-tailed significance level of 5 %. Measurements: sociodemographic characteristics, cardiovascular risk factors, treatment, rejection episodes, infections, self-reported smoking habit, drug use, level of dependence (the Fagerström test), stage of change (Prochaska and DiClemente’s Stages of Change model), and motivation to giving up smoking (the Richmond test). Response: the effectiveness will be evaluated every 3, 6, 9 and 12 months as: pattern of tobacco use (self-reported tobacco use), smoking cessation rates, carbon monoxide (CO) levels in exhaled air measured by CO-oximetry, urinary cotinine tests, nicotine dependence (Fagerström test), motivational stages of change (Prochaska and DiClemente’s stages) and motivation to stop smoking (the Richmond test). Analysis: descriptive statistics and linear/logistic multiple regression models will be performed. Clinical relevance will be measured as relative risk reduction, absolute risk reduction and the number needed to treat. Ethics: informed consent of the patients and Ethical Review Board was obtained (code 2011/061). Discussion Tobacco is a modifiable risk factor that increase the risk of morbidity and mortality in kidney transplant recipients. If effectiveness of CO-oximetry is confirmed to reduce tobacco exposure, we would have an intervention that is easy to use, low cost and with great implications about cardiovascular risk prevention in these patients. Trial registration Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN16615772. EudraCT number: 2015-002009-12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Pita-Fernández
- Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), SERGAS, Universidade da Coruña, Hotel de Pacientes, 7a, As Xubias, 84, 15006, A Coruña, Spain.
| | - Rocío Seijo-Bestilleiro
- Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), SERGAS, Universidade da Coruña, Hotel de Pacientes, 7a, As Xubias, 84, 15006, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Sonia Pértega-Díaz
- Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), SERGAS, Universidade da Coruña, Hotel de Pacientes, 7a, As Xubias, 84, 15006, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Ángel Alonso-Hernández
- Nephrology Department, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), SERGAS, Universidade da Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Constantino Fernández-Rivera
- Nephrology Department, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), SERGAS, Universidade da Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Mercedes Cao-López
- Nephrology Department, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), SERGAS, Universidade da Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Teresa Seoane-Pillado
- Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), SERGAS, Universidade da Coruña, Hotel de Pacientes, 7a, As Xubias, 84, 15006, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Beatriz López-Calviño
- Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), SERGAS, Universidade da Coruña, Hotel de Pacientes, 7a, As Xubias, 84, 15006, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Cristina González-Martín
- Clinical Epidemiology Research Group, Health Sciences Department, Escuela Universitaria de Enfermería y Podología, Universidade da Coruña (UDC), Campus de Ferrol, 15471, Ferrol, Spain
| | - Francisco Valdés-Cañedo
- Nephrology Department, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), SERGAS, Universidade da Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
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Stelmach R, Fernandes FLA, Carvalho-Pinto RM, Athanazio RA, Rached SZ, Prado GF, Cukier A. Comparison between objective measures of smoking and self-reported smoking status in patients with asthma or COPD: are our patients telling us the truth? J Bras Pneumol 2015; 41:124-32. [PMID: 25972966 PMCID: PMC4428849 DOI: 10.1590/s1806-37132015000004526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Smoking prevalence is frequently estimated on the basis of self-reported smoking status. That can lead to an underestimation of smoking rates. The aim of this study was to evaluate the difference between self-reported smoking status and that determined through the use of objective measures of smoking at a pulmonary outpatient clinic. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study involving 144 individuals: 51 asthma patients, 53 COPD patients, 20 current smokers, and 20 never-smokers. Smoking status was determined on the basis of self-reports obtained in interviews, as well as through tests of exhaled carbon monoxide (eCO) and urinary cotinine. RESULTS: All of the asthma patients and COPD patients declared they were not current smokers. In the COPD and asthma patients, the median urinary cotinine concentration was 167 ng/mL (range, 2-5,348 ng/mL) and 47 ng/mL (range, 5-2,735 ng/mL), respectively (p < 0.0001), whereas the median eCO level was 8 ppm (range, 0-31 ppm) and 5 ppm (range, 2-45 ppm), respectively (p < 0.05). In 40 (38%) of the patients with asthma or COPD (n = 104), there was disagreement between the self-reported smoking status and that determined on the basis of the urinary cotinine concentration, a concentration > 200 ng/mL being considered indicative of current smoking. In 48 (46%) of those 104 patients, the self-reported non-smoking status was refuted by an eCO level > 6 ppm, which is also considered indicative of current smoking. In 30 (29%) of the patients with asthma or COPD, the urinary cotinine concentration and the eCO level both belied the patient claims of not being current smokers. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that high proportions of smoking pulmonary patients with lung disease falsely declare themselves to be nonsmokers. The accurate classification of smoking status is pivotal to the treatment of lung diseases. Objective measures of smoking could be helpful in improving clinical management and counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Stelmach
- University of São Paulo, School of Medicine, Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo, Brazil. Department of Pulmonology, Instituto do Coração - InCor, Heart Institute - University of São Paulo School of Medicine Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Frederico Leon Arrabal Fernandes
- University of São Paulo, School of Medicine, Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo, Brazil. Department of Pulmonology, Instituto do Coração - InCor, Heart Institute - University of São Paulo School of Medicine Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Regina Maria Carvalho-Pinto
- University of São Paulo, School of Medicine, Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo, Brazil. Department of Pulmonology, Instituto do Coração - InCor, Heart Institute - University of São Paulo School of Medicine Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Abensur Athanazio
- University of São Paulo, School of Medicine, Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo, Brazil. Department of Pulmonology, Instituto do Coração - InCor, Heart Institute - University of São Paulo School of Medicine Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Samia Zahi Rached
- University of São Paulo, School of Medicine, Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo, Brazil. Department of Pulmonology, Instituto do Coração - InCor, Heart Institute - University of São Paulo School of Medicine Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Faibischew Prado
- University of São Paulo, School of Medicine, Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo, Brazil. Department of Pulmonology, Instituto do Coração - InCor, Heart Institute - University of São Paulo School of Medicine Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alberto Cukier
- University of São Paulo, School of Medicine, Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo, Brazil. Department of Pulmonology, Instituto do Coração - InCor, Heart Institute - University of São Paulo School of Medicine Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Predictors of Successful Quitting among Thai Adult Smokers: Evidence from ITC-SEA (Thailand) Survey. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:12095-109. [PMID: 26404335 PMCID: PMC4626957 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph121012095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study uses longitudinal data from the International Tobacco Control Southeast Asia (ITC-SEA Thailand) survey to explore patterns and predictors of successful quitting among Thai adult smokers as a function of time quit. A cohort of a representative sample of 2000 smokers was surveyed four times from 2005 to 2009. A sample of 1533 individuals provided data for at least one of the reported analyses. Over the four years of follow-up, 97% made attempts to quit. Outcomes were successful quitting/relapse: (a) quit attempts of at least one month (short-term relapse, 43%) (57% remaining quit); (b) surviving at least six months (medium-term) (31%); (c) relapse between one and six months (45%); (d) having continuously quit between Waves 3 and 4 (sustained abstinence) (14%); and (e) relapse from six months on (44%) compared to those who continuously quit between Waves 3 and 4 (56%). Predictors for early relapse (<1 month) differ from longer-term relapse. Age was associated with reduced relapse over all three periods, and was much stronger for longer periods of abstinence. Cigarette consumption predicted relapse for short and medium terms. Self-assessed addiction was predictive of early relapse, but reversed to predict abstinence beyond six months. Previous quit history of more than one week was predictive of early abstinence, but became unrelated subsequently. Self-efficacy was strongly predictive of abstinence in the first month but was associated with relapse thereafter. Some determinants of relapse change with time quit, but this may be in somewhat different to patterns found in the West.
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Danaher BG, Severson HH, Zhu SH, Andrews JA, Cummins SE, Lichtenstein E, Tedeschi GJ, Hudkins C, Widdop C, Crowley R, Seeley JR. Randomized Controlled Trial of the Combined Effects of Web and Quitline Interventions for Smokeless Tobacco Cessation. Internet Interv 2015; 2:143-151. [PMID: 25914872 PMCID: PMC4405799 DOI: 10.1016/j.invent.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Use of smokeless tobacco (moist snuff and chewing tobacco) is a significant public health problem but smokeless tobacco users have few resources to help them quit. Web programs and telephone-based programs (Quitlines) have been shown to be effective for smoking cessation. We evaluate the effectiveness of a Web program, a Quitline, and the combination of the two for smokeless users recruited via the Web. OBJECTIVES To test whether offering both a Web and Quitline intervention for smokeless tobacco users results in significantly better long-term tobacco abstinence outcomes than offering either intervention alone; to test whether the offer of Web or Quitline results in better outcome than a self-help manual only Control condition; and to report the usage and satisfaction of the interventions when offered alone or combined. METHODS Smokeless tobacco users (N= 1,683) wanting to quit were recruited online and randomly offered one of four treatment conditions in a 2×2 design: Web Only, Quitline Only, Web + Quitline, and Control (printed self-help guide). Point-prevalence all tobacco abstinence was assessed at 3- and 6-months post enrollment. RESULTS 69% of participants completed both the 3- and 6-month assessments. There was no significant additive or synergistic effect of combining the two interventions for Complete Case or the more rigorous Intent To Treat (ITT) analyses. Significant simple effects were detected, individually the interventions were more efficacious than the control in achieving repeated 7-day point prevalence all tobacco abstinence: Web (ITT, OR = 1.41, 95% CI = 1.03, 1.94, p = .033) and Quitline (ITT: OR = 1.54, 95% CI = 1.13, 2.11, p = .007). Participants were more likely to complete a Quitline call when offered only the Quitline intervention (OR = 0.71, 95% CI = .054, .093, p = .013), the number of website visits and duration did not differ when offered alone or in combination with Quitline. Rates of program helpfulness (p <.05) and satisfaction (p <.05) were higher for those offered both interventions versus offered only quitline. CONCLUSION Combining Web and Quitline interventions did not result in additive or synergistic effects, as have been found for smoking. Both interventions were more effective than a self-help control condition in helping motivated smokeless tobacco users quit tobacco. Intervention usage and satisfaction were related to the amount intervention content offered. Usage of the Quitline intervention decreased when offered in combination, though rates of helpfulness and recommendations were higher when offered in combination. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov NCT00820495; http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00820495.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian G. Danaher
- Oregon Research Institute, 1776 Millrace Drive, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | | | - Shu-Hong Zhu
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0905, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Judy A. Andrews
- Oregon Research Institute, 1776 Millrace Drive, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Sharon E. Cummins
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0905, La Jolla, CA USA
| | | | - Gary J. Tedeschi
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0905, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Coleen Hudkins
- Oregon Research Institute, 1776 Millrace Drive, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Chris Widdop
- Oregon Research Institute, 1776 Millrace Drive, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Ryann Crowley
- Oregon Research Institute, 1776 Millrace Drive, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - John R. Seeley
- Oregon Research Institute, 1776 Millrace Drive, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
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Stevens VJ, Solberg LI, Bailey SR, Kurtz SE, McBurnie MA, Priest EL, Puro JE, Williams RJ, Fortmann SP, Hazlehurst BL. Assessing Trends in Tobacco Cessation in Diverse Patient Populations. Nicotine Tob Res 2015; 18:275-80. [PMID: 25921356 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntv092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study examined change in tobacco use over 4 years among the general population of patients in six diverse health care organizations using electronic medical record data. METHODS The study cohort (N = 34 393) included all patients age 18 years or older who were identified as smokers in 2007, and who then had at least one primary care visit in each of the following 4 years. RESULTS In the 4 years following 2007, this patient cohort had a median of 13 primary care visits, and 38.6% of the patients quit smoking at least once. At the end of the fourth follow-up year, 15.4% had stopped smoking for 1 year or more. Smokers were more likely to become long-term quitters if they were 65 or older (OR = 1.32, 95% CI = [1.16, 1.49]), or had a diagnoses of cancer (1.26 [1.12, 1.41]), cardiovascular disease (1.22 [1.09, 1.37]), asthma (1.15 [1.06, 1.25]), or diabetes (1.17 [1.09, 1.27]). Characteristics associated with lower likelihood of becoming a long-term quitter were female gender (0.90 [0.84, 0.95]), black race (0.84 [0.75, 0.94]) and those identified as non-Hispanic (0.50 [0.43, 0.59]). CONCLUSIONS Among smokers who regularly used these care systems, one in seven had achieved long-term cessation after 4 years. This study shows the practicality of using electronic medical records for monitoring patient smoking status over time. Similar methods could be used to assess tobacco use in any health care organization to evaluate the impact of environmental and organizational programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor J Stevens
- Department of Science Programs, Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, Portland, OR;
| | - Leif I Solberg
- Research Foundation, HealthPartners Research Center, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Steffani R Bailey
- Department of Family Medicine, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR; Department of Research, OCHIN Inc, Portland, OR
| | - Stephen E Kurtz
- Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, OR
| | - Mary Ann McBurnie
- Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, OR
| | - Elisa L Priest
- Center for Clinical Innovation, Baylor Health Care System, Dallas, TX
| | - Jon E Puro
- Department of Research, OCHIN Inc, Portland, OR
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Zhang B, Cohen JE, Bondy SJ, Selby P. Duration of nicotine replacement therapy use and smoking cessation: a population-based longitudinal study. Am J Epidemiol 2015; 181:513-20. [PMID: 25740789 PMCID: PMC4371764 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwu292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we examined the association between duration of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) use and smoking cessation using data from the Ontario Tobacco Survey longitudinal study (3 waves of data collected between July 2005 and December 2009). We used logistic regression with generalized estimating equations to examine the association between NRT use (any use and <4 weeks, 4.0–7.9 weeks, 8.0–11.9 weeks, and ≥12 weeks of use compared with nonuse) and quitting smoking (≥1 month). Using NRT was not associated with quitting when use duration was not taken into account (adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 1.08, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.86, 1.35). Compared with abstaining from NRT when attempting to quit smoking, using NRT for less than 4 weeks was associated with a lower likelihood of quitting (adjusted OR = 0.51, 95% CI: 0.38, 0.67); however, using NRT for 4 weeks or longer was associated with a higher likelihood of cessation (for 4.0–7.9 weeks of NRT use, adjusted OR = 2.26, 95% CI: 1.58, 3.22; for 8.0–11.9 weeks of NRT use, adjusted OR = 3.84, 95% CI: 2.24, 6.58; and for ≥12 weeks of NRT use, adjusted OR = 2.80, 95% CI: 1.70, 4.61). Thus, use of NRT for less than 4 weeks was associated with reduced likelihood of cessation, whereas NRT use for longer periods of time was associated with a higher likelihood of cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Correspondence to Dr. Bo Zhang, Room: T521, Ontario Tobacco Research Unit (OTRU), 33 Russell Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 2S1 (e-mail: )
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Danaher BG, Severson HH, Crowley R, van Meter N, Tyler MS, Widdop C, Lichtenstein E, Ebbert JO. Randomized controlled trial examining the adjunctive use of nicotine lozenges with MyLastDip: An eHealth smokeless tobacco cessation intervention. Internet Interv 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.invent.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Mehring M, Haag M, Linde K, Wagenpfeil S, Schneider A. Effects of a guided web-based smoking cessation program with telephone counseling: a cluster randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res 2014; 16:e218. [PMID: 25253539 PMCID: PMC4211026 DOI: 10.2196/jmir.3536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Preliminary findings suggest that Web-based interventions may be effective in achieving significant smoking cessation. To date, very few findings are available for primary care patients, and especially for the involvement of general practitioners. Objective Our goal was to examine the short-term effectiveness of a fully automated Web-based coaching program in combination with accompanied telephone counseling in smoking cessation in a primary care setting. Methods The study was an unblinded cluster-randomized trial with an observation period of 12 weeks. Individuals recruited by general practitioners randomized to the intervention group participated in a Web-based coaching program based on education, motivation, exercise guidance, daily short message service (SMS) reminding, weekly feedback through Internet, and active monitoring by general practitioners. All components of the program are fully automated. Participants in the control group received usual care and advice from their practitioner without the Web-based coaching program. The main outcome was the biochemically confirmed smoking status after 12 weeks. Results We recruited 168 participants (86 intervention group, 82 control group) into the study. For 51 participants from the intervention group and 70 participants from the control group, follow-up data were available both at baseline and 12 weeks. Very few patients (9.8%, 5/51) from the intervention group and from the control group (8.6%, 6/70) successfully managed smoking cessation (OR 0.86, 95% CI 0.25-3.0; P=.816). Similar results were found within the intent-to-treat analysis: 5.8% (5/86) of the intervention group and 7.3% (6/82) of the control group (OR 1.28, 95% CI 0.38-4.36; P=.694). The number of smoked cigarettes per day decreased on average by 9.3 in the intervention group and by 6.6 in the control group (2.7 mean difference; 95% CI -5.33 to -0.58; P=.045). After adjustment for the baseline value, age, gender, and height, this significance decreases (mean difference 2.2; 95% CI -4.7 to 0.3; P=.080). Conclusions This trial did not show that the tested Web-based intervention was effective for achieving smoking cessation compared to usual care. The limited statistical power and the high drop-out rate may have reduced the study’s ability to detect significant differences between the groups. Further randomized controlled trials are needed in larger populations and to investigate the long-term outcome. Trial Registration German Register for Clinical Trials, registration number DRKS00003067; http://drks-neu.uniklinik-freiburg.de/drks_web/navigate.do?navigationId=trial.HTML&TRIAL_ ID=DRKS00003067 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6Sff1YZpx).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Mehring
- Institute of General Practice, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
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An LC, Demers MRS, Kirch MA, Considine-Dunn S, Nair V, Dasgupta K, Narisetty N, Resnicow K, Ahluwalia J. A randomized trial of an avatar-hosted multiple behavior change intervention for young adult smokers. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 2014; 2013:209-15. [PMID: 24395994 DOI: 10.1093/jncimonographs/lgt021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Young adulthood is a critical transition period for the development of health behaviors. We present here the results of a randomized controlled trial of an online avatar-hosted personal health makeover program designed for young adult smokers. METHODS We conducted a three-group randomized trial comparing delivery of general lifestyle content (Tx1), personally tailored health information (Tx2), and personally tailored health information plus online video-based peer coaching (Tx3) as part of a 6-week online health program. Participants were asked to set weekly goals around eating breakfast, exercise, alcohol use, and cigarette smoking. Eligibility criteria included age (18-30 years) and smoking status (any cigarette use in the previous 30 days). The primary outcome was self-reported 30-day abstinence measured 12 weeks postenrollment. RESULTS Participant (n = 1698) characteristics were balanced across the groups (72% women, mean age 24, 26% nonwhite, 32% high school education or less, and 50% daily smokers). Considering intention to treat, 30-day smoking abstinence rates were statistically significantly higher in the intervention groups (Tx1 = 11%, Tx2 = 23%, Tx3 = 31%, P < .001). Participants in the intervention groups were also more likely to reduce their number of days spent on binge drinking and increase their number of days eating breakfast and exercising. Overall, intervention group participants were much more likely to make positive changes in at least three or four of the target behaviors (Tx1 = 19%, Tx2 = 39%, Tx3 = 41%, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS This online avatar-hosted personal health makeover "show" increased smoking abstinence and induced positive changes in multiple related health behaviors. Addition of the online video-based peer coaching further improved behavioral outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence C An
- Center for Health Communications Research, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2800.
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Severson HH, Danaher BG, Ebbert JO, van Meter N, Lichtenstein E, Widdop C, Crowley R, Akers L, Seeley JR. Randomized trial of nicotine lozenges and phone counseling for smokeless tobacco cessation. Nicotine Tob Res 2014; 17:309-15. [PMID: 25168034 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntu145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Relatively few treatment programs have been developed specifically for smokeless tobacco (ST) users who want to quit. Their results suggest that self-help materials, telephone counseling, and nicotine lozenges are efficacious. This study provides the first direct examination of the separate and combined effects of telephone counseling and lozenges. METHODS We recruited ST users online (N = 1067) and randomly assigned them to 1 of 3 conditions: (a) a lozenge group (n = 356), who were mailed 4-mg nicotine lozenges; (b) a coach calls group (n = 354), who were offered 3 coaching phone calls; or (c) a lozenge + coach calls group (N = 357), who received both lozenges and coaching calls. Additionally, all participants were mailed self-help materials. Self-reported tobacco abstinence was assessed at 3 and 6 months after randomization. RESULTS Complete-case and intention-to-treat (ITT) analyses for all tobacco abstinence were performed at 3 months, 6 months, and both 3 and 6 months (repeated point prevalence). ITT analyses revealed a highly similar result: the lozenge + coach calls condition was significantly more successful in encouraging tobacco abstinence than either the lozenge group or the coach calls group, which did not differ. CONCLUSIONS Combining nicotine lozenges and phone counseling significantly increased tobacco abstinence rates compared with either intervention alone, whereas coach calls and lozenges were equivalent. The study confirms the high tobacco abstinence rates for self-help ST cessation interventions and offers guidance to providing tobacco treatment to ST users.
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Prochaska JJ, Hall SE, Delucchi K, Hall SM. Efficacy of initiating tobacco dependence treatment in inpatient psychiatry: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Public Health 2014; 104:1557-65. [PMID: 23948001 PMCID: PMC4103208 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2013.301403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We evaluated the efficacy of a motivational tobacco cessation treatment combined with nicotine replacement relative to usual care initiated in inpatient psychiatry. METHODS We randomized participants (n = 224; 79% recruitment rate) recruited from a locked acute psychiatry unit with a 100% smoking ban to intervention or usual care. Prior to hospitalization, participants averaged 19 (SD = 12) cigarettes per day; only 16% intended to quit smoking in the next 30 days. Results. Verified smoking 7-day point prevalence abstinence was significantly higher for intervention than usual care at month 3 (13.9% vs 3.2%), 6 (14.4% vs 6.5%), 12 (19.4% vs 10.9%), and 18 (20.0% vs 7.7%; odds ratio [OR] = 3.15; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.22, 8.14; P = .018; retention > 80%). Psychiatric measures did not predict abstinence; measures of motivation and tobacco dependence did. The usual care group had a significantly greater likelihood than the intervention group of psychiatric rehospitalization (adjusted OR = 1.92; 95% CI = 1.06, 3.49). CONCLUSIONS The findings support initiation of motivationally tailored tobacco cessation treatment during acute psychiatric hospitalization. Psychiatric severity did not moderate treatment efficacy, and cessation treatment appeared to decrease rehospitalization risk, perhaps by providing broader therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith J Prochaska
- At the time of the study, the authors were with the Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco
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Bush TM, Levine MD, Magnusson B, Cheng Y, Chen X, Mahoney L, Miles L, Zbikowski SM. Impact of baseline weight on smoking cessation and weight gain in quitlines. Ann Behav Med 2014; 47:208-17. [PMID: 24048952 PMCID: PMC3960374 DOI: 10.1007/s12160-013-9537-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use and effectiveness of tobacco quitlines by weight is still unknown. PURPOSE This study aims to determine if baseline weight is associated with treatment engagement, cessation, or weight gain following quitline treatment. METHODS Quitline participants (n = 595) were surveyed at baseline, 3 and 6 months. RESULTS Baseline weight was not associated with treatment engagement. In unadjusted analyses, overweight smokers reported higher quit rates and were more likely to gain weight after quitting than obese or normal weight smokers. At 3 months, 40 % of overweight vs. 25 % of normal weight or obese smokers quit smoking (p = 0.01); 42 % of overweight, 32 % of normal weight, and 33 % of obese quitters gained weight (p = 0.05). After adjusting for covariates, weight was not significantly related to cessation (approaching significance at 6 months, p = 0.06) or weight gain. CONCLUSIONS In the first quitline study of this kind, we found no consistent patterns of association between baseline weight and treatment engagement, cessation, or weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry M Bush
- Alere Wellbeing, 999 Third Avenue, Ste 2100, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA,
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Kaval B, Renaud DE, Scott DA, Buduneli N. The role of smoking and gingival crevicular fluid markers on coronally advanced flap outcomes. J Periodontol 2014; 85:395-405. [PMID: 23725027 PMCID: PMC4613777 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2013.120685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study evaluates possible effects of smoking on the following: 1) biochemical content in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) samples from sites of gingival recession and saliva; and 2) clinical outcomes of coronally advanced flap (CAF) for root coverage. METHODS Eighteen defects in 15 patients were included in each of the smoker and non-smoker groups. Baseline cotinine, basic fibroblast growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, interleukin (IL)-8, IL-10, IL-12, tumor necrosis factor-α, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8, MMP-9, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 levels were determined in GCF and saliva samples. CAF with microsurgery technique was applied. Plaque index, papilla bleeding index, recession depth (RD), recession width (RW), and root surface area were evaluated at baseline and postoperative months 1, 3, and 6. Probing depth, clinical attachment level (CAL), and keratinized gingival width (KGW) was recorded at baseline and month 6. Percentage of root coverage and complete root coverage were calculated at postoperative months 1, 3, and 6. RESULTS All biochemical parameters were similar in the two groups apart from the definite difference in salivary cotinine concentrations (P = 0.000). Compared with the baseline values, RD, RW, CAL, and root surface area decreased, and KGW increased, with no significant difference between the study groups. CAL gain, percentage of root coverage, and complete root-coverage rates were similar in the study groups. CONCLUSION Similar baseline biochemical data and comparably high success rates of root coverage with CAF in systemically and periodontally healthy smokers versus non-smokers suggest lack of adverse effects of smoking on clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Başak Kaval
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Ege University, ızmir, Turkey
| | - Diane E. Renaud
- University of Louisville, School of Dentistry, Oral Health and Systemic Disease Research Group, Louisville, KY
| | - David A. Scott
- University of Louisville, School of Dentistry, Oral Health and Systemic Disease Research Group, Louisville, KY
| | - Nurcan Buduneli
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Ege University, ızmir, Turkey
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Danaher BG, Severson HH, Andrews JA, Tyler MS, Lichtenstein E, Woolley TG, Seeley JR. Randomized controlled trial of MyLastDip: a Web-based smokeless tobacco cessation program for chewers ages 14-25. Nicotine Tob Res 2013; 15:1502-10. [PMID: 23410803 PMCID: PMC3741058 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntt006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Use of smokeless tobacco (ST) is a significant public health problem for young adults, many of whom want to quit. We describe the outcome of a Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) examining the efficacy of two web-based ST cessation interventions targeting young chewers. METHODS One thousand seven hundred and sixteen ST users wanting to quit were recruited online to the MyLastDip program and randomly assigned to one of two fully automated web-based ST cessation interventions: (a) an Enhanced Condition (N = 857) with tailored treatment recommendations and interactive features, or (b) a Basic Condition (N = 859) that provided an online ST cessation guide in static text. RESULTS Assessment completion rates at 3 months, 6 months, and for both 3 and 6 months were 73%, 71%, and 65%, respectively. No significant differences were found between conditions. Using complete case analysis for repeated point prevalence (3- and 6-month assessments), all tobacco abstinence was 28.9% for participants in the Enhanced Condition and 25.6% in the Basic Condition. Using intent-to-treat analysis, abstinence rates were 35.2% versus 32.3%. Similar results were obtained for ST abstinence. Participants reported being satisfied with their programs and the Enhanced Condition participants were relatively more engaged. Differences in program engagement were not related to tobacco abstinence at 6 months. CONCLUSIONS Both web-based ST cessation programs encouraged robust levels of absolute tobacco and ST abstinence at follow-up. The absence of between-group differences was discussed in terms of composition of the control condition and implications for next steps in treatment development and testing.
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Popova L, Ling PM. Alternative tobacco product use and smoking cessation: a national study. Am J Public Health 2013; 103:923-30. [PMID: 23488521 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2012.301070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We investigated the frequency of alternative tobacco product use (loose leaf, moist snuff, snus, dissolvables, electronic cigarettes [e-cigarettes]) among smokers and the association with quit attempts and intentions. METHODS A nationally representative probability-based cross-sectional survey of 1836 current or recently former adult smokers was completed in November 2011. Multivariate logistic regressions evaluated associations between alternative tobacco product use and smoking cessation behaviors. RESULTS Of the smokers, 38% had tried an alternative tobacco product, most frequently e-cigarettes. Alternative tobacco product use was associated with having made a quit attempt, and those intending to quit were significantly more likely to have tried and to currently use the products than were smokers with no intentions to quit. Use was not associated with successful quit attempts. Interest in future use of alternative tobacco products was low, except for e-cigarettes. CONCLUSIONS Alternative tobacco products are attractive to smokers who want to quit smoking, but these data did not indicate that alternative tobacco products promote cessation. Unsubstantiated overt and implied claims that alternative tobacco products aid smoking cessation should be prohibited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Popova
- Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-1390, USA
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Graham AL, Cha S, Papandonatos GD, Cobb NK, Mushro A, Fang Y, Niaura RS, Abrams DB. Improving adherence to web-based cessation programs: a randomized controlled trial study protocol. Trials 2013; 14:48. [PMID: 23414086 PMCID: PMC3599396 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6215-14-48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Reducing smoking prevalence is a public health priority that can save more lives and money than almost any other known preventive intervention. Internet interventions have the potential for enormous public health impact given their broad reach and effectiveness. However, most users engage only minimally with even the best designed websites, diminishing their impact due to an insufficient ‘dose’. Two approaches to improve adherence to Internet cessation programs are integrating smokers into an online social network and providing free nicotine replacement therapy (NRT). Active participation in online communities is associated with higher rates of cessation. Integrating smokers into an online social network can increase support and may also increase utilization of cessation tools and NRT. Removing barriers to NRT may increase uptake and adherence, and may also increase use of online cessation tools as smokers look for information and support while quitting. The combination of both strategies may exert the most powerful effects on adherence compared to either strategy alone. Methods/Design This study compares the efficacy of a smoking cessation website (WEB) alone and in conjunction with free NRT and a social network (SN) protocol designed to integrate participants into the online community. Using a 2 (SN, no SN) x 2 (NRT, no NRT) randomized, controlled factorial design with repeated measures at baseline, 3 months, and 9 months, this study will recruit N = 4,000 new members of an internet cessation program and randomize them to: 1) WEB, 2) WEB + SN, 3) WEB + NRT, or 4) WEB + SN + NRT. Hypotheses are that all interventions will outperform WEB and that WEB + SN + NRT will outperform WEB + NRT and WEB + SN on 30-day point prevalence abstinence at 9 months. Exploratory analyses will examine theory-driven hypotheses about the mediators and moderators of outcome. Discussion Addressing adherence in internet cessation programs is critical and timely to leverage their potential public health impact. This study is innovative in its use of a social network approach to improve behavioral and pharmacological treatment utilization to improve cessation. This approach is significant for reducing tobacco’s devastating disease burden and for optimizing behavior change in other arenas where adherence is just as critical. Trial registration ISRCTN:ISRCTN45127327
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Graham
- Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies, Legacy, 1724 Massachusetts Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20036, USA.
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Schane RE, Prochaska JJ, Glantz SA. Counseling nondaily smokers about secondhand smoke as a cessation message: a pilot randomized trial. Nicotine Tob Res 2013; 15:334-42. [PMID: 22592447 PMCID: PMC3545714 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nts126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nondaily smoking represents a substantial and growing fraction of smokers, many of whom do not consider themselves smokers or at risk of tobacco-related diseases and, so, may be less responsive to counseling content contained in traditional cessation interventions. This study compares the effects brief counseling interventions (<20 min) focused on the harm smoking does to themselves (harm to self, HTS) versus the harm their secondhand smoke (SHS) does to others (harm to others, HTO) among nondaily smokers. METHODS Randomized trial of 52 nondaily smokers (smoked in the past week, but not daily) recruited between September 2009 and June 2010; 40 completed the study. We measured changes in motivation and smoking status at 3 months postintervention. RESULTS There was a difference in quitting between the two groups, with 9.5% (2 out of 21) for HTS and 36.8% (7 out of 19) for HTO subjects reporting not smoking any cigarettes in the prior week (p = .06 by Fisher exact test and .035 by likelihood-ratio chi-square). Motivation and self-efficacy increased from baseline to 3-month follow-up, but not differentially by intervention group. CONCLUSIONS Consistent with findings from research conducted by the tobacco industry as early as the 1970s that concluded that social smokers feel immune from the personal health effects of tobacco but are concerned about the consequences of their SHS on others, educating nondaily smokers about the dangers of SHS to others appears to be a more powerful cessation message than traditional smoking cessation counseling that emphasizes the harmful consequences to the smoker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E. Schane
- Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California San Francisco, CA
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, CA
- San Francisco Free Clinic, San Francisco, CA
| | - Judith J. Prochaska
- Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California San Francisco, CA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, CA
| | - Stanton A. Glantz
- Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California San Francisco, CA
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, CA
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Doran N, Schweizer CA, Myers MG, Greenwood TA. A prospective study of the effects of the DRD2/ANKK1 TaqIA polymorphism and impulsivity on smoking initiation. Subst Use Misuse 2013; 48:106-16. [PMID: 23153044 DOI: 10.3109/10826084.2012.733791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This study tested whether DRD2/ANKK1 TaqIA genotype predicted smoking initiation and subsequent use, and effects were mediated by sensation seeking and negative urgency. Between 2009 and 2012, college never smokers (n = 387) completed six assessments over 15 months; those who reported smoking were classified as initiators. Logistic regression indicated that the A1 allele was associated with initiation (p = .003). This effect was partially mediated by sensation seeking and negative urgency. Effects were stronger in Asian Americans. Findings have implications for improving prevention by including elements focused on urges to seek positive or negative reinforcement. Limitations and future directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal Doran
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California 92161, USA.
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Brandon TH, Simmons VN, Meade CD, Quinn GP, Lopez Khoury EN, Sutton SK, Lee JH. Self-help booklets for preventing postpartum smoking relapse: a randomized trial. Am J Public Health 2012; 102:2109-15. [PMID: 22994170 PMCID: PMC3477952 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2012.300653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We tested a series of self-help booklets designed to prevent postpartum smoking relapse. METHODS We recruited 700 women in months 4 through 8 of pregnancy, who quit smoking for their pregnancy. We randomized the women to receive either (1) 10 Forever Free for Baby and Me (FFB) relapse prevention booklets, mailed until 8 months postpartum, or (2) 2 existing smoking cessation materials, as a usual care control (UCC). Assessments were completed at baseline and at 1, 8, and 12 months postpartum. RESULTS We received baseline questionnaires from 504 women meeting inclusion criteria. We found a main effect for treatment at 8 months, with FFB yielding higher abstinence rates (69.6%) than UCC (58.5%). Treatment effect was moderated by annual household income and age. Among lower income women (< $30 000), treatment effects were found at 8 and 12 months postpartum, with respective abstinence rates of 72.2% and 72.1% for FFB and 53.6% and 50.5% for UCC. No effects were found for higher income women. CONCLUSIONS Self-help booklets appeared to be efficacious and offered a low-cost modality for providing relapse-prevention assistance to low-income pregnant and postpartum women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H Brandon
- Tobacco Research & Intervention Program, Moffitt Cancer Center, 4115 E. Fowler Ave., Tampa, FL 33617, USA.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Tobacco use has significant adverse effects on oral health. Oral health professionals in the dental office or community setting have a unique opportunity to increase tobacco abstinence rates among tobacco users. OBJECTIVES This review assesses the effectiveness of interventions for tobacco cessation delivered by oral health professionals and offered to cigarette smokers and smokeless tobacco users in the dental office or community setting. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group Specialized Register (CENTRAL), MEDLINE (1966-November 2011), EMBASE (1988-November 2011), CINAHL (1982-November 2011), Healthstar (1975-November 2011), ERIC (1967-November 2011), PsycINFO (1984-November 2011), National Technical Information Service database (NTIS, 1964-November 2011), Dissertation Abstracts Online (1861-November 2011), Database of Abstract of Reviews of Effectiveness (DARE, 1995-November 2011), and Web of Science (1993-November 2011). SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomized and pseudo-randomized clinical trials assessing tobacco cessation interventions conducted by oral health professionals in the dental office or community setting with at least six months of follow-up. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two authors independently reviewed abstracts for potential inclusion and abstracted data from included trials. Disagreements were resolved by consensus. The primary outcome was abstinence from smoking or all tobacco use (for users of smokeless tobacco) at the longest follow-up, using the strictest definition of abstinence reported. The effect was summarised as an odds ratio, with correction for clustering where appropriate. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I² statistic and where appropriate a pooled effect was estimated using an inverse variance fixed-effect model. MAIN RESULTS Fourteen clinical trials met the criteria for inclusion in this review. Included studies assessed the efficacy of interventions in the dental office or in a community school or college setting. Six studies evaluated the effectiveness of interventions among smokeless tobacco (ST) users, and eight studies evaluated interventions among cigarette smokers, six of which involved adult smokers in dental practice settings. All studies employed behavioral interventions and only one required pharmacotherapy as an interventional component. All studies included an oral examination component. Pooling all 14 studies suggested that interventions conducted by oral health professionals can increase tobacco abstinence rates (odds ratio [OR] 1.71, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.44 to 2.03) at six months or longer, but there was evidence of heterogeneity (I² = 61%). Within the subgroup of interventions for smokers, heterogeneity was smaller (I² = 51%), but was largely attributable to a large study showing no evidence of benefit. Within this subgroup there were five studies which involved adult smokers in dental practice settings. Pooling these showed clear evidence of benefit and minimal heterogeneity (OR 2.38, 95% CI 1.70 to 3.35, 5 studies, I² = 3%) but this was a posthoc subgroup analysis. Amongst the studies in smokeless tobacco users the heterogeneity was also attributable to a large study showing no sign of benefit, possibly due to intervention spillover to control colleges; the other five studies indicated that interventions for ST users were effective (OR 1.70; 95% CI 1.36 to 2.11). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Available evidence suggests that behavioral interventions for tobacco cessation conducted by oral health professionals incorporating an oral examination component in the dental office or community setting may increase tobacco abstinence rates among both cigarette smokers and smokeless tobacco users. Differences between the studies limit the ability to make conclusive recommendations regarding the intervention components that should be incorporated into clinical practice, however, behavioral counselling (typically brief) in conjunction with an oral examination was a consistent intervention component that was also provided in some control groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan B Carr
- Department of Dental Specialities, Mayo Clinic, Rochester,
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Myung SK, Seo HG, Park EC, Lim MK, Kim Y. An observational study of the Korean proactive quitline service for smoking cessation and relapse prevention. Public Health Rep 2011; 126:583-90. [PMID: 21800753 DOI: 10.1177/003335491112600415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Kwon Myung
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Detection, Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
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Wilson JS, Elborn JS, Fitzsimons D, McCrum-Gardner E. Do smokers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease report their smoking status reliably? A comparison of self-report and bio-chemical validation. Int J Nurs Stud 2011; 48:856-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2011.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2010] [Revised: 12/16/2010] [Accepted: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Baker TB, Gustafson DH, Shaw B, Hawkins R, Pingree S, Roberts L, Strecher V. Relevance of CONSORT reporting criteria for research on eHealth interventions. PATIENT EDUCATION AND COUNSELING 2010; 81 Suppl:S77-S86. [PMID: 20843621 PMCID: PMC2993846 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2010.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2010] [Revised: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 07/28/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In 1996, 2001, and 2010, the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) group released criteria for reporting critical information about randomized clinical trials [1,2]. These criteria were intended to improve the quality and completeness of reporting of RCTs in health care research. This paper discusses the relevance of the CONSORT recommendations for the reporting and design of eHealth research. METHODS We reviewed the CONSORT recommendations and discussed their particular relevance to eHealth (electronic information, support and/or communication resources designed to promote health) research. This review focuses on such issues as recruitment and screening of participants, description of treatment elements, and reporting of outcome data and adverse events. RESULTS eHealth research presents special challenges regarding the comprehensive and effective reporting of research information. However, the strategic application of CONSORT recommendations holds great promise for improving the quality and informativeness of eHealth research. CONCLUSION Investigators need to consider CONSORT recommendations at all stages of the research enterprise, including planning, execution and reporting in order to increase the informativeness of their research efforts. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS The recommendations contained in this paper have the potential to enhance the public health and scientific value of eHealth research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy B Baker
- Center for Excellence in Cancer Communication, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
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Tzelepis F, Paul CL, Wiggers J, Walsh RA, Knight J, Duncan SL, Lecathelinais C, Girgis A, Daly J. A randomised controlled trial of proactive telephone counselling on cold-called smokers' cessation rates. Tob Control 2010; 20:40-6. [PMID: 21030529 PMCID: PMC3003878 DOI: 10.1136/tc.2010.035956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Active telephone recruitment (‘cold calling’) can enrol almost 45 times more smokers to cessation services than media. However, the effectiveness of proactive telephone counselling with cold-called smokers from the broader community is unknown. This study examined whether proactive telephone counselling improved abstinence, quit attempts and reduced cigarette consumption among cold-called smokers. Methods From 48 014 randomly selected electronic telephone directory numbers, 3008 eligible smokers were identified and 1562 (51.9%) smokers recruited into the randomised controlled trial. Of these, 769 smokers were randomly allocated to proactive telephone counselling and 793 to the control (ie, mailed self-help) conditions. Six counselling calls were offered to intervention smokers willing to quit within a month and four to those not ready to quit. The 4-month, 7-month and 13-month follow-up interviews were completed by 1369 (87.6%), 1278 (81.8%) and 1245 (79.9%) participants, respectively. Results Proactive telephone counselling participants were significantly more likely than controls to achieve 7-day point prevalence abstinence at 4 months (13.8% vs 9.6%, p=0.005) and 7 months (14.3% vs 11.0%, p=0.02) but not at 13 months. There was a significant impact of telephone counselling on prolonged abstinence at 4 months (3.4% vs 1.8%, p=0.02) and at 7 months (2.2% vs 0.9%, p=0.02). At 4 months post recruitment, telephone counselling participants were significantly more likely than controls to have made a quit attempt (48.6% vs 42.9%, p=0.01) and reduced cigarette consumption (16.9% vs 9.0%, p=0.0002). Conclusions Proactive telephone counselling initially increased abstinence and quitting behaviours among cold-called smokers. Given its superior reach, quitlines should consider active telephone recruitment, provided relapse can be reduced. Trial registration Australian New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry; ACTRN012606000221550.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora Tzelepis
- Centre for Health Research & Psycho-oncology (CHeRP), University of Newcastle, Room 230A, Level 2, David Maddison Building, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
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McClure JB, Ludman EJ, Grothaus L, Pabiniak C, Richards J. Impact of spirometry feedback and brief motivational counseling on long-term smoking outcomes: a comparison of smokers with and without lung impairment. PATIENT EDUCATION AND COUNSELING 2010; 80:280-283. [PMID: 20434863 PMCID: PMC2897973 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2009.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2009] [Revised: 08/31/2009] [Accepted: 11/06/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We compared long-term outcomes among smokers with and without impaired lung functioning who received brief counseling highlighting their spirometric test results. METHODS Participants in this analysis all received a brief motivational intervention for smoking cessation including spirometric testing and feedback ( approximately 20 min), were advised to quit smoking, offered free access to a phone-based smoking cessation program, and followed for one year. Outcomes were analyzed for smokers with (n=99) and without (n=168) impaired lung function. RESULTS Participants with lung impairment reported greater use of self-help cessation materials at 6 months, greater use of non-study-provided counseling services at 6 and 12 months, higher 7-day PPA rates at 6 months, and were more likely to talk with their doctor about their spirometry results. CONCLUSION Further research is warranted to determine if spirometry feedback has a differential treatment effect among smokers with and without lung impairment. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS It is premature to make practice recommendations based on these data.
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Swan GE, McClure JB, Jack LM, Zbikowski SM, Javitz HS, Catz SL, Deprey M, Richards J, McAfee TA. Behavioral counseling and varenicline treatment for smoking cessation. Am J Prev Med 2010; 38:482-90. [PMID: 20409497 PMCID: PMC2879135 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2010.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2009] [Revised: 12/08/2009] [Accepted: 01/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smoking remains the primary preventable cause of death and illness in the U.S. Effective, convenient treatment programs are needed to reduce smoking prevalence. PURPOSE This study compared the effectiveness of three modalities of a behavioral smoking-cessation program in smokers using varenicline. METHODS Current treatment-seeking smokers (n=1202) were recruited from a large healthcare organization between October 2006 and October 2007. Eligible participants were randomized to one of three smoking-cessation interventions: web-based counseling (n=401); proactive telephone-based counseling (PTC; n=402); or combined PTC and web counseling (n=399). All participants received a standard 12-week FDA-approved course of varenicline. Self-report determined the primary outcomes (7-day point prevalent abstinence at 3- and 6-month follow-ups); the number of days varenicline was taken; and treatment-related symptoms. Behavioral measures determined utilization of both the web- and Phone-based counseling. RESULTS Intent-to-treat analyses revealed relatively high percentages of abstinence at 3 months (38.9%, 48.5%, 43.4%) and at 6 months (30.7%, 34.3%, 33.8%) for the web, PTC, and PTC-web groups, respectively. The PTC group had a significantly higher percentage of abstinence than the web group at 3 months (OR=1.48, 95% CI=1.12, 1.96), but no between-group differences in abstinence outcomes were seen at 6 months. CONCLUSIONS Phone counseling had greater treatment advantage for early cessation and appeared to increase medication adherence, but the absence of differences at 6 months suggests that any of the interventions hold promise when used in conjunction with varenicline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary E Swan
- SRI International, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.
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Hoving C, Mudde AN, Dijk F, de Vries H. Effectiveness of a smoking cessation intervention in Dutch pharmacies and general practices. HEALTH EDUCATION 2010. [DOI: 10.1108/09654281011008726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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McClure JB, Ludman EJ, Grothaus L, Pabiniak C, Richards J. Impact of a brief motivational smoking cessation intervention the Get PHIT randomized controlled trial. Am J Prev Med 2009; 37:116-23. [PMID: 19524389 PMCID: PMC2889910 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2009.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2008] [Revised: 03/09/2009] [Accepted: 03/25/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies have rigorously evaluated whether providing biologically based health-risk feedback is more effective than standard interventions in increasing smokers' motivation to quit and their long-term abstinence. DESIGN An RCT was conducted from 2005 to 2008. Data were analyzed in 2008. SETTING/PARTICIPANTS Smokers (N=536) were recruited from the community, regardless of their interest in quitting smoking. INTERVENTION Smokers either received brief ( approximately 20 minutes), personally tailored counseling sessions based on their lung functioning, carbon monoxide (CO) exposure, and smoking-related health conditions, or they received generic smoking-risk information and personalized counseling about their diet, BMI, and physical activity. All were advised to quit smoking and were offered access to a free phone-counseling program. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Treatment utilization and abstinence at 6 and 12 months post-intervention. RESULTS Participants who received the experimental treatment demonstrated no greater motivation to quit, use of treatment services, or abstinence compared to controls at either follow-up assessment. In fact, controls reported greater motivation to quit at 12 months (M 3.42 vs 3.20, p=0.03), greater use of pharmacotherapy at 6 months (37.8% vs 28.0%, p=0.02), and greater 30-day point prevalent abstinence at 6 months, after controlling for relevant covariates (10.8% vs 6.4%, adjusted p=0.04). CONCLUSIONS The present study found no support for adding a personalized health-risk assessment emphasizing lung health and CO exposure to generic cessation advice and counseling for community-based smokers not otherwise seeking treatment. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT00169260.
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Smith PM, Burgess E. Smoking cessation initiated during hospital stay for patients with coronary artery disease: a randomized controlled trial. CMAJ 2009; 180:1297-303. [PMID: 19546455 DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.080862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Programs for smoking cessation for cardiac patients are underused in Canada. We examined the efficacy of an intervention for smoking cessation for patients admitted to hospital for coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) or because of acute myocardial infarction (MI). METHODS Nurses randomly assigned 276 sequential patients admitted because of acute MI or for CABG who met the inclusion criteria. Participants received an intensive or minimal smoking-cessation intervention. The minimal intervention included advice from physicians and nurses and 2 pamphlets. The intensive intervention included the minimal intervention plus 60 minutes of bedside counselling, take-home materials and 7 nurse-initiated counselling calls for 2 months after discharge. The outcomes were point prevalence of abstinence at 3, 6 and 12 months after discharge. RESULTS The 12-month self-reported rate of abstinence was 62% among patients in the intensive group and 46% among those in the minimal group (odds ratio [OR] 2.0, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2-3.1). Abstinence was confirmed for 54% of patients in the intensive group and 35% in the minimal group (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.3-3.6). Abstinence was significantly lower among those who used pharmacotherapy than among those who did not (p < 0.001). Continuous 12-month abstinence was 57% in the intensive group and 39% in the minimal group (p < 0.01). It was significantly higher among patients admitted for CABG than among those admitted because of acute MI (p < 0.05). INTERPRETATION Providing intensive programs for smoking cessation for patients admitted for CABG or because of acute MI could have a major impact on health and health care costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia M Smith
- Human Science Division, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.
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